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REBouND /938
Hibrary of the Museum
OF
COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY,
AT HARVARD COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS,
Bi
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or
Department of fhe Snferior:
| U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM.
es i eee |
LIBRARY
VUS COME ZOOLOGS
CAMORCOGE, (0,
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
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‘ 1878.
-: ___ PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.
WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. |
LS $9.
YOCIGOS S08 ET
SeAMDUIAG AD
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TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Bean, Tarleton H. Description of a New Sparoid Fish, Sargus Holbrookii, from Savan-
Mi See << aiwexei a 2) sass wee ce komik bie 2. oes anne S lai oddest TIF. aks daiwa sil sores
On the Occurrence of Sticheus punctatus (Fabr.) Kroyer, at St. Michael's, Alaska. -..-.--
——- Be the Identity of “peat tote i Putnamt Gill, with Pleuronectes glaber (Storer) Gill,
See also under Goode and Bean. |
Belding, E. A Partial List of the Birds of Central California..-...........-. ee Pe Pare
Cook, Caleb. The Manufacture of Porpoise-Oil...............-.---..-.------..- | age SOR
Dali, W. HEE. Descriptions of New Forms of Mollusks from Alaska contained in the Collec-
tions of the National Museum ....-.-..-.. (Sows Sn Ries fon RNR Sadat, ted load de wenden
Postpliocene Fossils in the Coast Range of Califormia..-..-...--...--.2s.2e00--------.00 5
Fossil Mollusks from Later Tertiaries of California. ....--..---2..---..26.2.22-------25-
Note on Shells from Costa Rica Kitchenmidden, collected by Drs. Flint and Bransford -.
ears or Cantorman Tertiary Fossils... -- 23.2 S22i 5s. Sinan cele nae ass +. ese deeds
Descriptions of New Species of Shells from California in the Collections of the Na-
III fe Se Se ek an ORR ep I see ltp SaSae iN oes dee td
Report on the Limpets and Chitens of the se. 7 apa Arctic Regions, with Descrip-
tions of Genera and Species believed to be new
Edwards, Vinal N, On the Occurrence of the Oceanic Bonito, Orcynus pelamys (Linné)
Deoy, ie Weneeeee SOMME, Mang . .. 2.020052 25 25 aus 25h. 5: hansed Seen ds gation done hs oceans eale
Gill, Theodore. Synopsis of the Pediculate Fishes of the Eastern Coast of Extratropi-
EE RECS os 5 san 7 20 aa ee aa ew ack wd oe RE ates FF zee
Ste Gal Gee Antemnariide .. i. o226 42 ned foes sads 3 ewan se axdsacdoas 352-41 ous kee nse css
— On the Preper Specific Name of the cami eae Sided Pterophryne
te (GES a ag st tae bal Sea a ap ehbedeat wiris>- ondswt = «.2hesduceeud J
GAGS BNO MME =< nk A wns See ck oo abs cawede Darter e Hep aa teks o cade cae 12k te
Goode, G. Brown. The Clupea tyrannus of Latrobe. .............-..-22224----2-2200-seees
— The Occurrence of Belone latimanus in Buzzard’s Bay, Massachusetts..-.....-.......--.
— The Voices of Crustaceans. ..-.........-....--- Pat ake ie Sakis hates da tennl 12 Ba
A Revision of the American Species of the Genus Brevoortia, with a Description of a
rr erate Sheth, Idee Gs ee METIS. wade sgh deste ages o hach soni ans eda nee des os fe SSn ws
The Occurrence of Hippocampus antiquorum, or an Allied Form, on Saint Ceorge’s
Te ee ee
—_ The Occurrence of the Canada Porcupine i oe 2 ele a ens fle ese eae
On Two Fishes from the Bermudas mistakenly described as new by Dr. Ginther
Goode, G. Brown, and Tarleton H. Bean. The Craig Flounder of Europe, Glyp-
tocephalus cynoglossus, on the Coast of North America ............-.-------------+----------
— The Oceanic Bonito on the Coast of the United States ...............-------.--.--------
oe ae of Caulolatilus microps, a New Species of Fish from the Gulf Coast of
we
Descriptions of Two New Species of Fishes, Lutjanus Blackfordii and Lutjanus
enn ens OIL ARE SO MPR Se ee aE So dete oop ube scanew co cindes sehen snes
—— A Note upon the Black Grouper (Epinephelus nigritus (Holbrook) Gill) of the Southern
—— Descriptions of Two Gadoid Fishes, Phycis Chesteri and Haloporphyrus viola, from the
Deep-Sea Fauna of the Northwestern Atlantic. ...........---..--..2----2------ eee eee eee eee
Description of Argentina syrtensium, a New Deep-Sea Fish from Sable Island Bank ...-.
The Identity of Rhinonemus caudacuta (Storer) Gill with Gadus cimbrius Linn. .-..--.---
Note on Platessa ferruginea D. H. Storer, and Platessa rostrata H. R. Storer ......-------
— On the Identity of Brosmius americanus Gill, with Brosmius brosme (Miller) White ...
ul
Page.
198
279
345
463
388
16
264
462
y~ avd hale ws
eas
IV | _ TABLE OF ee e
Jackson, J.B.S., M.D. Arsenic Acid for protecting Anatomical Prepertons si m
Jefferson, Lieut. J. P., Dr. Joseph Y. Porter, and Thomas Moore. an ;
Destruction of Fish in_ the Vicinity of the Tortugas during the months of September and
October, LOTS © tse eee ie oe eee oe eee eee eet enews sn dicec el 244 i
69
Jordan, David S., M.D. Notes on a Collection of Fishes from Clackamas River, Oregon-. 69
Jordan, David S., and Charles H. Gilbert. Notes on the Fishes of Beaufort Harbor, __
North Carsltha. 2. sod. oo oo oe ep ce nn 2 ee es Ce a » «Wt 365
Lawrence, George N. Catulogue of the Birds of Tiecaiien from Collections made for
the Smithsonian Institution by Frederick A. Ober, together with his Notes and Observa-
GONG 2 eos oe nes Sein Je ye os cece w a ence cece oa cee cece eeu e ne Ge nes oie etal ete ere ee pe Ar!
Catalogue of the Birds of St. Vincent, from Collections made by Mr. Fred. A. Ober, * relias
under the Directions of the Smithsonian Institution, with his Notes thereon................. 185
Catalogue of the Birds of Antigua and Barbuda, from Collections made for the Smith. = =
sonian Institution, by Mr. Fred. A. Ober, with his Observations .................2-...---+--s 332. -
Catalogue of the Birds of Grenada, from a Collection made by Mr. Fred. A. Ober for the © ig a
Smithsonian Institution, including others seen by him, but not obtained ...........-.-...... 265 — }
Catalogue of the Birds collected in Martinique by Mi. Fred. A. Ober for the Smithsonian 2
Tnstitntion .... 22... .ccac ence dade encca sp ne | Sms vam een ale eee An ee ee etme see ae eee 349
Catalogue of a Collection of Birds obtained in Guadeloupe for the Smithsonian Institu-
tion, by Mr. Fred. A. Ober 2.0.2... cncesecccecuesiesstcuass cabagues=ssstneeky ene enene 449
A General Catalogue of the Birds noted from the Islands of the Lesser Antilles visited
by Mr. Fred. A. Ober; with a Table showing their Distribution, and those found in the United
StAEOR os Saco ccc mec c meet cnr easeee supe cpseccectnes cops dub ssinns ces aan Ameen 486
Lupton, Prof. N.T. On the Breeding Habits of the Sea-Catfish (Ariopsis Wilberti?) ....... 278
Merrill, Dr. James C., U.S.A. Notes on the Ornithology of Southern Texas, being a List
of Birds observed in the Vicinity of Fort Brown, Texas, from February, 1876, to June, 1878.. 118
Poey, Felipe. Notes on the American Species of the Genus Cybiwim .......2.-.+.20++- devhen 3
Pratt, Capt. R.H., U.S.A. Catalogue of Casts taken by Clark Mills, Esq., of the Heads of
Sixty-four Indian Prisoners of Various Western Tribes, and held at Fort Marion, Saint Augus-
tine, Fla., in Charge of Capt. R. H. Pratt, UCB, Aucevunes sions dassenh pdpeypaeuen ene evden Se
Ridgway, Robert. Ona New Humming Bird (Atthis Ellioti) from Guatemala............... 8 ek
A Review of the American Species of the Genus Scops, Savigny .....-..-..--pecceeceeese 85 "RO
Descriptions of Several New Species and Geographical Races of Birds contained in the 4
Collection of the United States National Museum. ......... cc... 220. cee soeesecwennnencctacs ne
Description of Two New Species of Birds from Costa Rica, and Notes on other Rare sh hai .
Species from that Cousihy...2.<. sou seeccoccccescsccucqucnscchewen cvckeestebunlsegapel ave oth 252 ANS
Descriptions of New Species and Races of American Birds, including a Synopsis of the a7 y
Genus Zyranmus, Cuvier : ....cccecenescaceecaccuchssscnse sen subascshaust nets lees sue aanneee 466
Stearns, Silas. A Note on the Gulf Menhaden, mrideaile patronus, Goode. ....20.c0 eeeeee USL vi
Steindachner, Dr. Franz. Note on Percd Jlavescens .....-00.0-enseeeecenreeccenaseeares Pe
Wilmot, Samuel. Notes on the Western Gizzard Shad, Dorosoma cepedianwm indiana = , :
(Raf.) Jordan oestrone Sn teeeee eeeeeee Tree eee ee ee eee Ss | eee een wmee PT Ree eee eee eee eee seer enw nee SR i: 7
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
1878s.
f
a DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW FORMS OF MOLLUSKS FROM ALASKA
CONTAINED IN THE COLLECTIONS OF THE NATIONAL
MUSEUM,
By W. H. DALL.
CHITONID Zi.
Genus AMICULA Gray.
Type A, vestita Sowerby.
Subgenus CHLAMYDOCHITON Dall.
Ch. t. ‘Amicule’ similiter sed branchize ambientes.
Type Chiton amiculatus Pallas.
Amicula proper has the branchiz median.
Genus LEPTOCHITON Gray.
Leptochiton Belknapi Dall, n. s.
L. t. elongata, valde elevata, dorsualiter angulaté; albida plus minusve
cinereo et nigro tincta; valvis elevatis, apicibus distinctis; mucrone
centrali conspicuo; sculptura ut in LZ. alveolo, sed granulis in areis dor-
sualis sparsim et quincuncialiter dispositis; valva postica sub apice con-
cava, posticé sinuata; zona minima spicalis tenuibus versus marginem
munita. Lon. 10, lat.3™™. Div. 90°.
Hab.—North Pacific Ocean, in lat. 53° 08’ N., and lon. 171° 19’ W.,
at a depth of 1006 fathoms, black sand and shells. Brought up in the
sounding-cup, on the sounding expedition of the United States ship
Tuscarora, Capt. George E. Belknap, U.S. N., in 1874.
This specimen comes from a greater depth than any specimen of the
order hitherto collected. It is nearest to L. alveolus Sars, from the coast
of Norway.
Genus TRACHYDERMON Cpr.
Subgenus TRACHYRADSIA Cpr. (Ms.).
Trachydermon, valvis centralibus bi- seu pluri-fissatis.
Type Chiton fulgetrum Reeve.
Trachyradsia aleutica Dall, n.s.
T. t. parva, rufo-cinerea, oblonga, fornicata; jugo acutissimo; mucrone
Proc. Nat. Mus. 73——1 1
TS
2 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
submediano, apicibus prominentibus; areis lateralis inconspicuis; tota
superficie quincuncialiter minute reticulata; intus, valv. ant. 16-, post.
11-, centr. 2-fissatis; dent. parvis, perspongiosis, late separatis; sub-
grundis spongiosis, curtis; sinu parvo; zona squamulis minutis obsita,
Lon. 6, lat. 3™™.
Hab.—Western Aleutians, near low-water mark; Dall.
This bears no marked resemblance to any of the other Alaskan
species.
Genus TONICELLA Cpr.
Type Chiton marmoreus Fabr.
Tonicella saccharina Dall, n.s.
T. t. parva, oblonga, tota superficie saccharina, rufo et albescente
picta; mucrone submediano, inconspicuo; areis lateralis inconspicue ele-
vatis, albescentis; areis dorsualis sanguinosis, zeque quincuncialiter lente
reticulatis; v. ant. 10-11-, v. post. 8-10-, v. centr. 1-fissatis; dent. par-
vis spongiosis, sinu parvo; subgrundis spongiosis, mediocris; zon&
coriacea ut in Tonicelle aliis: branchiw mediz. Lon. 6.5, lat. 4™™.
Hab.—Aleutian Islands, three to thirteen fathoms; Dall.
This species has the lustre of rock-candy, and is well marked by the
contrast of the white lateral with the red dorsal areas.
Genus SCHIZOPLAX Dall.
Testa et zona Tonicelle simulans; valve centrales sulco jugali medi-
ano, antico argute incise ; branchiz subambientes. °
Type Chiton Brandtii Midd.
For this remarkable Alaskan form, distinguished from all other Chi-
tons by its slit central valves, I propose to adopt a name suggested
by Dr. Carpenter, who, on Middendortf’s figures, had intended to propose
it as a subgenus of TYonicella. The specimens obtained by my party
seem to be the first found since the original ones were obtained. A
careful examination of the soft parts shows that in dentition and some
other details sufficient basis for generic separation is found, confirming
the testimony of the valve characters. The sulcus is usually filled by
a horny or cartilaginous deposit.
It may be added here that investigation of the characters of the
radula in numerous species and genera of Chitons in the National Mu-
seum shows a very remarkable uniformity of dentition. No larger
groups than genera are indicated in the whole order, which, it appears,
can hardly comprise more than one family; and it is doubtful if this can
be divided into subfamilies by any characters yet elucidated.
The dentition in all species examined has the formula 6* 2:1 +2 > 6, or
1
rt Of the teeth, the rhachidian appears always simply cusped ;
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 3
the two laterals present varied characters; the third uncinus, counting
outward, is usually spatulate; while the remainder are mere bosses, or
scales. The wide differences found in the few figures of the dentition
of Chitons extant appear to be due to erroneous interpretation of the
objects represented. The figures of Lovén are the most satisfactory.
POSTPLIOCENE FOSSILS IN THE COAST BANGE OF CALIFORNIA,
By W. H. DALL.
The National Museum has received from Mr. G. F. Merriam, of San
Luis Rey, Cal., specimens of Donaz californicus, Chione succincta, Olivella,
biplicata, and Cerithidea sacrata, in a semi-fossilized condition. The first
mentioned retained a considerable part of its pinkish interior coloration.
These fossils (probably with other species) are stated by Mr. Merriam
to be found in great abundance at the head of a caion in that vicinity,
in the heart of the Coast Range, twelve miles from the sea in a direct
line, and six hundred feet above tide-water. All the species are found
living in abundance on the present sea-coast. This indicates a very
recent elevation for this part of the coast, if the facts are correctly
interpreted, and further specimens and details will be awaited with
interest.
NOTES ON THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE GENUS CYBIUM.
By FELIPE POEY.
[Translated by G. BRowN GOoDE, from MS. memorandum of Professor FELIPE PoEY.]
Cybium caballa, Cuv. & Val.
Cybium eaballa, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Histoire Naturelle des Poissons,
viii, 1831, p. 187.—GtnTHER, Catalogue of the Acanthopterygian Fishes in
the Collection of the British Museum, ii, 1860, p. 373.—Pory, Repertorio
Fisico-Natural de la Isla de Cuba, i, 1867, p. 322; ii, p. 13; and in Synopsis
Piscium Cubensium, op. cit., ii, p. 362.
Cybium acervum, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, loc. cit., p. 186 (nec typus).
Vulgo :—Sierra.
Differential Characters.—First dorsal with fourteen spines, without a
black spot anteriorly. Body immaculate in the adult, spotted with yel-
lowish in the young fish.
The number of teeth increases with the age; in large specimens, it is
3°, The larger teeth are placed upon the middle of the jaw, those in
the lower jaw being a trifle the longer. The lateral line is very sinuous
upon the posterior portion of the body. The eye is larger than in Cy-
bium regale.
Bluish upon the back, whitish under the belly. First dorsal white;
second dorsal and caudal dusky-bluish (bleu-noirdtre) ; pectorals bluish,
as is also the anal, which, however, becomes white at its extremity ;
ventrals whitish.
4 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
In the young fish, under the length of two or three feet, the sides are
covered with round, irregular spots, of rather dirty yellow (jaune un pew
sale). *
Cuvier described a specimen which weighed twenty-two pounds; at
that size, the fish is still young, and retains its yellow spots.
Those ordinarily taken range in weight from twelve to twenty-five
pounds, though they reach the weight of one hundred pounds. I have
seen one which measured 285™™,
Cybium regale, (Bloch) Cuvier.
Scomber regalis, BLocu, Naturgeschichte der auslindischen Fische, taf. 333.
Cybium regale, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, op. cit., p. 184.—GUNTHER, op. cit., p,
372.—POEY, op. cit., i, p. 322; ii, p. 362.
Vulgo :—Pintada.
Differential Characters.—The first dorsal has seventeen spines and the
spot uponitsanterior portion. Thelateral bands and spots are persistent
through life.
The teeth are 2° in aspecimen of moderate size. In the upper jaw, the
median teeth are the larger; in the lower, their size is more nearly equal.
The back is bluish, as are also the top of the head, the second dorsal
and its finlets, the caudal, and the pectorals. The first dorsal is white,
having in front a spot of deep-blue, which is prolonged far back upon
the upper edge of the fin. The anal and the ventrals are white. The
sides are sky-blue, with silvery lustre; the belly is white, with a bluish
tinge. The sides are marked with broken longitudinal bands and round
spots; these bands and spots are yellow, more or less golden, and with
a reddish tint.
The ordinary size is about twelve pounds, though they sometimes
reach the weight of twenty.
Cybium acervum, Cuv. & Val.
Cybium acervum, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, op. cit., p. 186.
The specimens described by Cuvier were of five pounds weight. He
claims to have received specimens from Martinique, from Santo Domingo,
and from Cuba, those from the latter place sent by me. I can only say
that I have not been able to find this species, and that I have not
included it in my manuscript “ Ichthyologie”.
According to Cuvier, it has seventeen spines in the first dorsal, and
also tbe black spot. The body is immaculate, even in the specimens of
five pounds weight.
Cybium maculatum, (Mitchill) Agassiz.
Scomber maculatus, MircHILL, Transactions of the Literary and Philosophical
Society of New York, i, 1815, p. 426, pl. vi, fig. 8.
Cybium maculatum, AGAssiz, in Spix, Selecta Genera et Species Piscium, 1829,
p- 103, tab. lx.—Cuvirr & VALENCIENNES, op. cit., p. 181.—GUNTHER, op.
cit., p. 372.
The Cybium maculatum of the United States has the teeth somewhat
conical and very pointed. It has seventeen dorsal spines and a black
spot upon the first dorsal,
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 5
Cybium immaculatum, Cuv. & Val.
Cybium immaculatum, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, op. cit., p. 191.—GUNTHER, op.
cit., p. 370, note 5.
The Cybium immaculatum of Cuvier has the body immaculate in spe-
cimens only six or seven inches long.
Acanthocybium peto, Poey.
Acanthocybium Petus, PozyY, Memorias sobre la Historia Natural de la Isla de
Cuba, ii, 1860, p. 234, pl. xvi, fig. 1; Repert., ii, p. 363.
Vulgo :—Peto.
This genus differs from Cybiwm by its numerous dorsal spines, twenty-
five in number. The type taken by Professor Gill has the teeth com-
pressed, triangular. The Cuban species has the points of the teeth
rounded. The caudal is very small. The lower jaw has its sides
deeply notched and its extremity lower than its lateral edges. In spe-
cimens of Jess than three feet, the body is covered with vertical bands
of a vitreous lustre (glacées). It grows very large, sometimes attaining
the weight of one hundred pounds.
THE CLUPEA TYRANNUS OF LATROBE.
By G. BROWN GOODE,
Mr. Benjamin H. Latrobe, a surveyor of public lands, published, in
1802, a description of a clupeoid fish the affinities of which have never
been satisfactorily determined.* Dr. DeKay, misled by the name “ ale-
wife”, applied the specific name tyrannus to the northern species known
to him by that popular name (Pomolobus pseudo-harengus), a usage
which was concurred in by Dr. Storer and M. Valenciennes. In his
earlier writings, Professor Gill referred the same name to the shad
(Alosa sapidissima). Latrobe’s paper, and the name therein proposed,
have lately been lost sight of; but there is little doubt that they refer
to the menhaden, or mossbunker (Clupea menhaden, Mitchill, and Bre-
voortia menhaden, Gill). The laws of priority demand that this species
shall henceforth be designated Brevoortia tyrannus.
The fishes of the Chesapeake and its tributaries have been very little
studied until within the past three years, and the habits of the men-
haden are so different in these waters and in the north that it does not
seem surprising for Northern ichthyologists to have made mistaken
identification of Latrobe’s specific name.
A few years ago the Capes of Delaware were thought to define the
southern range of the menhaden, while its peculiar parasite and its
habit of ascending southern rivers were unknown.
*A Drawing and Description of the Clupea tyrannus and Oniscus pregustaior. By
Benjamin H. Latrobe, F. A. P. 8. < Transactions of the American Philosophical
Society held at Philadelphia for promoting useful knowledge, vol. v, 1802, p. 77.
6 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
I shall soon publish a full discussion of this subject. At present, my
conclusions may be stated as follows :—
(1) The figure, while undeniably bad, resembles the menhaden very
closely, while it cannot be intended to represent any allied species.
The contour, were the missing dorsal fin supplied, is similar to that of
the menhaden. The black spot upon the scapular region is constant in
the menhaden only, though a similar one is occasionally seen upon the
shad and alewife.
(2) The name “ bay alewife” is the same now given to the menhaden
in the Chesapeake and its tributaries. This is a strong argument: for
although seventy-five years have passed since Latrobe wrote, the per-
sistence of popular names is very remarkable, as I have elsewhere
pointed out.* Moreover, Latrobe was also acquainted with a * her-
ring” and a “shad”. These being eliminated, there is no other fish
than the menhaden to which the description in question can refer.
(3) The habits of the alewife, as described by Latrobe, are essentially
the same as those of the menhaden at the present day. The alleged
river-ascending habits of the *‘ bay alewife” were thought to throw its
identity with the menhaden out of the question. This is no longer an
obstacle.
(4) The presence of the crustacean parasite is the strongest argu-
ment of all. While this is found in the mouths of a large percentage
of the southern menhaden, suggesting the local name of ‘* bug fish”, it
has never once been found attached to any other species, although
careful search has been made by several persons. The northern men-
haden is free from this parasite. This is still another reason for the
failure to identify on the part of northern writers. .
Latrobe’s name has the priority over Mitchill’s by thirteen years. It
is to be regretted that it is necessary to replace by another a name so,
appropriate and of such long standing.
JANUARY 1, 1878.
THE OCCURBENCE OF BELONE LATIMANUS IN BUZZARD’S BAY,
MASSACHUSETTS.
By G. BROWN GOODE.
A peculiar species of Belone was obtained at Wood’s Holl, in 1875,
by Professor Baird. It was caught in the weir on Great Neck, owned
by the Wood’s Holl Weir Company. On study, it proved to be the form
described by Professor Poey under the name Belone latimanus, and
hitherto known only from Cuba. A good water-color sketch (Cat. No.
795) was made by Mr. Richard, a photograph (Cat. No. 218) taken, and
the specimen and a finely colored cast (Cat. No. 16121) are preserved in
the National Museum.
rg * Catalogue of the Fishes of the Bermudas, 1876, p. 15.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 7
It may be distinguished from the common species of our coast, Belone
longirostris, (Mitchill) Gill, by many characters, the most salient of
which are the more elongate form, the lesser proportionate length of
the head, the much greater number of rays in the vertical fins (B. lati-
manus has D. 25: A. 23. JB. longirostris has D. 13-16: A. 16-19), the
broader and proportionately shorter pectorals, and the forked caudal.
The length of the specimen was 49 inches (1244.6 millimetres), its
weight 54 pounds (2381 grams).
CoLor :—Back, top of head, and snout dark green in dead specimen,
probably beryl-green in life. Fin-rays greenish-brown. Fin-membranes
and protected parts, such as axils of pectoral fins, colorless. Sides light
brownish, with silvery overwash. Belly, cheeks, throat, and lower part
of lower jaw silvery-white. Eye greenish-yellow.
Radial formula.—Branchiostegals XIV. D. 24: A. 25: C. 7-6+ 7-5:
P. i3+ V¥..6: i
JANUARY 15, 1878.
THE VOICES OF CRUSTACEANS.
By G. BROWN GOODE.
The observations of Mr. Saville Kent and Mr. J. Wood Mason (Na-
TURE, vols. xvi, p. 565, and xvii, p. 11) recall to mind some similar
facts recently noted by me in the Bermudas.
Several species of Alpheus were observed to have the power of pro-
ducing loud clicking sounds. Two or three of the larger species are
accustomed to lurk under flat stones near low-water mark. Some of
these are two inches long. When one of them is taken between the
fingers by an inexperienced collector, the sudden, convulsive snap
almost invariably causes him to drop it. The effect is like that of a
sharp blow across the knuckles. Some smaller species of the genus
are found only in the cavities of a large aplysine sponge, abundant on
the reefs. I have picked out seventy or eighty from a fragment of
sponge not more than three inches in diameter. When the sponge is
taken in the hand, the quick succession of clickings reminds one of the
sound of instruments in a large telegraph office. When one of these
animals is put in an earthen or glass vessel, it makes a much louder
noise, resembling a quick tap with the finger-nail or the back of a knife
upon the edge of the same vessel. This noise is produced by a convul-
sive snapping of the last joint of the large claw, by a movement resem-
bling that of the spring beetles (Zlateride), and the sounds are quite
Similar. Possibly these movements may have a protective object, enab-
ling the little decapods to escape from the grasp of enemies, or to work
out from under the stones and loose sand in which they must often
become buried.
Another macrurous crustacean, Gonodactylus chiragra, known to the
8 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Bermudians as the “split-thumb”, from its power of wounding by a
sharp appendage of the larger claws, produces a viciously sharp, snap-
ping noise, apparently in the same manner with Alpheus. *
The “ Bermuda lobster” (Panulirus americanus M. Edw.) makes a loud
grating noise. Mr. Kent describes the voice of the allied species (Pa-
linurus quadricornis) as being produced by the rubbing together of the
spinous abdominal segments. In the species observed by me, the sound
was produced by means of certain modifications of the lower joints of
the antenne. There is at the base of each antenna, upon the anterior
part of the cephalo-thorax, a broad elevated ridge, parallel with the
axis of the body, which in an adult of eighteen inches would be about
two inches long. The rounded crests of these ridges are closely em-
braced by processes from the sides of the basal antennal segments. The
profile of each ridge describes the segment of a circle, the centre of
which is the centre of articulation of its accompanying antenna. When
the antennz are moved forward and backward, their tips waving over
the back of the animal, the close contact of the hard, smooth, chitinous
surfaces produces a shrill, harsh stridulation, like the sound of filing a
saw. I have never heard the noise when the animals were under water,
though I have seen them waving their antennz. I have no doubt that
they can thus produce vibrations perceptible to their mates at great
distances, especially if their other senses are as acute as that of smell,
which I have tested in avery curious manner. Both sexes are provided
with the vocal organs.
DECEMBER 25, 1877.
ON A NEW HUMMING BIRD (ATTHIS ELLIOTI) FROM GUATEMALA,
By ROBERT RIDGWAY.
Having had occasion, recently, to examine some specimens of Hum-
ming Birds, I happened to notice certain striking differences between
two examples labelled “Atthis heloise”—one from Guatemala, belonging
to Mr. D. G. Elliot, the other a Mexican specimen, in my own collection,
obtained from M. Boucard. The differences observed between these
were so obvious that I immediately inspected the series contained in
the collection of the National Museum, and on comparison found them
repeated in the specimens contained therein, including two males from
Jalapa and one from the Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala. The former of
course represent the true A. heloisw, being from the locality whence the
types of that species were procured, and with them my Mexican ex-
ample agrees in all essential particulars. Both the Guatemalan speci-
mens, however, are very different from any of these, and undoubtedly
represent a distinct species, which being, so far as I have been able to
ascertain, hitherto unnamed, I propose to characterize as follows :—
MA
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 9
ATTHIS ELLIOTI.
“ Selasphorus heloise”, Sci. & Satv., Ibis, i, 1859, 129 (Guatemala); ib. 186C, 195
(Duefias, Guatemala).—Satvin, ib. 266 (Guatemala; Tierra Caliente, and
slopes of Volcan de Fuego).
“Atthis heloisa”, B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B. ii, 1874, 465 (part: Guatemala references).
Specific Characters.—Adult male:—Outer primary broad, the end
not attenuated. Gorget uniform reddish-purple (much as in Calypte
anne), without varying tints of violet, as in A. heloise. Jugulum
wholly white; middle of the abdomen white; sides light rufous, slightly
glossed with golden-green; crissum white, tinged with light rufous.
Upper parts metaliic-green, decidedly Jess golden than in A. heloise.
Tail with the basal half (approximately) bright cinnamon-rufous, the
subterminal portion black; three outer feathers (on each side) tipped
with rusty-white; the middle pair with the black portion above glossed
with metallic-green anteriorly. Wings uniform dusky, the smaller coy-
erts metallic-green. Wing, 1.35; tail, 1.00-1.05; culmen, 0.38-0.40.
[Type, No. 20494, ¢ ad., Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus., Volcan de Fuego, Guate-
mala. |
With a very close general resemblance to A heloise, this species may
be immediately distinguished by the very different form of the outer
primary, the redder and more uniform color of the throat-gorget, and
the shorter bill. The peculiar characters of the two may be contrasted
as follows :—
re
24616. i
Althis heloisde.d. Jalapa. Dr. Heermann- . Atthis ellioti. 6, Guatemala, Bourcier.
A. ellioti.
Outer primary broad, the end not attenuated. Gorget uniform pur-
plish-red, without varying violaceous tints. Wing, 1.35 ; tail, 1.00-1.05;
calmen, 0.38-0.40.
Hab.—Guatemala.
A. heloise. :
Outer primary very narrow, the end abruptly attenuated. Gorget
reddish-violet, showing decided violet tints in certain lights. Wing,
-1.30-1.50; tail, 0.95-1.10; culmen, 0.48-0.50.
Hab.—Eastern Mexico.
; " *
10 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
The principal synonymy and characters of A. heloise are as follows:—
ATTHIS HELOISZ.
Ornismya heloise, Less. & DELATTR., Rev. Zool. 1839, 15 (Jalapa and Quatepu, S. E.
Mexico).
Mellisuga heloise, GRAY, Gen. B.i, 1849, 113, sp. 62.
Tryphena heloise, BoNAP., Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1854, 257.
Selasphorus heloise, GOULD, Monog. Trochilid. iii, 1852, pl. 141.
Atthis heloise, REICHENB., J. f. O. 1853, App., 12.—GouLD, Introd. Trochilid. 8vo
ed. 1861, 89.—EL.iorT, Illustr. Am. B. i, 1869, pl. —.—Cooper, Orn. Cal. i,
1870, 361 (El Paso, Texas; Mexico).—B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B. ii, 1874, 465,
pl. 47, fig. 6 (El Paso, Texas; Mexico).
Specific Characters.—Adult male :—Outer primary very narrow, the
end abruptly attenuated. Gorget violet-purple, with changeable tints
in varying lights. Jugulum wholly white; middle of the abdomen
white; sides light rufous, slightly glossed with golden-green; crissum
white, tinged with light rufous. Upper parts metallic golden-green,
more bronzy than in A.ellioti. Tail with the basal half (approximately)
clear cinnamon-rufous, the subterminal portion black, with the three
outer feathers (on each side) tipped with rusty-white; middle pair of
feathers glossed with golden-green on the upper surface to the extreme
tip. Wings uniform dusky, the smaller coverts golden-green. Wing,
1.30-1.5); tail, 0.95-0.10; culmen, 0.48—0.50.
Of the three adult males of A. heloise now before me, the two from
Jalapa are much alike; bat that in my own collection, which is evi-
dently from another part of Mexico, although, unfortunately, the pre-
cise locality is not stated on the label, differs in several very noticeable
particulars. The bill is very much more slender, the wing shorter (about
1.50, instead of 1.50), and the general size decidedly less. Whatis most
conspicuous, however, is the fact that the lateral feathers of the gorget
are not elongated as in the Jalapa specimens, in which they are 0.25 to
0.50 of an inch longer than the longest feathers of the middle portion,
while there is a mixture of bluish-violet in the gorget not observable in
the other specimens. Itis barely possible that the longer lateral plumes
of the gorget have been lost from this specimen; but in any event, the
differences are quite sufficient to characterize a well-marked local race.
JANUARY 29, 1878,
FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM LATER TERTIARIES OF CALIFORNIA.
By W. H. DALL.
The National Museum has recently received from Mr. Henry Hemp-
hill a series of fossil shells collected by him from the later Tertiary
deposits of the Californian coast. Some of them are from the vicinity
of Santa Barbara, but the majority are from San Diego, part of them
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. LF
(marked w in the list) from the material obtained in sinking a well* at
a distance of from ninety to one hundred and sixty feet below the
surface of the earth, and not far from the present sea-level. The matrix
is usually rather soft, composed of loosely aggregated grains of sand
or fine sandy mud, occasionally hardened by infiltration of lime-bearing
water.
In the accompanying list, those species found living (R) at the present
day in the fauna of the Californian coast, between San Francisco and
San Diego, are marked L, those at present making part of the northern
or Oregonian fauna N, and those belonging to the fauna of Lower Cali-
fornia, the Gulf of California, Mexico, and Central America are marked
S. The extinct species (I) fourm a very small proportion of the whole,
as will be readily seen.
7907 | Laqueus californicus (Koch) Dall ...-.-.......-- San Diego. | Ba
iy 2 eeOn GUUNEOE GIR on. nn snk menos euaaee “ R N, L
eet (MIGDHEODE Wn ks cediws nace news wine « 1 R L
7910 | Periploma argentaria Conr ..........-..-----+- ¢ R L,S
1 | Solecurtus californianus Conr ...-....---..----- * R L,S
er ne SUS CGEE oo. Ss tan nk cg ca wns Reennnns « a R L
| aracome: indentates Cpr 2. 2. « . 2 nieces vecces esses : h L
ye 7) “ R N, L
5 | Macoma (like) sabulosa Spengler ..-......... a 7 R N
eS ee eee rrr ae rs R L
mp acre Podegonaa TGS .. 22.5 22 o na wowace cncces R L
8 | Cumingia californica Conr...... ...-..---- ----- S R L
ee - h L,S
gue | Mactra californica Conr .... ..... <0 -----+-00»- af R
TNS Ss SL) ee top ap pene a - R |N,L?
2 | Clementia subdiaphana Cpr ...--. .----.-------- ¥ R N, L
Ee ee ee ere sf R L, §
eran MCOUNONEY VBE. ons. 8 cna causeemenans “f R L.S
5 | Dosinia ponderosa Gray ....-. .----------- ----- “ R S
Po eupes Grammer OORT. .'.. 2) /< sen ocean nin sena << : BR | NL
7 | Saxidomus aratus (jun.) Gld.......-........-. ‘% R L
8 | Petricola pholadiformis? Lam............------ s R
9 | Cardium procerum Sby: ---....------------«-.- e R S
7930 | Venericardia monilicosta Gabb ........---..---- ee R L
1 | Venericardia monilicosta Gabb ...--..-.--..--.-- Santa Barbara.| R L
=~ | Lucia Nulialls Conr..............-..-- wre ee San Diego. R L
os | Laome acuttlinedia Conr...... <.<<-0s-becsceds 3 ey AL
2) Aroa microdonta Cour, —- 2... < -in 6--sn5,0200, sesh - Sam F -
5 | Axinea profunda Dall, n. 8 ...... .---..---.---- “ F ;
i pe eee DY oo Soe cane kone ago nance % R S
Si ES OS 85 i Sa | a ee a ae S) an R L, §
5 |-Peoten islandicus Mull ...... ...... .-...--.---- y R N
Petree MIME IG oooh a iin tage ace ee R N
7940 | Pecten ventricosus Sby. (var.?)....-..--.-..--.- “f R Ss
1 | Pecten expansus Dall, n.s..... Pea sanaaeieons wee ‘ EF -
2 | Pecten Stearnsii Dall, n. 8 \...<<..--.-...--- 44 < F ‘
3 | Pecten Hemphillii Dall, n.8.......-......-..--. y F 2
4 | Pecten ? wequisulcatus Cpr. var .........--..---- ve R L,S
5 | Pecten ? paucicostotus Cpr. jun...--...---.----- a R L,S
G | Janira dentata Sby. 22 cae. 5 22 + 2 n cc necacaasiee- $6 4p, R L,$
ey OC PEER dope sane dn on ds «ab doses eues > is R N, L
S | Ostrea Veatohti Gabb-.u. 2225-50-22 0 ce acceces- a“ ¥ ;
9 | Anomia limatula Dall, n. 8 ......---.-..-.---- . ‘f F :
7350 | Rhectaxis punctocelata (Cpr.) Dall..........-.. = R L
Li) Tornatina cerealis Gla. ... .2.. 022. .--20c esee ene « R N, L
2 | Tornatina eximia ? Baird......----...--- A = tf . R N
*A list of species obtained from this well, with descriptions of new species, was
published by me in the Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v, pp. 296-299, 1874.
. » *
OE
\ Md a
‘a
’
12 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
7953 | Cylichna alba Brown .......--.-.--.+-.-------| San Diego. w. R N,L?.
A Votoule. cylindrica Cpr ..2c-o.¢ tere mene pes ce aes oi R L
a | Mélampus olitaceus Cpr oF... b. ese. Sek Ske a* R L
6 | Dentalium hexagonum Sby ......---.-----. ----- i R |S,L?
«| Codulus justformis 7 PIM 2252 c bono Bac cies Seen or ? ‘
S'| Aemma mitra Keely. soho. £25 es ae i SS * R N,L
S| domea tnsesen Eds 22 i fee dics eos cope " R N,L
7960 | Fissurella volcano ? Reeve........---.--------- 2 R Iu
1 | Fissurcllidea callomarginata Cpr ....-.--------- ny R L
2 | Chlorosioma Pfeiffert Phil .... ....«-. »-.--+ «<0 2 R L
SD | Y VE BP OG on on eccece va ook pap eecee te “ ? Ss
4 | Crucibulum spinosum Sby ...-...---------+------ J R L,S
5 | Crepidula princeps Conr.. .... ..-<0«- i-o--scm=ms a R? N
O | Crepiaula qguncs Shy ......->..5---2- ose Siancae ni R L
7 | Serpulorbis squamigerus Cpr .....--.----------- f R L,S
8 | Tarritelia, Coepart Cpr. Wal (on oo o< eanigies een eee ae. R L
O11 Contheda sacrata Gid ..1. 3... J... cues cee amare . R L
7970 | Bittium quadrifilatum Cpr ..--...--.----------- Santa Barbara. | R L
+4 Sate, aaperim Cor... .<.sanietieninipeaee ion vi R L
2 | Zitorina scutulata Gid .. .. 0.2.22 conn awescess c=) wee R N, L
3 | Lacuna vincta Mont.....----..-...--.---.-----| Santa Barbara. | R N
4} Lacuna solidula Loven .... 2... .cceceee sccees es San Diego. R N
5 | Rissoina (like) Woodwardi Cpr..............-- : . R Ss
6 | Myurella simplex Cor .. 2... --:. ones ween wena ee e R L,S
7} Drillia penicillataC pr... 250 snvows wives bau oe “ R L,S
8 | Drillio Hemphillit Stearns................-.--- - R S
9 | Surcula Carpenteriana Gabb.........--.------- % R L
7980 | Mangelia angulata Cpr...... ..-2- seenee cence: si R L
1 | Conus californica Hds .....cavcvore <eeews beunee si R L
2 | Odostomia gravida COr .. < ow auras conn sews eee Y R L
3 | Turbonilla stylina ? Cpr... 2.22... ce ecee concn ** Ww. R L
4 | Turbonilla chocolata Cpr....-. ..2--2 se--0- eee “ R | LN?
5.) Turbonilla virgo? Cpt «2 a. vs ewosew owwee sw eweei' 6 R L
6 | Turbonilla torquata? Cpr...........----+---+-- S R L
7 | Eulima micane Cpr ..is. os ci0 v avinweweulevus ebay es “ R L
8 | Scalaria indianorum Cpr .... 200 sooo ee coos ones R L
Y | Scalaria indianorum Var......--2- 02-5 eeee wees: . R L
7390 | Scalaria tincta COr ..02.< vce wawswe cwewes auweue Ne R L
1 | Scalaria Hemphillit Dall, n. 8...... 22-208 eee eee F \
2 | Opalia anomala Stearns...... seccacccccce cone os F .
3 | Opalia raricostata Stearns........---.--.--+--- a F ;
4 | Cerithiopsis assimilata Cpr... ..- ..---2 seeeeee- a R L
S| Cameellarig.. ..<s nbc cice ne nn pwiawiciteten tidal awakes “FD, . ;
G | Camc[dllarie . coi cc cccese wonbur wade seve er vee we *F ep, : ;
7 | Neverita Recluziana Petit ..... 2... wcccerccees és R L, 8
8 | Neverita Recluziana var. alta Dall .....-....---- y R L
9 | Mamma nana Moller (tos. Japan Tert.).......-. “a R N
8000 | Ranella muriciformis Brod. var.........--..---- a R 5
1 | Mitra maura Swains.... ..00 wewscccs scccet oor id R L, 8S
2 | Olivella biplicata Sby.......-- eee coon sees cones ¥ R L
3} Olivella boctio@ Cpr ... ... wnwer tense vebinwe'as ff R N,L
4 | Nasea fossata GIG .. 2222 ons cv'ase nese eth wee e b> “ R L
6 | Naseo fossata VOR, . 6.22. weet te veseeeeee ve? “ R L
6 | Nassa perpinguis Hds....2..----- 02+. eeeeee eee * R L,§
7 | Nasee tegula RVO ..0200 cowwwe vue wevenewew dawns w R L, 8 |
8 | Nassa mendica GIG .... 220. cwewwe wrwwwe se nwe'ese ‘ow. R N,L
9 | Astyris gausapata GId. Vars.... .----+ one weeee- Santa Barbara. | R L
8010 | Nitidella Gouldii Cpr ..........-eee eoeeee-- eee San Diego. R N, L
1 | Amphissa versicolor Dall .... 22.2.2 .ecees wee ee cs R L
2 | Amphissa versicolor Dall.......----2 se00 sence: -| Santa Barbara. | R L
3 | Monoceros engonotum Conr ...-+- -.+-+--- 225s San Diego. R L
4 | Cerostoma Nuttallii Conr ...-2. 1.222. se eeee eee " R L
5 | Pteronotus festivus Hinds.......-.-22 e-eee+--e- “ R L
6 | Trophon (orpheus jun.?) ..-. 2-2 22222 wees cones Santa Barbara.| R | N,L
7 | Purpura crispata Chemn ...... ...- edicts Ate San Diego. R | N,L
8 | Fusus Harfordi Stearns ...... .220cs00 veceee cee rs R | N,L?
9 | BSerpula ap. indét ....<-.evee+ cewete oth Sontaul ba ? .
8020 | Fish-teeth, one species, indet..... ee ey ? ? ee
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 13
This, it will be observed, contains one hundred and seven well deter-
mined species, omitting several doubtful ones, of which ten are extinct
and ninety-seven still found recent. Of these recent or still existing
forms, twenty are found in the Californian fauna and northward at the
present time. Eighteen more are found in the Californian fauna and
southward, while forty-four are strictly Californian. Besides these, there
are eight species belonging to the Oregonian or Arctic fauna, and no
longer found living in the Californian region. Seven more are found
on the west coast of Mexico, the Gulf of California, or Western Middle
America, and, so far as known, no longer in the Californian region.
One or two species are still found living in Atlantic seas, but not on the
western shores of America. How far these peculiarities of distribu-
tion may be explained by a restriction of their geographical range in
modern times by some species, or by the association of fossils in one
collection from beds of differing age, and consequently exhibiting the
fluctuation of the northern and southern faunze based on varying
temperatures of the sea, will be determined only by a most critical
stratigraphical study of the localities.
But in either case the problem is well worthy of solution. The very
modern character of the beds is determined by the great majority of
the species being still found living, and by the fact that some of them
retain very evident traces of their original coloration. They are mostly
in excellent preservation. The well fossils taken with those mentioned
on p. 3 would give a vertical range of some six hundred feet for the
Pliocene Tertiary beds of California.
The species which appear to be new are as follows:—
Axinea profunda, n. s. (7935).
Shell subtriangular, ventral margin rounded, umbos erect, rather
small. Area narrow, deep; marked by five or six lines meeting at an
angle in the vertical of the umbo, one above another; anterior lines
somewhat the shortest; exterior marked by twenty-five or thirty flat-
tened ribs, separated by deep channels one-fourth as wide as the ribs,
and by which the interior margin is crenulated. The ribs are crossed
by thread-like close lines of growth, which may be elevated or obsolete
on the ribs, but are sharply defined in the channels, which they partially
fill up in some specimens. Toward the anterior and posterior margins;
the sculpture is nearly obsolete. In eroded examples, this sculpture
may be entirely altered, and such are hardly recognizable as the same
thing. Interior smooth or lightly radiately striate, with a tendency to
an elevated narrow ridge behind the anterior scar; hinge with teeth
placed as if radiating from the centre of the valve, six to nine anteri-
orly, and ten to fourteen posteriorly, with some ten or twelve small,
crowded teeth between the two radiating sets, and placed perpendicu-
larly and parallel withone another. Height, 32™; length, 50™ ; thick-
ness, 20™; the last proportionally greater in the young.
14 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
This species differs in its sculpture from any of the recent species
ascribed to the coast, and from A. barbarensis Conr. (Pliocene foss.) by
its shorter, more elevated, and deeper form, as well as by details of
sculpture.
Pecten expansus, n. 8. (7941).
Shell large, thin, with the upper valve flatter than the lower one, both
with very slight convexity; outer surface of upper valves marked by
sixteen to twenty sharp, radiating ridges, but slightly elevated, and
whose sides shade off insensibly into the broad interspaces, which are
but slightly depressed; faint indications of ridges appear between the
principal ones. The entire surface is covered with fine, slightly raised,
sharp lamellz, which are waved in some places so regularly as to pro-
duce the appearance of a delicate reticulation, which, however, does
not really exist; angle of the umbo about 120°; ears finely sculptured,
like the rest of the surface, but with only faint indications of ridges,
sharply differentiated from the rest of the shell, very short, broad;
supra-foraminal ear with a sigmoid carve to the lateral margin; mar-
gin of the other ear nearly straight; hinge-line straight; interior of the
valve smooth, except for faint depressions corresponding to the ridges;
peripheral margins not crenulated, even or nearly smooth.
Lower valve with twenty-five or thirty dichotomous ribs, flattened
above, but not sharply differentiated from the interspaces, sculptured
with fine lines of growth or nearly smooth, with faint appearances of
radiating striz. Peripheral margin somewhat crenulated by the ends
of the ribs; interior marked by shallow channels corresponding to the
ribs; ears rather small and distinctly but not strongly marked off from
the rest of the valve; byssal notch rounded, moderately deep. Height
of shell, 135™"; breadth of shell, 140™™; breadth of hinge-line, 65™™;
thickness, 32™"; some specimens one-half larger.
This shell is nearest P. propatulus Conr. (caurinus ? of Gould) from
the Miocene of Oregon, but differs in all its details when compared.
The Miocene shell has a sharper umbonal angle, larger ears with straight
lateral margins, and strong and different sculpture; the ribs are not
dichotomous, and are much more sharply defined, while the margins are
strongly crenulated. It is possible that some of the indeterminate
nominal species of Conrad may have been based on this species, but the
wretched figures given by him seem to differ strongly so far as they
show any characters, while his descriptions are quite worthless, as usual.
Pecten Stearnsii, n. s. (7942).
Shell moderately large, thin, regular; elegantly radiately ribbed.
Upper valve flattened or even a little concave, with about twenty four
regularly rounded, vaulted, even ribs, separated by slightly wider chan-
nelled interspaces ; the whole surface covered with fine, sharp, concen-
tric, regular lamelle, a little looped backward over the top of the ribs,
but showing no appearance of reticulation anywhere; ears small, nearly
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 15
symmetrical, covered with more elevated, crowded, concentric lamella,
especially near the margins; hinge-margin straight, or even a little
concave toward the umbo; peripheral margins of the valves strongly
and regularly crenulated and interlocking; interior regularly deeply
grooved, to correspond with the external ribs; lower valve slightly con-
vex, with about twenty-six regular even ribs, separated by channelled
interspaces somewhat narrower than the ribs; the top surface of each
rib is flattened with a broad, shallow groove in the middle, with one or
two faint riblets on each side of the groove; the whole surface is cov-
ered with concentric lamelle, like those of the upper valve, but less
sharp, and about twice as crowded. Ears subequal, arched, covered
with crowded, elevated lamella; byssal notch very small. Height of
shell, 90™™; breadth, 100™™; breadth of hinge-line, 34™™; thickness,
iw
This very elegant species, while also showing some general resem-
blance to P. caurinus Gld., forms a passage toward the section Janira,
and differs in many details from any described west-coast species, recent
or fossil, so far as figures and descriptions serve to indicate.
Pecten Hemphillii, n. s. (7943).
This species has a strong general resemblance to the last, and is best
described by comparison with it. P. Hemphillii is smaller, with sixteen
ribs, as against twenty-six in a P. Stearnsii of the same size, with which
throughout it will be compared; the lateral margins of the ears are
perpendicular and straight, instead of outwardly rounded; the hinge-
line is perfectly straight, not slightly concave; the ribs on the lower
valve are flattened above, with symptoms of a groove on the top surface,
instead of beautifully roundly vaulted; the interspaces are of course
wider; the raised concentric lamellz toward the periphery become long,
coarse, and very crowded ; on the lower valve, the shell is more vaulted,
with hardly any traces of the raised lamellz, and with larger, rude,
hardly flattened, radiating ribs, which show no trace of grooving or
riblets ; the ears and byssal notch are smaller and more coarsely sculp-
tured. Height, 56™"; breadth, 63™™; breadth of hinge-line, 28™;
thickness, 15™™.
This species seems to approach Janira even more closely than the
last, but the value of these sections of Pectinide is very questionable.
Anomia limatula, n. s. (7949).
Shell large, thin, irregular, with a rather thickened hinge-line; exter-
nal surface rough (when not worn), like the fresh fractured surface of a
piece of china-ware; a few faint radiating lines with the lines of growth
comprise the sculpture; shell originally yellowish, and still retaining
some of its color and lustre. Normal form apparently that of a Pecten
without eurs. Breadth, 75™™; height, 70™™; arch of valve, 10-15™™.
No lower valves were obtained. This large species is neither A. lampe
Gray nor A. (Plac.) macroschisma Desh., which are the only recent spe-
16 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
cies known to inhabit these coasts, while the only fossil one, A. subcostata
Conrad, a species from the Colorado Desert, appears to be different, as
the name would imply. For this reason, I have attached a name to the
rather imperfect material received from Mr. Hemphill.
Scalaria Hemphillii, n. s. (7991).
Shell in general resembling a robust specimen of S. indianorum,
having from nine to twelve varices on the last whorl, coronated behind
near the suture, wholly pure white; surface of the whorls beneath the
varices longitudinally delicately sculptured, with alternate riblets and
grooves. Length about an inch; apical angle about 30°.
This species has the sculpture of SN. bellastriata, but the shape of 8S.
indianorum, and is the only grooved species, except the former, which
has yet been reported from this region. All the specimens are decol-
late. The specimens were sent by Mr. Hemphill with the suggestion
that they might prove to be new, and an examination has confirmed the
suggestion. I take much pleasure in dedicating it to its discoverer.
The two species of Cancellaria mentioned were obtained from the San
Diego well some years since, but having been mislaid cannot at this
moment be identified. Mamma nana Moller is now found living in
Arctic seas and fossil in the Tertiary of Japan.
WASHINGTON, February 3, 1878.
THE MANUFACTURE OF PORPOISE-OIL.
By Capt. CALEB COOK, of Provincetown, Mass.
About the year 1816, sailors and fishermen having caught a porpoise
on their voyage, would sometimes extract the oil from the jaw-bone and
give it to carpenters and those who used oil-stones for sharpening their
tools. Finding in this way that it did not gum nor glue, suggested the
idea that it was just what was wanted for a nice lubricator. It was
noticed that the weather at zero would not congeal it, neither would it
corrode on brass.
Watchmakers were then using olive-oil as the only fitting oil for
watches; but by experimenting with the porpoise-jaw oil they found it
superior to the olive or any other oil, consequently the sailors and fish-
ermen found a ready market for all they were able to obtain.
This state of things continued until the year 1829, when a shoal of
blackfish, about forty in number, was taken at Provincetown, Mass.,
being the first for many years. Solomon Cook, of that town, took from
the jaws of those blackfish a few gallons of oil, and sent it to Ezra Kel-
ley, of New Bedford, Mass., a skillful watchmaker, to be tested for
watch-oil. Mr. Kelley soon found that this oil was superior to the
porpoise-oil, as it had more substance and less chill. He contracted
with Solomon Cook to supply him from year to year until 1840, when
Solomon Cook died, and his oldest son supplied Mr. Kelley until the
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PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 17
demand was so great that the jaws of the blackfish were not sufficient
to supply the market.
Porpoise-jaw oil can be refined a little by exposure to the cold at zero,
and in that state, with the atmosphere at zero, it is strained through
a cotton flannel strainer made in the shape of a cone, but when filtered
through paper it is so limpid that it has no lubricating properties what-
ever, and becomes useless. This oil is called porpoise-jaw oil, but is
taken from the blackfish, belonging in the family of whales, by a method
known only by myself. It is warranted not to congeal with cold at
zero, though it will thicken and turn a little milky in appearance. It
is warranted not to corrode on brass or rust on steel, and it will not
glue on the finest watch. Ezra Kelley, of New Bedford, Mass., has
made it a business for many years to put it up for watch use, and has
led in the market, while B. H. Tisdale, of Newport, Rh. IL, and I. M.
Bachelder, of Boston, are getting quite popular in the European
market.
Caleb Cook, youngest son of Solomon, from scientific experiments
did discover, about the year 1842, that the melon-oil of the blackfish
was far superior to the jaw-oil in every respect—so much so that Mr.
Kelley, who had about this time become very popular in preparing this
oil for the trade, would not buy it until he was told what it was pro-
duced from; and from that time to the present, 1876, Caleb Cook’s
blackfish-melon (watch) oil has been refined by Kelley, of New Bedford,
Bachelder, of Boston, Tisdale, of Newport, and many others on a smaller
scale, for the world’s use. Since the year 1842, Caleb Cook, of Province-
town, Mass., claims to be the only person who understands the art of pro-
ducing this oil free from all glutinous matter and fit for use. This, he
says, is done by a process known only by himself—not by mixing other
oils or liquids with it, but by extracting all the acid and gluten from it,
and leaving the oil pure for the finest and most delicate machinery.
This, he says, cannot be done by the chilling and straining process; for
when it becomes perfectly transparent at zero, the lubricating properties
are all gone, the oil runs off the pivots, spreads on the plates, dries up,
the pivots cut, turn red, and the oil is worse than worthless, for the val-
uable timekeeper is no longer what it was once for the want of oil with
more substance and lubricating properties.
Porpoise-jaw oil and blackfish-melon oil are worth from $5 to $15 per
: gallon, according to supply. These oils are sold under the above trade-
names, and also under the names “ watch-oil” and ‘clock-oil”. They
are used largely by manufacturers of firearms, watches, and philosoph-
ical apparatus. Smith & Wesson, of Springfield, Mass., the Ethan
Allen factory, at Worcester, Bye & Johnson, of Worcester, the Howard
Watch Company, the Elgin Watch Company, the Waltham Watch
Company, and the clock-factories in Connecticut, use them constantly.
" The philosophical-instroment makers use them for air-pumps, as they
keep the leather always soft and pliable. Telegraph-instrument makers
Proc. Nat. Mus. 73——2 Published July 1, 1878.
18 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
use them when they can get them. They are used in government light-
houses for the clocks of revolving lights. The color of the oils is very
light, and can be made very white by placing in the window, where
they will bleach in a short time. One drop of water in one pint of the ©
cil will injure it very much.
It may be interesting to know how those fish or whales are taken.
They make their appearance about the shores of Cape Cod and Barn-
stable Bay from early in the summer until early in winter; and when it
becomes known that a shoal of blackfish is in the bay, the boats are
manned and proceed at once to get in their rear; and, as the fish are at
the surface of the water the most of the time, it is easy to tell how to
manage to keep them between the boats and the shore. While in this
position the men in the boats will make all the noise with their oars
they can, and that will cause them to go in the opposite direction from
the boats and toward the shore; and when the fish find that they are
in shoal water, by seeing the sandy bottom, they become alarmed, and
go with all their might till they run fast aground on the sand. The
boats then row in their midst; the men with lance in band jump out of
their boats into the water, and butcher them as a butcher would a hog,
and it becomes one of the most exciting occasions that it is possible to |
imagine, for the water flies in every direction, and the blood flows freely
until death putsan end to the great tragedy. When the water ebbs and
leaves them dry, their blubber is taken off, cut in slices, and the oil
tried out. About thirty gallons upon an average is what one fish will
make, and the melons will average about six quarts. The melons are
taken from the top of the head, reaching from the spout-hole to the end
of the nose, and from the top of the head down to the upper jaw. When
taken off in one piece, they represent a half watermelon, weighing about
twenty-five pounds. When the knife is put into the centre of this melon,
the oil runs more freely than the water does from a very nice water-
melon—hence the name melon-oil.
About the same time that the blackfish made their appearance in our
waters, another of the whale species made its appearance also, called
by the fishermen “cowfish” and by the historian “‘grampus”. These
whales are very much in the shape of the blackfish, only smaller, not
so fat, and not so dark-colored. The oil from the melon of this fish
is thought to be superior to anything yet found in the blackfish or the
porpoise. It is of a very yellow color, and when reduced by the chill-
ing and straining process it appears to have all the body and lubricating
properties that are wanted for the very best watch-oil; but as it will
take one year to determine it by practical experiments, it is thought
best to keep it out of the market for the present.
This fish has made its appearance in our waters but three or four
times in the last forty years, or about once in ten years. The method
of taking it is the same as for the blackfish. |
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 19
THE CRAIG FLOUNDER OF EUROPE, GLYPTOCEPHALUS CYNO-
GLOSSUS, ON THE COAST OF NORTH AMERICA.
By G. BROWN GOODE and TARLETON H. BEAN.
- An unfamiliar pleuronectoid fish was found in our waters, in 1877, by
the United States Fish Commission (Prof. 8. F. Baird, Commissioner).
Numerous specimens were trawled in the deep water off Salem, Mass.,
on La Have Bank, and on the coast of Nova Scotia, off Halifax, in
Halifax Harbor, and in Bedford Basin, Halifax.
A careful study proves that they belong to a well-known European
Species, the Pleuronectes cynoglossus of Linné, lately referred by Pro-
fessor Gill to the genus Glyptocephalus of Gottsche. We also discover
the identity of this species with Glyptocephalus acadianus, described by
Gill, from a single specimen (No. 12685), taken by the Commission in
1872, from the herring-weir on Treat’s Island, Eastport, Me.
Below are given detailed measurements of twenty-two individuals,
including authentically named European specimens from the University
of Christiania, and the Bonaparte Collection, the type of G. acadianus,
three specimens from Massachusetts Bay, five from La Have Bank, and
eleven from the vicinity of Halifax.
The genus of Gottsche was carefully redescribed by Professor Gill in
1873,* and at the same time was published a full specific deseription of
the Eastport specimen. Although this description is founded upon an
individual which is among the most elongate of the series before us, it
is thoroughly satisfactory for all, if the tendency to variation in the
following particulars be noted.t
(1) Height of body.—This is stated to be about 24 of length exclusive
of caudal, and 34 in total length. In the series studied, the proportions
of this element varied, stated in units of hundredths of total length
(including caudal), from 0.245 to 0.375, No. 12685 having it 30. An
equally wide variation in the European fish is recorded by Parnell.t
The Pleuronectes elongatus of Yarrell is not nearly so elongated as
No. 21061 a (the figure of Couch has height about 0.275); and since no
other diagnostic characters have been described, we place it without
hesitation in the synonymy of G. cynoglossus.
(2) Height of caudal peduncle——This element is subject to very slight
variation, measuring usually 0.07 of total in both European and Amer-
ican specimens. The most elongate, slender forms have it slightly nar-
rower. In No. 12685 it measures 0.06, and 0.065 in No. 21001 b.
(3) Length of head.—This varies from 0.15 to 0.175. In No. 12685 the
* On a new American species of Pleuronectoid (Glyptocephalus acadianus). By Theo-
dore Gill, M.D. < Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia,
1873, pp. 360-362.
t Instead of having its radial formula D. 110; A. 100, as stated in the description, No.
12685 has it D. 107; A. 96.
} Fishes of the Frith of Forth, p. 210, pl. xxxviii, and in Memoirs of the Wernerian
Society, vii, p. 370.
20 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
length is 0.15, and in the European specimens 0.15 and 0.1575 (Christi-
ania specimen). The smallest proportion is represented by specimens
from Massachusetts Bay and Halifax.
(4) Teeth—In number these are extremely variable. No. 12685, ac-
cording to Gill, had on the blind side 17 above and 20 below, on the eye
side 6 above and 7 below. A Salem specimen, larger and older, had on
the blind side, above 26, below 28, on the eye side, above13, below 14.
In young individuals, the teeth present the characters described by
Gill, having the teeth on the eyed side conical and separated. This
peculiarity disappears with age, all large specimens showing closely set
incisorial teeth upon both sides of each jaw.
(5) Length of pectoral.—This is extremely variable within limits of
0.09 and 0.14. This measurement refers to the fin upon the colored side.
Its shape is also variable; it is sometimes pointed, sometimes obtuse,
owing to difference in comparative length of the upper rays. It is
usually black, with a narrow whitish tip. The number of rays varies
from 9 to 14.
(6) Length of ventrals.—This is also extremely variable on both sides.
The range on the blind side is 0.0475 to 0.07, and on the eyed side 0.056
to 0.0775. The difference between the length of the two fins upon the
same individual varies from 0.0025 to 0.0155.
(7) Contour of lateral line—In some individuals this is essentially
straight, in others considerably arcuated above the pectoral. This
appears to be an individual variation. The two European specimens
show a perceptible difference in this respect. In his diagnosis of Pleu-
ronectes cynoglossus, Dr. Giinther states that the lateral line is straight,
without curve.
(8) Position of the eyes.—Dr. Giinther states that in P. elongatus the
upper eye is in advance of the lower. This is doubtless quoted from
Yarrell. Neither the figure of Yarrell nor that of Couch indicates any
such character.
(9) Scales in lateral line—The number cn the blind side ranges from
109 to 150, on the eye side from 110 to 140, there being no relation be-
tween the different sides of the same fish.
(10) Radial formula.—In the dorsal this ranges from 102 to 120; in
the anal, from 87 to 100. There is no apparent relation between the
number of rays and the relative proportions of height and length of
body. A large number of rays in the dorsal. is usually accompanied by
a relatively large number in the anal.
(11) Transverse rows of scales—Their number above and below the
lateral line is nearly equal. The range is about from 40 to 50. There
appears to be no relation of number of transverse rows to comparative
height of body.
The thermal range of the species appears to be defined nearly by the
limits 34° and 45° F. |
iw 2
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7
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 21
The synonymy of the genus and species stands somewhat as follows :—
GENUS.
Glyptocephalus, Gottscue, Archiv fiir Naturg. i, 1835, p. 156—BLEECKER, Compt.
Rend. Acad. Sci. Amsterdam, xiiii—GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
1873, p. 360.
SPECIES.
Giyptocephalus cynoglossus (Linné) Gill.
Pleuronectes oculis a dextris totus glaber, ARTEDI, Gen. 14, N. 3; Mus. Ichth. No.
39; Synon. p. 31, N. 3.
Pleuronectes cynoglossus, LINNE, Syst. Nat. ed. x, i, 1758, p. 269; ed. xii, 1766, i,
p. 456.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. iv, 1862, p. 449.
Glyptocephalus cynoglossus, GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1875, p. 361.
Pleuronectes pola, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. (Suites 4 Buffon), 1819, iv, p. 401.
Platessa pola, CUVIER.—PARNELL, Nat. Hist. Fish. Frith of Forth, 1838, p. 210,
pl. xxxvilii— YARRELL, Hist. Brit. Fish. 1841, ii, p. 315.—Coucu, Fishes
British Islands, iii, 1864, p. 190.
Pleuronectes saxicola, FABER, Isis, 1828, p. 877.
Glyptocephalus saxicola, GOTTSCHE, I. ¢.
Pleuronectes nigromanus, NILsson, Prodr. Ichth. Scand. 1832, p. 55.
Platessa elongata, YARRELL, op. cit. p. 318.—GUNTHER, op. cit. p. 450.—CovUucH,
op. cit. p. 193.
Glyptocephalus elongatus, GILL, op. cit. p. 362.
Glyptocephalus acadianus, GILL, op. cit. p. 361, and in Barrp’s Report on Fish-
eries of South Coast of New England, 1873, p. 794.
Dr. Giinther suggests that the fish first cited by Fabricius (Fauna
Groenlandica, p. 163), under the name of Pleuronectes cynoglossus, aud
subsequently named by him Pleuronectes pinguis (Afhandling. Kongel.
Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs, Naturvid. og Math., Copenhagen, vol.
i, 1824, p. 45), is probably identical with this species. The true rela-
tions of the Greenland fish have already been pointed out by Professor
Gill (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, p. 218), as well as the curious
misapprehension by which the synonymy of P. pinguis and the halibut
has been confounded.
The following tables give detailed measurements of twenty-three
Specimens, and a list of all the specimens in the National Museum :—
22
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
TABLE I.—Catalogue of specimens in National Museum.
o Sa
&S | 9
Se 2 & Locality.
ea |se
tall be
21000 | 13 | Massachusetts Bay, off Salem....
20001) 124) Dia Haw6 Hank wee wempaercies sae) seewue
21005 24 TEARIA® oe resco sehay cease n< se 50 eee
21017 3 | 27 milessouth by west from Che-
bucto Head. ,
21019 | 20 ease eatnees duis saee aan ena Cone
21032 OF ace tons dap ian agiss Saas ee rome
21047 2 Halifax (trawl 113 and 114) ......
21056 4 SEH Fo ABR wise b's cone Pha
21057 Ah ee SAO a See a tata 2 a mie et cere wide aloyaie)| coment
210538 2 Midsichiabigs Bay (trawl 32, 90
fathoms).
21059 1) Halifax (trawl 54) 02 s2c2 cess 2.2
21060 did Halifax (trawwl44) . de sen ete
21061 3 | 27 miles off Chebucto (trawl 85)-.
21062 1 | Halifax (trawl 106, 111 fathoms) -.
21063 1 | Bedford Basin (trawl 111, 37
fathoms).
10068 IY) Buropesoeecss acca oocg sae ace aoe eee
17355 1.| Christiania, Norway....... 4... 5): 2s <aseeeeenre
12685 , | Kastpert, We: . oii... dewnneee
8%
When ¢col- og
From whom received. Bon
lected, g 3 \
a
Aug. —, 1877 | United States Fish Commis-
sion.
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do . Je desU® 3.30 ces. ale coe Do.
Aug. 14, 1977 iceaen BD idm d cms katie eee Do.
Aug. 95, 1870) cae GO. ccectkdweeceeuares Do.
Aug. 21,1877 ).....3 MO: zien sel mae cca Do.
Sept. 6,1877|...... BO: none deaxvacnevenn ane Do.
Sept. 20, 1877 |...... OG 252 6Skchow nde eee Do,
Sept. 21, 1877 |...... OG Kccnwiaendshehmebnnes
Bonaparte Collection .......
Norwegian Government ....
United | States Fish Commis.
sion.
TABLE II.—Measurements.
Current number of specimen| 10,068
Europe,
LOCAlby.c00ip cess. dereee Bonaparte
Coll.
100ths.
Extreme length, in inches.. 15. 75
Body :
Greatest height. .......... 0.315
Least height | of tailt s.cee 0. 07
Head:
Greatest length........... 0.15
Length of maxillary Shapes 0. 035
Length of mandible....... 0.05
Diameter of orbit. o2s.5464 0.05
Pectoral:
Distance from snout ...... 0. 16
be: 1-4 ee sm LS 0. 09
Ventral:
Distance from snout ...... (0. 19)
Length (blind side) ....... 0. 05
(eye side) ........ 0. 056
Doredl cust sade cha eae 112
PUTS eo cin ake oe 99
EMCbRA . JS. cock scadunomeeee 11
vf ar See et ae 6
Number of seales in lateral
line (blind side) .......... 117
(GVO. S108)”. cho cuecaes 115
17,355 21,000 a 21000 b 21,000 c¢ 12,685 | 21,001la@
Christiania,
: : Massachu-| Massachu-| Massachnu- La Have
he Seg setts Bay. | setts Bay. | setts Bay. Eastport. Bank.
100ths 100ths 100ths 100ths. | 100ths. | 100ths.
lo, Eo ply eh 19 23 9.5 9.9
0. 33 0. 34 0. 325 0. 34 0. 30 0. 307
OL OT i cae oesi.U). deeds Ses eee 0.06 Ci ae ets
0. 156 0. 155 0.15 0. 165 0. 05 0. 16
©: OF75 boc a. 2. Salas wate aha ate ea ee 0, 0384). seed 2
0. 05 cae weedececbe| dnvdeboee nal — UO. t shen
0. 05 “eee ewww eweler eee eeaeeeeerlir+raeeweeeeenenee 0. 05 eweeeneee
OF 1B: Nin Sele bona el i cece wedlnae cee 0.16 Bib ees
0. 105 Weeder the dad] detec kos eee laa’ etst ee OvLO: eka ten
O18! Pine. cet ccetares eel eeee tee Bere 0.17
O4058 “liek scctesad 0. 051 0. 055 0. 06
Ae oat, De icice seat 0. 057 0. 057 0. 065
103 112 110 110 107
87 90 93 91 96
11 12 11 13 12
6 6 6 6 6
114 150 138 136 128
116 140 133 134 118
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 23
TABLE II.—Measurements—Continued.
Current number of specimen} 21,0010] 21,001c | 21,001d | 21,001e | 21,005a@ | 21,0056 | 21,017 | 21,047a
eS a a ae La Have.|La Have.|La Have.|/La Have.| Halifax.) Halifax.| Halifax. | Halifax.
oe 6 oO
100ths. | 100ths. | 100ths. | 100ths. | 100ths. | 100ths. | 100ths. | 100ths.
Extreme length, ininches ..} 10.2 1S 12 12. 25 19.to 19 16. 25 19
Body:
Greatest height........... 0. 295 0, 299 0. 33 0. 325 0. 37 0. 35 0. 336 0. 32
Least height of tail....... De eee ey eee aeons eSeet wines Seer scnscnen | octawebe
Head:
Greatest length........... 0. 16 0. 16 0. 165 0. 16 0. 155 0. 155 0. 157 0,155
Length of maxillary EE ¢ ee et aa a oe eat ne ds adel oes aban tea cco] aaocarhe
ORS TA a) eS Sa ee ee ae res Ore Sees ee
nT OP Lee Ge meee oe oe: fone eter, aes eRe ere Sk sie ae J lite wate Calms [va dee ocwes
Pectoral:
TRIRLAneG ATO) ROM yes os ol te ee ae oes ae Ie «Peek oe tee ee ales oleae ol odeeecec|scoececes| aecneans
ees Dees naka a fon ae ie eean Bah [ue ese wane tone @ eine leSmen use| ccenecvl accceene
Ventral
Distance from snout ......|.....-- Et Se ots be oe bentis ea tia eee le Nd oe. Sct twhwe se
Length (blind side)......- 0. 052 1: il (ee ara 0. 055 0. 053 0. 047 0. 055 0. 057
(eye side). ........ 0. 065 0) 058 ivset ae 0. 065 0. 062 0. 063 0. 06 0. 063
REE eee ene a) Sioccis ceeces 115 110 107 113 105 120 106 111
A ers ett te bee ks 97 95 83 98 92 100 90 95
DETTE age se ie aia aaa 11 11 12 13 12 11 12 10
Mpanavale eer i 35 2it 52. 55 6 Oh ifs ete 6 6 6 6 6
Number of scales in lateral
line (blind side) .......... 112 130 115 117? 109 133 125 127
ee 119 128 110 1172 115 127 128 125
Current number of specimen} 21,0476 | 21,019a@ | 21,019b/| 21,019 c | 21,019d| 21,019e| 21,032 | 21,06la
PEMBURY donaltk cat we taewes << Halifax. | Halifax. | Halifax.) Halifax.|/Halifax.|Halifax.| Halifax. | Halifax.
100ths. 100ths. | 100ths. | 100ths. | 100ths. | 100ths.| 100ths. | 100ths.
a length, in inches . 24. 25 21.5 19 20 20.25 | 19 19.25 | 114 mm.
Greatest height. . sii 0.37 0.365} 0.375 | 0.316 | 0.33 0. 34 0. 365 0. 245
Cab height of ae te 0. 07 Mie freak mets mata anita date sab eetnsa ans 0. 055
ead
Greatest length........... 0. 175 0. 16 O:156'} Of152:1; 0.155 | 6.15 0.175 0.165
Length of maxillary Masi aie Vase atetitis oh 0. 03 Ss Se A 8 ae ee OL ee eee 0. 045
Length of mandible. .-.....|...-...--- 0. 05 GOT on aw Seal yews tena g el < ane dene Ree 0. 06
Diameter of orbit. os... .<.|..2..-.-.. 0.05 Miley NG eee ces ce Nee cea |s satan ook 0. 06
Pectoral :
Distance from snout ......|.....-...- eld ts een, eee oe ewe oo aaa mn thei eens Joes 0.17
I ce ei sad yale Sica Lr paret tne, 2 0.14 ah Ref ce hs el ee tn atiee letiboac ead 0. 08
Ventral:
Distance from snout......|....-.-.-- 0.17 UL le RG epee as | eee eee 0. 20
Length (blind side) ....... 0. 047 0. 07 0. 057 0. 065 0. 055 0. 05 0. 067 0.055
(eye side) ........ 0. 06 0. 077 0. 067 0. 075 0. 06 0. 06 0. 077 0. 055
PRG Be Wes te on 106 109 113 106 114 102 106 104
ST eS eS ey ee oe 92 98 99 91 97 87 90 87
MOMGraeLe. ota Pee ok bo. 12 12 1l il 11 11 11 14
Ventral. ..... ote ee ee cceeee 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Number of scales i in lateral
4 line (blind side). .......... 117 117 130 132 131 119 iL pes |e
) (eye side) ............ 122 121 130 117 127 115 Bor) 42) Webel
NOTE ON SHELLS FROM COSTA RICA KITCHENMIDDEN, COL-
LECTED BY DRS. FLINT AND BBANSFORD.
By W. H. DALL.
In their archeological explorations in Costa Rica, while examining
the shell-mounds of Culebra near the western coast, a number of shells
were obtained from the mounds to exhibit the species of which the
shell-heaps were composed. They are, of course, in a semi-fossil condi-
24 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
tion and usually broken, but the following species have been identified :-—
Phyllonotus nigritus Mensch., Strombus gracilior Sby., Arca grandis
Brod., Chione dionwa Menke, Cardium procerum Sby., and Cardium con-
sors B.& S. These species, which formed part of the food-supply of the
former inhabitants, are abundant in the fauna of the Gulf of California
at the present day.
FEBRUARY 22, 1878.
ABSENIC ACID FOR PROTECTING ANATOMICAL PREPARATIONS
FROM INSECTS.
By J. B. 8S. JACKSON, M. D.
Arsenic acid is most intensely strong, and comes in the form of a
solid and of a liquid, and the two are of about equal strength. Half
un ounce (avoirdupois) of the one, or one-half of a fluid-ounce of the
other, is to be added to a pint (f3 xvj) of soft water, and it is ready
for use. Any membranous preparation that is to be distended and
dried, as a portion of the alimentary canal, any of the hollow organs,
an ovarian cyst, an aneurism, and many preparations that are not to
be distended, will be most thoroughly protected, I believe, by the arsen-
ical solution. A solution of corrosive sublimate will probably prove
an equal protection ; but the membrane, when dried, has a disagreeably
opaque and ash-colored look, whereas, after the arsenical solution, it
dries without any change. I cover the preparation fairly with the solu-
tion, and leave it for about twenty minutes, then take it out, let it
drain, then inflate or distend it, and, lastly, hang it up to dry.
Boston, Mass., February 19, 1878.
THE OCEANIC BONITO ON THE COAST OF THE UNITED STATES,
By G. BROWN GOODE and TARLETON H. BEAN.
A specimen of the Oceanic Bonito, Oreynus pelamys (Linné) Poey,
was captured off Provincetown, Mass., in July or August, 1877, and
taken to the Museum of Comparative Zoélogy by Mr. James H. Blake,
The specimen was lent to the Fish Commission for study. Drawings
have been made, and a table of measurements and description are here
presented. }
The specimen measures 447 millimetres (17.6 inches) to the end of
the caudal carina. In form it closely resembles Orcynus alliteratus. The
caudal rays are frayed, and their length cannot be exactly determined.
The height of the body is a trifle more than one-fourth (0.26) of the
length. The circumference of the body (0.71) is equal to the distance
from snout to origin of anal (0.70). The length of the head (0.30) is
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 25
contained 34 times in length of body. The width of the interorbital
region (0.075) is as much less than the length of snout (0.08) as it is
greater than the length of the operculum (0.07). The length of the
maxillary (0.11) is nearly equal to that of the ventral (0.115), and more
than double the diameter of the orbit (0.05). The length of the man-
dible (0.14) is double that of the operculum.
The distance of the first dorsal fin from the snout (0.34) is slightly
greater than that of the pectoral (0.325), and less than that of the ven-
tral (0.38) by a distance nearly equal to the diameter of the orbit; it is
also a trifle less than half the distance from the snout to the origin of
the anal (0.70).
The length of the first dorsal spine (0.145) is double the length of the
longest anal ray (0.0725). The distance from the origin of the first
dorsal to the end of the base of the second dorsal (0.36) is four times
the length of the anal base (0.09).
The length of the pectoral (0.15) is less than half its distance from
the snout (0.325), and exactly half the length of the head; it is con-
tained 63 times in the length of the body; its origin is slightly in
advance of the origin of the dorsal, while its extremity reaches to the
vertical from the tenth dorsal ray.
The length of the ventral (0.115) is about one-third that of the dis-
tance of the first dorsal from the snout.
The corslet is very prominent. Its contour is defined by lines begin-.
ning at the edge of the branchial cleft, about midway between the axil
of the pectoral and the median line of the belly, extending below, beyond,
and around the extremity of the pectoral (which, when normally placed,
touches with its tip the outer margin of the corslet), then extending be-
yond its tip for a distance nearly equal to its length, round up into the
lateral line, down which a narrow tract of scales continues to its extrem-
ity, though narrowed toa single row after passing its curve; passing
the lateral line, the contour of the corslet curves forward and inward,
then ascending to a point distant from the median line of the back about
the diameter of the orbit, it follows backward in a direction parallel to
this line, to a point opposite the posterior extremity of the second dorsal,
where it curves upward to the median line of the body, and completes
its circuit.
When viewed from above, the rows of scales appear to be arranged
concentrically about the origin of the first dorsal fin. The scales are
largest along the edges of the pectoral arch and the dorsal fin, decreas-
ing rapidly in size as they recede from these regions. There are about
thirty rows between the dorsal and the upper margin of the pectoral,
normally placed.
Radial Formula.—D. X1IV,2+4 12, VII A.2+4 12, VIL. P.28. V.6.
Color.—The upper parts must have been deep blue in life; the belly
and flanks below lateral line, the opercles, and throat, pearly opalescent
white. The lower part of the pectoral arch and tracts at the base of
26 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
the ventrals and anal, as well as those parts of the opercles where the
bone is close to the outer skin, were of a chalky white. The corslet is
bronzed brown in the alcoholic specimen. |
There are four distinct bluish lines upon the sides, which are nearly
parallel with the lateral line, and which constitute the most prominent
specific character. The first of these begins directly under the tip of
the pectoral, the second at the margin of the corslet, at a point in the
line from the upper to the lower axillary angles of the pectoral. The
third and fourth are rather indistinct anteriorly, but are very distinct
in the posterior half of the body, and are about as far distant from each
other as are the first two, the interval between the two pairs being
slightly greater than that between the members of each pair, and equal
to the diameter of the orbit. The first or uppermost line is nearly
straight, the others, following the lower contour of the body, curve
upward over the anal fin, and all four become lost in the darker color
of the caudal peduncle.
This is without doubt the Scomber Pelamis of Linné, characterized by
him as “ Scomber pinnulis inferioribus VII, corpore lineis utrinque qua-
tuor nigris” (Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, i, p. 297), and given by Giinther
as Thynnus pelamys (Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. ii, 1869, p. 364). It is hope-
lessly confused by Cuvier and Valenciennes with Pelamys sarda. Pro-
fessor Poey assigned it to its present generic relations in 1868 (Syn.
Pisce. Cubens. p. 362).
The geographical distribution of this species is not very well known,
owing to the uncertainty of its synonymy. The British Museum has
two stuffed specimens, one from the Cape Seas, and one from Yarrell’s
Collection of British fishes. Couch records it from the Frith of Clyde
(July), and from Cumberland, England, and Ireland. Poey has it from
Cuba. It has also been recorded from the seas of India and China,
The presence of this form upon our coast was first suggested by Messrs,
Ki. G. Blackford and Barnet Phillips of New York, who recognized the
species in New York Market from the plates in Couch’s History of Brit-
ish Fishes. Only one was seen, and it was unfortunately not preserved.
This was in the summer of 1873; and as none have since been found,
it may be said, with some certainty, that the species is at present only
accidental in our fauna.
DISTRIBUTION OF CALIFORNIAN TERTIARY FOSSILS. |
By W. H. DALL.
Further information has been received from Mr. Hemphill in regard
to the Tertiary fossils enumerated lately in these Proceedings. These
facts, having an important bearing on geological and faunal changes
are now summarized.
ee SS Seal ama od
oe >» i
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 27
STRATA OF THE SAN DIEGO PENINSULA.
The long, low, narrow strip of land lying between San Diego Bay and
the ocean is locally known as the Peninsula. It appears to have been
pierced formerly by narrow channels or outlets by which the waters of
the bay communicated with the sea, and even now, in heavy storms,
the surf breaks over the barrier. At high-water mark is a stratum
about four feet thick, containing fossils mingled in a confused manner,
above which is a bed of fine sand extending to the surface of the pen-
insula, and having a total thickness of some twelve feet. From the
lower bed (A) were obtained the: following species :—
Corbula luteola. Drillia Hemphillii.
Tellina modesta. Mangilia angulata.
Inecina Nuttallit. Odostomia gravida.
Pecten paucicostatus. Turbonilla chocolata.
Nucula exigua. Turbonilla virgo.
Rhectaxis punctocelata. Turbonilla torquata.
Tornatina cerealis. Eulima micans.
Tornatina eximia. Scalaria indianorum.
Volvula cylindrica. Cerithiopsis assimillata.
Melampus olivaceus. Olivella biplicata.
Dentalium hexagonum. Olivella boetica.
Vitrinella sp. Nassa fossata var.
Crucibulum spinosum. Nassa perpinguis.
Crepidula adunca. Neverita, var. alta.
Serpulorbis squamigerus. _ | Nitidella Gouldit.
LTitorina scutulata. Amphissa versicolor.
Lacuna solidula. Pteronotus festivus.
Rissoina Woodwardi? Fish teeth and a sp. of Serpula.
Myureila simplex.
From the sand bed (B) were obtained,—
Periploma argentaria. Macoma nasuta.
Macoma secta. Mactra californica.
Macoma indentata.
In the lowest part exposed of bed A are found Cardium procerum,
Dosinia ponderosa, and Anomia limatula, but they do not seem to be
scattered through the general body of the stratum.
STRATA OF THE MAINLAND.
On the mainland near the town of San Diego, the land is rather low,
gradually rising inland toward some bluffs. To the eastward of the
town, or what is known locally as the “railroad land”, a stratum (A?)
four or five feet thick is exposed at high-water mark, and, like the
stratum A of the peninsula, contains a confused aggregation of fossils,
at the bottom of which is a layer of the upper valves of Anomia lima-
28 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
tula, hardly mixed with any other species, and containing, so far as
could be discovered, no perfect specimens or lower valves.
Stratum <A’ is regarded by Mr. Hemphill as the outcropping of an
extensive formation, probably underlying the whole of the level land
back to the bluffs, and presenting estuarine characters. It is sur-
mounted by, or passes into, a fine sandy deposit (B?), at least seventy
feet thick in some places, containing fossils scattered through it, and it
is in this stratum that the fossils from the well were found. In nearly
all the wells that have been sunk in San Diego, fossils have been found,
showing that the bed is of wide extent as well as of great thickness.
The following fossils were afforded by stratum A? :—
Pholadidea ovoidea. Cardium procerum.
Solecurtus californianus. Ostrea lurida.
Macoma sabulosa ? Anomia limatula.
Tellina Bodegensis. Fissurellidea callomarginata.
Donax flexuosus. Crucibulum spinosum.
Mactra falcata. Cerithidea sacrata.
Clementia subdiaphana. Drillia penicillata.
Chione simillima. Scalaria indianorum.
Chione succincta. Ranella muriciformis.
Dosinia ponderosa. Nassa fossata.
Saxidomus aratus jun. Nassa tegula.
Petricola pholadiformis ? Cerostoma Nuttallii.
From the well-digging in stratum B? came,—
Venericardia monilicosta. Crepidula princeps.
Arca microdonta. Turritella Cooperi.
Leda coelata. Turbonilla stylina.
Pecten expansus. Nassa mendica.
Janira dentata. Cylichna alba.
Mamma nana. Cadulus fusiformis.
To which may be added the following species not enumerated from that
locality in the list (pp. 11-12) in these Proceedings, but also obtained by
Mr. Hemphill: —
Glottidia albida Hds. Inecina tenuisculpta Cpr.
Xylotrya sp. (tubes). Cryptodon flecuosus Mont.
Cryptomya californica Conr. Modiola recta Conr.
Solen rosaceus Cpr. Nucula exigua Sby.
Solecurtus californianus Conr. Acila Lyall Bd.
Macoma expansa Cpr. Pecten hastatus Sby.
Clementia subdiaphana Cpr. Janira florida Hds.
Cardium centifilosum Cpr. Ostrea conchaphila Cpr. .
Lucina Nuttallii Conv. Placunanomia macroschisma Desh.
Lucina acutilineata Conr. Tornatina eximia Bd.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Cylichna cylindracea Linn.
Dentalium hexagonum Sby.
Dentalium semipolitum B. & 8.
Siphonodentalium pusillum ? Gabb.
Calliostoma annulatum Martyn.
Galerus filosus Gabb.
Crepidula navicelloides Nutt.
Turritella Jewettii Cpr.
Bittium asperum Cpr.
Myurella simplex Cpr.
Drillia (four sp. undet.).
Surcula Carpenteriana Gabb.
Mangilia variegata Cpr.
Mangilia (four sp. undet.).
Clathurella Conradiana Gabb.
Odostomia straminea Cpr. var.
Odostomia sp.
Turbonilla torquata Cpr.
Eulima rutila Cpr.
Scalaria subcoronata Cpr.
Cancellaria (four sp. undet.).
Neverita Recluziana Petit.
Sigaretus debilis Gld.
Ranella Mathewsoniti Gabb.
Olivella boetica Cpr.
Nassa fossata Gld.
Astyris tuberosa Cpr.
Astyris sp.
Ocinebra lurida Cpr.
Pteronotus festivus Hds.
Trophon orpheus Gld.
Colus Dupetithouarsi? Kien.
Volutopsis (sp. undet.).
29
Chrysodomus Diegoensis Dall.
About ten miles northward from San Diego, on the seacoast of Cali-
fornia, are beds of coarse sandstone, of considerable thickness, dipping
to the northward. About twenty feet of it (stratum C) are fossiliferous,
containing the shells, not aggregated in a confused mass, as in some other
cases above mentioned, but distributed much as they might have been
while living. According to Mr. Hemphill, these fossils have not the
aspect of an estuary deposit, but rather that of animals living in the
open sea. Pecten expansus occurring in both the well (B*) formation and
this sandstone, Mr. Hemphill supposes that they may be of identical
age, but that the different assemblage of species may be due to the one
being formed in an estuary and the other on an open coast.
This sand-
stone bed contained, among others, the following species :—
Pecten islandicus.
Pecten hericeus.
Pecten ventricosus.
Pecten expansus.
Pecten Stearnsii.
Pecten Hemphillit.
Pecten cequisulcatus var
Ostrea Veatchii.
Lucina acutilineata.
Opalia anomala.
Opalia varicostata.
Scalaria tincta.
Scalaria Hemphillit
Adjoining bed C, and composed of recent alluvial soil, eight or ten
feet above tide-water, is another stratum (D), in which the specimens
are in a poor state of preservation, and nearly all found living near San
Diego at the present time.
-Laqueus californicus.
Cumingia californica.
Tapes staminea.
Lueina acutilineata.
This bed afforded,—
Axinea profunda.
Acmea mitra.
Acmcea insessa.
Fissurella voleano.
30 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Chlorostoma Pfeifferi. ; Mitra maura. YS
Surcula Carpenteriana. Monoceros engonatum. |
Conus californicus. Purpura crispata.
Neverita Recluziana. Fusus Harfordi.
Near Santa Barbara, the outcrop (C’) upon the seabeach afforded a
few fossils, some of which were similar to species obtained from the San
Diego well. Among these were the following, all recent species :—
Venericardia monilicosta. Astyris gausapata.
Bittium quadrifilatum. Amphissa versicolor.
DBittium asperum. Trophon orpheus ? jun.
Lacuna vincta.
The formation within whose limits the beds above described are to be
included extends from the Pribiloff Islands southward, at least to Yesso
Island, Japan, on the west, and to Chili on the east. A fruitful locality
is at Cerros Island, Lower California, from whence Waldheimia Kennedy
Dall, and also a number of the species referred to in the preceding
article, have been obtained, some of which are described by Gabb in the
Paleontology of California.
Jurassic or Cretaceous beds appear to exist at Todos, Santos Bay,
Lower California, not far from San Diego. Mr. Hemphill collected here,
and has presented to tbe National Museum, half a dozen species not yet
critically examined, but containing a fine specimen belonging to the
Rudiste, which have hitherto been hardly known as American fossils.
MaRcH 2, 1878.
A REVISION OF THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE GENUS BRE-
VOORTIA, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF ANEW SPECIES FROM THE
GULF OF MEXICO. .
By G. BROWN GOODE.
The type of the genus Brevoortia of Gill is the species described in
1802 by Latrobe under the name of Clupea tyrannus, and later by Mitch-
ill under the name of Clupeamenhaden. As has been already indicated,*
the former name has the prior claim to adoption, and the species must
be called Brevoortia tyrannus. Of this species, there appear to be two
geographical races or varieties. One of these is the typical form of the
Atlantic coast of the United States, the other a closely allied form from
the coast of Brazil, already described by Spix under the name of
Clupanodon aureus. For the northern form, the name of Mitchill should —
be retained, and the two varieties may be distinguished as Brevoortia
tyrannus var. menhaden, and Brevoortia tyrannus var. aureus. On the
coast of Patagonia and Paraguay occurs a well-marked species described —
by Jenyns under the name of Alosa pectinata. This species is readily —
“Vide supra, p. 8. pe:
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 31
distinguished by its larger scales, which are arranged in 18 to 20 lateral
rows, instead of 25 to 27, as in B. tyrannus. The generic relations of
this species were recognized many years ago by Professor Gill, and its
name should stand as Brevoortia pectinata, (Jenyns) Gill.
A third species occurs in the Gulf of Mexico. It is distinguished by
its larger head and fins. It appears to have never been described, and
for this form the name Brevoortia patronus is proposed. It is accom-
panied by the same Crustacean parasite that is found in the mouths of
B. tyrannus, to which Latrobe gave the significant specific name of
pregustator.
Brevoortia tyrannus, (Latrobe) Goode.
Diagnosis.—Head and jaws short, the length of the head less than
one-third of the length of the body, less the caudal fin, especially short
in var. aurea ; the maxillary in length much,less than three-twentieths
of the length of the body. Height of body about one-third of total
length, in very fat individuals three-eighths. Vins comparatively short,
the height of the dorsal less than length of maxillary, and considerably
less than three-tenths of length of body, that of the anal usually less
than half that of maxillary, that of ventral always less than one-tenth
of total length, the length of middle caudal rays one-fifth that of body
and less, that of exterior caudal rays usually about three-fourths, often
less than two-thirds, and rarely more than five-sixths of total length.
Fins all shorter in var. aurea. Insertion of ventral far behind tip of
pectoral. Insertion of dorsal about equidistant from snout and base
of middle caudal rays, but varying two or three one-hundredths to
either side of the median point, and always slightly behind the vertical
from insertion of ventrals.
Scales of medium size, much serrated, arranged very irregularly in
24-26 transverse and 60-80 longitudinal rows. Scales forming sheath
at: base of pectoral not large. Squamation of caudal lobes moderate.
- Operculum strongly striated in var. menhaden, almost smooth in var.
aurea.
Scapular blotch conspicuous.
This species is easily distinguished from Brevoortia patronus by its
shorter head and fins, by its slenderer body, and its pectinated scales,
and from B. pectinata by its smaller, less regularly arranged, and more
numerous scales, and its shorter, less furcate caudal fin.
INDIVIDUAL VARIATIONS AND SPECIAL CHARACTERS.
Head.—The length of the head varies from 0.28 to 0.33. The poste-
_ rior end of the maxillary extends to a point in the vertical from the centre
of the orbit. The length of the skull, as indicated by the ‘distance
_ from snout to nape”, varies from 0.19 to 0.23. The length of snout,
_ measured from a line drawn perpendicularly through: the centre of the
_ orbit, varies from 0.09 to 0.11. The length of maxillary varies from
32 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
0.12 to 0.145; that of mandible from 0.15 to 0.18. The diameter of the
eye enters 435 times in the length of the head. Its width varies from
0.11 to 0.15 in very fat individuals.
Shape of Body.—This is exceedingly variable, and the variation is
eaused largely by the fatness of the individual. In very plump ones,
the expansion of the belly throws back the origin of the ventrals and
anal, and greatly changes the appearance of the fish. In the specimens
before me, the height of the body ranges from 0.31 to 0.383. The table
of measurements subjoined shows the effect of increased height of body
upon the other measurements of proportion.
Fins.—The range of variation in the position of the dorsal is indi-
cated in the diagnosis. There is no appreciable correlation between the
positions of the dorsal and anal in the same specimen. The insertion
of the anal is distant from the snout from 0.68 to 0.75. The lengths of
the rays in dorsal, anal, ventral, and caudal vary much, as the table of
measurements indicates. In the caudal, the upper lobes vary from 0.16
to 0.25; the lower lobes from 0.18 to 0.27. The relation of the pectoral
and ventral fins is much affected by the length of the head, the inser-
tion of the former being thrown much further back in long-headed indi-
viduals.
Scales.—The degree of serration varies much in individuals as well as
the squamation of the bases of the vertical fins and the number and
regularity of the body-scales. In young individuals, the scales are
arranged with much regularity; but, in adults, I have strong reason to
believe that scales are intercalated here and there, throwing the arrange-
ment into great disorder, and rendering an accurate enumeration impos-
sible.
Varieties.—The series before me embraces some two hundred specimens
of Lrevoortia tyrannus of various ages, seasons, and localities. Almost
every feature is subject to wide variations, and there is usually no decided
correlation between different characters except that a long head is accom-
panied usually by long jaws, and a pectoral set farther back and extend-
ing more nearly to the insertion of the ventral. There are, however,
certain groups of individuals which can be included within a diagnosis
which may serve to distinguish them from all the others of the same
species. To what extent it is desirable to define varieties which are
not separated geographically, I am not well satisfied. The exact mean-
ing of the terms ‘‘ sub-species” and “ variety” as employed by Cope,
Coues, Gill, Yarrow, and other recent writers has not been definitely
interpreted. It seems desirable, however, to designate in some way
the limits of variation from the normal specific type in different direc-
tions. With this purpose, and premising that by a variety I mean sim-
ply a divergent form, connected by intermediate forms with the typical
specific form, [ have thought it desirable to name provisionally two —
varieties, and to call attention to others which may possibly exist. This —
is done with much hesitation, and only with a view to an attempt to
= +
=.
@
>
.
»
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 35
formulate the minor difierences to be observed between fish of the same
species on different parts of our coast. A precisely parallel case is to
be found in the shad of the different Atlantic rivers, which are well
known to exhibit strong distinctive marks. Very possibly every school
of menhaden has its own characteristics. In every case where | have
had an opportunity to observe them, the individuals compésing the same
school were closely similar to each other.
The typical form of the species as now defined is taken from the coast
of Southern New England and the Middle States. It has the height of
the body about one-third of the total length, the head three-tenths of
the total length, or a little more, the maxillary long (0.14 to 0.143) and
exceeding the height of the dorsal.
The species described by Spix under the name of Clupanodon aureus
cannot be distinguished by any apparent specific characters from Bre-
roortia tyrannus, since one or more of the specimens of the latter species
before me partake of some of the peculiarities of the Brazilian form.
There is, however, a general average of characters exhibited by the Brazil-
ian specimens as well as by the figure of Spix, with which they closely
agree, which seems to me to entitle them, for the present at least, to receg-
nition as belonging to a distinct geographical variety. The distin<tive
characters appear to consist in (1) a greater average height of body:
(2) a lesser length of head ; (3) a lesser average length of maxillary and
mandible; (4) a slightly lower anal and dorsal fin; (5) a greater average
distance of anal from snout ; (6) a greater average length of the middle
caudal rays; (7) a shorter average pectoral ; (8) a more regular arrange-
ment of the scales, and a more luxuriant growth of small seales at the
bases of the fins.
A number of specimens from Noank, taken in 1874, vary quite as mach
from the normal type and in almost the same respect as the variety just
described. The maxillary and mandible are shorter, however, than in
the Brazilian form, the anal fin lower, and the lobes of the caudal are
extremely short, sometimes hardly exceeding in length the pectera!
fin. But for the fact that these specimens show almost all the charac-
ters of the Brazilian Breroertia, and in some cases exaggerations of
them, I should be inclined to consider the aurea a distinct species.
Having with some hesitation allowed it the rank of a variety, the ques-
tion must be decided as to the propriety of also allowing varietal rank
to this peculiar form from Noank. The exact meaning of the terms sx/-
species and variety as recently employed by zoologists is not very clear
to my mind, but I infer that a “ variety ” is composed of an assemblage
of individuals varying uniformly from the typical specific form in a
degree sufficient to be susceptible of description and definition, though
not necessarily separated from it by the absence of connecting forms.
Premising then that in giving to the Noank specimens a varietal name
my object is simply to define the limits of variation from the norma
Proc. Nat. Mus. 78——3 May 8, 1878.
34 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
type in a given direction, I would provisionally propose that they be
designated as variety brevicaudata.
The specimens from the Saint John’s River, Florida, are extremely
variable in every respect. Certain individuals show a tendency to
elongation of the head and fins, and also a slenderness of the posterior
part of the body, and nearly all the individuals from that region are more
lightly and gracefully shaped. They all have a tendency to a yellow
coloration, especially upon the caudal lobes. I have not felt justified,
however, in calling it a variety.
I have not had an opportunity to study the Maine schools, but am
inclined to believe that their differences are very perceptible.
Table of Measurements.
Carrent number of specimen ..2.- t=. 5 a wee ; | are aos oan te 20,666 a.
ee ; | Wood’s Holl, | Wood's Holl, Wood's Holl,
Se OR ee ee ee : Mass. Mass. Mass.
anim, 109ths. , Millim.| 100ths. | Millim.| 100ths.
Very fat. Plump.
Extreme length .../+).-..<so3ayveke bee) ft 1k ees! 5) Ne fe ee eS | 243 | Rake Phe 1301 al sanheeek
Body:
Greatest height ...3...s335 2.2 eee ee oe be ee 8 | eee 314}... 25258 344
Least height of tail..-.-....dstgacs eete ae |--------] PR es Peers terre es
Length of caudal peduntla 235-2 Ak ae rsh dA 94 fe Bs hae eee wt od Se a ae
Head : |
Greatest length.............. Sees Te eh hy oh. hh sec ee” OSE Vitis i} Bia 31
Distance from snout to nape ....-.....-..--.---- ne ah SA | . 20° 'lesssenct AL eee 204
Greatest width: .i23:.100.. eth Le eee ee ee ee |, PAP Ech hl hee hho
Length of snout from perp. from centre of orbit.|..-.--.. 10 Beta 10° ha etees 104
Length of opercalum j i12.4.03..025.5-.0400 1X HM Srantte Sd esta | oA 9
Length of maxillary —A...n'. Seppe caaesteeaase pL RS eee ! 143) ebeos 14
Length of mandible... 3-254 i still cA eee Te | AAs / i gS ae 7
a! from snout to centre of orbit ..........)....---- pA eseee ae MOS sat tone ates 10}
Dorsal : |
Distance from snout... . oc dithigd anbeehnnttasane ake ee if ee ee Fa ee 49
Length of base |. 01/3 Av AA tt) Bete ce aden tapes 19 Wen oe TVG je Ske ae 173
Origin of pectoral to origin of dorsal............|-------- =) i ae IDE thasad steed 354
End of dorsal to end of anal .........2..s+scee+|.---+00- De Nea See 7): Naat ipa 2 25
a neth of longest rays Loo wed subs snains ocean jy ie epee 41°74). ace 124
4 eneth of last-ray i242 74525 herb hee 338 oneal eran St hee Aer (Re es: 64
a
Distance from showk, S27. 50.hdas skeemas phates Ta. tage oie 72 3225. Spee 72
Length of base ...:9, 0.25 spa0~t hohe sta gene Ane 4 hate peo Petes 154
Origin of anal to origin of dorsal...........-----|-----e+- aed eee de | asees oa 36
Length of longest ray... 2 ée~ depends bedded dataareweee Sn ee Ok |i vd ow des 6}
L ength of last. TAY cowed 6 eo ud saa eeeh oe eee SS eee ee SON is hap 4}
Caudal :
Length of middle rays. ; wil de\Vectice oath ae | 2 eee fi ere dg
Leugth of external 1: ays, ‘superior. dig. See | .) ads eae a 20 ||. 22 eens 20
Inferib’ 22 Fiseqe~ teks ee pees 2 ey ae 23 lc enenee 23
Pectoral :
Distance from snout occ cnsendceddewacd dene eal Sax | = i kee ee 9. Vateemen 30
Distance of tip from snout... ..25. siecsces-c Js dodieee eee | te | 438° "li... fests AG
Length . -.-...--0---20-s7-en<-anagpeas ecume nine seaeee 19° | naccsee). op ECR 18
Length of longest axillary appendage...........|-------- A | eS | se nnivae thane oh ah slee eneeee
Ventral:
Distance from snout .......---..- i gh). ER ESEESS eee fa © Se Le ie iat A SL
Pe ne ean eER TF Oe eet Th | hued aes 9
Origin of ventral to end of dorsal .............--|.«------ tual tty dn OS) odanum re 33
a ees epee A Fe $8 Ls}. cees Da Pee © 20 Jecceeess
MNS 8). Als os been dvkek eae: eee gy Aap F 90: Teveegeaa aban
aa aan
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Table of Measurements—Continued.
35
Current number of specimen......................-- 20,666 b. 18,049 b. 1,696 a. «
P Wood's Holl, Saint John’s Indian River,
Locality ---..--..+-+++ 2200222222 see eee reece ; Mass. River, Florida. Florida.
Mitlim, 100ths. | Millim.} 100ths. | Millim.| 100ths.
Fat.
EID 8 oe Se oe we ene Seedy os Net 132 | saawcss ee eee aor) 9G: ToSSSt
Body :
oe AS SE ee ee see nee en) Pen ee et ey eee ee Yl Ee a 37
Head: / )
ee oes Pe eer ae ee ee es hs a ee 30
Distance from snbul fo nape.<...-.~ .< .. = --sscwes | ewe eee 23) fece ons Oe eee 20
ERE T PEST Gf eS ES ee oe ee en (Pe Sree ge Pee Fee eas cy Oo eed |
Length of snout from perp. from centre of orbit.| .---..-- 1S ewe. -. IG} sey = 10
ey a SS ae eee epee oe yee ) Sob tee. i ee re 9
ee eer eee Pe mere ps RE bepress ig OM | fk | 13%
er tere tere Coe eee URES: "ol ok ee ee 17
Distance from snout to centre of orbit ..........|.----.-. Beier: Seee 2 fadlc.
Dorsal: . )
ee en Seaenenes Pa Basile <*- 49 | Ath ae 50
OS er eer er eer ty eee 18 |........ 17
Origin of pectoral to origin of dorsal ....... ....|.-.---..) eg ne TAY: bei foes 36
End of dorsal to end of anal...... Ha Fae wera le 1 beatae as SEN a 2. i) ie 30
Co ee en ae Pee 126 bec aes rere ee 13
SS Ve ee eee eee Pe eee Gb ee os eee 5
Anil:
I EMINEM, oo een cac cnc cicomesn nae] sobsnane yy Ne Ea a a 72
AS Eee ee ee ee eee Eee ee Sacre it ga Cee 16
Oryin of anal to origin of dorsal.........-...--.|.-.--.-- et eee «iP eae 38
ey eee Ga tescte=s Shae... <: *3-+-
ga ee ae eee eee eee Goto Ee ee *3+-
Candal:
ee ERY oc ob cay san vecews wan snc| snc dem-% gd eee Saree seeu. *44
Length of external rays, superior ..............-|.--...--| eas The ye 722
MERSIN ons cise aha aii go ete eos / Te Ae eee Ce eee *24
Pectoral :
NN Se i 2 omer 5 ad Ree ae ae 30
DIntanGy Gt tip 4rOm-PNONG-.. ..5. 5 s=:-55-~.55--..0 feces oe 46EH ewe © fad fers Sieg be sea Dre
Length of longest axillary appendage..-.-........|.--.---- TR ce wat A rs eee
Ventral: ‘
LUST Aa eS ae ary eA | nee ee 5 iad tet ee 50
OG ee ee ee eS hake) ee / SP eee ee Hh got hati, Ria oll Ve Sac
Origin of ventral to end of dorsal ..-......--.-..|.-.-----| Eg BE ee Se eo 35
wo ES PO cr dag CES det Ae ee at (ee
ee Te ee. Pe eee 2 ee eee oe yee es | Pas 5:
Current number of specimen ......-.---..... ie ey | 5,152. 17,927. | 19,046.
}: : Saint John’s Saint John’s
LOCALITY ---- one ne = eter eee ne ener a ees ; West Florida. River, Florida. | River, Florida.
/
Millim.| 100ths. | Millim. 109ths. | Millim.) 100ths.
/ |
‘ /
ee’ 6 a ee pe ee ee 101 | Bole Sag 7G - Ase oe a
Body: )
SEO EO ee, ee an ae ee Wen ee arn 32
OS aps Sn ah COE ae eee MRS Wee yy ieee” ot |e ea 9
Length of caudal peduncle .....-..... aig tents tyih tye. Ry ats tere boot neater. / Seg 8
Head: :
ep SR MIN RAINS Sls ooh in wham ain = wan Mieieine Anim | > mw ch a a ee oe 33
Distance from snout to nape ...........-.00.---fceenen a SOE HLL RS, 205
EN REE EE eT SI REE ee 0 ee eee | ee ee 12
Length of snout from perp. from centre of crbit.|........ Oe a SG tarde wi22 os 104
Length of operculum ...-... .--.--..-.-------- mas Ue ae efi ag eee ha Re SS 94
I go) TE Ee eae aa oe Been td 3 5) ie Fe | Se ee 143
eee iy SE ae oe nek ac ann inn 4- hapa’ ~~ fe hain ae ere 18
Distance from snout to centre of orbit......-....|........ lead Wadd bool See [e8s-. 2s 104
Dorsal :
Ee O@O AOU NONE te, oe oy ok ie. ode Heme ds| en cues 46. Pectaas i See 523
‘Length of base..... ee OE eee a ae lg aS TE 17
Origin of pectoral to origin of dorsal ............].......-- ot PEE Se rt [age 34
End of dorsal to end of anal ......--.....2-.eee0-|--ee-0-- ie eee oes Ser Hae AA 25
UN Reet Soop ewialey uLqnta|soees a cefvceces «- C4 See 12
IE ET SS "haa RET Te Eee soa, SIP. fone
36 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Table of Measurements—Continued.
Currentimumber of specimien’......- 1. dedsecis...e. 5,152. 17,927. 19,046.
, : Saint John’s Saint Jobn’s
TOABUAR uited {--'- .e-cadot, deninte + co liek edie ; West Flouda. River, Florida. | River, Florida.
Millim.| 100ths. | Millim.| 100ths. | atti, 100ths.
| \eoo mse Re: —_—_——_—
Anal:
Distance fram, snout oe. a eine dena enic nes stor css ele 2s min amet eee eee GB er ehh 72
Length i Dag0; poss <n odevh- steceneeess 4 eaeee™ itis | <.nema, <2] od oo el<la! Sie 16h. hbieene 16
Origin of anal to origin of dorsal - ......2..-.-20+|s.e0e0-+-|-cesnen-|onse-oee OS i) eae ‘ 324
Length of loutest ray... ..-.vebd s+ ccessnes a nice lennemne| = sisies cee eee Gh .chaiatl das 6
Length Of lash Tay 2 eee een es = ceckens «oes |ecn = sbige lagi cee ee D heaceeeae 64
Caudal:
engih Of MIde-Tays .. .... -.<<sics cmeiseo 6.5 20p256= 05 \an0=05 col aa ee So, \ucdsueee 5k
Length of external rays, superior ..--....---.--.|---+----|.--- ---J-------- 21 fica eee . 20
- inferior: ..-........---.|tuniee se cieaieNe anne eee Ral ; dete dehoats 24
Pectoral :
Distance from sHout. .:.:.. 2000-05 toe + es ce eet eh ee ee Ske bss Gaeta 32
Distance of tip from snout . ...5.22 5. ne ao ea ae dt ase oh el ey eae eens AD siccte Fae de 50
TOD BEN oo on voce conc 6 be nie monje cow igs ae womens np ohn) eae eel ee BQie lacie étage 18
Length of longest axillary appendage ...........|..-..-..|.e.-ae--|sseeee-- 12 45a eyes
Ventral:
Distance from snout ...- 0.20602 beet ewan nee ieee he ee ee 49 oA suk tena 48
Ui 1 ae | eee mers ere ee ee < demas) eae eee Er eer ts oe 9
Origin of ventral:to end of dorsalis... ...-2.,0ace|-<-- ==) ansa asin eee 338! |Laasoead 30
Doped). TAVB.= .2- s20y i vase coomnp cote e ests Sele OO Sls ciara ie 2h. | suas Sania 1GtORMB Ig. 2. 5
PTE TYE. «mo. on shea <= 6 fins So peaes Bane ae eee ML, ieee cine i ae Ble trastints as
Current number of specimen...... ..-....sceeecccees 19,044. 18,049 a. 19,468.
. int John’ i n’s | re gues
Danaality ).- ch, B 2 bec he nti ae REE ; oye Ya. via onn's | Virginia.
Millim.) 100ths. | Millim.) 100ths, | Millim.! 100th.
é rs) eae ks by = |
Extremeilength...-:<5.2bc cas segeae tke serene LOG} tae aad 144. |rcwnscient ) Rae
Body:
Greatest height’... <. vend. > Lae toh apeeweabha owls Oual ome Oa lied may a" 8 See
Least height of afl... 2... cite advance wide sess salanenne = sls gen ple om |neieeie aves lls eee ee
Length of caudal peduncle........-.-...---scccs|cccceces hie ‘ ane ee
Head :
Greatest dough. 4: cis dicen dsevabenees Hk s0a% ees > ae eA Pee OF eae
Distance from snout to mape ..........06-00-ee0s|-- + e--ne Oo. Laskaspay 19 .s aoe
Greatest WIG. 550 cho tus deans un 0 ftw aw paw le Boe ee 1D Lidagiade Tihs San ames
Width of interorbital area's. wc... oiscsicnicee cdf ieweew’ J iucs See feat ee evel toueae nits ae
Length of snout from perp. from centre of orbit..|........ os Oey 10> licaap een
Length:of operoalait. duss wx decon=c6de es sekeanel-t>'eveis ere ey abt Pr
Length of maxi Gaon ok nictas fons > 25 bans s Orla Uk oe a +. gee PRs fe 19° 1.55 Yale
Leneth of msndiyie s, oss <nke clu ptbg ten’, <pas id oly] rene ot Ee perverse 163 |; nano
Distance from snout to centre of orbit ........-.|......-- £9 YP Guwes se 11 Wisscdes
Dorsal :
Distance front enous .. > via sa5 doth ones Kin cee heheeke { a Bee 40 tog ante
Lengtl:of .baseusor 4. 15368 c eee, adic en Pee] cos eee | UT Wiletes sas UK). | aaa
Origin of pectoral to origin of dorsal............|.......- ae. eRe Se 96 vadvnwte
End of dorsal to end Of Qa0l ooo. i. dsc spcccctovele tuannnd OT lve semua eee
Length of longest THY: «ssp «0s ¥e% ene bask ete | ee I ae PE 1Q}.,|,. ceva ow
Length of leat. 89 . 220d. <eestphay chau se) peel eweee ey 6 és Ob.) caewane
Anal: |
Distance from spent 22... «sss ak Veo - cs bukeen aaa ee 1) ee Boers Th x) aaiewwias
Length of base saukcd<vcches dethdics les tee eee ee ee 1 Th biemud ab
Origin of anal to origin of dorsal.........---..-.|.--....- ie ees BT. iva chevas
Length of longest ray ... cece edits s «esd as se seladeenee G i AGéaawes roe Mrrrist
nase OF lat B09 . cok sins odeues Oes« Spanien bia B inp ditpadin Oe \veadiaga
Caudal : |
Length of middle rays. . a bills a «'= b> wpa sip ole ee 6 idhss tat Bittntrne vie de
Length of external rays, super LOG’... «alin: pains aahslnn a plince tee Do BB: rane ine Sigs
TATOTIOE 6.2: o's «'s.nin. «pees eel 29 Nae ema 27 | swcnwse
Pectoral:
Distance from sueut ...np059 »«va<ani «s=nesbeeeenlen eee Ue eee 0 Pee ee
Distance of tip from snons......5..-.--ca> sh schnedelaseuenen rt ee ee Ne 45 aan
COM GUN on amy » 5 cle sae nc Sepp tok ele eh cee ene 18 Tes bane BB jinind oa at
Length of longest axillary appendage. ..........|.-00-n0c2|<ecseans|ewscenss|s eres reer
Ventral :
Distance from snout .......... > « feb ae ween de viehhes «yea 48, Jos asueas BP ei Lnteate ¢
RUE cicero vedinc sss tse seeesdunaeemadks Vee eee ee ees Bh :| eevee
Origin of v shape to end of con Pee ep eer a ae ee nee Dihees. | wires etka
TORRE vcascods «s chgpeaesuetesvisse nee 19 ie LS ilies tached 1
Anal rays........... eh ovepadenes sent capes eee eee ae ee | ee ey 21
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 37
Table of Measurements—Continued.
Carrent number of specimen: .............-......... 14,846 a. 14,246 b. Var. aurea.
|S) Set Ro eee aeaee ; Noank, Conn. | Noank, Conn. eee *
Millim.| 100ths. | Millim.| 100ths. | Millim. | 100ths.
0 a ee ea eee EFAS Pore’ c 3.0 ie eee 2 Oh ea
y:
RIO, sore ais ant oa SEY orton Sade ae ha ation oe a Shee gee 35
Head: :
(0) SLD a iene ee eee Gee ee eg Pet Pe pee Q74
Distance from: snont to nape ........-------.----|.--..--- ere EL AY OS HOTEL IS. 21
Length of snout from perp. from centre of orbit.|.--..--. sO! | Gel aE ae | 10
Renrth emepgranam. 2425. 2e: ae ea Sa a oe Be Ss Sh pote wap eee ofoa = epee
MIRGT Or MRR UNED 2 nce wen 3 5c awn anim wasp = oo “COW CER ae | 12 |........ | 12
Length of mandible.........-... SAREE 25 SPE Fa so Beek Ce Bee ae | Pay Vesa oc 15
Distance from snout to centre of orbit .-........|.------- Me ee | a A ee BS eS
Dorsal :
LS SO a a as ae Sao | A Se ee 7 2. ol
po oy EA aE EN Ee 1 er ed oe ee he ees tap" AE ca, (5 n5 RR
Origin of pectoral to origin of dorsal. ...........|.----.-- eee ns Pe oe
End of dorsal to end of anal ............-..2000.|---+--- = gE hen aap al oo) tiseed-la-nius <<
RRs Oi ORR TO ans oe sea de ane oe fade sy | komm dp - + Webcast 4 ow ae S 10
MN ONG «cece aes ot cece n pas cemeacsca-| somes =e iva aes er foe a dase 4
Aral:
PereTCOMEMMMEM DS.) 2260s ok oo aon ct cae ttnseds = ys al ed as Me tease oes 73
pe LOR ABO ob tet hey St ose agnqse Laws Joab e eee BD. Fier ss cee ) Dia Wee 2 lee een
Origin of anal to origin of dorsal................|.--.---- DU A Pra oa NE BREE > gem
mm Ae Mammen Gay | aa. «42 5 om mins o- 1550565 Is wml de: ot) eee rei s /o 8 52- 5
EE es ie an San cnn nee ae Aedan ed - 2 Ca ee BCI chen as a 1
Caudal:
Bo BO | ee eae ae Wee 5
Length of external rays, superior...........-.-.|-------. cj iy, Oe | oe FE eee 23
RP IOD a ond ox os eye |= petals bef Sea ae ae
Pectoral:
TE INN is Sin aod = acne» wins ba Tet ee re . ee 28
Dinmece gr tipiizrem sious . 22.222 2. ls. ad SSH! RSENS 3 3) 225 42
(2 > gentle a iA ESTE SORES EE es res Ses 15
Ventral:
2 ee | ee f St, bee wes An ee 49
wo PES. SAS eo 2 eee ES a EO (nee we COs Ae WM ibeces oc 8
Origin of ventral to end of dorsal ...............|..------ + ie Sane - ot (ES a SE
SS Rl et ee eee ee ee eee het sacs - 9 Thy We Ree en
RMN 8b fot, aM gown dks He men soaps ee uky BOb Eis toes | OO he Te AE 2
Son wi : | Var. aurea. Var. aurea.
Current number of specimen ---..................-. cece
) M.C. Z. a. M. C. Z. b. age of
Locality ...-.-.. at ORE SES SOG ee GES. = eae | Sambaia, Thayer | Sambaia, Thayer | aurea.
Exp. Exp.
| Millim. | 100ths. | Millim. | 100ths. | 100ths.
ee ee ee ee oe
RENIN SIR ot. on as Sees c a be cai «= Shy ws ! fees. oo BE ES cone nner oe
Body:
a OE Sa a Ee | a Rae eee SAN STAR 34 35
Head: |
erat SOME nt igs oie Kew ees adn eeinw ccs cnc lasimmde cock oe Mt) OF 29 28
Pistance from suoub te nape 2 2 se haee aoc acs oo foes See tek iS a ee eee 22 2L
Length of snout from perp. from centre of orbit.|.......-.. eg ee ee 10 Fa
Leneth of maxilery -<4---:-.2--...<% SRS alls sci BE Seco bs pees OS lsuge Fe 14 13
ge ee” a eS ee ee ee Sen / oe eT a 17 152
Dorsal;
Deane Treall MOOTEG of. 25 ay oo cv ob iin Ses 2 hace Sen as | ol) olan 48 49t
Leper of longest ray 5-25: +3. --- desap- deceek 2s beeen ae ees 10 10;
(Og Og aE eS ee eS Se ee ee See eee | Le eee - 3 5 5
Anal:
PURASROO TOON ROE eo no wae mas a sfan man Sn ase a) [eons 0 73 73%
SB en ae ee Ae ee ee ee Gi jacks tS 8k 5 ot
pO gL aS eee ee ee. ee ee a oe aA biccee ot a. 3 32
‘Candal :
oR, a a er 6 |. ssesguae 5 DF
Length of external rays, superior................|..-..--.-- QWripewo Hits 23 234
Pectoral:
Distance from snout ......... 2.02.2 ceccee Ly 4f4) 52 e Pale ee ee 30 29
Distance of tip from snout .--....-..- a SS AS Oe ee ah..\ 22 5dssiad 47 44h
ae ek SS, oS ae I ae Faas Nae eee A han erga 16 153
Ventral: ‘
Distance from snout ................ REND Re MS ee ae GR Sai vined d ofeas 52 514
Length ...... ae ER 2 eee Pats A ie eee ere 7 73
Dorsal rays ...... ee Hee eee pnn oS RET Ps Re _ Se Aen BE DRA [essen Je ois
38 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Brevoortia pectinata, (Jenyns) Gill.
Diagnosis.—Proportions of head and jaws as in B. tyrannus. Height
of body almost three-eighths of total length, and greater proportionally
than in B. tyrannus. Fins nearly as in B. tyrannus, but uniformly aver-
aging slightly more; the height of the dorsal somewhat less than three-
twentieths of total length; that of the anal equal to or slightly less
than half the length of the maxillary. The caudal fin is somewhat
longer and more furcate, the length of the external rays never being less
than five-sixths of the length of the head, while that of the medial rays
remains proportionally the same as in the species first described. Inser-
tion of ventral somewhat behind tip of pectoral, this fin and the dorsal
being uniformly somewhat farther back than in B. tyrannus ; the inser-
tion of the latter from one to four one-hundredths posterior to a point
equidistant from the snout and the base of the median caudal rays, and,
as in B. tyrannus, behind the vertical from the insertion of the ventrals.
Seales very large, considerably serrated, and arranged regularly in
18 to 20 transverse and 50 longitudinal rows. Scales forming sheath at
base of pectoral not large. Operculum smooth, or with inconspicuous
and few striations. Squamation upon lobes of caudal extensive and
conspicuous. %
Variations.—The variations in the individual specimens studied are
not of great importance, and are indicated in the table of measure-
ments.
Table of Measurements.
|
Current number of specimen....-..-...-...- 1709. M.C. Z. a. M. ©. Z. b. Aver-
Tete y'.. .- os dances paditu hse Putas Sana Paraguay. | tio Grande. Rio Grande. age.
Millim.| 100ths. Millim. 100ths. | Millim.| 100ths. | 100tha.
| '
Extreme length 2... -c.vccsssa0+0 ode dae DORs editan ee i), a eee 203"|..3\ -sreutall ae ee
Body :
Greatest height...... 5 iat a alata nig’ @ ©) aaa) ea ee OO) | cw bake a oe ee 36 3H
Head:
Greatest length ....c005as=52 bwdeme aie eels Sane BD. ibs wnat BO bls Veen 30 32
Distance from snout to nape.........-..|-...---. i 7) on ee 21 21
Length of maxi llary...a.i. .:0863bddviee sl idtaes Oe TN a aire ats AS ible chive gee 14 14
Length-of mandible i... a8s.cees0t sack encode 1G . devesdnat 16 | weaves 16} 17
Dorsal:
Distances from snout... as cds cues degucstaee aie ee OB iiacget 51 52
Length of longest ray ............--.e0 <lhese ota are 12h | swine eke WO Matesioagy 12 12
Leagthof last (27,10. i5b-dattsasaddehapibaeeen 6 il enkenienl 1 a apeey pee 6 6
Anal:
Distance from snaut...0+. 2J5.- irs senedele<dvewal TO} |. -sesaas 70 |ocbenea 72 rel
Length cf longest ray ...-... SS a ie rate Rie eae 4 i keoews ee O Vis eavete 5 oD}
Length of laat Tay wcxsnssewt avives bnoo Seen 6 | «enkxass 4 Mec uwey 4 4}
Caudal :
Lengthiof middle TAYS ..0: J Gcsnws eumwnlcal een Oh sin deal 6 hee 6 6
Length of external rays, superior ......|...-.... QA) ebeaas 25 Nise rae 25 25
inkerior . 6...cisha> eae 98 .L eeu V7» |entbaaw 28 | 87
Pectoral : ) )
Eyistence from. PAU «4. < +0 \dend ssp <pecclanenel MD 2) i scidelen 20. weseees 30) 305
Distance of tip from snont ...........2.).ccsses- SA hase deee MON II 47 48
ee a eae See eee, re IS | bese IT bv etet ou 18 17}
Ventral: )
Teapoe from agent. ......3% 6 2 im) +d Sle | veel ae 49 494
SE eae eas eee es 06 | nvepenee 8. | saseen si 8) 8%.
ea eee eee eee Tk. #7 |e. eae IL. 17 |.csses ss) Be So 4veweae sel wee ee
Po oo OS Sea a ree es ee I... QO dseckacee Ly «bis tee ees | Ae Bee ee ee
Number of scales in lateral line.............| abt. 50 [ccetees AD isi Naeee 40 |... Aten epee ae
Number of trunsverse.rows .....-..-..2-24. abt. 90 | ..acsabs ! QO | s\0r'ae 9 BD 4|..00 a till ‘\edaes rer
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 39
Brevoortia patronus, sp. nov., Goode.
Diagnosis.—Head larger than in the other American forms, its length
usually more than one-third that of the body, the maxillary about three-
twentieths of the length of the body. Height of body always more than
three-eighths of its total length, its anterior inferior profile cultrate, con-
vex, giving an obtusely rounded profile to the subpectoral outline, and
throwing the snout above the median horizontal axis of the body. Fins
long and powerful; the height of the dorsal usually equal to the length of
the maxillary, and about three-tenths of total length of body; that of
the anal equal to or greater than half the length of the maxillary; that
of the ventral one-tenth of body-length ; length of middle caudal rays
always more than one-fifth and often more than one-fourth the length of
the head, that of the exterior rays almost equal in length to the head
and rarely less than five-sixths of its length. Insertion of the ventral
under or slightly posterior to the tip of the pectoral. Insertion of dorsal
always posterior to a point on the dorsal outline, equidistant from the
snout and the base of the medial caudal rays (sometimes as much as
seven one-hundredths of total length), and always in advance of the
vertical from the insertion of the ventrals.
Scales of medium size, with entire, fluted margins, arranged regularly
(in young) in 24 to 25 transvere and 50 to 70 longitudinal rows. Scales
forming sheath at base of pectoral very large, round. Squamation of
caudal lobes inconspicuous. Axillary appendages large. Operculum
smooth or very delicately striated. Scapular blotch inconspicuous.
The.variations of individuals are sufficiently indicated in the subjoined
table of measurements. The most characteristic specimens occur at
Brazos Santiago, Tex., and the more northern specimens show a tendency
to shortening up of the head, jaws, and fins.
Description.*—The body is much compressed, especially below and in
advance of the pectorals ; the contour of the belly between the ventrals
and the gill-opening is cultrate, projecting, obtusely rounded. The
height of the body equals two-fifths of its length, and the least height
of the body at the tail is one-fourth of its greatest height in front of the
pectorals. The length of the caudal peduncle, from the end of the anal
to the base of the exterior lobes of the caudal, is one-fifth of the height
of the body, and one-twelfth (0.08) of its length.
The head is elongated and large, triangular; its length is more than
one-third (0.35 and 0.34) that of the body, and its height at the nape is
slightly more than its length. The length of the skull, as indicated by
the distance from snout to nape, isabout one-fourth (0.24 and 0.243) of the
length of the body, and the greatest width of the head (0.13) slightly ex-
ceeds the half ofthis. The width of the interorbital is about equal to the
diameter of the orbit, and slightly more than one-fourth the length of the
head. The maxillary reaches to the vertical from the posterior margin
*To avoid confusion, this is drawn up from the Brazos Santiago specimens, which are
most characteristically developed.
40 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
of the pupil; the mandible nearly to the vertical from the posterior mar-
gin of the orbit. The length of the maxillary is about equal to that
of the longest ray of the dorsal fin (0.15 to 0.16), that of the mandible
(0.19) half the distance from the origin of the anal to the origin of the
dorsal (0.38) or to the length of the base of the anal (0.18). The distance
from the tip of the snout to the centre of the orbit (0.13 to 0.133) equals
the greatest width of the head. The length of the operculum is equal
to that of the eye: the opercular striations are fine, but distinct and
namerous. The dorsal fin is inserted posteriorly to a point equidistant
from the snout and the base of the caudal and in advance of the verti-
cal from the insertion of the ventrals. Its length of base (0.20 to 0.213)
is double that of the operculum. Its greatest height is nearly half the
length of the head. It is composed of 19 rays, of which the third is the
longest. Its upper edge is slightly emarginated. The height of the last
ray (0.10) is equal to half the length of the base. |
The distance of the anal from the snout is slightly less than three-
fourths of the length of the body (0.70-0.72), its length of base (0.18-
0.184) one-fourth of this distance. The distance from the origin of the
pectoral to the origin of the dorsal (0.37-0.374) is about equal to that
_ from the origin of the anal to that of the dorsal (0.38). Its height
(.09-.093) is about half its length of base, its least height (at last ray) one-
third of the same (.06-.05$). The fin is composed of 22 rays, its edges
slightly emarginated.
The caudal fin is much forked and elongate, the middle caudal rays
(0.08) half the length of the maxillary, the exterior rays above (0.31-0.32)
twice that length, the lower exterior rays (0.35-0.34) nearly equal to
twice the length of the mandible.
The pectoral fin is strong, falcate, inserted ander the angle of the
subopercnlum, at a distance from the snout (0.35-0.34) about midway to
the insertion of the anal. Its tip extends beyond the insertion of the
ventrals, its length (0.22) being nearly two-thirds that of the head. |
The axillary appendages are half as long as the fin, or more.
The distance of the ventral from the snout (0.54-0.55) is about the
same as that of the dorsal, though by the contour of the body it is
thrown slightly behind-the point of dorsal origin. Its length (0.10) is
equal to that of the last ray of the dorsal.
The scales are quite regularly arranged in about 24 to 25 horizontal
and 50 vertical rows. Their free portion is narrow and high. They are
entire at the edges, and fluted or crenulated. There are two rows of
differentiated scales upon each side of the dorsal line, but they are
scarcely pectinated. The scales forming the sheath at the base of the
pectoral are large and round.
_ Color.—Silvery, with a brassy sheen upon the sides and greenish gray
upon the back.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Table of Measurements.
| |
4]
Current number of specimen....... 892 a. 892 b. B91 a. 891 b.
Localit Brazos Santiago Brazos Santiago, Mouth of Rio Mouth of Rio
PORES SF aneata <== Ee Te “ie ; Texas. | Texas. Grande. | —- Grande.
= | | ) wa > ; ;
|Millim. 100ths. | Millim.' 100ths. Millim | 100ths. Millim.| 100ths.
| |
Mistremo jeneth .......----b5---2-.-! Ge er eS!) oe ) 2 eerere re Srp Ps.
Body: |
ereatest heiht:. _....--..---..<-s eae eo ee $8 15222 28 415
Pensg heieht of tail .o4 22+ 0. -22525) 205. 2 - SLs otro. he eee ah ame oe 11
Length of caudal peduncle. ..-... ea scakes hy ero Bin he Sask we fic csars PGS SSeS res
Head : |
Greatest length .........--.--+--- cident rt gh ee oe Ce eee cae p oo-gg
Distance from snout to nape -.... |--2+--2- pt ee ! oe SS eee 23
Greatest width .......-.--. ctl |oveeeee: gf; ae bibs «Bach hes 4 MPa 8 eae
Length of snout from perp. from |
Conire Of OLpitee..- 2c. --<5s: ~~ ee ae Ree et | 1 ae NS TM OTS: 11
Length of operculum .........-.. fortoee 1 lig (TS hg (hal Ft oe oad ee ee 12
PD ES a ee Sere Se See 2 fas BB+ ens =z 143
Length of mandible .........--.. Peas i: im oe a ee 19 xe 18
Distance from snout to centre of | )
Set gD SAREE gente Big hen <5 25505) ae eos ete pee 13
Dorsal: ) |
Distance from snout ....-.-.---..|-------- <i eee 2 eae eee 52
Ce a eee aE) ee oe WO- | aworrnt pe ie ae 19
Origin of pectoral to origin of |
SS SR ee eee ee aaa a Can) Ree a Bre ee. << ae oe 39
End of dorsal to end of anal....-..|.--.---- . - hg Beep fe RE et > $40dp 2c 28
Length of longest ray.........--- / iatnicieicins | =. paar eae sy ae ee 17
enpiivoer last ray ..--.....-----:|-~-+---4 ee ee D doin ges | Wott 2 9
Anal:
Distance from spout -.......-.---|-.------ go Meee Er ve See ok 5 eee 69
Be ee eee eee ee ty ee / a ee 1. ee Phe 20
Origin of anal to origin of dorsal |.--.---- rae RE ee ey ea - LA ee 39
Length of longest ray............|.------- py ee | ee 7k es Rt
Length of last ray ......-..-.-.-. oP ante Dy eeeLe Se Cee . Fx s.is 4h
Caudal: | |
Length of middje rays ..-........|.--. --. S$) 1gkiek: el eee ee a PEO 7
Length of external rays, superior.|.-...-.- ---.----.- RIGA Fie SG OPE ) 2. gl Ree 25 +-
inferior .|-------. Sie epee kitde Sa Pee eRe fs SMR SES 2 ve 27+.
Pectoral : )
Distance from snout -.-...-........|-------- he: es oe eee gt tl Bees Spe ere 35 32
Distance of tip from snout...--.-. eet gh dpa Ty: a Sree ae ide Soe 52
GRR RE Se: Rae ae SE ae oe Ee oe al ae 20
Length of longest axillary ap- ' . |
ES ae ESS GS RS, PE | ct. ..5 | << coe Feces ees on oe
Ventral: |
Distance from snout ....-....-...-. | ban See ba se) each le B eros. Sea ee Oe ee 51
i Nhs pai a a aaa mre aaa | 10 |-.....-- 10 eget. a 93
Origin of ventral to end of dorsal |.....--.! < Een eo Baga hs a eee 35
Cg ag eel ee iF eee oe se A ae $28 io eh. ) CS eee
je Oa ae iat ee Ee : dee oe 4 eR ook eae eae A ee
Number of scales in lateral line....|47 to 50 bell as 47 to 50 |..-..--. | abt. 63 |......-.| abt. 65 bes
42 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Table of Measurements—Continued.
Current number of specimen. .....- 891 c. 5,864 a. 5,864 b. 5864 ¢.
OM er SS . with wp. < bin- nid sin todo wath Mouth of Tio
Grande.
7 = ‘ehi, Bet ; le oz
Millim.} 100ths. | Millim., 100ths. Millim. 100ths. | Millim.; 100ths,
}
Pxpreonte engi. .nja5)- > aselke occas = 49 Pithecmeet OG. Heian tans 81 | fa bbe of Te Ue.
Body :
Greatest, height ive... -----nsp0226) asenen. | Bs 3B. jewemesns |. 967 eagee 384
Head: |
(Freatesh IGMP «.-.- = con 'e ocean = Om neem 2 7 Oro Sin sus nee 30: [t2. sae 33
Distance from snout to nape ..-..|....---- 2) Sl ea es WB DOGARS ee este | 94
Length of snout from perp. from /
COMES OLrOLDIbteL sons cose sas ale aaecee DE Mes ae ees 12 es 10°) [eee il
Lengthot opercaluny. 225.0... 59<¢)ee~~ else 5) eS, 1 ee 10 (tchae se 10
Demeter MAXMIATY .-~.2.c'..-0o2]--o2e0s Pe es a, pe eae ee HSS ESE! ER 144
Leacthof mandible... .0.1- ..=--diba«cousee fbr $5) Seem ces | by ae eer en LG sh Pee 174
Distance from snout to centre of |
OPW brant. psetinate as oS eeeic mn ae eee 1 Ee re ee eee Seve ere Sets Spero |
Dorsal :
Distance fromisnont -2...5... cease eee epee 50 i] aay 57” tee 52
iRemeth Of base)... -- +. 9 eec-- aoa ai let soa 1G |. .ces os) SO fee 19
Origin of pectoral to origin of
Goesal, onc... k eo hee 5 il) eee biaas Bp Pal Se 93° |: | 36
End of dorsal to end of anal......).....-... i ie a 31 dlc eee 26. Speed 25
Length of longest ray...-.-..-.-.|....+- r? Bp RE Rap 14) leu Soa lu) ol ee |. 14
Length of last tay -.. 2.0. -<jeasnlbelea at Mee Buh eee Bids. ube Sica | 7
Anal:
Distance: irom snout .......4..caelws seee eal id een Sea be 7 (Nee Ce ra) Suiahs <r os 704
eneth of, base, 2 o5.iey cnr e cee eee 1D) Gee PEA Ree 17 lees Pee 19
Origin of anal to origin of dorsal |....-..-| oe Ws tect SS a Peet see a ere 37
Length of longest ray.......-....|.-..-... ii. beak mpi A. \cian cats Co PMLA 9
Leneth of last ray... . <2... 2. <cednaee tee See eee [oi ae rc 4 ele 6
Caudal :
Length of middle rays .......... |-.---e. Bb Rees ‘ao eee Gui sue. ee 93
Length of external rays, superior |........ BO Thi veue Uae 2 i Ore ee ee
INTEVIOM Cl se cent ¢ Sh ASS WOE a> ER bs ee QD) | clans 6 0 | ee
Pectoral:
Distanee from snout ......565,-cn] beet sen ae ee 0 ee Ed Oy SP he 32
Distance of tip from snout. .... 1 res ee 43 wits Gia VR hoe. | 50
LOD PED 32 a,c = = <,2='5 5 vinie pas’ teh Ue Ae pk ie. | EeBente SAL 15°C co Gcaee Lt ils tee 19
Ventral :
Distance from snout ....... drake cobnee ip iy ee 2: 58 ls uoteen 53: i] a a | 52
Wengght 4s: . sathdes tones bins bo ee ALS ob tee | Bi pier AP a OS | 10
Origin of ventral to end of dorsal.|........ > | Se an © 3B) ah, ob te A as
DOLSAL TAYE ot o.h se ees eee nace te i a TENS reena een Das! Wen aS LD Yoel
EE TARR ss cin a-ha nd anes deine ee > A eet SB Ab FAAS 2 0 Real EON ae 21 8 tad aa
Number of scales in lateral line ..-.| 65 or |........ abt. 70 oe | 6b, 85. |. wae. bt. SE |i es seana
more. |
DESCRIPTION
PISH FROUWU THE GULE
COAST
Or
By G. BROWN GOODE and TARLETON H. BEAN.
CAULOLATILUS MICROPS, A NEW SPECIES OF
FLORIDA.
The Smithsonian Institution has received from Mr. Silas Stearns, of
the Pensacola Ice Company, Pensacola, Fla., a fish new to the fauna of
the United States, and believed to be new to science.
This fish was
taken March 18, 1878, on the Snapper Bank, off Pensacola, in 35
fathoms of water.
29
teed}
March
sketched by Mr. Shindler.
20,971 of the Fish Catalogue.
Caulolatilus microps is related to the Brazilian form Caulolatilus
chrysops (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Gill, and the Cuban form Caulolatilus
cyanops Poey, described in 1867.*
It was packed in ice, and arrived in good condition,
at the National Museum, where it was cast in plaster, and
It is now a fine alcoholic specimen, No.
Of the former, two specimens only
* Repertorio Fisico-Natural de Ja Isla de Cuba, i, p. 312.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 43
are recorded: one, the type of the original description, one foot long,
collected on the coast of Brazil by M. Gay, and probably now in the
Museum in Paris; a second in the British Museum, a stuffed specimen,
purporting to have been collected in the West Indies. Of Poey’s C.
cyanops the National Museum possesses a fine specimen (Cat. No. 4750),
15 inches long, coilected and presented by Professor Poey.
The Pensacola specimen, now under consideration, is two feet and
three inches long, weighing nine pounds and one-quarter. Its color has
faded, but a yellow blotch is still visible under the eye, similar to that
mentioned in C. chrysops. A dark blotch is visible in and above the
axilla of the pectoral.
The following diagnosis is believed to characterize the peculiarities
of the new form. It is accompanied by a table showing the detailed
measurements of C. cyanops and C. microps, and another showing the
relations of C. chrysops as far as they can be gleaned from the published
descriptions.
Caulolatilus microps, sp. nov., Goode and Bean.
Diagnosis.—Height of body contained slightly more than three ard
one-half times in its length, its width seven times, the species being
higher and more robust than CU. chrysops and C. cyanops. Length of head
equal to height of body, being in same proportion to total length as in
C. cyanops (though less in proportion to height of body), and longer pro-
pertionally than in C. chrysops. Width of interorbital area equal to
half the length of snout, instead of four-fifths, as in C. cyanops. Length
of snout greater than that of maxillary. Diameter of eye contained six
times in length of head, instead of four times, as in C. chrysops, and three
and three-fourths times, as in C. cyanops. Nostrils midway from eye te
snout, and separated by a distance equal to diameter of eye. Dentition
much as in C. cyanops. Fins all shorter than in C. cyanops, the anal
and soft dorsal two-thirds as high. Caudal fin slightly emarginate.
Pectoral not extending to first ray of anal, as in the other species, less
than one-fourth of total length. Scales in lateral line 120, in transverse
line 48, being smaller and more numerous than in C. cyanops.
Radial Formula.—D. VII, 25; A.1,23; 0.17; P.1,16; V.I, 5, instead
of D. VII, 24; A. 1,22; ©C.19; P.1,15; V. 1,5, as in C. cyanops, or D.
VIUI, 24; A, Il, 22; C.17; P.17; V. 1, 5, as in C. chrysops.
44 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Table of Measurements.
Current number of specimen. .......--.-+-- esate we ; Ono CT ODA: Conloiotilus qunpees,
971. 750.
US A ER REN PS PE ie ee ee Ae Pensacola, Fla. .Cuba.
Millim. 100ths. | Millim. 100ths.
Fresh specimen. Alcoholic specimen.
Egtrome length... .22 02. 5523). Aas SS Sa a eal gd 330) |. . Joi side.
Length to end of middle caudal rays .......-.-.-------+--- UU eee BGS ho dare icin «
Body :
Greatest Hecht ....csop omen secenc recdens «cau orsuaees) esos eee re eee ey 24}
Greatest width. ...... Be SWh bw enlew ae 6 «ot aa ates eh Soe eee 1A | odeustede 12
Height at ventrals . ...- .cccccccssccncccnccccncecss-0s|anenet saasme a ee 244
Teast nent of tail ... -. 2. 2 5... one sendee on vas ncese esl eeee eee Oo eke c seer 7
Leugth of caudal peduncle. ........---.-+> j-ccemasdeyhe-ase > eee OD | ete ale ; 11
Head :
Greatest length ...0.225 22. penwinaseses anaes ccenae dnepsilinine hae ate Be Pe oe 28
Distance from snont to nape: ..-....- oe een nce e noose: | pease amene en] sa anes = ae ee 15
Greatest width.< 45.506. -Leppio- -ecmtwian aces s- = DePEly eae eeeeene TH, | sBegiages 133
Width of interorbital area -.. ~~. 5-032. oo es aa po ome ( Pl BA sb
Lea gth of GAG. i240 5 - b- c\adas das 06). - 1p eee MM 25. tee 10
Length of maxillary .. 2... sce<sc<--- +0 oss e aban 0 dee ED) | sass notes 104
Length of mandible..... ia dick 3. tamebiee eee RR Cry 13 |... Ao 123
Distance from snout to centre of orbit. .-.. 222. scsses|anene eee wae $48) 3 ee cee 11
Diameter of orbit... 20005 2n- 0 225 shan eee aie ee ee eee Ct er 14
Dorsal (spinous) :
Distance from snout. ...- 2c «+ 2<--naigec cng sas swese tee eee ; a ero 32}
Lemeth of hase.) ..5 3454:)-~-s-~>ei esate hete sipebiteics ea ae es eee UO eee eee 13
Greatest height... 3... 20s pocn sweden gues ae nal tee ‘ ae ieee enema 8
Length of first spin . 2/5211)... 353 4.96. Basi. Be ie thy tas 5 eee ee 5
Length of second spine’... . 05. 4... 2 2 dt eb ge eee eee OF Vein tenes 6
Length of last spine +... 02 522. 2.5 268 OF eet ala aae eee oe re fiabin HUES 94
Dorsal (soft) :
Length of base. ......-... podzan vcd ae Suga soak eee ott tik eeh wees Se eee eee 46
Length of first ray,. -....-«-<,-'> aaa = Yee AV 2g > eee eee y gos PR 104
Length of longest ray..............-.----- Poa etat Figiastoag seen ot Eres ba lee
Length of last ray. .n«4a2-s-chi5) Sense oh coe eee ee es alee ee 5
Anal:
Distance from anonut ¢ a s0:5.2, 4. o25sh Gus cmnsete terest SD” Medan cokes: 513
Boma thet WAGe icra oer ak ee aee saree tobe es oleae eee OL, IM NESE a Pee 374
Length of antecedent spine ......cc.0.---ceccennmcncnclecone ore a. viet cael 3
Lenerh of first tay... 2-2 copcces ane p panied gp eens’ gd Saba hala Des Py tee 5 it
Length of longest ray .-........... nypmed ic cumpda’e deg sf aamebia 66 Es of (tH) i Sh Pine seade. (11th) 12
Lenpth of 1agt ray w/oa a coulapnus chen whee el aks dccakloeeewee ae BAH io ee aa een g 5
Caudal:
eength of middle rays ) 2. 22. .n.a. . ons Jota ten Cae ee Reed Tid |. cosnveeas M1
Length of extemal] maye,; 23 15:5) 7d dante her ae oben beds4-ae et 1G; issu, taste 174
Pectoral:
Distance from snout. . 2. i: 5. .43,.41g6/Sapd 2 athe beens EEE abot cole DO J-} swans ey 275
DORE «. ono cer ays ascot onde bath gapelinace ie Cape ee meee ee a | eaters 26
Ventral:
Distance from snout 5.5... cs =--- apne aed kee te vee ee Coe A eee 31
Lomgtit ss $i. 524. is. ine ab - LES oho piekhine aie See en danse Fb aie ee ae 16
Branchiostegals... 5... aio .s eee Lae Wo te. acaba V 1. tc, = tenuanoe
OTSA Loic cien onl 5 bees eda - 2d sake he eee WIIs25 ih Se didat WEIM2O i satelite.
AMAL oo ins ce ccs onp seedh teed Cade op aeiaee eee TAO8 |, cc ened be BCT ear eee
Caudal. .... 22225. .Uii «Lobb. Oa AT | bass 40 fiw ds dea ta-3
PeChOval oa nicy- vps: cmse sop oon oubwcg dase eee Eee pT Pee EndS bgsnadessses
NWaentral | 21. =.» ide hetsabsinodnso> peng ate Te 5 eu cay a} pe oe ee b
Number of scales in lateral line ........... ..c.ceeeeeeee- -Obb., 120 Aicaa gen d des 198 17-0 tye awe
Number of transverse rows above lateral line....... ---- ee 16d dks soem
Number of transverse rows below lateral line ........... Oo | - 3 -Cile ods 2 five dep es ae
q
a
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 45
Table showing Comparative Proportions of Atlantic Species of CAULOLATILUS.
C. chrysops.* | OC. cyanops. | C. mécrops.
:
Height of body in total length.............. 43 | 42 34
Width of body in total length.-.-........-.... 10 e3 7
Ug yg i eee - 43 34 34
Interorbital width in total length ..........)............------ 12 142
oo Lg be es Re ee eee 10 re
Meteninwiintotal lenethas - oo. gs di ie. |. esses. 10 8
Suout to orbit in total length ....... .--.....).-0s2..20065-<-00- 9 7
Rep Gist £6 20 73 6eC Lt S... Lite 4 3t 6
2. RPS Aa RR oe ae ie a 2 ae Nesr eye. ....... 3 distance from Midway from snoug
snout to eye. to eye.
He‘ght of dorsal in total length (of body) -.!. 124 134
than in cyanops, and
_ | RRS RST SRO's sas eR Ts | i iiss 921 SS 10 OS SEY Seca Tarther from snomt
| two-thirds as high.
3 Ree pe en See Se ee eee Saeed pee Se yee Less emarginate than
| in the other species.
ig: Sa i Se al Ind ant 2/5 sei re ne _ Extends to first | Extends to first | Does not reach first
anal ray. anal ray. | anal ray.
SEY ST a rr 110+ 108 - 120
‘Transverse rows of scales’. ....5..2-..-...-- [-- anon cewenasncens 35 (L0 +25) 48 (13 + 35)
|
* These proportionate measurements, as taken from the ‘‘ Histoire Naturelle des Poissons”’, doubtless
have reference to extreme length to end of external caudal rays. In this genus, however, the ditference
thus admitted is not extremely large.
APRIL 30, 1878.
THE OCCUBRENCE OF HIPPOCAMPUS ANTIQUORUM, OR AN
ALLIED FORM, ON SAINT GEORGE’S BANKS.
By G. BROWN GOODE.
A specimen of Hippocampus, measuring about five inches, was pro-
cured by the United States Fish Commission from a mackerel schooner,
which had captured it, in company with a school of mackerel, on Saint
George’s Banks, in August, 1873. It was kept alive for some days, and
an interesting fact was observed with regard to its habits, its tail appa-
rently not being used for prehension. This specimen agrees very closely
with H. antiquorum as described by Giinther, and is provisionally referred
to that species; it does not agree with the description and figure of H.
hudsonius, DeKay, a species which has never been accurately defined,
and which may prove identical with H. guttulatus, Cuv.
H, antiquorum is, then, an addition to the fauna of Eastern North
America. The geographical range of the species is very wide; it has been
recorded from the English coast, the Mediterranean at Malta and other
points, Fernando Po, Japan, and Australia. Several specimens were
collected in Bermuda in 1872 and 1877 in company with H. guttulatus.
A specimen received by Storer from Holmes’s Hole was, in his first
report, referred to H. brevirostris, Cuv., which is synonymous, according
to Giinther, with H. antiquorum. Storer afterward adopted the name
proposed by DeKay, but his description and figure refer to a form more
nearly resembling that now under consideration.
The following notes were taken from the fresh specimen, the colors
while it was living :—
No. 21044, U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. Fish.
46 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Body rings, 1 4+- 10. Caudal rings, 37. Tubercles of body and tail
elongated, slightly recurved, usually prolonged into slender filaments ;
those on the 2d, 4th, and 6th body rings much larger than the others;
tubercles prominent and filamentose upon the 4th, 6th, 9th, 12th, 16th,
and 20th caudal rings. Ventral tubercles upon 6th, 7th, 8th, and 9th
body rings. Occipital crest very high, with five prominent tubercles,
the anterior two with long filaments. Length of snout equal to dis-
tance from posterior margin of orbit to gill-opening. Operculum marked
with fine, radiating stria.
Radial formula.—D. 19 (the first imperfect). P.18. V. 4.
Color.—Yellowish-brown; the eyes and cheeks covered with radiating,
wavy lines of light brown. Snout encircled by a narrow, undulating,
white band near its middle.
The Commission has an accurate sketch by Mr. Emerton.
APRIL 30,'1878.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS FROM CALIFORNIA
IN THE COLLECTIONS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
By W. H. DALL.
Haliotis (? var.) assimilis, n. s.
Shell solid, strong, not very thick, with a rather light pink, white and
greenish nacre, usually with five open holes; spire more elevated than
that of any other Californian species, consisting of two and a half or
three whorls; aperture very oblique in adult specimens, the thickened
margin of the columella narrow, somewhat concave, inclined sharply
inward and upward, about three-fourths as long as the columellar side,
of the aperture. Between the row of openings and the columellar edge,
the space is unusually broad, marked midway by an obtuse carina, sep-
arated from the row of holes by a shallow channel; surface reddish or
dull greenish, with rather rough, crowded, unequal, spiral ribs and
rounded, irregular, wavy, radiating undulations crossing the spiral
sculpture obliquely. The muscular impression, in most specimens, is
but lightly marked, and, except for occasional spot-like impressions, is
smoothly nacreous, like the rest of the interior. Lon. 4.5 in, Lat. 3.0
in. Alt. of spire 1.5 to 2.0in. Aperture 3 inches wide and 3.75 long,
in an adult pmb
Habitat. an Diego, Cal.; in deep water only; thrown
up by heavy otiniiel cas dead and worn when rs and everywhere
rare. Mus. Cat. 31267.
This species, or variety, has long been known to me and to most
Californian collections, but has not hitherto been characterized, owing
to the dead condition of most of the specimens found. Mr. Hemphill
having forwarded two fresh specimens, it seems well to put it on record.
The form is different from any other Californian species; the spiral
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. AZ
sculpture is that of H. rufescens ; the radiating sculpture, except that it
is not sharp or imbricated, recalls H. corrugatus, and the nacre is similar
but less bright. These characters suggest the possibility of its being
a hybrid between H. corrugatus and rufescens; but if this be the case,
why should it not have a similar habitat? Those two species are litto-
ral, but this is exclusively deep-water. I have received it from Dr.
Canfield, Mrs. Capt. Lambert, and others, in past years, and have exam-
ined some twenty specimens of all ages.
Acmza (scabra var.?) Morchii, n.s.
Shell conical, much elevated, with a sub-central recurved apex resem-
bling that of Helcion pectinatus covered with close-set, rough, imbricated
ribs and riblets, the coarse, imbricated, sharp lines of growth forming
with the other sculpture a close reticulation in some specimens. Interior
with a brown-mottled spectrum and margin, otherwise white; exterior
dull grayish or greenish speckled. The imbrications on the principal
ribs very strong, in some specimens forming small spines concave
beneath. Lat. 16™™. Lon. 207”. Alt. 10™™.
Tomales Bay, California, Hemphill, 16 specimens. Mus. Cat. 31268.
This very peculiar form has the sculpture of A. scabra, but much
exaggerated, and very nearly the profile of Helcion pectinatus. The
recurved apex recalls that of A. persona. It would not be referred to
any described Californian species if its characters, as they appear, were
the only test. Butitis almost certain that all the species of Limpets
and Siphonarie, which have this peculiar elevated shape, acquire it
from a particular habitat which they seem to prefer. This may be the
stem of a large Fucus, a shell, round pebble, or what not, as in the case
of those species of Acmea usually (but wrongly) termed Nacella by
Californian conchologists: Acmea asmi ; Liriola subspiralis ; ete. They
all have a flattened or normal variety, though this is often very rare.
Hence I consider the elevated form and pointed apex as probably
due to a peculiar habitat, as in the other cases; a view which is borne
out by a peculiar arcuation of the margin in most of the specimens, as
if the creature had lived on a round shell or pebble.
Eliminating the elevation as a permanent character, the shell, appa-
rently very limited in its distribution, might well be a hybrid between
A. scabra and A. persona. Whether this be the case or not, it is a very
remarkable form, and well deserves a name, even if only of varietal
value. We owe its discovery to Mr. Hemphill’s industry and eminent
abilities as a collector.
APRIL 30, 1878.
48 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
CATALOGUE OF THE BIRDS OF DOMINICA FROM COLLECTIONS
MADE VOR THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BY FREDERICK A.
OBER, TOGETHER WITH HIS NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
By GEORGE N. LAWRENCE. _
In the Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1, p. 46, I
called attention to the explorations in the Lesser Antilles that were
being made by Mr. I. A. Ober, giving-an account of his progress up to
that time in the island of Dominica, and stating that when his final
collection from there was received, a catalogue of the birds obtained
and noticed by him would be published.
When his last collection came to hand, it was found that the publica-
tion of the promised catalogue would be delayed; it was therefore
deemed best to give a provisional list of the species in Forest and
Stream; this appeared in the issue of December 6, 1877.
On his second visit to Dominica, Mr. Ober had an attack of fever,
which debarred him from concluding his explorations satisfactorily.
Several species that were seen by him, but not procured, he was able
to identify. A few other birds were heard of, but the descriptions given
of them were insufficient for their identification ; these being undoubted
inhabitants of the island are included in the catalogue, with such infor-
mation as he could obtain concerning them. Some of these species Mr.
Ober hopes to have procured for him by residents, who promised to make
efforts to do so.
Mr. Ober is entitled to much credit for his industry and perseverance
thus far, and his notes testify that his heart is in the enterprise. |
Besides birds, he has sent valuable collections in other branches of
science. |
I have received from him, by way of introduction to this catalogue,
the following interesting account of the physical features of Dominica,
with incidents of his movements, localities where birds were procured,
etc.
All of his communications and notes are designated by quotation-
marks.
The arrangement of this catalogue is the same as that of the Nomen-
clator Avium Neotropicalium, by Messrs. Sclater and Salvin.
“The island of Dominica is 25 miles in length by 16 in breadth. It
is mountainous in character, consisting of a central ridge running north
and south, from which chain project hills and spurs east and west; thus
the entire island is but a succession of hills and valleys, the latter ever
narrowing into ravines and gorges, from which pour foaming streams
and torrents.
“The coast-line is for the greater part bold and precipitous, some of
the hills slope gently to the sea, and some of the valleys open upon
spacious bays, which, though not deep, afford good anchorage on the
Caribbean side for small craft. From the voleanic nature of this island,.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 49
being thrust up from the great ocean bed, the water all around it is of
great depth, and vessels anchoring off Roseau, the principal town, often
run out sixty fathoms of chain before bringing up.
‘“Thus when I speak of the small depth of the bays, I mean the
small indentations they make in the general line of the shore. The
valleys and low hills of the Caribbean shore are tolerably well culti-
vated, principally in sugar-cane; the provision ground of the negroes
reaching often to high hill-tops.
‘¢On the east or Atlantic side, called the ‘windward’ side of the island
(from the fact that the prevailing wind here is the northeast trade), are
a few fine, though isolated, sugar estates, situated where deep bays give
opportunity for boats to land. The nature of the east side of the island
is more rocky, and the seas more boisterous than the west or Caribbean
slope. The almost unceasing trade-wind keeps the Atlantic in a tumult,
in striking contrast to the calms of the Caribbean waters.
‘As this island is about midway the group known as the Lesser An-
tilles, being in lat. 15° 20’ — 15° 45’; long. 61° 13’ — 61° 30’, it possesses
much in its fauna that will prove of interest ; and doubtless some spe-
cies will be found to inhabit it that exist neither north nor south of it;
some that are found north but not south, and vice versa. Possessing as
it does the highest mountain peak in any island south of Jamaica, and
a range of mountains and hills of 2,000 to 3,000 feet in height, the
essential character of the fauna is mountainous. In fact, along the
coast and in the low valleys, very few birds are obtained more than the
ordinary sparrows, hummingbirds, etc. Though not rich in either
numbers or species, Dominica contains its best birds in high mountain
valleys. Hach kind has its characteristic haunt and breeding place, as
will be described hereafter, and the majority of them are in the mount-
ains and mountain valleys.
“ My first collecting ground was at Landat (see Forest and Stream),
a mountain vale 1,500 feet above the Caribbean Sea, at the head of the
Roseau Valley, which latter made up into the mountains from the sea
for nearly five miles. The average temperature of this region was ten
degrees lower than at Roseau, 1,500 feet below; at night a blanket
(sometimes two) was necessary. I collected here for a month—the month
of March—during which period I visited the famous Boiling Lake, a
chain of lakes on the mountains, the near mountain peaks, and thor-
oughly explored every accessible ravine and valley within a day’s walk.
“After shipping my collections to the Smithsonian, I started for the
central ‘windward’ portion of the island, where reside the last vestiges
of the Carib Indians. With them I resided six weeks, in a cabin close
by the Atlantic shore. It was while there that I procured the Imperial
Parrot, and other birds of less note, by making forced marches into the
high mountains.
“T should note here that everything I needed had to be transported
Proc. Nat. Mus. 73-——4 July 31, 1878.
50 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
over the rugged mountain trails, from the town of Roseau, a journey
of a day and night, upon the heads of men and women.
‘“In May I returned to Roseau. In June I passed a week in Landat,
finding little difference in the birds, except in the scarcity of the Hum-
mingbirds and a few others. I also spent more than a week, in June,
at Batalie, a lime plantation midway the west coast, where I found
a few birds which I had seen in the mountains more abundant, and one
species—the Tropic Bird—breeding in the cliffs.
‘During May and June I was exhausted by a low type of fever, the
result of exposure, which greatly retarded my efforts to secure greater
numbers of birds. From subsequent observation, however, and enquiry,
Iam certain that nearly all the resident species have been obtained.
The very few not procured will be noticed further on.
‘*On the 15th September I returned to Dominica, after a visit to some
of the northern islands. Making my way at once to the mountains, I
had opportunity to note the changes that the seasons would make in
the time which had elapsed since my first visit. The Hummingbirds
were in great abundance, the ‘Mountain Whistler’ nearly silent, and
perdu; the Flycatchers same as usual ; Wrens about the same, but more
in the deep woods; sparrows, finches, etc., in customary abundance;
the ‘game birds ’"—‘ Perdix’, ‘Ramier’, and ‘ Tourterelles’—in abundance.
‘During this visit I succeeded in procuring the only species of Owl
known in Dominica. The first was a female, September 18, sitting upon
its nest, which contained three eggs freshly laid. The following day
brought in the male; this was the only find of value.
‘‘ Strange to say, my old enemy, fever, visited me again, the first night
I spent in the mountains; though I had been exempt from it for two
months, and my last visit there had aidedinitscure. This discouraging
welcome to Dominica (I do not, though, attribute it solely to the climate)
prevented me from going out on a projected trip to the mountains beyond
for the Parrot; I sent my men but they failed to get the bird.
‘The migratory species had arrived in small numbers—Golden Plover,
Sandpiper, etc.—and the water of Roseau Bay was black in places with
large flocks of the ‘twa-o00’, a species of tern. These birds only come
before a gale and are harbingers of a storm. September being a hurri-
cane month, very few sailing craft of any kind were about; being,
especially in the French islands, hauled up, to remain so through
October.
‘‘ Much to my regret, I was unable to procure the Parrot, but little
larger than our Carolina Parrot, and the ‘ Diablotin’. The latter was,
twenty years ago, in great abundance, breeding in the mountains ; but
of late years it has become so scarce as to appear almost mythical. Its
disappearance is attributed to the depredations of the ‘Manacon’, a
worthless marsupial animal, introduced into Dominica years ago. Al-
though the Diablotin is, probably, identical with the Petrel found in
the Blue Mountains of Jamaica (the Prion Oaribbaa, as suggested by
.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Dl
Prof. Baird); yet it would be very interesting to know exactly what it
is. If itis possibly remaining, I have hopes of securing it, as my friend
H. A. Alford Nicholls, M. D., of Roseau, has offered a large reward for
it; if obtained, to be sent to the Smithsonian.
‘‘ Having been in the island during the breeding season, I procured
many nests and eggs, which are, probably, little known. Nests and
eggs of three species of Hummingbirds, the ‘Perdix’, Owl, and many
smaller birds, were received.
‘‘There are few sea-birds resident here, or even visitors for the pur-
pose of incubation, owing to the precipitous character of the coast, and
the absence of small islands or detached rocky islets.
‘‘From Dominica I sailed south to St. Vincent, where I remain at
this present writing (October).
‘‘Trusting you will make allowance for the many imperfections in
this (necessarily) hasty sketch; and hoping to give you full and perfect
descriptions when I have leisure to elaborate my notes,
‘‘T remain, faithfully yours,
“TWREDERICK A. OBER.
“Tt would be wrong in me to conclude without acknowledging the
obligations I am under to a few gentlemen of Dominica.
‘““To the President of the island, C. M. Eldridge, Esq.,. for kindly let-
ters of introduction to other islands ; for much proffered aid and a great
deal of information.
‘‘To Dr. Imray, the oldest medical man in tke island, one who has
done much to develope the natural resources of Dominica; a botanist
of repute, especially an authority on Tropical plants, to him I am in-
debted for many favors. Free access to a large and well-selected library
was one of the many delights his generous nature afforded me.
‘“To the Hon. William Stedman, for many and delicate acts of kind-
ness.
“To Dr. H. A. Alford Nicholls, for numerous favors. I never can
repay the debt I owe these two gentlemen, for the many and continued
attentions during my stay. At the time when I was sick with fever, it
was to the attentions of the one and the skilful medical attendance of
the other, that my rapid recovery was due. The period of convales-
cence, passed principally in their society, will continue a very pleasant
remembrance.
‘¢ The information possessed by Dr. Nicholls upon wood and mountain
life was freely placed at my disposal, and it was owing chiefly to his
suggestions, that my collecting grounds were so judiciously chosen as
to comprise within their areas the characteristic birds of the island.
Upon botany and ethnology the doctor is well informed, and his collec-
tions and herbarium promise to become very valuable.
“These remarks will perhaps account for my protracted stay in the
island, and for a lingering regret at leaving it.”
52 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Fam. TURDID.
1. Margarops herminieri (Lafr.).—Local name, ‘“ Morer”.
‘This curious bird inhabits the high woods; especially does it delight
in the comparatively open places beneath the towering gomier trees,
where perhaps a narrow trail has left the ground bare of leaves. There
you will find where it has been scratching with its strong feet. Itis
very shy, and being very good as food it is sought by the mountaineers,
who call it to them by imitating its cry of distress.
‘Tris tea-color. Not abundant.
‘Length, ¢, 9in.; alar extent, 15; wing, 5; tail, 34.”
Of this fine species there are five males in the collection, but no
females, and Mr. Ober makes no allusion to their plumage. It has not
before been recorded from Dominica.
2. Margarops densirostris (Vieill.).—Local name, ‘‘ Gros Grive ”.
‘These birds are much esteemed for their flesh, and are hunted with-
out mercy, when the law allows. They are thus made very shy; at
St. Marie, however, in the Indian section of Dominica, where they
are not shot, they are very tame, and frequent the mango and bread-
fruit trees about the habitations of the people. They lay in April and
May.
‘‘Tris very pale straw color; bill horn color.
‘Length, ¢,11in.; alar extent, 174; wing, 54; tail, 52.”
The sexes do not differ apparently in size or plumage; not before
noted from Dominica. |
3. Margarops montanus (Vieill.).—Local name, “ Grive ”.
‘‘A bundant, but much reduced in numbers by being shot for food. In
habits and actions much resembles the American Mockingbird, without
his song, however.
‘Tris yellow.
‘Length, ¢, 94; alar extent, 143; wing, 432; tail, 4.”
Numerous specimens of both sexes sent; no apparent difference
between them; also not sent before from this island,
The nest of this species is composed of fine roots loosely woven toge-
ther; the inside with the smallest roots, but no soft lining; it is very
shallow, and appears small for the size of the bird, having a diameter
of but four and a half inches; there are two eggs of a uniform beauti-
ful aqua-marine blue, measuring 1.20 x .75.
Collected at Shawford Valley, May 10.
4. Cinclocerthia ruficauda, Gould.—Local name, “ Trembleur”.
‘‘Its name is given from its habit of quivering its wings. Abundant
in the mountains and lower valleys. (See letter in Forest and Stream.)
“Length, ¢,9in.; alar extent, 124; wing, 4; tail, 34.” |
The sexes are alike in colors and dimensions. This species has not
been obtained before in Dominica.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 53
5. “Thrush” ?
“Another bird was described by several persons, something like the
Thrush, but with yellow bill and legs. Its egg is like the Cuckoo’s in
shape and color.”
Of course, it can only be determined by examples.
Fam. SYLVIID.
6. Myiadestes genibarbis, Sw.—Native name, ‘“‘Siffleur Montagne; Solitaire”.
‘The Mountain Whistler frequents the most gloomy and solitary
mountain gorges, seeking the most retired situations—not so much
from shyness as from some inherent proclivity.
‘Found on the borders of open glades in the morning when seeking
its favorite food, the berries of a tall shrub. Never found below 1,000
feet altitude. Its mellow notes are first heard from a dark ravine above
Shawford Valley as one ascends the mountains. (See Forest and
Stream.)
“Length, ¢, 74 in.; alar extent, 11; wing, 33; tail, 34.”
The female differs from the male only in having a wash of brownish-
olive across the middle of the back. There is a single specimen of the
young; in this each feather of the upper plumage terminates with
black, and has an adjoining subterminal round spot of bright rufous;
the feathers of the under plumage are more rufous, with the terminal
edge less distinctly marked with black; the throat and under tail-cov-
erts are light rufous; the tail as in the adult. This specimen is spotted
much in the same manner as the figure of the young of UW. ralloides, in
Exotic Ornithology, by Messrs. Sclater and Salvin, pl. xxxii.
The UM. armillatus of Bonaparte (Cons. Av.i, p. 335) agrees best with
M. genibarbis, Sw., as he describes the parotic region to be black, striped
with white, a character peculiar to that species. He has Swainson’s
name aS a synonym, considering the two to be identical; he gives for
the habitat Central America and the Antilles.
Prof. Baird (Rev. Am. Birds, p. 421) proves that I. armillatus, Gosse,
from Jamaica, is not M. armillatus, Vieill., and names it M. solitarius.
The true habitat of Vieillot’s species is thus left unsettled, and I believe
no authentic examples of it are known to exist in any collection. -Vieil-
lot, in his original description (Ois. Am. Sept. i, p. 69, pl. 42), gives the
Antilles as its habitat; afterwards (Enc. Méth. ii, p. 824) specifies Mar-
tinique as a locality.
Mr. Sclater (P. Z. S. 1871, p. 270) considers the last reference as prob-
ably applying to M. genibarbis. Mr. Sclater also says :—‘‘ It is possible
that MW. armillatus verus may be the species from St. Domingo, where
there is an unknown representative of this form.”
M. genibarbis is noted from St. Lucia by Mr. Sclater in his list of the
birds of that island (P. Z. S. 1871, p. 263). The specimens from there
he compared with two examples of M. genibarbis in the Swainson collec-
tion at Cambridge, and found them to agree.
54 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Swainson erroneously supposed this bird to be a native of Africa;
his figure of it (Nat. Lib. vol. xiii), to be correct, should have the chin
and an elongated quadrate mark on the lower eyelid pure white.
There are in the collection twelve adult specimens, which are appa-
rently in full plumage, having the pure white chin and rictal stripe sep-
arated by a black line, and the white patch on the lower eyelid; in the
young example, the white marks are wanting.
Fam. TROGLODYTIDZ4..
7. Thryothorus rufescens, Lawr., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. v. 1, p. 47.
‘Wren, 6, Landat, March 3, 1877.
‘¢ Found only in the deep, dark woods, or on their borders. I shot
several, but lost them in the rank vegetation. They have a most de-
licious song, like, I think, our Northern Wood Wren. Will have more
extended notes at some future day. I just missed getting its egg. In
June I found a nest, and had my boys watching it for eggs, but some
one robbed it before me. When I left, I told the people of the valley to
procure the eggs and save them for me.
‘It (the nest) was merely a few straws in a small hole in a bank,
about six inches deep, with a diameter of four inches.
‘‘ Length, 44 in.; alar extent, 63; wing, 24; tail, 13.
“Tris bright hazel. Abundant in the deep woods, but hard to find
from its terrestria] habits. Native name, ‘Osenoli’.”
In the first two collections, there being but the type-specimen, I re-
quested Mr. Ober to get more; in the last collection are four others, but
all are males. These were procured in September, and are of a darker
or brownish-rufous, no doubt owing to the different season.
Fam. SYLVICOLID/i.
8. Siurus nevius (Bodd.).
‘“ Wagtail—very scarce.
‘“‘Shot while feeding about the pools of the upper waters of the
Roseau River, a rocky stream of cascades and water-falls.
‘‘ Length, 53 in.; alar extent, 94; wing, 34, °.”
9. Dendreeca virens (Gm.).
‘‘Only one seen; very ragged in plumage.
“ Length, 5 in.; alar extent, 72; wing, 23, 3.”
10. Dendrceeca petechia (Linn.).
** Yellow Warbler, ‘Titien’, Shawford Valley, March 21.
“Abundant on the plantations of the east coast, overgrown with
guava-bushes.
“Length, 5 in.; alar extent, 74; wing, 23, 2.”
“A nest with eggs was taken at St. Marie in April.”
The nest is well shaped and compactly formed; is composed of fine
dried grasses, the outside of coarser materials, strips of bark, and long,
sae ees
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 55
thin, flag-like leaves, intermixed with a little cotton. It seems large for
the bird; it measures in outside diameter 5 inches; heigat, 24; depth
of cavity, 13 inches. There are three eggs of a dull white, sparingly
speckled with reddish-brown, except on the larger end, where the spots
are confluent; two measure in length .75 of an inch and .50 in breadth;
the other is .55 in breadth.
11. Dendracea plumbea, Lawr., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. v. 1, p. 47.
There are no notes which apply to this species.
12. Setophaga ruticilla (Linn.).
‘¢ Redstart, ‘Chat’. Not common.
*“ Length, 5 in.; alar extent, 74; wing, 24, ¢.”
Fam. VIREONIDZ.
13. Vireosylvia calidris var. dominicana, Lawr.
‘T think this bird is a summer visitor only, as I did not see it before
March 19, and then only one. It increased in numbers in April and
May; was abundant in the Indian Settlement. I send nest and eggs.
Its note makes it conspicuous.
** Length, ¢, 64 in.; alar extent, 104; wing, 34; tail, 23.”
“Local name, ‘ Chewick’. Iris hazel.”
Male——Upper plumage olive-green, purer and brighter than in V.
calidris ; cap of a clear ash, rather darker than that of var. barbatula ;
a distinct blackish line along the edge of the crown; superciliary stripe
ashy-white; cheeks with a tinge of buff; lores and a stripe behind the
eye dusky; a blackish moustachial line along each side of the throat;
the under plumage is grayish-white, purer on the upper part of the
throat and abdomen; sides pale olive-green; under wing-coverts yellow;
crissum pure pale yellow; the bill is large and darker than in its allies ;
the upper mandible is blackish horn-color, the under whitish horn-color.
The female differs in no respects from the male.
The only necessary direct comparison with any of the West Indian
or moustached form is with var. barbadense, Ridg.; that and the pres-
ent bird only having a distinct dark line along the edge of the crown.
The type of barbadense was kindly sent me by Mr. Ridgway: it is
smaller than the Dominica species; the plumage above is of a lighter
brownish-olive, the cap not so dark, the under parts of a pale yellowish
or creamy-white, and the bill of a fleshy-brown color; in general color-
ing they are quite unlike.
The nest (marked “St. Marie, April 22,’77”) is not the beautiful struc-
ture described by Dr. Brewer (N. Am. Birds, v. 1, p. 362) belonging to V.
calidris of Jamaica, and does not appear to have been pensile; it is com-
posed of fine grasses, intermixed on the outside with a coarser kind of
a long, thin, ribbon-like form. There are but two eggs—perhaps not the
full complement; they are of a dull white, rather closely spotted with
56 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
pale chocolate, confluent at the larger end; they measure in length .80
of an inch by .60 in breadth.
The nest measures in outside diameter 34 inches; depth of cavity 14
inches.
Fam. HIRUNDINID.
14. Progne dominicensis (Gm.).
‘“¢ Hirondelle” Resident.
‘“ The first seen was shot at Mountain Lake, 2,300 feet above sea-level,
March 23; later in the season I found a few on the Atlantic side, in
June, breeding in the cliffs at Batalie, on the Caribbean shore.
‘‘ Length, 72 in.; alar extent, 15; wing, 53, 3.”
Fam. CAS REBIDZE.
15. Certhiola dominicana, Taylor.—Local name, “ Sucrier”. St. Marie.
‘‘T procured a series of these, that you might be able to determine
better the local differences.
‘‘ Kverywhere abundant in lowland and mountain valleys; breeds in
old plantations from March through to the rainy season. I send nests
and eggs.
‘‘ Length, 42 in.; alar extent, 73; wing, 24.
‘‘] put in a few nests of these birds to illustrate the domed struc-
ture—a character that prevails among the smaller birds—grass-birds,
Sparrow and Sucrier.”
There are two nests, globular in form, one containing three eggs, ob-
tained at St. Marie, April 20,1877 ; the other with four eggs, in Shawford
Valley, in April. For the size of the bird, the nest seems a bulky struc-
ture, but is elaborately made; the inside is of fine grasses ; the outside of
fine wiry stems of some plant, and the thin flag-like leaves spoken of in
describing the nest of Dendreca petechia ; it has an outside diameter of
5 inches, the depth of the cavity 3 inches, across the opening 1?
inches. The entrance is on the side. The eggs are dull white, some
closely spotted with pale reddish-brown; others less so; some with the
spots confluent at the larger end; others having them distinct. They
measure .68 of an inch in length by .53 in breadth.
Fam. TANAGRID Zé.
16. Euphonia flavifrons (Sparm.).
‘“<T/oiseau de St. Pierre.’ Rare.
‘‘ Feeds among the tops of trees in the high woods; said to occur,
also, on the coast; stomach full of small green seeds.
‘‘ Length, 47 in.; alar extent, 8; wing, 28; tail, 13, ?.”
There is in the collection but one specimen, a female, which I suppose
to be this species. I wrote Mr. Ober to endeavor to get others, but he
was unable to do so. I have a male specimen from Porto Rico of H.
RE ek ee: >
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 57
sclateri, presented by Dr. Gundlach—this is much smaller than the
above, measuring in length 44 in.; wing, 2; tail, 1,5.
17. Saltator guadeloupensis, Lafr.—Local name, ‘‘ Grosbec”’.
‘¢ Found among the bushes and low trees fringing the cleared valleys
and open plateaus. Its clear note makes it a marked bird in the breed-
ing season. Found eggs in May. Inhabitant of both coasts. Not
abundant.
‘Length, 84 in.; alar extent, 124; wing, 4; tail, 33,
*¢ Length, 83 in.; alar extent, 123; wing, 4; tail, 33,
*¢ Nest obtained at St. Marie, Indian country, May 1,
two to three eggs at a time.”
The sexes do not differ in plumage. The nest is made of the stems of
coarse grasses, and though appearing to be loosely put together, yet is
quite compact; there are a few finer stems at the bottom of the cavity.
The outer diameter is 53 inches, height 3 inches, depth of cavity 12
inches. The eggs are light greenish-blue, with a few irregular black
markings on the larger end; the length is 1.06 of an inch, the width .80.
af:
3.
1877; lays from
Fam. FRINGILLID 2.
18. Loxigilla noctis (Linn.).—Local name, Moisson ; Pére Noir; Sparrow.
“The male is black, the female gray, I bave no doubt, as they are
always seen together. Very common, especially on old plantations;
make their nests in low trees and stout shrubs. The nest sent, with
three eggs, was obtained in Shawford Valley, March 21, 1877.
‘Length, 54 in.; alar extent, 9; wing, 3; tail, 23, ¢.
“Length, 54 in.; alar extent, 83; wing, 22; tail, 24, °.”
The nest under examination is placed in the upright trifurcated
branch of a prickly shrub or tree, and is thus supported behind and on
each side; it is a large and loosely formed structure, composed of fine
stems of plants, dried leaves, and small, dried plants; it is covered
over or domed, and has a large opening in front, the lower part, which
is the nest proper, is more compact, and is lined at the bottom with
fine, soft grasses or stems of plants; the height of the nest outside is 8
inches, the breadth 5; the opening in front has a diameter of 3 inches;
depth of cavity, 2inches. The complement of eggsis three. Those sent
differ much in size and appearance. One is nearly white, marked with
minute pale spots of reddish-brown, quite evenly distributed; this
measures .80 by .62 of an inch. Another, of about the same size, is
more conspicuously spotted; at the larger end densely so; size, .78 by
.07. The last is much smaller, the spots larger and darker; it is closely
spotted all over, the spots not confluent at the larger end ; it measures
.72 by .50.
Mr. Sclater speaks of the single specimen from St. Lucia (P. Z. S.
1871, p. 271), and referred to this species as differing from a Martinique
58 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
skin in having “no rufous at all on the crissum, and the superciliary —
mark shorter ”.
Five males in the collection from Dominica have the under tail-corerts
rufous, of the same shade as that of the throat; the rufous line running ~
from the bill is darker, and extends over the eye as far as upon a line
with its centre. Probably the Dominica and Martinique birds are alike;
but if other examples from St. Lucia prove to be without rufous cris-
sums, it would seem to be a well marked variety.
The female from Dominica is, above, a brownish-olive, having the
face, sides of the head, and upper tail-coverts tinged with rufous; the
wing-coverts and tertials are edged with bright rufous; the under
plumage is of a dark ashy-olive; the under tail-coverts are pale rufous.
Specimens of a Lozigilla collected in Guiana by Mr. A. H. Alexander
(taxidermist), though similar in color and markings to examples of J.
noctis from Dominica, are so much less in all their measurements that I
think, at least, it may be considered a variety. The bill of the Guiana
bird is much smaller, the under mandible of a brownish horn-color, be-
ing black in the West Indian bird ; the under tail-coverts are of a paler
rufous; the rufous of the throat more restricted, and the superciliary
line extending beyond the eye.
The measurements of the two are as follows :—
Dominica bird, ¢, length, 54 in.; wing, 3; tail, 23; tarsus, ?.
Guiana bird, ¢, length, 44 in.; wing, 2§: tail, 2; tarsus, &.
Viewed together, the skin of the West Indian bird appears to be
nearly twice the bulk of the other.
I propose to distinguish the South American form by the name of
Loxigilla noctis var. propinqua.
Mr. Alexander obtained quite a number of this small species in
Guiana, but he had disposed of most of them before they came under
my notice. Three males examined were alike in size and coloring. I
was unable to find a female among the birds collected by him: this is
easily accounted for; his object in making collections being to secure the
more showy and saleable males.
Mr. Alexander informed me that they were not uncommon along the
Essequibo River, and that he saw them also at Berbice.
The only citation of Guiana as a locality for LZ. noctis that I have
noticed is by Bonaparte (Cons. Av. i, p. 493), viz, “Surinam”; he also
gives Martinique.
19. Phonipara bicolor (Linn.).
“Si Si Yerbe; Grass-bird. }
“Abundant everywhere; breeds in great numbers in Shawford Valley,
three miles from the coast ; nests in lime-trees,
“One with three eggs taken April, 1877; another with four eggs.”
“Length, ¢, 42 in.; alar extent, 63; wing, 24.
“Length, 2, 44 in.; alar extent, 64; wing, 24.”
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 59
The nest is globular in shape, and is composed of fine roots and stems
of plants, intermixed with thin, flag-like leaves; it is 64 inches high
and 53 inches broad; the opening is 2 inches across; depth of the
cavity, 1} inches. The eggs are quite uniform in appearance; they are
white, with a scarcely perceptible greenish tinge, sparingly speckled
with reddish-brown, except on the larger end, where the examples vary
in having the spots more or less confluent. They vary in size from .66
to .o7 of an inch in length, and in breadth from .54 to .50.
~
Fam. TYRANNIDE.
20. Elainea martinica (Linn.).—Local name, “Quick”.
‘ Rather abundant in the mountain valleys, especially in the lateral
ravines bordering the glades of open pastures. In habits and cry
resembling our Pheebe-bird.
‘“Tength, z, 62 in.; alar extent, 103; wing, 33.
‘Length, 2, 6in.; alar extent, 10; wing, 32.”
Of this species, Mr. Ober sent nine examples. Mr. Sclater (P. Z.S.
1871, p. 271) considers £. riisit from St. Thomas ‘ undistinguishable”
from EH. martinica. I have but one specimen of JL. riisit, which differs
only from the Dominica bird in being light brownish-olive above; the
upper plumage of EL. martinica is dark olive; the difference may be
seasonal. Mr. Sclater also raises the question whether L. pagana ‘‘is
really separable”; in five specimens, so-called, from Brazil, Guiana, and
New Granada, the most marked difference from the West Indian bird
is that the breast and abdomen are of a decided pale yellow. In Z£.
martinica, the throat and breast are of a clear bluish-gray, the abdomen
with just a tinge of yellow.
Mr. Sclater (P. Z. 8S. 1870, p. 834) thinks that his £. subpagana will
have to be reunited to EL. pagana. I have one example of this form,
from the City of Mexico, which is of a bright yellowish-olive above, and
the abdomen of a fine clear light yellow. These differences may be due
to geographical position.
21. Myiarchus oberi, Lawr., Ann. N. Y. Acad. of Sci. v. 1, p. 48.—Local name, ‘ So-
leil coucher ”’.
*‘ It is so called because it utters its peculiar cry just at sunset; the
hunters say when Soleil Coucher cries, it is time to make ajoussa, or
camp. Obtained at Landat in March; not common.
‘‘ Length, ¢, 9 in.; alar extent, 123; wing, 4.
“ Length, 2, 84 in.; alar extent, 124; wing, 4.”
22. Blacicus brunneicapillus, Lawr., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.v. 1, p. 161.—Local name,
‘‘ Goubemouche”.
“‘ Everywhere abundant in the ravines and dark vallers of the mount-
ains,
“ Length, ¢, 53 in.; alar extent, 84; wing, 22; tail, 23.”
et ned
60 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
23. Tyrannus rostratus, Scl.
‘‘ Pipere; Loggerhead.”
‘More an inhabitant of the lowlands than the mountains; found it
abundant in St. Marie, Atlantic coast.
‘‘ Found a nest with two eggs, April 20, 1877.
‘Length, ¢, 94 in.; alar extent, 15; wing, 43.
“ Length, ?,92in.; alar extent, 154; wing, 43.”
The nest is rather loosely made, of small harsh-feeling roots and stems
of plants, with no soft lining for the eggs; it is 44 inches wide, with a
height of 2 inches, the cavity but half an inch deep. The two eggs are
alike in size, but vary in shade of color: one is of a light reddish salmon
color, with large conspicuous spots of a deep rusty-red, mostly around
the larger end; the other is white, with a slight tinge of color, the spots
smaller and less conspicuous. They measure 1.06 by .77.
Fam. TROCHILIDE.
24. Eulampis jugularis (Linn.).
‘¢ Large Crimson-throat Hummingbird.”
‘¢ This species called ‘ Colibri’ in patois French.
‘‘This species is almost exclusively a frequenter of the high valleys
of the mountains, though found lower down also. It delights in the
plantain and provision grounds of the mountain sides, and there may
be seen in early morning, glancing among the leaves, hovering over the
flower clusters. In the open glades, also, it was abundant about the
wild honeysuckle and flowering shrubs. It was easily approached, and
many were caught for me by the little mountain boys, with native bird-
lime, the juice (inspissated) of the bread-fruit tree.
‘‘T did not find it anywhere common on the east, or Atlantic side of
the island. Took a nest and two eggs in June. It breeds later in the
season than the smallest species (the Crested). Nest built in bread-
fruit tree. Have nests of the three species.
‘‘Length, ¢,5in.; alar extent, 74; wing, 32.
‘Length, ?,5in.; alar extent, 74; wing, 3.”
This would seem to be a very abundant species, as Mr. Ober procured |
about fifty specimens. Most of these bear evidence of having been cap-
tured with bird-lime. The female differs only in the color of the throat
being somewhat duller.
Mr. Ober speaks of having obtained “‘ nests of the three species” ;
but none have been received.
25. Eulampis holosericeus (Linn.),.
‘Green or Blue-throated Hummingbird.”
‘‘ This is not so abundant as the others. It prefers shade and seclu-
sion. I noticed the curious habit first in this species, that it possesses
in common with the larger, of flitting about in the dark forest, where a
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 61
gleam of light would penetrate. It would dart and double with rapid-
ity, occasionally fluttering on suspended wing, like a Hawk, then dart
off to a neartwig, whence, after resting a while, it would renew its forage
upon the diminutive insects sporting in the ray of dusky light.
‘“ Procured a nest and two eggs, in June, from a ‘cactus’ tree.”
“Length, ¢, 43 in.; alar extent, 6; wing, 23.”
26. Thalurania wagleri (Less.).
‘‘ White-throat Hummer.” September, 1877.
“This bird I found tolerably abundant, principally in the shady
mountain paths of the ‘high woods’. I saw but one before (earlier in
the year) in March, while on my way to the Boiling Lake. It may be
the young of No. 368 or 369, but of this you can judge, as I send speci-
mens of each kind. Inhabits the mountains.
‘‘ Length, 2°, 44in.; alar extent, 6; wing, 22.”
Mr. Ober’s note given above refers to the female of this species, of
which two examples were sent in his last collection ; also one male, No.
369; on the label of this specimen he wrote, ‘ Purple-throat Hummer, ¢?.
Length, 43 in.; alar extent, 6; wing, 24.” (No. 368 is Eulampis holose-
riceus.) This is the first allusion he has made to its being a distinct
species, which is difficult to account for, as the male is also very differ-
ent in appearance from the three other species found abundantly in the
island. In his first collection, seven males of T. wagleri were sent, but
there is no note or any comment to lead to the supposition that he con-
sidered it a fourth species—the three regular forms heing the only ones
spoken of.
The female of this species appears to have been more rarely obtained
than the male.
It has the crown and upper tail-coverts bluish-green, the upper
plumage and wing-coverts dark green tinged with golden; the middle
tail-feathers are golden bronze, ending with greenish-blue; the other
tail-feathers are greenish-blue, with their bases golden bronze, and ending
with grayish-white; the lores, a line under the eye, and the ear-coverts
are black ; the under plumage is ashy-white; the bill is entirely black.
The procuration of the female establishes this species as being resi-
dent in Dominica.
27. Orthorhynchus exilis (Gm.).
‘¢ Small Crested Hummer.”
“This species is called by the natives, ‘ Fou, Fou,’ or ‘ crazy, crazy,’
from its eccentric motions in the air.
“It is not uncommon along the coast and in the lower valleys. Al-
most the only species on the Atlantic side in April and May. Very
abundant everywhere. Took first nest, March 20, in Shawford Valley ;
found others as late as June 20, at Batalie, on sea-coast.
“In order of numerical abundance this species can be first, the Crim-
son-throat second, the Blue or Violet-breast third.
“‘ Length, 34 in.; alar extent, 43; wing, 2, 3.”
Belin oes
62 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Fam. CYPSELIDA.
28. Chetura poliura (Temm.).
‘“ Swift.
‘¢This bird only appears after a rain, then in great numbers, darting
swiftly about, disappearing as soon as it has ceased. In March saw
but three at the Mountain Lake, 2,300 feet. In June they had descended
to the valleys, and were even sporting about the seashore.
‘¢ They live and breed among the cliffs, high up the mountains and
near the waterfalls of the Roseau Valley. Abundant also at Batalie,
lower down the coast.
“ Length, 3, 42 in.; alar extent, 103; wing, 3%.”
I have never seen an example of C. poliura, but as the bird under
investigation agrees in plumage quite well with the description of that
species given by Mr. Sclater (P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 611), I have called it so
provisionally; it differs, however, in dimensions, the wing especially
being shorter.
29. “Swift.”
‘‘A species of Swift,intermediate in size between the small Swift and
the large Martin.”
This species has not yet been obtained.
Fam. ALCEDINIDZ.
30. Ceryle alcyon (Linn.).
‘¢ Kingfisher.”
‘¢Seen in April on the windward side of Dominica, and again in Sep-
tember on the leeward, or Caribbean side. In September it appears
more plentiful. Undoubtedly a resident.”
No specimen sent, but is this species without much doubt.
Fam. CUCULID.
31. Coccyzus minor (Gm.).
‘‘Cuckoo; Manioc.”
‘‘Not very plentiful; unsuspicious, stupid; its cry similar to that of
Yellow-billed Cuckoo, but more prolonged, sharper, and harsher.
‘Nesting in May; inhabits the low shrubs and trees of old clearings.
‘Length, 3,13 in.; alar extent, 164; wing, 54.
‘Length, 2, 134 in.; alar extent, 17; wing, 54.”
Fam. PSITTACID2E.
32. Chrysotis augusta (Vig.).
¥4Oicero? |, :* ot
‘¢ Except in the rainy season, this bird can only be found in the high
mountains, where grow the mountain palm, gomier, bois diadle,and other
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 63
trees of mountain growth, upon the seeds of which it feeds. It is there
abundant, yet shy and difficult to approach. Its cry is harsh, resem-
bling the call of a Wild Turkey. Morning and evening they call one to
another for perhaps an hour; during the rest of the day they remain
silent, except for an occasional cry. When a gun is fired, they all cry
out, and then keep perfect silence. They do not seem to associate in
flocks at this season, like the Parrot, but are found more often in pairs.
They breed in the hollow tops of high trees, and the young are rarely
taken. When caught young, they readily learn totalk. The only manner
in which one is secured alive is by being wounded.
‘‘Tt descends to the valleys in the rainy season to some extent, but
prefers the mountains. At that time they are very fat, excellent eating,
and much hunted.
‘*T made an excursion into their mountain fastnesses, camping on
their feeding grounds, but only secured three (though assisted by the
Carib hunters), the country was so wild and the birds so shy.
‘Length, ¢, 21 in.; alar extent, 35; wing, 11.
‘‘Length, 2, 22 in.; alar extent, 36; wing, 12.”
As specimens of the Imperial Parrot are exceedingly rare in collec-
tions, and a description of it not readily available, I thought that one
taken from the examples before me might prove useful.
The male has on the front adjoining the bill a narrow line of a dark
warm brown color; the feathers of the crown and occiput are of a rather
dull bluish-green, with lighter terminations; the feathers of the hind
neck, and extending around in front, are bronzy-green, with a broad
subterminal band of dark bluish-purple, and ending with black; the
feathers of the back, wing-coverts, flanks, and upper tail-coverts are of
a bright, rather dark green, conspicuously edged with lighter or verditer-
green; these terminal edgings are crossed with waving dark marks like
water-lines; the tail-feathers are reddish-brown, having their bases green
for a short space, the two middle feathers show more green; the edge
of the wing is scarlet (not the flexure); the primaries have their outer
webs bright dark green for two-thirds their length, the terminal third
of a brownish-purple; the first quill is entirely, and the inner webs of
the others are of a dark purple; all but the first primary have their
outer webs incised ; the secondaries have their outer webs green; on
the outer two a speculum of scarlet; the inner webs are dark purple;
on the chin and sides of the throat adjoining, the feathers are dark
brown, with coppery terminations; the ear-coverts are brown, ending
with light bluish; the feathers of the lower part of the throat, the breast,
aud abdomen are bronzy dark olive, broadly marked subterminally with
an opalescent band of violet-purple and light blue, changeable in differ-
ent lights, their terminal margins are black ; the upper mandible is dark
‘ horn-color, with a whitish mark on its side at the base; the under man-
dible is lighter; the feet blackish-brown.
The female specimen has the colors a little duet, and the speculum
less bright, but it may be possibly younger.
64 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
33. “ Parrot.”
‘*‘ Not abundant. .
“This bird, about the size of our Northern Carolina Parrot, but more
robust, is very shy, keeping mainly to the higher mountains; sometimes
descending to the inner valleys, to feed upon the wild guavas.
‘‘ It is sometimes captured by being wing-broken, and takes kindly to
confinement, but unlike its larger brother, the Cicero, does not learn to
talk. It congregates in small flocks. It is oftener shot in the months
between September and February. A very beneficent law of Dominica
prohibits the shooting of Parrots, Ciceros, Ramiers, &c., in any other
months, thus ensuring protection during the breeding season. “d
This species was not obtained by Mr. Ober.
Fam. STRIGIDZE.
34. Strix flammea var. nigrescens, Lawr.
“Owl. ‘Shawah.’
‘¢‘ Very rare; its cry even is seldom heard. It haunts principally the
mountains and higher valleys ; builds its nest in a hollow tree, or in the
hollow of a large limb, and lays eggs elliptical in shape, white and gran-
ular. In this case they were three in number, and from the appearance
of the ovules, were the full complement. They were newly laid, Sep-
tember 19.”
I find this to be a very dark variety of Strix flammea. At my request,
Mr. Ridgway sent me a specimen of the dark-plumaged form (var. guate-
male, frem Costa Rica), spoken of in N.A. Birds, v. 2, p. 14. On compa-
rison, the difference is very marked: the example from Costa Rica is
above brown, intermixed with rufous, and closely freckled with fine
whitish vermiculations; it is also marked, not closely, with whitish
ovate spots surrounded with black; the color below is dark reddish-
ochraceous, with black sagittate spots. The sex not given. It measures,
length, 144 in.; wing, 13; tail, 6; tarsus, 23.
The male from Dominica has the upper plumage of a fine blackish-
brown, rather sparsely marked with small white spots; the tail is
crossed with alternate bands of brown and light dull ochraceous freck-
led with brown; the wings are the color of the back, somewhat inter-
mixed with rufous; the under plumage is light reddish-ochraceous,
marked with small round black spots (the color is lighter than the under
plumage of the Costa Rica specimen); the ends of the ruff-feathers are
dark reddish-brown; feathers around the eye, black; the face is of a.
light reddish fawn color. ‘ Bill white; iris deep chocolate, half an inch
in diameter.” :
Length (fresh), 13 in.; wing, 10; tail, 43; tarsus, 2. r
The female is of the same dark color above, with the white spotsso
minute as to be scarcely perceptible; the tail is darker; the under
plumage of a darker reddish-ochraceous than in the male (not so dark
, -
¥
J
2
:
a
d
:
=
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 65
as that of the Costa Rica specimen), a few roundish black spots on the
breast; on the abdomen the markings are in clusters, and irregular in
form.
Length (skin), 13 in.; wing, 93; tail, 42; tarsus, 23.
Besides its much darker upper plumage, the Dominican form is of
much smaller dimensions.
The color of the eggs is dead white; they measure in length 1.60 by
1.22 in breadth.
Fam. FALCONIDE.
35. Pandion haliztus (Linn.).
‘ Fish-hawk.”
‘¢‘ Seen circling over the sea in September.”
36. Buteo pennsylvanicus (Wils.).
¢¢ Mal fini’ St. Marie, Indian country.
‘This bird courses above the valley, uttering its ery of ‘ Mal fini, fini’.
lt is not abundant; eats lizards as well as small birds. The largest of
the Hawks here resident. Iris amber.
‘Length, ¢, 15 in.; alar extent, 32; wing, 104.
“Length, 2, 15 in.; alar extent, 32; wing, 10.”
37. Tinnunculus sparverius var. antillarum (Gm.).
*¢¢ Glee glee’ Nowhere abundant.
“ Length, z, 103 in.; alar extent, 20; wing, 62.”
The two specimens sent were submitted to Mr. Ridgway for deter-
mination ; he wrote me as follows :—“* The Dominica Tinnunculusis iden-
tical with that from St. Thomas, St: Bartholomew, and Porto Rico. It
is what I have called ‘ sparverius var. dominicensis’, but I find upon
further investigation that it should bear the name of antillarum, Gm.—
dominicensis being, as I now conclude, the bird which I have cailed leu-
cophrys.” Mr. Ridgway also wrote :—‘‘ You may mention that I have a
male 7’. sparveroides, in the plumbeous plumage, from South Florida.”
Fam. FREGATID.
38. Fregata aquila (Linn.).
** Man o’ War Hawk; Frigate Pelican.”
“ Often seen flying at great height; said to breed on an inaccessible
cliff on the southeastern side of the island.”
Fam. PHA; THONID®.
39. Phzthon flavirostris, Brandt.
“Tropic Bird. Abundant.
** Breeds in the cliffs near the Lime Plantation of Batalie, the prop-
erty of Dr. {mray. They also breed in the cliffs of Mount David, near
Proc. Nat. Mus. 73——5 July 30, 1878.
66 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Roseau. They appear from out their holes early in the morning, go out
to sea to fish and return at 9 or 10; coming out again in the afternoon.
A road winds at the base of the cliff, and thus they can be closely
observed. They are said to reside here the year through, and commence
incubating in April.
‘Length, ¢, 23 in.; alar extent, 36; wing, 114.
‘‘ Length, 2, 27 in.; alar extent, 36; wing, 114.’’
Fam. PELECANIDA.
40. Pelecanus fuscus (Linn.).
‘“ Brown Pelican.”
‘‘One or two seen; does not breed here, but probably on the nearest
sandy island.”
Fam. ARDEID AL.
41. Ardea candidissima (Gm.),.
‘“¢Gaulin blane.’ Not common.
‘In such rivers as that at Hatton Garden, which runs a long distance
through a tolerably level valley, with broad shallows, banks well lined
with bushes, with deep holes well stocked with fish, this bird is often
found. Iris pale yellow.
‘‘ Length, 3, 214 in.; alar extent, 35; wing, 104 in.”
42. Ardea cerulea, Linn.
‘¢¢ Orabier noir.’
‘¢ Shot in a stream far up the mountains, Iris straw-color.
‘‘ Length, 9, 214 in.; alar extent, 37; wing, 104.”
43. Butorides virescens (Linn.).
‘Green Heron. Common.
‘‘ Breeding season commenced in April; found eggs in June. Iris
yellow.
‘ Length, 2, 194 in.; alar extent, 26; wing, 74.”
Fam, COLUMBID AE,
44. Columba corensis, Gm.
‘6 ¢ Ramier,’
‘Abundant in the high woods, never touches earth; makes its nest
in the high gomier trees in May. Shot in numbers in the rainy season,
then very fat and most delicious eating. Iris orange, shot with gold,
with an inner circle around of darker color.
“Length, ¢,16in.; alar extent, 28; wing, 9.”
45. Zenaida martinicana, Bp.
** ¢ Tourterelle,’
“ Breeds on rocks and cliffs along the coast (Caribbean), very plenti-—
PROCHEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 67
ful. In the mountains not numerous; abundant in Indian country,
coming about the huts even, not being troubled there. Found eggs in
June at Batalie.
“Length, ¢, 124 in.; alar extent, 19; wing, 7.”
46. Chamepelia passerina (Linn.).
“Ground Dove. ‘ Bagas,’
‘“ Not numerous on the hills; on Grand Savannah, near Batalie,
Caribbean coast, abundant. Found eggs in June; the nest, a frail
platform of grass stalks and sticks, placed on an old stump.
‘Length, 2, 62 in.; alar extent, 104; wing, 33.”
47. Geotrygon montana (Linn.).
‘¢¢ Perdix rouge’, 3; ‘ Perdix noir’, °.
‘Not uncommon in the high woods; called :Perdix or Partridge;
robust; strong in short flight, and frequenting the ground; it more
resembles that bird than a Dove. Iris yellow.
“Length, ¢, 103 in.; alar extent, 193; wing, 63.
‘Length, 2,104 in.; alar extent, 18; wing, 6.”
The two eggs sent are of a rather light salmon color, and immaculate;
they measure 1.19 by .89.
Fam. CHARADRIIDZ.
48. Charadrius virginicus, Borkh.
‘‘Golden Plover.”
‘Arrives in flocks, frequenting the ‘Grand Savannah’, staying but a
short time.”
49. Strepsilas interpres (Linn.).
“Only one seen, at Scott’s Head. The flocks of migratory Plover and
Curlews visit Dominica but little, preferring lower islands, like Antigua
and Barbuda to the rocky islands, where their favorite food is necessa-
rily scarce.
‘‘ Length, 9 in.; alar extent, 183; wing, 6.”
Fam. SCOLOPACID 2.
50. ‘‘Sandpiper.”
Species undetermined ; seen, but not obtained.
51. Tringoides macularius (Linn.),
‘‘A resident species. In the hurricane months, the island is visited
by numberless flocks of Plover. No other Sandpiper or Plover (I think)
resides here.
“Length, 2, 73 in.; alar extent, 124; wing, 33.”
68 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Fam. LARID/,
oa. Lor.”
‘¢ Not procured, but I think is Sterna stolida.”
53. Sterna antillarum (Less.).
Tern,
‘‘Very few seen; principally about Scott’s Head, the southernmost
point of the island.
“ Length, ¢, 8$in.; alar extent, 184; wing, 64.”
54. Sterna fuliginosa (Gm.).
66 6 'wa 00.’
‘‘ When I reached Dominica, September 15, large flocks of this species
were Skimming the water, apparently feeding upon the fish. There were
hundreds. Wishing to get into the mountains at once, I neglected to
get this bird, thinking it would be on the coast upon my return. Ina
week, however, the squally weather which had brought them in had
passed, and they also bad disappeared. I was able only to procure this
mutilated specimen, which I send with regret.”
55. Sterna anestheta, Scop.
“Tor”
‘St. Marie, Atlantic coast, April 20. This bird made its first appear-
ance a week ago, coming from the open ocean, to breed upon a rock off
this stormy shore. My Indian boys procured twenty eggs from the
rock. The birds leave the island so soon as their young are fledged.
“ Length, ¢, 143 in.; alar extent, 29; wing, 104.
“Length, %, 154 in.; alar extent, 30; wing, 103.”
Fam. PROCELLARID.
56. “*‘Diablotin.’”
“Twenty years ago it was abundant. Said to have come in from the
sea in October and November, and to burrow in the tops of the highest
mountains for a nest. In those months it incubated, The wildest
stories are told about it, and but for the evidence of such a man as Dr.
Imray, I should treat it as a myth. Doubtless as you write, it may be
identical with the Jamaica Petrel.”
On first receiving the account of this bird from Mr. Ober, I wrote to
Professor Baird, suggesting that it might be Puffinus obscurus, which
species was found breeding in the Bahamas by Dr. Bryant. Professor
Baird replied that he thought it was more likely to be Prion Caribbaa,
discovered in the Blue Mountains of Jamaica a few years since.
It is quite possible it may be an undescribed species, and its acquisi-
tion is most desirable.
It goes and comes, doubtless, mostly if not altogether at night. Ifthe
burrows made by it could be found when the birds are incubating,
probably they could be unearthed in the daytime, and thus be secured,
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 69
Its movements being like those attributed to evil spirits, probably
suggested the name by which it is known.
Dr. Bryant (Proc. Boston Soc. of N. H. v. 7, p. 132) gives the fol-
lowing account of Puffinus obscurus :—“ The nest is always placed in a
hole or under a projecting portion of the rock, seldom more than a foot
from the surface, and never, as far as my experience goes, out of reach
of the band. On being caught they make no noise, and do not resist at
all. Why these birds and the Stormy Petrels never enter or leave their
holes in the daytime, is one of the mysteries of nature; both of them
feeding and flying all day, yet never seen in the vicinity of their breed-
ing places before dark.”
NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF FISHES FROM CLACKAMAS
BIVER, OBEGON.
By DAVID S. JORDAN, M.D.
The United States National Museum has lately received from Mr.
Livingston Stone a small collection of fishes obtained by him from the
Clackamas River, a tributary of the Columbia in Oregon. The collec-
tion comprises only six species, but each species (excepting Salmo tsap-
pitch) is represented by several specimens, all in excellent condition ;
and it so happens that each one of these is a species of special scientific
interest, and one concerning which our knowledge has for one reason or
another been incomplete. Jour of these species were first described by
Richardson (Fauna Boreali-Americana, 1836), viz, Oncorhynchus quinnat,
Salmo tsuppitch, Salmo clarki, and Gila oregonensis; another, Acrochilus
alutaceus, was first made known by Professor Agassiz (Am. Journ. Sci.
and Arts, 1855); and the last, Salvelinus spectabilis, by Dr. Girard in 1856.
1. ONCORHYNCHUS QUINNAT (Richardson) Gunther.
California Salmon. Columbia Salmon. Quinnat Salmon.
1836—Salmo quinnat RICHARDSON, Fauna Bor.-Am. iii, p. 219, (described from notes by
Dr. Gairdner).
Salmo quinnat DEKay, Fauna New York, Fishes, p. 242, 1842, (copied).
Salmo quinnat STORER, Synopsis Fish. N. A. p. 196, 1846, (copied).
Salmo quinnat HERBERT, Frank Forrester’s Fish and Fishing, Supplement, p. 31,
1850.
Salmo quinnat GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. viii, p. 217, 1856.
Salmo quinnat GIRARD, Pac. R. R. Rep. Fishes, p. 306, pl. 67, 1858.
‘Salmo quinnat SUCKLEY, Nat. Hist. Wash. Terr. p. 321, 1860.
Oncorhynchus quinnat GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vi, p. 158, 1866, (compiled).
Salmo quinnat SUCKLEY, Monograph Genus Salmo, Rept. U.S. Fish. Comm. p.
105, 1874.
Salmo quinnat NELSON, Bull. Ills. Mus. Nat. Hist. i, p. 43, 1876, (Illinois River).
Salmo quinnat HaLLock, Sportsman’s Gazetteer, p. 359, 1877.
Oncorhynchus quinnat JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, p. 357, 1878.
Oncorhynchus quinnat JORDAN, Catalogue Fresh-water Fishes N. A. p. 431, 1878.
Salmo quinnat, U. 8. Fish Comm. Repts., and of writers on Salmon and fish cul-
ture generally.
70) PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
1856—Fario argyreus GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. p. 218.
Fario argyreus GiraRD, Pac. R. R. Surv. Rep. Fishes, p. 312, pl. 70, 1858.
Salmo argyreus SUCKLEY, Net. Hist. Wash. Terr. p. 326, 1860.
Salmo argyreus SUCKLEY, Monograph Salmg, p. 110, 1874.
1861—Salmo warreni SUCKLEY, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y. vii, p. 308.
Salmo warreni SUCKLEY, Monograph Salmo, p. 147, 1874.
Salmo warreni JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, p. 144, 1876.
This species, the most abundant and most valuable of the Salmonide
of the Pacific coast, is represented in the present collection by nume-
rous partly grown specimens, some black-spotted and some nearly plain
silvery. The only question which now arises in the synonymy of this
species is as to its distinctness from its congener O.nerka(Walbaum), (0.
lycaodon Pallas). ‘The slender, more fusiform,and less compressed form
of the latter species, as well as its fewer branchiostegals and less forked
tail, seem to indicate specific difference. The types of Fario argyreus
Girard, I have examined. ‘They are two in number, each about 8 inches
long, and are evidently young quinnats. The original types of Salmo
warreni are apparently lost. ‘There is, however, a bottle of small silvery
fishes, young individuals of quinnat, in the National Museum, labelled
by Dr. Suckley ‘‘ Salmo warreni?” There can be little doubt that the
original types of Salmo warreni were similar specimens of a young
Oncorhynchus, most likely the young of O. quinnat.
There can be no possible doubt of the entire generic distinctness of
the genus Oncorhynchus from Salmo, although the characters assigned
to Oncorhynchus by Dr. Suckley have no such value. ‘Che great devel-
opment of the anal fin and the peculiar form and dentition of the
vomer are of much more importance than the booked jaws of the male,
although neither character was noticed by Dr. Suckley. Indeed, this
author includes most of the Oncorhynchi, under one name or another, in
his subgenus Salmo. Thus the species termed by him quinnat, confluentus
(= keta), argyreus (= quinnat), paucidens (= nerka), truncatus (= nerka),
richardi (= nerka), kennerlyi, and warreni (= quinnat), are all hook-jawed
species, with a long anal fin and an increased number of branchioste-
gals, yet they are all referred by Dr. Suckley to his subgenus Salmo
proper.
An examination of the specimens of Oncorhynchus in the National
Museum, including all of Dr. Suckley’s types excepting richardi and
warreni, has convinced Dr. Gill and myself that they all belong to five
species, O. gorbuscha, O. keta, O. nerka, O. quinnat, and O. kennerlyi.
These are divisible into two very strongly marked subgenera, or perhaps
even distinct genera,—Oncorhynchus, including the first four species
named, and Hypsifario, Gill, including only kennerlyi. O. kennerlyi is
very much smaller than the other species, and is much more compressed
and of a different form. Its.form seems to me, however, rather an exag-
geration of that of O. quinnat than a distinet type, and the resemblance
is almost as great between quinnat and kennerlyi as between quinnat
and gorbuscha.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 71
The species of Oncorhynchus at present admitted by Dr. Gill and
myself may be briefly compared as follows :—
a. Body more elongate, heavier forward and less compressed than in the next; jaws
in the adult males very unequal; the lower jaw prolonged and hooked
upwards; the upper jaw still more elongate and curled over the tip of the
lower, the profile of the forehead being concave when viewed from the side;
teeth of the premaxillaries and of the tip of the lower jaw greatly enlarged
RES ere ER ee er ee (Subgenus Oncorhynchus.)
b. Scales very small, in more than 200 transverse rows; smaller on caudal peduncle
than on flanks; form much distorted in the adult males, the fleshy hump at the
shoulders being greatly developed, and the caudal peduncle slender and rather
elongate; the jaws greatly prolonged and curved; size small. (Pacific coast
and streams, Washington to Kamtschatka.) ..---.-.--.--------,-© ORBUSCHA.*
bb. Scales medium, in about 170 (155 to 180) transverse rows; form distorted, but
less so than in the preceding, the fleshy hump considerably developed in the
males, and the jaws greatly elongated and hooked; branchiostegals about 16.
(Pacitic coast and streams, Oregon to Kamtschatka.) ....-....-...----- KETA.t
bbb. Scales large for the genus, in about 133 transverse rows.
c. Form elongate, not greatly compressed, the greatest depth in advance of the
middle of the body; the males with the caudal peduncle rather slender, and
with a well-marked fleshy hump, and with the jaws much elongated and dis-
torted; caudal fin feebly forked; branchiostegals about 13. (Pacific coast
and streams, California to Kamtschatka.) - ...... ..-.-..----.---.---- NERKA.}
ce. Body elongate, compressed, the greatest depth (in female and immature speci-
mens at least) being just under the dorsal fin; depth of body one-fourth of
length, or a little more; head moderate, rather bluntly pointed ; less distorted
in male specimens than in the preceding species; maxillary shortish, curved,
reaching somewhat beyond eye; caudal fin more or less forked ; branchioste-
gals15 or 16. (Coast and streams, California to Alaska.).........-... QUINNAT.
aa. Body oblong, very strongly compressed, the dorsal region much elevated ; a nearly
even slope from the snout to the base of the dorsal fin; dorsal fin unusually
far back, the first ray being behind the middle of the body; head long, deep,
compressed, but still wide ; mouth extremely large and very oblique; the jaws
about equal in the females ; in the males, the lower jaw protruding beyond the
upper, which is curled up like the snout of a snarling dog, showing the
enlarged canines, the premaxillaries never hooking over the lower jaw, as is
the case with Oncorhynchus proper; dentition as in typical Oncorhynchus.
(Subgenus Hypsifario Gill.)
*ONCORHYNCHUS GORBUSCHA (Walb.) Gill & Jordan.—Gorbuscha, Pennant, Arctic
Zoclogy.—Salmo gorbuscha, Walbaum, Artedi Gen. 1792.—Salmo gibber, Bloch, Schneider,
Ichthyologia, 1801.—Salmo proteus, Pallas, Zool. Rosso-Asiatica, 1811.—Salmo gibber,
Suckley, 1861.—Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, 1878.
t ONCORHYNCHUS KETA (Walbaum) G. & J.—Keta vel kayko, Pennant, Arctic Zool-
ogy.—Salmo keta vel kayko, Walbaum, 1792.—Salmo keta vel kayko, Bloch, Schneider,
1801.—Salmo lagocephalus, Pallas, 1811.—Salmo scouleri, Richardson, 1836.—Salmo conjlu-
entus, 1861.— Oncorhynchus keta, Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, 1878.
tONCORHYNCHUS NERKA (Walb.) Gill & Jor.—Nerka, Pennant, Arctic Zoology.—
Salmo nerka, Walbaum, 1792.—Salmo lycaodon, Pallas, 1811.—Salmo japonensis, Pallas,
1811.—? Salmo paucidens, Richardson, 1836.—Salmo consuetus, Richardson, Voyage of the
Herald, 1854.—Salmo dermatinus, Richardson, /. c. 1854.—Salmo canis, Suckley, 1¢61.—
Salmo cooperi, Suckley, 1861.—Salmo scouleri, Suckley, 1861, (not of Rich.).—Salmo trun-
catus, Suckley, 1861.—? Salmo richardi, Suckley, 1861.—Oncorhynchus lycaodon, Giinther,
1867.—Oncorhynchus nerka, Jordan, 1878.
oe.
72 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
‘d. Depth of body about .29 of length, its width only about .10; length of head
.29 of length; the interorbital space about .09; maxillary, .12; mandible, .19;
scales moderate, thin, partly imbedded in the skin along the back, but not
closely imbricated, in number about 20-135-20; branchiostegals about 15;
dorsal fin rather high—higher than long; adipose fin long and narrow, some-
what spatulate; caudal fin well forked; general color red, somewhat spotted
above; size small. (Habitat.—Pacific coast streams, Sacramento River to
Fraser's River.) «s..sis «cscs sobh Jé08 hGewdki ee Leelee eee KENNERLYI.*
The series of Oncorhynchi in the National Museum is by no means so
complete as is desirable, except in the case of O. quinnat and O. kennerlyt.
O. keta, O. nerka, and O. gorbuscha are represented only by skins, mostly
dried and moth-eaten, and all in poor condition. A fuller series may
show that more than five good species exist, or it may show that O.
quinnat is really only-a variety of O. nerka.
2. SALMO TSUPPITCH Richardson.
Tsuppitch Salmon. Black Trout of Lake Tahoe.
1836—Salmo tsuppitch RICHARDSON, Fauna Bor.-Am. Fishes, p. 224.
Salmo tsuppitch DEKay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. —, 1842.
Salmo tsuppitch STORER, Synopsis, p. 197, 1846,
Salmo tsuppitch HERBERT, Frank Forrester’s Fish and Fishing, Suppl. p. 39, 1850.
Salmo tsuppitch SuCKLEY, Nat. Hist. Wash. Terr. p. 327.
Salmo tsuppitch GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vi, p. 118, 1867.
Salmo tsuppitch SuCKLEY, Monograph Salmo, p.'111, 1874.
Salmo tsuppitch JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, p. 358, 1878,
A fine specimen of a trout from the Clackamas River enables me to
make a probably correct determination of the hitherto unidentified Salmo
tsuppitch of Richardson. The specimen seems to be identical with the
so-called ‘* Black Trout of Lake Tahoe” (not the “Silver Trout of Lake
Tahoe”, which is the species termed by Professor Gill and myself
S. henshawi”), of which numerous specimens were collected in Lake
Tahoe and in Kern River, California, by Mr. H. W. Henshaw. I feel
less hesitation in identifying Richardson’s tswppitch with this species,
from the fact that the fish does not seem ever to have been renamed by
later writers. The following description was taken from the Clackamas
Liver specimen.
General appearance of Salmo henshawi, but with smaller scales,
smaller, shorter head, and smaller mouth, besides wanting the hyoid
teeth.
Body elongated, somewhat compressed, the dorsal region moderately
elevated. Head rather small, pointed and lengthened, its form quite
distinctly conic, less convex than in spilurus, the top rather narrow
and slightly keeled. Mouth moderate, not large, with rather weak
teeth, the maxillary comparatively narrow and not extending much
* Oncorhynchus kennerlyi (Suckley) Jor.—Salmo kennerlyi, Suckley, 1861.—Hypsifario
kennerlyi, Gill, 1864.— Oncorhynchus kennerlyi, Jordan, 1878.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 73
beyond the eye; opercle more prolonged backwards than in spilurus,
making the head appear longer. Pectoral fins smaller than in spilurus.
Scales small, silvery, 28-180-29.
Caudal fin short, rather faintly forked, but more so than in spilurus.
Adipose fin rather small. Fins all small, the dorsal of the usual ‘sa-
lar” pattern.
Fin-rays: Dorsal, 2,11. Anal, 2, 10.
Color dark above; head, body, and upper fins with small, round, black
spots, very numerous, and nearly as close together before as behind; a
few spots on the belly in some specimens.
Measurements of specimen: Length, 12 inches; depth, .233 of length
to base of caudal; head, .245; interorbital width, .07; maxillary, .10;
mandible, .15; middle caudal rays, .11; outer caudal rays, .17.
This species may be known from S. spilurus by the more forked tail,
the longer and slenderer head, and the greater spottiness anteriorly.
From S. irideus, it may be known by the much slenderer form, larger
mouth, longer head, and much larger scales; from S. henshawi, which it
most resembles, by the shorter head and by the lack of hyoid teeth; and
from S. clarki, which it also resembles, by the want of hyoid teeth, and
other characters.
These black-spotted Salmon of the Rocky Mountain region and Pacific
slope belong to a well-marked group, for which the name Salar, Valen-
ciennes, may be retained as a subgenus of the genus Salmo. Although
not by any means so different from the true Salmo (type S. salar L.) as
are the genera Oncorhynchus, Cristivomer (type S. namaycush Walb.), and
Salvelinus (type S. salvelinus L.), it is not impossible that future writers
may consider Salar as a genus distinct from Salmo. The character of a
single instead of a double row of teeth on the shaft of the vomer, sup-
posed to distinguish Fario, Val., from Salar, has no generic value, and
probably not even a specific value, at least as hitherto stated. In all the
species properly referabie to Salar, the teeth are arranged alternately,
each one pointing to the right or left, in an opposite direction from its
neighbor. These teeth are therefore in a sort of quincuncial row, which
in many or most instances appears as two distinct rows, and almost
always is divided into two anteriorly. Most of the ‘*Salmon-trout” and
“Trout” of Europe and Asia belong to this group, “Salar”. Although
most of the species referred to Fario belong to Salar, it is not certain
whether the type of Fario, F. argenteus Val., from France, is a Salar
or a true Salmo. The figure looks to me liké a young Salmon (NS. salar).
The American species of the subgenus Salar which are now consid-
ered valid by Dr. Gill and myself may be compared as follows :—
Common characters :~-River Salmon, not anadromous, with the vomer comparatively
flat and not boat-shaped, its form essentially as in Salmo proper,
the vomerine teeth extending for some distance along the shaft of
the bone in two alternating rows or in one zigzag row, the teeth
divergent and directed somewhat forward, not deciduous: scales.
74 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
moderate, comparatively thin and loose, appearing silvery, espe-
cially in fishes which have entered the sea: fins small, the last rays
of the dorsal somewhat elongate, the first ray usual'y less than
twice the height of the last ray; caudal fin slightly forked, or more
usually truncate, with a slight emargination, double-rounded when
spread open: upper parts, especially the back, and the dorsal and
caudal fins, more or less thickly covered with small, rounded, black
spots; in some specimens, especially those which have been in the
sea, these spots are more or less confluent, obscured or even obsolete:
species not of the largest size, the sexual peculiarities not strongly
marked =. .si0. .2S0ce. 20 SCLC OSE C3, SS
a. Hyoid bone entirely destitute of teeth.
b. Scales comparatively large, in 120 to 150 transverse series.
c. Body more or less short and deep, compressed, the depth .24 to .33 of length.
Head short, bluntish, convex above, obtusely carinate, about .25 of
length: mouth small, smaller than in any other of the group, the
maxillary bone of moderate width, scarcely reaching beyond the
eye, .10 to .11 of length, the mandible about .15: eye large, about
.05 of length: caudal fin moderately but very distinctly forked,
more so than in any of the other members of the group; first long
ray of dorsal about twice the height of the last ray: dorsal, 2, 11;
anal, 2,11: scales about 28-135-28, varying considerably, but in all
cases decidedly jarger than in any other of our species of Salar.
Rivers from California to British Columbia west of the Sierra
NOVAS 008 evecns ved ecdiccccces eeusun seeks buna me od tMneeae IRIDEUS.
bb. Scales comparatively small, in 165 to 205 transverse series.
d. Caudal fin somewhat forked: head rathersmall, about .25 of length, pointed
and lengthened, conical, the upper outline rather narrow and not
much convex, the carina slight: mouth moderate, the maxillary
comparatively narrow and extending much beyond the eye: opercle
considerably prolonged backward: scales small, 28-180-29: depth
about .24 of length: body nearly equally spotted before and behind.
Rivers west of Sierra Nevada..............-..- ds valeting TSUPPITCH.
dd. Caudal fin double-rounded or truncate, not at all forked in the adult.
e. Head not notably broad and flat, heavy and proportionally short, its
upper outline strongly convex, both longitudinally and trans-
versely: mouth very large, the maxillary extending much past the
eye in the adult, the opercle not especially prolonged backward:
dorsal fin notably high behind, its last rays more than } the height
of the first, some of the middle rays shortest: scales small: depth
of body about .24 of length: spots on body most numerous poste-
riorly. Rocky Mountains to the Sierra Nevada south of the Colum-
bia regiddi ..scces seckecbsucve snabnedeenehee van penaney SPILURUS.
x. Scales medium, in 170 to 190 transverse rows: top of head gibbous,
obtusely carinated. Headwaters of Rio Grande, Bear River, ete.
Subspecies spilurus.”*
xx. Scales small, in 190 to 205 rows: head more or less sharply cari-
nated, much less gibbous. Generally distributed.
Subspecies pleuriticus.t
aa. Hyoid bone with an elongate band of small teeth between the bases of the first
and second pairs of gill-arches (readily scraped off by careless
observers, and possibly sometimes naturally deciduous).
* Salmo spilurus Cope, 1872.—Salmo stomias var. spilurus Jordan, 1878.
t Salmo pleuriticus Cope, 1872.—Salmo stomias var. pleuriticus Jordan, 1878,
vent
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 175
f. “ Head large, broad, flat, not keeled, 4.25 in total length, equal to depth
of body : muzzle obtuse: eye nearly 5 times in head: scales (small, as
in var. pleuriticus) 42 below first dorsal ray: dorsal fin equidistant:
caudal fin not notched. Kansas River.”—(Cope.)-...---.STOMIAS.*
Jf. Head comparatively large, and long acuminate, .25 of length, its outline
as a whole pointed, but the muzzle itself bluntish, its upper surface
not much convex in either direction, very slightly carinated: mouth
medium, the maxillary moderate, .12 of length, not reaching much
beyond eye: patch of hyoid teeth small, and comparatively weak:
body elongate, not greatly compressed, the depth .25 of length:
dorsal fin small, its last rays % the height of the first: caudal fin
short, quite distinctly forked: scales small, in 160 to 184 transverse
rows: colors rather dark, back and sides more or less profusely
covered with small rounded spots. Streams of California west of
the Sierra Nevadas; Lake Tahoe.-..-.-................. HENSHAWL.t
Sff. Head comparatively short and thick, .22 to .25 of length, its outline
more cunvex, more or less distinctly carinated above: mouth rather
small, but larger than in irideus, the maxillary not reaching far be-
yond the eye: patch of hyoid teeth well developed: body moderately
elongate, compressed; depth .24 of length: dorsal fin rather low,
its last rays # the height of the first: caudal fin scarcely forked,
rather more so than in spilurus: scales moderate or rather small:
colors variable, the back and sides usually profusely, but variably
spotted, silvery in sea-run individuals. Rio Grande to Upper Mis-
Sar. ane weet to the Pactie 22.020 42sec) scenes dene xoe ce. CLARKI,.
y. Scales moderate, in 155 to 165 rows; chiefly west of the Rocky
(ON Rate le Rit My BERT Re py EF aS ole SE aah ael s Subspecies clarki.
yy. Scales small, in 165 to 170 rows; chiefly east of the Rocky Mount-
MET. Sek chelo. tecewk nda oo eue es wae ae Subspecies aurora.
The American species of this subgenus Salar are very closely inter-
related, and might almost be considered as varieties of a single poly-
morphous species. The occurrence of forms apparently intermediate
prevents me from considering aurora and pleuriticus as distinct species,
although they may usually be readily recognized.
Of the true subgenus Salmo, there seems to be but one species in
America, the Salmo salar, our specimens being, so far as I can see, pre-
cisely identical with the European. The land-locked Salmon of Maine,
Salmo sebago, Girard, does not differ by any constant character from
Salmo salar,and its permanent residence in fresh water is the only
character of which I know on which a subspecies sebago could be based.
Land-locked Salmon from Bergen, Sweden, in the United States National
Museum, and land-locked Salmon from Sysiadobsis Lake, Maine, are to
my eye precisely alike, and both are Salmo salar, Linnzus.
* Salmo stomias Cope, 1872.—I have not seen this species, but Professor Cope writes
me that if I had, | would certainly consider it specifically distinct from S. pleuriticus.
Since the above was in type, I have examined a head of a large specimen of Salmo
stomias from the Upper Missouri. It agrees fully with Professor Cope’s description. As
it is a species with well-developed hyoid teeth, it is related to S. clarki, and S. hen-
shawi, differing in the peculiar form of the head and the smaller size of the scales.
t Salmo henshawi Gill & Jordan, Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, p. 358, 1878.—This fine
Species is named in honor of Mr. H. W. Henshaw, the well-known ornithologist, who
first brought specimens from Lake Tahoe.
76 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
3. SALMO IRIDEUS Gibbons.
Pacific Coast Brook Trout.
1855—Salmo iridea GIBBONS, Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sc. p. 36.
Salar iridea GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. p. 220, 1856.
Salar iridea GIRARD, Pac. R. R. Expl. Fishes, p. 321, 1858, pl. 73, £.5, and pl. 74,
Salar irideus JORDAN, Catalogue Fishes N. A. p. 431, 1878.
Salmo irideus GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vi, p. 119, 1867.
Salmo iridea SUCKLEY, Monograph Genus Salmo, p. 129, 1874.
Salmo irideus JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, p. 144, 1876.
Salmo irideus HALLOCK, Sportsman’s Gazetteer, and of writers on fish and fish-
culture generally.
Salmo irideus JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, p. 358, 1878.
Salmo rivularis AYRES, Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Se. p. 43.
1856—Fario gairdnert GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. p. 219, (not Salmo gairdneri
Rich., a species with the ‘ caudal fin semilunate” and ‘no hyoid teeth”;
hence neither the present fish nor S. clarkii Rich.).
Fario gairdneri GIRARD, Pac. R. R. Expl. Fishes, p. 313, pl. 71, f. 1-4, 1858.
1858—Fario newberrii GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. p. 224, 1858, (substitute for
gairdneri).
Salmo newberrii SUCKLEY, Monograph Genus Salmo, p. 159, 1874.
Salmo newberryi JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, p. 144, 1876.
1858—Fario clarkiti GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. p. 219, (not Salmo clarkii Rich.).
Foario clarkii GiRARD, Pac. R. R. Expl. Fishes, p. 314, pl. 71, f. 5-8, 1858.
1260—Salmo masoni SUCKLEY, Nat. Hist. Washington Terr. p. 345, (substitute for clarkit).
Salmo masoni SUCKLEY, Monograph Salmo, p. 134, 1874.
Salmo masoni JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, p. 144, 1876.
1260—? Salmo gairdneri SUCKLEY, Nat. Hist. Washington Terr. p. 331, (not of Richardson).
? Salmo gairdneri SUCKLEY, Monograph Salmo, p. 114, 1874.
1867—Salmo purpuratus GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vi, p. 116, 1867, (in part; prob-
ably not of Pallas, whose specimens came from Siberia, = Salmo mykiss Wal-
baum, = Salmo muikisi Bloch, both names prior to Pallas, who gives ‘‘ Mykiss”
as the vernacular name of purpuratus).
Habitat.—California to British Columbia, in streams of or west of the
Sierra Nevada and Cascade Ranges.
This abundant Trout is represented by several specimens. In justifi-
cation of the above synonymy, I may say that I have examined speci-
mens purporting to be the types of irideus Gibbons, rivularis Ayres,
newberrii Girard, masoni Suckley, and gairdneri Suckley, and that I
have no hesitation in considering all (excepting gairdneri Suckley) as
representatives of a single species.
The type of S. newberrii, which Dr. Suckley was unable to find, is a
well-preserved young fish, without hyoid teeth. It has a rather wider
maxillary than is usual in irideus and rather smaller scales (33-146-33),
and the vomerine teeth are in a single, somewhat zigzag row. Never-
theless, I believe it to be an irideus, with which it agrees in every other
respect.
The types of S. masoni, the one a moth-eaten skin and the other a
specimen in alcohol, are not different in any respect from the ordinary
irideus. Notwithstanding Dr. Suckley’s statement that the scales in his
type are “double the size of irideus”, his typical specimens have each
about 130 scales in a longitudinal series, which is about the usual num-
ber in trideus.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 17
The type of S. gairdneri, Suckley, is a large stuffed skin, badly
stretched, and in very poor condition. Iam not able certainly to iden-
tify it.
As Dr. Giinther found about 130 rows of scales in his S. purpuratus, I
have referred it to the present species rather than to S. clarki. As else-
where stated, I consider it rather unsafe to identify fresh-water Salmon
from America and Asia as belonging to the same species before the
species of either region have been critically studied.
4. SALMO CLARKI Richardson.
Subspecies CLARKI.
Salmon Trout of the Columbia.
1836— Salmo clarkti RICHARDSON, Fauna Boreali-Americana, iii, p. 224.
Salmo clarkii STORER, Synopsis, p. 197, 1846.
Salmo clarkii HERBERT, Frank Forrester, Fish and Fishing, Supplement, p. 40,
1850.
Salmo clarkii SUuCKLEY, Nat Hist. Washington Terr. p. 344, 1860.
Salmo clarkii SUCKLEY, Monograph Genus Salmo, p. 112, 1874.
Salmo clarkii JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, p. 359, 1878.
Salar clarkii JORDAN, Catalogue Fishes N. A. p. 430, 1875.
1856—Fario stellatus GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. p. 219.
Fario stellatus GIRARD, Rept. Pac. R. R. Expl. p. 316, pl. 69, f. 5-8, 1858.
Fario siellatus SUCKLEY, Nat. Hist. Wash. Terr. p. 346, pl. 69, f. 5-8, 1860.
Salmo stellatus GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vi, p. 117, 1867.
Salmo iridea var. stellatus SUCKLEY, Monograph Genus Salmo, p. 130, 1874.
1856—Fario tsuppitch GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. viii, p. 218, (not Salmo tsuppitch
Rich.).
Fario tsuppitch GrraRD, Rept. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fishes, p. 300, 1858.
1858—Salmo gibbsii SUCKLEY, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. Nat. Hist. vii, p. 1, 1858, (substitute for
isuppitch Grd.).
Salmo gibbsii SUCKLEY, Nat. His. Wash. Terr. p. 332, 1860.
Salmo gibbsiti GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vii, p. 119, 1867.
Salmo gibbsii SUCKLEY, Monograph Genus Salmo, p. 141, 1874.
Salmo gibbsii JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, p. 144, 1876.
1861—Salmo brevicauda SUCKLEY, Ann. N. Y. Lye. Nat. Hist. vii, p. 308.
Salmo brevicauda GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vi, p. 120, 1867.
Salmo brevicauda SUCKLEY, Monograph Genus Salmo, p. 140, 1874.
Salmo brevicauda JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, p. 144, 1876.
Subspecies AURORA.
Missouri River Trout. Utah Trout. Yellowstone Trout.
1856—Fario aurora GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. viii, p. 218.
Fario aurora GIRARD, Pac. R. R. Surv. Fishes, p. 303, pl. 68, 1858.
Salmo aurora SUCKLEY, Nat. Hist. Wash. Terr. p. 343, 1860.
Salmo aurora GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vi, p. 119, 1867.
Salmo aurora SuCKLEY, Monograph Genus Salmo, p. 110, 1874.
Salmo aurora JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, p. 144, 1876.
Salmo clarkii var. aurora JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, p. 359, 1878.
1856—Salar lewisi GrrarD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. viii, p. 219, 1856.
Salar lewisi GIRARD, Pac. R. R. Surv. Fishes, p. 29, pl. 71, 1858.
Salmo (Salar) lewisi SuCKLEY, Nat. Hist. Wash. Terr. p. 348, 1860.
Salmo lewist GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vi, p. 122, 1867.
Salmo lewisi SUCKLEY, Monograph Genus Salmo, p. 139, 1874.
Salmo lewist JoRDAN & COPELAND, Check List, p. 144, 1876.
78 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
1856—Salar virginalis GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. viii, p. 229, 1856.
Salar virginalis GIRARD, Pac. R. R. Expl. Fishes, p. 320, 1858,
Salmo (Salar) virginalis SUCKLEY, Nat. Hist. Wash. Terr. p. —, 1860.
Salmo virginalis GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vi, p. 123, 1867.
Salmo virginalis Cope, Hayden, Geol. Surv. Montana, 1871, p. 469, 1872.
Salmo virginalis SUCKLEY, Monograph Genus Salmo, p. 135, 1874.
Salmo virginalis CopE & YARROW, Zodl. Lieut. Wheeler’s Expl. W. 100th Mer.
.—, 1876.
mie virginalis JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, p. 144, 1876.
1872—Salmo carinatus Cope, Hayden’s Geol. Surv. Montana, 1871, p. 471, 1872.
Salmo carinatus JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, p. 144, 1876.
1874—Salmo utah SUCKLEY, Monograph Genus Salmo, p. 136, 1874.
Salmo utah JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, p. 144, 1876.
Examination of a very large series of the Salars with hyoid teeth has
convinced the writer that all (excepting S. stomias and WS. henshawt) be-
long to a single species, although two, and possibly three, or even four
subspecies or varieties may be distinguished. For this species the
name Salmo clarki is the name to be retained, as almost the only import-
ant character which Richardson was able to assign to this species is
that of the patch of teeth on the hyoid bone. No other species of this
group possessing this character is as yet known from the Columbia.
Specimens examined from Utah, from the Rio Grande, from the head-
waters of the Missouri, Yellowstone, Platte, and Snake Rivers, as well
as the types of Fario aurora from the Columbia, possess much smaller
scales than typical clarki (i. e., stellatus Grd.). These may be really spe-
cifically distinct, but intermediate specimens occur; and until this Rocky
Mountain species can be better defined as distinct from the Columbia
River species, it is best to consider it as var. aurora of the latter.
The typical specimens of Fario stellatus Girard are still preserved.
I consider them as typical of Salmo clarki. This perfectly distinct
species is almost the only one described by previous writers, which Dr.
Suckley ventured to discard, he confounding it with S. wrideus, yet of
all our species of Salar, irideus and clarki (stellatus) are technically the
most distinct.
The types of S. brevicauda Suckley are still preserved, but are almost
decayed. One of them is certainly a clarki, probably sea-run; the other
is past recognition.
The types of Fario aurora are still preserved in the same condition
as when first described and figured. They are well kept as to the
bodies, but the scales are all rubbed off, an accident apparently not
noticed by Dr. Girard’s artist, which accounts for the peculiar squama-
tion shown in the published figure. These specimens are young, and
very chubby; but as they have hyoid teeth and show no points of dis-
tinction from VS. lewisi Grd., I identify them as belonging to the same
species. The remarks of Dr. Suckley on the description of such speci-
mens as new species are so pertinent that I will quote them here. ‘They
would perhaps have sounded better, however, if he himself had sup-
pressed his own Salmo warreni, Salmo gibbsii, aud other more or less
purely complimentary species.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 79
“The naming of Salmonide, and the description of new species, based
on the characters of young, partially grown fish, cannot be too strongly
reprobated. There is already too much confusion in the synonymy of the
different kinds; and if the practice of describing and naming new
species from the characters of unidentified immature individuals is not
stopped, the study of the relations of the species will become so com-
plicated, that useful classification will be next to impossible, and the
principal object and usefulness of scientific arrangement, such as sim-
plifies the study of natural history in other branches, will be greatly
impaired.”—(Suckley, Monograph Salmo, p. 113.)
The types of Salar lewisi are still preserved. The onefigured by Girard
seems to be a female specimen, in very flabby condition. It is quite deep-
bodied and has a smaller head and mouth than is usual in this species.
Other specimens from the same waters agree more or less completely in
these respects with S. virginalis, so that it does not seem possible to
consider the Missouri River Trout as even varietally distinct.
The types of Salmo carinatus I have not seen. They were from the
Yellowstone, and so far as the description is concerned seem to beloug
to this species.
The types of Salar virginalis are likewise preserved. They represent
the ordinary form of this species in the Rocky Mountain region, and
hence are typical of what I call var. aurora.
The original type of Salmo gibbsii, a stretched skin in poor condition,
is now lost. If the species is not identical with Salmo clarki, it is likely
to remain uncertain.
Salmo clarki Richardson is identified by Dr. Giinther with Salmo pur-
puratus Pallas (Salmo mykiss Walbaum) of Kamtschatka. Giinther’s
Salmo purpuratus, however, appears to be Salmo irideus, and not the
present species, and an identification of a fresh-water salmon from Cali-
fornia with a Kamtschatkan salmon is very uncertain. In regard to the
migratory salmon, however, the case is different.
5. SALVELINUS SPECTABILIS (Girard) Gill & Jordan.
Pacific Red-spotted Trout.
1856—Salmo spectabilis GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. p. 218, (not Salar spectchilis
Valenciennes).
Salmo spectabilis GIRARD, Pac. R. R. Expl. Fishes, p. 307, 1858.
Salmo spectabilis SUCKLEY, Nat. Hist. Wash. Terr. p. 342, 12360.
Salvelinus spectabilis JORDAN, Man Vert. ed. 2d, p. 360, 1878.
Salvelinus spectabilis JORDAN, Cat. Fishes N. A. p. 430, 1878.
1861—Salmo parkei SUCKLEY, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y. vii, p. 309.
Salmo parkit GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vii, p. 121, 1867.
Salmo parkei SUCKLEY, Monograph Genus Salmo, p. 149, 1874.
Salmo parkei JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, p. 144, 1876.
Salmo parkiti HALLOCK, Sportsman’s Gazetter, p. 347.
1861— Salmo campbelli SUCKLEY, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. vii, p.313, (substitute for epectabilis).
Salmo campbelli GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vi, p. 148, 1867.
Salmo campbelli SucKLEY, Monograph Genus Salmo, p. 118, 1874.
Salmo campbelli HaLLock, Sportsman’s Gazetteer, p. 349.
80 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
The Charrs, or Salvelini, form a strongly marked group, which has
several times been distinguished as generically or subgenerically differ-
ent from the true Salmons. The absence of teeth on the shaft of the
vomer has been the character most usually relied on to distinguish the
Charrs. A more important character is, however, seen in the form of the
bone, which is boat-shaped, with the shaft short and depressed. The
Charrs are further distinguishable by the very small size of the scaies,
and also by the coloration, they being always red-spotted, and. with the
lower fins peculiarly colored.
No one who examines tke skull of the Charr can doubt its generic
distinctness from Salmo. The question of the nomenclature of the
genus is a matter perhaps of some uncertainty. The group has long
been known as Salvelini, but that name was hardly given by Nilsson
in the usual generic or subgeneric sense, but merely as a plural noun
referring to an assemblage of species.
In 1836, Richardson used the name Salvelinus for the *“ subgenus” of
Charrs. The use of the name.in nomenclature therefore dates from
Richardson. 7
In 1842, DeKay founded his genus Baione on the young of one of the
species of Charr (8S. fontinalis); Baione is therefore a synonym of Salve-
linus, although given under a different supposition.
Somewhat later, the genus Umbla was proposed by Rapp for those
Salvelinit which have teeth on the hyoid bone. As Salmo salvelinus L.,
the presumable type of Salvelinus, has such teeth, Umbla probably is also
amere synonym of Salvelinus. That the character of byoid teeth is not
a generic one in this case is evident from the close relationship of. such
species as S. oquassa and SN. spectabilis, with hyoid teeth, with S. fonti-
nalis and SN. bairdi, species destitute of such teeth. The teeth in S. spee-
tabilis and S. oquassa are too few and small for their absence or presence
to be a generic character. In the subgenus Salar, the case is precisely
the same. ,
In 1867, Dr. Giinther proposed a genus Hucho for the Salvelini with-
out hyoid teeth. The genus cannot stand on that basis, but neverthe-
less it appears to be valid, its type, Salmo hucho L. (Hucho germanorum
Giinther), being a Pike-like fish, very unlike, both in form and habits,
the genuine species of Salvelinus. The single known species of Hucho
as thus restricted, inhabits the Danube.
The remaining subdivision of the old genus Salmo, for which the
name Cristivomer has been proposed by Dr. Gill and myself, is peculiar
to the lakes of the northern part of America.
The relations of Cristivomer are éntirely with Salvelinus, a fact which
has not hitherto been noticed. Its vomer differs, however, from that of
Salvelinus in being provided with a raised crest flush with the head or
chevron of the bone. This crest is posteriorly free from the vomer for
some distance, and is armed with a series of stout teeth. There is also”
a strong band of hyoid teeth, the dentition generally being more com-
plete than in most other Salmons. )
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 81
The scales in Cristivomer are quite small, and the species are gray-
spotted. There are probably but two species, Cristivomer namaycush *
(Walbaum) and Cristivomer siscowet (Agassiz).
The species of Salvelinus known within the limits of the United
States are compared below. The species from British America, Salve-
linus stagnalis (Fabricius) (= S. nitidus and S. alipes Rich.), S. rosst Rich.,
S. hoodi Rich., S. lordi Giinther, 8. arcturus Giinther, and S. tudes Cope,
I have not seen. Most or all of them are probably valid. Salvelinus
bairdi, of the Pacific coast, is very near Salvelinus fontinalis, and may
be a variety of it; but never having seen it in life, 1 am not by any
means prepared so to consider it.
Common characters :—River Salmon, not anadromous, with the vomer boat-shaped, some-
what carinate below; a few teeth on the posterior part of the chevron; none
on the depressed shaft: scales very small, more or less imbedded in the skin,
in 200-250 transverse series, those of the lateral line considerably enlarged .
fins moderate, the Jast ray of the dorsal not lengthened, shorter than any of the
other developed rays; caudal fin rather short, usually but little emarginate in
the adult, forked in the young: sides of the body with round red spots; lower
fins with a pale marginal band anteriorly, succeeded by a darker band; in sea-
run specimens, these spots and other markings are often obliterated, and a
more or less uniform silvery tint prevails: species not of the largest size, the
sexual peculiarities not very strongly marked, the adult mule usually with a.
fleshy projection at the tip of the lower jaw, which fits into a slight emargi-.
nation of the upper jaw.
a. Hyoid bone provided with a median band of teeth.
b. Body elongate, slender, considerably compressed, the depth about .20 of the
length of the body: caudal peduncle long and slender: head quite small, .21
of length of body; its upper surface flattish, .13} of length, the interorbital
space about .07: mouth quite small, the maxillary short and moderately
broad, .03 of length, not extending to the posterior margin of the eye; man-
dible .12 of length; snout, .05: scales quite small, in about 230 transverse
rows: caudal fin well forked; adipose fin rather small: coloration dark blue,
the red spots confined to the sides of the body, round, smaller than the pupil:
hyoid teeth numerous, small. Lakes of Maine ....--..-.---...----. OQUASSA.t
bb. Body stout, not greatly compressed, the back elevated, the depth .24 of the
length: head large, stout, broad, and flattened above, about .28 of length, its.
upper surface .17 of length, the interorbital space .08: mouth large, the max-.
illary extending beyond the eye .11 of length; the mandible, .16; the snout, .07:
hyoid bone with very few (3 or 4), rather strong teeth (sometimes deciduous):.
fins short, the caudal slightly forked ; adipose fin unusually large, its length
in adults nearly twice that of the eye: scales very small, in about 240 trans-
verse rows: red spots on the sides quite large, about the size of the pupil ;
back covered with very distinct spots, similar to those on the sides, but rather
smaller, the dorsal spots said to be cream-colored or greenish in life, rather
than red. Streams west of the Sierra Nevada .........--...-... SPECTABILIS..
* Namaycush Salmon, Pennant.—Salmo namaycush Walbaum, 1792, = Salmo namaycusk
Bloch, 1801,= Salmo pallidus Rafinesque, 1817, = Salmo amethystus Mitchill, 1818, = Salmo
confinis DeKay, = Salmo symmetrica Prescott, 1851, Salmo adarondacus Norris, 1564, =.
_ Salmo toma Hamlin, 1863.
__-t Salvelinus oquassa (Girard) Gill & Jordan.—Salmo oquassa, Girard, 1854.
Proc. Nat. Mus. 73-——6 August 6, i878.
82 FROCESVINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
aa. Hyoid bone without teeth.
c. Body elongate, moderately compressed, not much elevated, the depth @ of
length: head large and long, notably so in the adult, nearly .30 of length, 22
to .25 in the young; top of head .14 to .18 of length; interorbital space broad,
.07 to .08} of length; snout rather conical and pointed, .09 of length, blunter
in the young; mandible .22 of length in adult, .15 in young: eye small, nearly
in a line with the axis of the body: scales very small, similar to those in the
other species, in about 230 transverse rows: caudal fin little forked ; adipose
fin quite small, shorter than the eye; pectoral and ventral fins not elongate:
red spots about the size of the pupil, confined to the sides of the body, the
back being nearly plain. Rivers west of the Sierra Nevada......... BAIRDI.*
cc. Body oblong or elongate, moderately compressed, not much elevated, the
depth .20 to .30 of length: head large, but not very long, its length .21 to
.24 of length, the top about .14, the rather broad interorbital space about .07:
mouth large, the maxillary reaching more or less beyond the eye, about .10 of
length; the mandible about .15: eye large, more or less above the line of the
axis of the body: scales very small, in about 230 transverse rows: caudal fin
slightly lunate in the adult, forked in the young; adipose fin small; pectoral
and ventral fins not especially elongate: red spots on body chiefly confined to
the sides, rather less than the size of the pupil; the back and vertical fins
more or less barred or mottled ; coloration often plain in sea-run individuals.
Rivers from Little Tennessee in Georgia to Lake Superior and Hudson’s Bay.
VONTINALIS.+
The original type of S. spectabilis and of S. campbelli, the latter being
merely a substitute name, is still preserved in the National Museum.
Although badly decayed, its identity with the species here called spec-
tabilis is evident. The types of Salmo parkei are now lost, but that the
species is the same as S. spectabilis seems unquestionable. The name
spectabilis should now be retained for this fish, as the spectabilis of
Valenciennes, being a Salar, belongs to a different genus.
6. GILA OREGONENSIS (Richardson) Jordan.
1836—Cyprinus ( Leuciscus) oregonensis RICHARDSON, Fauna Bor.-Americana, iii, p. 305,
Leuciscus oregonensis DEKay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 215, 1842.
Leuciscus oregonensis Cuv. & Vau., Hist. Nat. des Poissons, xvii, p. 326, 1844,
Leuciscus oregonensis STORER, Synopsis Fishes N. A. p. 412, 1846,
Ptychocheilus oregonensis GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. p. 209, 1856.
Ptychocheilus oregonensis Girard, Pac. R. R. Expl. Fishes, p. 298, pl. 64, figs, 5-9,
1858.
Leuciscus oregonensis GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus, vii, p. 239, 1868.
Ptychochilus oregonensis JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List of Fishes, p. 151, 1876.
Gila oregonensis JORDAN, Catalogue Fishes N. A. p. 424, 1878,
1855—Ptychocheilus gracilis AGassiz, Am, Journ, Sci, Arts, xix, p. 229.
Specimens from the Clackamas River agree in all essential respects
with the descriptions given by Agassiz, Girard, and Giinther. The
* Salvelinus bairdi (Suckley) Gill & Jordan.—Salmo bairdii, Suckley, 1861.
+ Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill) Gill & Jordan.—Salmo fontinalis, Mitchill, 1814,—
Salmo allegheniensis, Rafinesque, 1820.—Salmo nigrescens, Rafinesque, 1820.—? Salmo —
hearnii, Rich., 182-.—Salmo canadensis, H. Smith, 1834.—Salmo erythrogaster, DeKay, —
1842.—Baione ’ fontinalis, DeKay, 1842.—Salmo immaculatus,H. R. Storer, 1850.—Salmo
hudsonicus, Suckley, 1861. The names immaculatus and canadensis were given to the
Canadian Salmon-Trout, which is a Brook-Trout run into the sea. ,
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 83
teeth are 2, 4-5, 2, not 2, 5-5, 2, and the folding of the lips, which sug-
gested the name Ptychochilus, is not an evident feature to me.
This species, which is the type of the genus Ptychochilus, is a true
species of the genus Gila as the characters of that genus are now under-
stood. The general physiognomy is similar, the head is long, slender,
and depressed, the mouth is very large and overlapped by the snout,
the caudal peduncle is slender; the scales are similarly small and
loosely imbricated, the dorsal fin is slightly behind the ventrals, the
anal fin is not elongate; the lips are normal; the pharyngeal teeth are
two-rowed, the inner row 5-4 or 5-5, and the intestinal canal is short.
In all these respects, the type of Ptychochilus agrees with the type of
Gila, and as no generic difference has been shown, Ptychochilus becomes
a synonym of Gila. At present, the fishes called Clinostomus by Girard
are referred to Gila. The two groups ought to be generically distin-
guishable. The typical species of each are very different in physiog-
nomy, but at present, as has been shown by Professor Cope, we are
unable to draw a line between them.
The other species referred to Ptychochilus are probably distinct from
oregonensis, but should ve compared with species of Gila and with each
other. If rapax and lucius have really the teeth 2, 4-4, 2, it may be
necessary to frame a separate genus for them, as they would hardly be
referable to Notropis or to Gila.
7. ACROCHILUS ALUTACEUS Agassiz & Pickering.
Hard-Mouths.
1855 —Acrocheilus alutaceus AGASSIZ & PICKERING, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, xix, p. 96.
Lavinia alutacea GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. 1856, p. 184.
Acrochilus alutaceus GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vii, p. 276, 1868.
Acrochilus alutaceus JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List Fishes, p. 146, 1876.
Acrochilus alutaceus JORDAN, Catalogue Fishes N. A. p. 418, 1878.
Several fine specimens of this very interesting species are in Mr.
Stone’s collection. As no detailed account has been given of the fish,
and as none of the authors mentioned in the above synonymy, excepting
Professor Agassiz, seem ever to have seen it, I give a description of one
of the specimens. The relations of this genus are doubtless with
Chondrostoma, but its teeth are fewer and differently formed.
General form and appearance of the species of Gila, but the head not
depressed, and more blunt forward.
- Body elongate, not much compressed, its sides more so than the cau-
dal peduncle; the greatest depth, over the ventrals, 4 inlength; caudal.
peduncle very long and very slender, unusualiy broad, nearly terete, its
length contained 4% times in the length of the body, its least depth 23
in length.
Head moderate, 44 in length of body, bluntish, the profile considera-
bly rounded, the interorbital space strongly convex. Mouth horizontal,
84 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
subinferior, overlapped by the broad, blunt snout, its breadth considera-
ble, but the maxillary not extending far back, not to opposite the front
of the eye. Upper jaw protractile, covered with a fleshy lip, inside of
which is a small, straight, cartilaginous plate, similar to that on the
lower jaw, but much smaller and not evident externally. Lower lip
covered with a firm cartilaginous plate, sharp externally, the upper
surface being formed by its bevelled edge. The transverse width of this
plate is between four and five times its (longitudinal) breadth. The
plate extends in nearly a straight line from one angle of the mouth to
the other; its transverse width is contained 2? times in the length of the
head. Hye rather large, 54 in head, 12 in snout, its position anterior
and not high up, 24 in interorbital space.
Fin-rays: Dorsal I,10. Ventrals, 9. Anal I, 9. Dorsal long, rather
low, its first ray just behind the first ray of ventrals, about over the
middle of the latter fin, midway between the snout and the middle of
the base of the caudal fin ; caudal fin very long, the lobes about equal,
longer than the head, widely forked, the accessory rays at its base
very numerous and recurrent on the caudal peduncle; about eight of
these may be distinguished on each side of the fin. Anal fin rather
large; ventrals broad, not reaching vent. Pectorals moderate, not
reaching two-thirds of the distance to the ventrals.
Seales quite small, somewhat imbedded in the skin, very Joosely
imbricated, or often scarcely imbricated at all, the exposed surfaces
longer than high, profusely punctate; squamation quite irregular; the
scales smaller on back and belly than on sides, most exposed on caudal
peduncle. Scales 21-85-13. Lateral line broadly decurved.
Coloration very dark, belly paler, but nearly all parts of the body
studded with minute dark points.
Teeth 5-4 (5 on the left side, 4 on the right), hooked, somewhat club-
shaped, with a broad masticatory surface.
Peritoneum black ; intestines much elongate, filled in this specimen
with vegetable substance, apparently fine leaves and branches of a
Sphagnum-like moss.
Length of specimen examined, one foot.
8. MYLOCHILUS CAURINUS (Richardson) Girard.
1836— Cyprinus (Leuciscus) caurinus RICHARDSON, Fauna Boreali-Americana, iii, p. 304.
Leuciscus caurinus DEKay, Zoology N. Y. Fishes, p. 215, 1842.
Leuciscus caurinus CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat.des Poissons, xvii, p.
325, 1844.
Leuciscus caurinus STORER, Synopsis Fishes N. Am. p. 159, 1846.
Mylocheilus caurinus GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci. Phila. p. 169, 1856,
Mylocheilus caurinus G1raRD, Pac. R. R. Expl. x, p. 213, pl. 46, f. 1-4, 1858.
Leucosomus caurinus GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. viiyp. 270, 1868,
Mylochilus caurinus JORDAN & COPELAND, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat, Hist. p, 155, 1876,
(name only). .
Mylochilus caurinus JoRDAN, Catalogue Fishes, p. 427, 1878.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 85
1855— Mylocheilus lateralis, AGAssIz, Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, p. 231.
Mylocheilus lateralis GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. p. 169, 1856.
Mylocheilus lateralis GIRARD, Pac. R. R. Expl. p. 213, pl. 48, f. 5-8, 1858,
Mylochilus lateralis JORDAN & COPELAND, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist. p. 155, 1876.
1856— Mylocheilus fraterculus GIRARD, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Phila. p. 169.
Mylocheilus fraterculus GIRARD, Pac. R. R. Expl. x, p. 215, pl. 45, f. 1-4, 1858.
Mylocheilus fraterculus COOPER, Nat. Wealth Cal. by Cronise, p. 496, 1868.
Mylochilus fraterculus JORDAN & COPELAND, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist. p. 155,
1876, (name only).
Habitat.—Northern California to British Columbia.
My specimens agree perfectly with Dr. Giinther’s description of his
Leucosomus caurinus, which was taken in part from Richardson’s orig-
inal types, except that the size of the eye in my fishes is proportionally
larger. Agassiz’s account of Mylocheilus lateralis answers in a general
way, except that I find no trace of anything which can be called a horny
sheath on the jaws. There is nothing in Girard’s trivial description of
Mylochilus fraterculus to indicate distinction. I therefore follow Dr.
Giinther in considering M. lateralis and M. fraterculus as mere synonyms
of M. caurinus. The genus Mylochilus resembles in form, squamation,
etc., the genus Gila. It has, however, a much smaller mouth than most
of the species of that genus. Its relations are rather with Pogonichthys
and Platygobio, from both of which it differs in the peculiar form of its
teeth as well as in the number of teeth. I find in the specimen before
me the teeth 2, 5-5, 2, the teeth of the smaller row quite small and close
together, and the innermost of the larger row much enlarged and trun-
cate, gradually diminishing in size to the uppermost, which is slender,
compressed, and hooked. I find no trace of a third row in my speci-
mens.
The genus Mylopharodon Ayres is perfectly distinct from Mylochilus,
the upper jaw being non-protractile, the dorsal behind the ventrals,
and no barbel at the angle of the maxillary. Mylopharodon thus far
apparently contains but a single species, the types of Gila conocephala
B. & G. and Mylopharodon robustus Ayres being, so far as I can see,
conspecific.
h-
A BEVIEW OF THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE GENUS SCOPS,
SAVIGNY.
By ROBERT RIDGWAY.
Previous to the publication, some two years since, of Mr. R. B. Sharpe’s
_ admirable work on the Strigide,* I had paid considerable attention to
_ the study of the American Scops-owls, but the lack of sufficient material
prevented my reaching any very positive conclusion as to several forms
of questioned validity. More recently, however, through the assistance
of several friends, among whom I may name in particular Mr. Osbert
- ea ere
* Catalogue of the Striges, or Nocturnal Birds of Prey, in the Collection of the British
Museum. By R. Bowdler Sharpe. London: Printed by order of the Trustees. 1875.
86 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Salvin, of England, and Mr. George N. Lawrence, of New York City.
(both of whom have kindly loaned me their entire series), I have been
enabled to bring together a collection amply sufficient to settle former
doubts.
The inference derived from a careful study of the materia! first in
hand was, that a greater number of species existed than were usually
recognized as valid; certain forms allied to S. brasilianus (Gwmel.),
named, but generally considered synonymous with some other spe-
cies, being represented by typical specimens, while there were no exam-
ples of intermediate character, the differences between these several
styles being moreover so obvious that it seemed scarcely possible they
could intergrade. I was therefore quite convinced that additional
material would confirm the view of their distinctness. Being thus
prejudiced, as if were, in my views of the relationship of the several
forms alluded to, I at first attempted to divide the new series accord-
ingly. Determined and repeated efforts failed, however, until I fully
realized the utter hopelessness of the attempt. Thus I was irresistibly,
though quite against my previous convictions, led to the same conclu-
sion as tbat reached by Messrs. Sclater and Salvin, and subsequently
adopted by Mr. Sharpe, that the several supposed species allied to S.
brasilianus are merely geographical, local, and individual variations of
the same species. No other view seems justifiable, in view of the com-
plete and unquestionable intergradation between the most extreme vari-
ations. The only alternative is to allow a very much greater number
of forms even than have been named, admitting at the same time the
intergradation of each with the other.
It has been remarked by an eminent author* that few, if any, birds
vary more in their feral state, both individually and otherwise, than
the owls, and that of all the genera of this family the present one is
the most variable. In this opinion I fully agree, for I have rarely had
amore difficult and, | may say, more unsuccessful task than my attempt
to elucidate the several species and “races” treated in the present
memoir.
In the first place, the plumage is characterized by confused markings
in the form of zigzags, “ herring-bone” picture, and minute vermicula-
tions, having much the same general character in all, the difference
between the several species in the pattern of coloration being exceed-
ingly difficult of description. Next, there is the perplexing condition
of ‘‘dichromatism”, the same species having two very distinet phases
of plumage—a gray phase, which may be considered the normal dress,
and a rufous phase, which is an extreme development of the variation
called ‘“erythrism”. These two extreme phases, which it is to be remem-
bered do not depend at all upon age, sex, or season, being purely an —
individual peculiarity, are in each species so very unlike that corre- —
sponding phases of the several really distinct species resemble one —
* Sharpe, t.¢., p. 44.
’
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 87
another very much more closely than do the two extreme phases of any
one species! The geographical variations are ‘also unusually pro-
nounced, while last, but by no means least of the obstacles presented,
is the very great range of individual variation within even a limited
area of country.
Genus SCOPS, Savigny.
= Scops, SAVIGN., Descr. de Egypte, 1809, 291 (type, Strix scops, Linn.).—Cass., in
Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 51.—CougEs, Key, 1872, 202.—B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B.
iii, 1874, 47.—< SHARPE, Cat. Strig. Brit. Mus. 1875, 43 (includes Lophostriz,
Less.).
= Ephialites, Keys. & Buias., Witb. Eur. 1840, p. xxxiil (type, Strix scops, Linn.— Nec
Schrank, 1802).
? Pisorhina, Kaup, Isis, 1848, 769 (type, Scops menadensis, Quoy & Gaim.).
= Megascops, KauP, 1. c. (type, Strix lempiji, Horsf.).
? Acnemis, KAUP, l. c. (type, Scops gymnopodus, Gray).
? Ptilopsis, KAuP, l.c. (type, Strix leucotis, Temm.).
= Lempijius, BonaP., Rey. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, 542 (type, Otus semitorques, Schleg.).
Generic Characters.—Small owls with distinct ear-tufts, the tarsus
more or less feathered (usually completely feathered), the wings ample
(more than twice the length of the short, slightly rounded tail), the
plumage exceedingly variegated with vermiculations, cross-bars, and
mottlings; toes naked or bristled—never completely feathered, except
toward the base.
The above brief diagnosis is sufficient to characterize this group. In
general aspect the species of this genus are miniatures of those which
belong to the genus Bubo, and are perhaps as nearly related structu-
rally to the latter as to any other members of the family.
All the American species have the outer webs of the scapulars mostly
light-colored (generally white, with a blackish terminal border—rusty-
ochraceous in flammeolus and the darker forms of brasilianus), producing
a more or less distinct stripe along each side of the dorsal region; the
feathers of the upper and lower parts usually with blackish shaft-
streaks, those beneath generally with narrow transverse bars; outer
webs of the remiges with light-colored spots, and the tail more or less
distinctly (never sharply) banded. All the species are, in some part of
their range, dichromatic, having a bright rufous phase, quite different
from the “‘ normal” grayish plumage.
Key to the Species.
A.—Toes and lower half (or more) of tarsus completely naked....1. S. nudipes.
B.—Toes alone (or with merely lower end of tarsus) completely
MMMOR rea dh eco wace se dae ad asco be tues So atoe wile te cs ag 2. S. brasilianus.
3. S. barbarus.
4, S. flammeolus.
C.—Toes strongly bristled, sometimes densely feathered at base..5. S. asio.
6. S. cooperi.
By the above characters, the American species of this genus are
readily divided into three groups. It now remains to distinguish
88 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
between the species of each group, which is a much more difficult matter.
Passing by group A., which contains only S. nudipes, the three species
belonging to group B. may be distinguished as follows :—
a.—Toes stout, with strong claws. Wing exceeding 5.75 inches (rare-
ly less than 6.00, and ranging to nearly 8.00 inches); tail
more than 3.15 .... i:ss-s9045-08they-e- eae Ba epee 2. S. brasilianus.
b.—Toes weak and slender, with weak claws. Wing less than 5.75
inches (ranging in length from 5.10 to 5.60); tail less than
3.15 (2.60-3.10).
Feathers of the outer margin of the face with their shafts pro
duced into slender, soft, hair-like, curved bristles, forming a
conspicuous ruff, the anterior side concave. Plumage coarsely
spotted, above and below: .... .2-. 2. s6s ose se- an ee eee 3. S. barbarus.
Feathers of the outer margin of the face with their shafts not
conspicuously developed. Plumage finely vermiculated,
above and below, the outer scapulars having orange-buff
spots on the outer webs. ccs. Js 02-> ssn easement 4, S. flammeolus.
The above brief diagnoses are probably sufficient to distinguish these
three very distinct species in all their numerous variations. The differ-
ences are very much more easily perceived than defined, the birds having
an entirely different aspect when compared with one another. Of the
three, S. brasilianus varies almost indefinitely, but may always be
known by its much stouter toes and stronger claws, as well as by its
larger size, even in the smallest race (8S. cassint), although the differ-
ence in dimensions is sometimes so slight as to be perceptible only
by actual measurement. S. barbarus is distinguished by the coarseness
of its markings, which partake of the character of roundish or trans-
versely-oblong spots, rather than fine vermiculations, and by the peculiar
development of the shafts of the facial feathers. 8S. flammeolus is
slightly smaller than S. barbarus, and of quite different build, having
an extremely light and slender body, with small head, the wings thus
seeming very long in proportion. As to colors, it may ordinarily be
distinguished from all the other species by the pronounced orange-bufft
tint of the outer webs of the outer row of scapulars, these being in most
others white, or, if not white, of a more sombre shade of buff and ful-
vous, the plumage being otherwise quite different. According to Mrs.
M. A. Maxwell, who has in her finely-mounted collection of Colorado
birds a very beautiful specimen, the iris of this species is of a deep
hazel, or umber-brown; should this prove constant, it will afford an
excellent character, since the iris in nearly if not all the other species is
known to be a bright lemon-, or gamboge-, yellow.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 89
A.—Lower half or more of the tarsus completely naked, like the toes.
1. SCOPS NUDIPES.
Bubo nudipes, VIEILL., Ois. Am. Sept. 1807, pl. 22.
Scops nudipes, Cuv., Rég. Anim. 1829, 347.—STRICKL., Orn. Syn. I, 1855, 203.—Lawr.,
Ann. Lye. N. Y. IX, 1868, 132 (Costa Rica).—SaLvw, P. Z. 8. 1870, 216 ( Veragua).—
Sct. & Satv., Nom. Neotr. 1873, 117 (Costa Rica to Columbia).—SHARPE, Cat.
Strig. Brit. Mus. 1875, 121 (Veragua; Costa Rica).—Bowc., Cat. Av. 1876, 91
( Veragua).
Ephialites nudipes, GRAY, Genera B. I, 1844, 38.
Acnemis nudipes, BONAP., Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, 542.
Strix psilopoda, VrEILL., Nouv. Dict. XVI, 1817, 46.
Hab.—Costa Rica and Veragua.
DiaGcnosis.—“Adult. Above sandy rufous, vermiculated with black,
much darker on the back than on the head, the dorsal feathers black in
_the centre, barred and spotted with sandy rufous, these bars more dis-
tinct on the scapulars, the outermost of which are silvery white, exter-
nally tipped with black; wing-coverts decidedly darker than the back,
the innermost of the least series uniform blackish brown, the rest spot-
ted and barred with sandy rufous, the bars especially broad on the
greater series, some of which have a tolerably large buffy white spot
near the tip of the outer web; spurious quills externally notched with
sandy rufous, inclining here and there to whitish; primary coverts
nearly uniform blackish brown, with a few bars of sandy rufous near
the tips of the outer webs; quills blackish brown, the inner webs of
the primaries quite uniform, excepting for a few yellowish bars near the
bases of the interior feathers, the secondaries indistinctly barred with
ashy brown on the inner webs, all the quills externally barred with
sandy rufous, paler and more fulvons on the outer web of the primaries,
the innermost secondaries mottled and barred with sandy rufous, and
resembling the scapulars; tail blackish brown, with seven feebly indi-
cated narrow bars of sandy rufous; head and neck decidedly clearer
than the back, and somewhat inclining to chestnut, the feathers black
in the centre, and laterally barred with the same, giving a generally
barred appearance to these parts; lores and sides of face bright bay,
the loral plumes blackish at tip, and the ear-coverts with a few indis-
tinet cross bars of black; over the eye a few white-barred feathers,
forming a faint eyebrow; ear-tufts lighter than the crown, orange
rufous, broadly barred with black at the tips; under surface of body
sandy rufous, many of the feathers coarsely vermiculated with black,
the breast-feathers streaked and laterally barred with black, these black
markings less distinct on the flanks and abdomen, on which parts are
tolerably distinct bars of white; leg-feathers bright orange-rufous, with
a few narrow brown bars on the tibia; under tail-coverts white, barred
across with sandy rufous; under wing-coverts fulvous, thickly mottled
with brown near the outer edge of the wing, which is white, the lower
series dark brown, like the inner lining of the quills; bill yellowish;
90 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. :
feet yellowish, claws horn-colour. Total length 10 inches, wing 6-8, —
tail 4:1, tarsus 1:55, bare part of latter 0°85. (Mus. Salvin and Godman.) ©
‘‘ Obs. My description is taken from a specimen obtained at Calobre, in
-Veragua, by Arcé, and kindly lent to me by Mr. Salvin. He has at the
same time lent me another specimen, obtained by the same collector in
Costa Rica. This latter bird differs in several pvints from the one
described, having more of the general aspect of Scops pennatus of the
Himalayas; it is clear sandy in colour, the black forming regular bars
across the plumage, the subterminal one very broad, and giving the
appearance of large black spots to the upper surface; feathers of the
crown centred with black, the sandy-colored interspaces forming very
distinct spots, the ear-tufts being still lighter, and barred across with
whitish ; the white spots on the scapulars, wing-coverts, and outer webs
of primaries very distinct, as are also the white bars on the lower sur-
face, many of them being apparent also on the chest-feathers; the quills
barred with ashy brown on their inner webs, inclining to sandy buff on
the secondaries. Total length 9°5 inches, wing 6°8, tail 4, tarsus 1°45,
bare part of the latter 0°65.”
The only specimens of this species which I have seen are several
borrowed from Mr. Salvin, and returned to him without descriptions
having been taken from them. I therefore quote Mr. Sharpe’s account
of the species (I. ¢.).
B.—Toes only, or with, at most, the extreme lower portion of the tarsus,
completely naked,
2. SCOPS BRASILIANUS.
a, brasilianus,
Strix brasiliana, GMEL., 8. N. I, i, 1788, 289 (ex Briss., I, 499).
Strix choliba, VrerLu., Nouy. Dict. xiv, 1817, 39 (ex Azara, Apunt. II, 218).
Strix decussata, Licut., Verz. Doubl. 1823, 59.
Strix crucigera, Sp1x, Av. Bras, I, 1825, 22, pl. 9.
Strix undulata, Sp1x, t. ¢. pl. 10.
? Scops lophotes, Less., Traité, I, 1831, 107.
Ephialites argentina, Licut., Nomencl. 1854, 7.
B. atricapillus. —
Strix atricapilla, “Natr.”, Tem™., Pl. Col. II, 1838, pl. 145,
Ephialites watsoni, CASSLIN, Pr. Phila. Acad. IV, 1849, 123,
y. ustus,
Scops usta, Scu., P. Z. 8. March 9, 1858, 132,
6, guatemala.
Scops brasilianus, subsp. 3. Scops guatemala, SuarPE, Cat. Striges Brit. Mus. 1875, 112,
pl. ix.
e. Cassini,
Scops brasilianus, e. cassini, RipGw., MS.
The above synonymy will serve to show what names I would bring —
together under the specific head of Scops brasilianus (Gmel.) on account —
'
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES‘ NATIONAL MUSEUM. 91
of the complete intergradation of the forms which they designate; it
will also indicate the number and names of the more pronourced races
I have been able to make out, arranged in chronologica! sequence, the
full synonymy of each being given separately further on.
There are now before me 44 specimens of Scops-owls from Tropical
America, different specifically from S. barbarus, S. flammeolus, and S.
nudipes, and also very distinct from the hairy-toed members of the
genus. This series appears, at first sight, to be made up of several
distirict species, there being no less than six very pronounced types
of coloration represented ; these different styles being so exceedingly
different in appearance that in the absence of intermediate specimens
no one would hesitate to recognize their specific distinctness.
These different styles are more or less characteristic of separate geo-
graphical areas; thus, the ‘brasilianus” type prevails over Eastern
South America, ‘‘ustus” in Upper Amazonia and in Columbia, “ guate-
male” in Central America, and ‘cassini” in Eastern Mexico. They
thus partake somewhat of the nature of geographical races; were they
strictly such, the case would be very much simplified; but such, unfor-
tunately, is not the case, since it frequently occurs that extreme speci-
mens of one form may be found in a region of which it is not typical,
while several, if not all, of them may be represented in a sufficiently
extensive series from a single district! Thus, we have true * guatemale”
from Bahia, Brazil; pure brasilianus from Costa Rica and Guatemala;
and a specimen apparently very much like “ustus” from Sta. Catarina,
S. E. Brazil.
In the absence of specimens of neutral or intermediate character,
these facts would not be antagonistic to the theory of specific distinct-
ness of the forms named above, but, on the contrary, would be decidedly
confirmative, since they would do away with the probability that the
variations are purely the result of geographical impress. Generalized
specimens, however, or those which are not typical of either one or the
other of the several reces, constitute a very large proportion of the
whole.*
It is in consideration of all these facts that we are led to conclude
that the several particular forms we have named above, however distinct
they may appear when the most specialized examples are compared,
are but “strains” of a single species, tending toward the establishment
of permanent geographical races (and in the course of time distinct spe-
cies), but which, in consequence of the non-extinction of specimens of
a generalized nature, have not yet passed the incipient stage.
The variations in this species involve not only differences in the
colors themselves, but in the character and distribution of the markings,
scarcely two examples being exactly alike. Variations of a purely
mediate between guatemale and brasilianus that it cannot be referred more properly to
one than to the other.
i
92 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
individual nature, however, are best treated under the head of each
particular race.
a. brasilianus.
Le Hibou de Brésil, Briss., Orn. I, 1760, 499 (Brazil ; = rufous phase, with feathers of
lower surface distinctly rufous below thesurface, and sharply barred).
Strix brasiliana, GMEL., S. N. I, i, 1788, 289 (ex Briss., J. ¢.).
Scops brasilianus, GRAY, Hand-l. I, 1869, 47 (part).—Sci. & Satv., P. Z. S. 1868, 629
(Venezuela); 1870, 782 (Merida, Venezuela); 1873, 304 (HE. Perw); Nom. Neotr.
1873, 117 (part).—SHarpE, Cat. Strig. Brit. Mus. 1875, 108 (Bahia; Para;
Island of Mexiana; Upper Amazons ; Cayenne; Trinidad ; Caraccas ; Antioquia ;
Columbia).—FInscu, P. Z. 8. 1870, 557 ( Trinidad*).—Bouc., Cat. Av. 1876, 91.
Ephialites brasiliensis, GRAY, Genera B. I, 1844, 35.
Otus brasiliensis, TEMM. & SCHLEG., Fauna Jap. 1845, 25.
Scops brasiliensis, BoNap., Consp. I, 1850, 46.—Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1852, 112.—
ScHLeG., Mus. P.-B. Oti, 1862, 21; Rev. Acc. 1873, 11.
Megascops brasiliensis, KAUP, t. c. 228.
Asio brasiliensis, BONAP., Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, 543.
Choliba, Azara, Apunt. II, 1802-05, 218.
Strix choliba, VIFILL., Nouv. Dict. XVI, 1817, 39 (ex Azara, l. ¢.), (= “ brasilianus”
style, with feathers of lower parts distinctly orange-rufous below surface,
etc.).
Ephialites choliba, GRAY, Genera B. I, 1844, 38.—PEtz., Orn. Bras. 1870, 9.
Scops choliba, D’ORB., Voy. Ois. 1835~44, 132.—TscuupI, Fauna Per. 1844, 118.—
STRICKL., Orn. Syn. I, 1855, 204.—Lawre., Ann. Lyc. N. Y. VI, 1862, 462 (New
Granada).—Scu. & Saty., P. Z. 8. 1866, 198.
Strix decussata, LicuT., Verz. Doubl. 1823, 59.
Scops decussata, BURM., Th. Bras. II, 1856, 126 (grayish phase).
Stric crucigera, Sprx, Av. Bras. I, 1824, 22, pl. 9.
Strix undulata, Spix, t.c. pl. 10.
Ephialites argentina, Licut., Nom. 1854, 7.—ScHLEG., Mus. P.-B, Oti, 1862, 21.
Scops argentina, GRAY, Handl. I, 1869, 47.
? Scops lophotes, LEss., Traité, I, 1831, 107.t\—PUCHERAN, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1849, 22
* “One specimen, agreeing with Brazilian specimens.”
t “Tout le dessus du corps brun foncé, ponctué de roux, mais par points trés-ténus,
trés-rapprochés et trés-nombreux. Les dessous du corps roux, flammé de noir, formant
une masse brune sur la poitrine; les hbuppes élargies 4 la base. Patrie inconnue.
“ Observ. On doit ajouter 4 ce sous-genre le HIBOU CHAPERONNE, Strix atricapilla, *
Temm., pl. 145, du Brésil, et le HiBOU NOCTULE, Strix noctula, Reinw., Temm., pl. 99, de
Java et de Sumatra, qui est peut-étre l’espéce 25, Rtprite sous le nom de Scops de Java.”
[ Lesson, l. ¢.]
From the description alone, as quoted above, it is anabnieay impossible to decide to
which of the races of 8S. brasilianus this reference belongs. It is quite as likely to be
a synonym of the form we distinguish as atricapillus, Temm. (see p.95). Sclater and
Salvin (Ex. Orn VII, 1868, p. 102), who have seen Lesson’s type, say that it is “ proba-
bly only a paler form” of S. brasilianus. Another name, usually referred to S. brasili- :
anus, but which we are in doubt about, is Scops portoricensis, Less. (Traité, I, 1831,
107.—‘‘ Scops de Porto Rico”). We have never seen a specimen of this genus from
any of the West India islands, but think it quite likely that peculiar races exist there.
Of this bird also, Messrs. Sclater and Salvin ‘‘ have seen the type-specimens, . . . in the
Paris Museum, and have been unable to distinguish it from S. brasilianus.” We quote
below Lesson’s description in full :—
“Dun gris-roux glacé, strié en long de flammeches roux-brun, plus finement strié en
travers; deux huppes élargies et triangulaires sur les cétés de la téte; taille un peu
plus forte, et teinte. beaucoup plus blonde que l’espéce d’Europe. Habite Vile de Porto-
Rico. (Mus. de Paris, Maugé.)”
PROCHEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 93
‘(critical).—Bonap., Consp. I, 1850, 46.—StrickL., Orn. Syn. I, 1855, 204.—
Scr. & Satyv., Ex. Orn. 1868, 102 (in text)—Gray, Hand-l. I, 1869, 47.
Asio lophotes, Bonav., Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, 543.
? Scops portoricensis, Less., Traité, I, 1931, 107—Pucheran, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1849, 26
(critical).
“ Ephialites portoricensis ”, L£ot., Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 57.
REMARKS.—This style, which prevails over Eastern South America
(Brazil, Paraguay, and Buenos Ayres), is characterized mainly by the
very sharp definition of the cross-bars on the lower parts, these being
usually nearly pure black upon an almost pure white ground, and by
the very distinctly orange-rufous bases of the feathers, this color show-
ing conspicuously on the lower surface wherever the plumage is disar-
ranged.
Thirty specimens are before me, the localities represented being the
following:—Brazil (13), Paraguay (1), Buenos Ayres (1), Ecuador
(Napo 1), Columbia (Antioquia 2, Bogota 2), Costa Rica (9), and Gua-
temala (1.) Six specimens from Costa Rica, collected by Mr. J. C.
Zeledon, are almost undistinguishable from one another; the uniform-
ity of their characters being indeed remarkable for this species. Two
others which greatly resemble each other are one from Bogota, in
Salvin and Godman’s collection, and one in my own collection (No.
2270) from Guatemala. These are almost exactly alike; they have
the upper parts of a dark grayish-brown color, very minutely and
densely vermiculated with blackish, further relieved by occasional,
inconspicuous lighter frecklings, and rather indistinct blackish mesial
streaks, most obvious on the pileum; the feathers of the lower surface
are distinctly bright buff below the surface, while the blackish mark-
ings—both the transverse and the longitudinal ones—are sharply defined
and very distinct. In their general aspect, these specimens agree very
nearly with typical examples of the “ brasilianus” style, but are darker
in their general coloring above, where the mottlings are finer and
denser.
A typical specimen of the style is No. 16431 (Nat. Mus.), from Para-
guay. This has the lower plumage exactly like the two specimens
described above, but the upper parts are lighter and more grayish, with
the blackish mesial streaks in stronger relief. The Costa Rica speci-
mens alluded to above greatly resemble this one, but are rather paler
and more grayish. An extreme example is No. 12400 (Nat. Mus.),
from Buenos Ayres. This has the lower parts as described above,
except that the orange-buff of the basal portion of the feathers is
brighter, and the black mesial streaks broader. The upper parts
are light tawny, or sandy clay-color (not rufous), with very minute
and inconspicuous transverse vermiculations, the black mesial streaks
broad and conspicuous, especially on the pileum, where they form
continuous stripes, while on the dorsal region they each have one
or two expansions, so as to form a bead-like series. Quite similar to
this, but darker above and with narrower streaks beneath, is a male in
F Salvin and Godman’s collection from Antioquia, Columbia.
94 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
The most aberrant of the South American specimens before me is an
example from Sta. Catarina, 8. E. Brazil (Mus. Salvin and Godman).
This has the upper plumage much as in the specimen last described,
but the outer webs of the scapulars are bright buff, instead of white,
and the pileum is suffused with blackish, the streaks of this color
being thus rendered less distinct. It isthe lower parts, however, which
differ most: there is an entire absence of the usual sharply-defined,
transverse, blackish markings, but in their stead exceedingly irregular
aud ragged markings of rusty rufous, into which the very obvious but
ill-defined broad mesial streaks gradually blend; the whole pectoral
region, the throat, and the face have a uniform rusty-buff ground-color,
relieved by few markings. This individual apparently approaches the
form named by Sclater S. ustus.
Besides the above variations, there is another, involving the intensity
of the buff on the basal portion of the feathers of the lower parts; in
many, this is so bright as to show conspicuously wherever the feathers
are the least bit disarranged, while in others only the merest trace of it
can be discovered by careful search. Between all these variations,
however, there is every possible intermediate condition in different
individuals.
Mr. Sharpe (I. ¢.) remarks that this race does not assume the bright
rufous phase so common in the form named guatemale. I have seen,
however, a specimen from Bahia, an adult female, which is as brightly
rufous as any specimen of guatemala, or, for that matter, even S. asio.
The upper parts are deep brick-rufous, all the feathers with blackish
shatt-streaks, these broadest on the pileum and back; the upper tail-
coverts and the sides of the neck only are without these streaks. The
outer webs of the exterior row of scapulars are pure white; the feathers
of the dorsal region show falvous transverse spots on the basal portion,
mostiy concealed, except where the feathers are disturbed, and larger
across the nape than elsewhere. Each feather of the sides, flanks, and
abdomen has a mesial streak of blackish-brown (with here and there a
slight external suffusion of paler and more rusty-brown), which color
expands into two rather wide, transverse, externally pointed spots on
the basal half of the feather,—the terminal half having two or three
narrow, finely zigzag, transverse lines of dark brown, here and there
mixed with rufous,—making an average number of four bars on each
feather, of which the two anterior are wider and more rufous.
This specimen resembles the rufous phase of “ cassini” very much ,
more than that of ‘“ guatemala”, but is very much larger in all its
dimensions. : |
A young bird, from Costa Rica, in the collection of Messrs, Salvin
and Godman, differs from the adult as follows: ground-color light-
buff, deepest above, relieved by narrow transverse bars of dusky, —
equally distinct above and below. 64
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 95
List of Specimens Examined.*
' W t
his | bs ae Lt :
a | & | 2 =
= 4 Locality. Date. wwe ¢ = a =
=z - = _ = is
S = Biv] “ijalisiatia
= = m | : EFiligaetotials&
12400 | U.S. eR EP ees ee eee 6.55 | 4.00 | -52/1L10; .®
16431 U.S. 2 2. VV nn nace ------ eee ee eee June, 1259 6.) i 00 | ae L@ -9
ee hee | Oe.) Banas oe ee Aug, 189/640/406)| .@/120|) .5
a i | See, ee ee eee ees ee eee 700/43/| .ciLwD!) .@
— |S &G.| —br. !..-.--- | ES ee a 66 /}420/ .@/120).-...-..
— |S &G.| —gr. | Brazil (Babia) -................. Facts Teen oo! 62/400) 57/19) .&
ca OSS a) BE ere al ee Ps 6.20 |---._- -}1%9/} .90
err a OY te. 22). eo BE OE are 600/380) .55/110) .85
— |S &G.| adr. (St. Catherine’s) -.-......-. i ee 7.90) 520) .6|140) 100
— |S &G.j adb | Brazil .----....--..-...--.------|.------------- 6.90/440!...../128} .%&
<= OS Se Se eer ee ee eS 660/400) -2)19| .S
— |G@N.L| ¢ ¢g | Brasil (Bahia) --—---2--22-22---- at. Lae 6.3 | 3.70 2 | 1.0 | 75
i Gs Bi Eeh) 0 ms. hbo Ne Ce EEE, ELIA 6.40) 400/ .52}) 120 }-.-....
0946 | U.S. | Og. | ‘Southern Brazil becls ube Soe pis Pa Si 7.50 | 490 -65 | 1.50 1.00
72035 | M.C.Z.| ad.g | Brazil (Pernambuco) -.-........-)...-..-..-..-- G&10}280) .@/L15; .&
30966 | U.S. | ad.r. | Ecuador (Napo) ---.............- poet Bees 6. £0 | 4.30 |____- 13, .Ss
— |S&G) ¢r. | Columbia(Medellina)---........ prs or eee | 7.00 | 420 6} 12 -98
oie | Yd ee ie Cee | ered ean sans CASS (hres 75301}4@) .3/;1L2 .9
— |S &G_| adg | Columbia (Bogota) ----.........|.........---.- 740/430) .€0/115 10
— IG.N-Ei| ad¢ |...--- (AB edits S.C ed ae a, tr 7.30)/450| .5113/ .90
ae | el os | Genteeils 2228). 7.15} 440) .@}1L9) .%
30416 | U.S. | ad g | Costa Rica (San José) -.........|.............. 7.00) 410/ .53/112) .90
67876 | U.S. | juv.b. Os SEF eS PIE TT Te ee Paes a eee (ee DE
SS SS “eR STE Pee A Gare Re Dy oe
|
*In these tables, the initials in the colamn headed Museum stand for the following: “ U.S.",—United
States National Museum; “S. & G.”,— Museum Salvin & Godman; ‘‘G. N. L.”,= Museum of George N.
Lawrence, esq. ; “ M.C. Z.”,— Museum of Comparative Zoolozy, Cambridge, Mass. ; “R. R.”,— Museum
of R. Ridgway. In the next column, the letters g, r, and 5 indicate the gray, rufus, and brown (or
intermediate) phases respectively. The measurement of the culmen does not imelude the cere; the
tail is measured to the extreme base of the coecyx, and the middle toe to the base of the claw.
Be ge ee dk i ee Ei eee
8. atricapillus?
? Strix atricapilla, “‘Natr.”, Teso., Pl. Col. IT, 1838, pl. 145.
Scops atricapilla, STEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool. XIII, pt. 2, 1826, p. 51, pl. 39.—Crv.,
Rég. Anim. ed. 2, 1829, 347.—Bonap., Consp. I, 1850, 46.—Kaup, Contr. Orn.
1852, 112.—Srrickt., Orn. Syn. I, 1955, 202.— Burn., Th. Bras. IT, 1256, 122.
Ephialites atricapilla, Gray, Genera B. I, 1844, 38, pl. 13, fig. 2 (head).—PEtz.,
Orn. Bras. 1870, 9 (?).
Megascops atricapilla, Kaur, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. IV, 1859, 228.
Asio atricapillus, Bonap., Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, 543.
? Ephialites watsoni, Cass., Pr. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila. IV, Dee. 1848, 123; Journ. Phila.
Acad. IT, 1852, 95, pl. xii, fig. 1.
Seops watsoni, BonaP., Consp. I, 1550, 46.—Gray, Hand-l. I, 1569, 47. -
Asio watsoni, Bonarp., Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1£54, 543.
_ DrAGnosis.—Adult male, gray phase (Mus. O.S. & F. D. G., Engento do
_ Gama, Brazil, Aug. 18,1826; Natterer).— Wing, 6.80; tail, 4.00; culmen,
_ .00; tarsus, 1.15; middle toe, .80. Facial cirele, ear-tafts, and pileum
- sooty-blackish, on the latter broken by minute grayish and faint falvous
_ Mnottling, this prevailing on the forehead and eyebrows; outer webs of
_ ear-tufts nearly uniform blackish, but inner webs conspicuously spotted
or indented with pale fulvous and whitish. Orbital region dusky—con-
_ §Spicuously so in front of and above the eye—the face growing paler on
_ the cheeks, next the blackish facial ring, where the color is pale grayish,
96 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
indistinctly undulated with darker. Occiput crossed by a quite con-
spicuous light-colored band, the feathers of which have the basal portion
pale falvous and the terminal portion whitish, with irregular dusky bars.
Upper parts in general finely mottled grayish-brown, with indistinct
streaks and zigzags of dusky and minute mottlings of very pale ochra-
ceous; outer webs of scapulars whitish, more or less stained with buff.
Tail dusky, with about seven bands of pale fulvous, each inclosing a
narrower and more irregular dusky band; outer webs of primaries
marked with quadrate spots of dusky and pale fulvous, the latter
smallest, growing deeper-colored toward the shaft, and having occa-
sional dusky mottlings centrally, the former mottled with fulvous gray
along the edges of the feathers. Lower parts uniform pale dull buff, the
feathers with narrow, but distinct, dusky, mesial streaks, and with scat-
tered, irregular cross-bars of the same color, the latter averaging about
two on each feather, and situated near the end; on tke breast these
markings more numerous and irregular, and the general surface broken
by irregular spots of white. Tarsi pale buff, with faint mottlings of
rusty-brown on the outer side; under tail-coverts with a sing‘e faint
spot at the end of each feather.
REMARKS.—The appearance of this owl] is peculiar from the dusky
coloring of the face, especially around the eyes, the peculiar sbade of
the pale buff lower parts (which lacks the bright orange tint of other
races), the sparseness of the markings below, and in the pinkish tinge
of the axillars and under wing-coverts.
While it is all but certain that the specimen described above is the
same as Hphialites watsoni, Cassin, there is considerable doubt as to
its being equivalent to Strix atricapilla,Temm. The plate of the latter
represents a much smaller bird, with altogether grayer tints above, and
pure white, instead of fulvous, beneath. In fact, this plate calls instantly
to mind the form described in this paper as SN. cassini (see page 102),
and were it not that the habitat of Temminck’s bird is given, on
good authority, as Brazil, I should not hesitate to identify it with the
latter form. The writer examined some years ago the type-specimens of
Ephialites watsoni, in the museum of the Philadelphia Academy, and
as he recollects them they correspond quite closely, if not entirely,
with the specimen described above. Still, they may be somewhat dif-
ferent. The figure given by Cassin in the “Journal” of the Academy
(p!. xii, fig. 1) is extremely inaccurate as regards the details of colora-
tion; but it may be observed that the coloring represents almost exactly
the peculiar shades which we consider one of the chief characteristics
of the present form. The following is the original description of
Ephialites watsoni, in full :—
‘Summit of the head black, with a few very minute pale spots, more
numerous on the front and eyebrows. Shorter feathers of the ear-tufts
black, others black also, but with their inner webs spotted or mottled
with white. A-semicircle above the eye, extending to the ear-tufts,
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIOVAL MUSEUM. 97
black; rigid feathers at the base of the bill black, with pale grayish
terminations; feathers immediately below the eye gray, mottled and
broadly tipped with black.
** Discal feathers grayish white, many of them speckled, and all tipped
with black, presenting a white and black semi-collar or ruff on each side
of the neck. Plumage of the throat with fine alternate bars of black
aud nearly white.
“Neck above with a well-defined collar, the feathers ecmposing
which are strongly fulvous, terminated with white and speckled with
black.
“ Back, rump, tail, and wing-coverts mottled and freckled with gray-
ish white, upon a black ground, many of the feathers having about three
to five very irregular transverse bands of whitish; on the wing-coverts
and back some of the pale marks are almost circular with black centres ;
others are of irregular form also enclosing centres of black.
*‘ [ixternal webs of the primaries black, with subquadrate nearly white
_ bars, nearly all of which have black centres, assuming, also, a more or
less well defined square form. Internal webs of primaries with alter-.
nate bands of different shades of black.
‘‘ Breast and entire inferior parts pale fulvous, every feather conspicu-
ously marked on the shaft longitudinally with black, and with very
irregular transverse bands and irregularly mottled with black; the.
black markings most numerous and most irregular on the breast. Many
of the feathers on the breast with very pale, nearly white spots, having
somewhat the appearance of being distributed in pairs.
** Tail black, with about seven or eight narrow irregular grayish bands,
many of which have central lines of black.
**Tarsi feathered to the toes, pale fulvous white, mottled with black.
** Bill horn color at the base, whitish at the tip.
‘Total length (of skin) about 94 inches, wing 7, tail 35 inches.
‘Younger? Piumage above paler, with small spots’ and minute:
freckles of grayish white, scarcely assuming the appearance of bands.
‘¢ Breast with the dark markings predominating, and tending to form a
broad pectoral band; lower parts of the body bright fulvous, with black.
marks.
“ Hab. South America.
“This species bears some resemblance to Ephialites atricapilla, (Natt.).
Temm. pl. col. 145, but is much larger, and bas only one nuchal collar.
The general color above is also much darker; the fulvous colouring of
the inferior surface of the body is also a striking difference.
“One specimen of this species in the Rivoli collection is labelled ‘ Ore-
noque’, and another in the collection of the Academy is probably from
South America.”
_ The description given in the Journal of the Philadelphia Academy
_ (vol. ii, p. 95) is essentially the same as the above.
Proce. Nat. Mus. 73——7 August 15, 1878.
hed |
98 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
y. ustus.
Seops usta, Scu., P. Z. S. March 9, 1858, 132 (ga, Upper Amazons.—Mus. Norwich);
Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. IV, 1859, 265, pl. lxii—Gray, Hand-l. I, 1869, 47.—Bouc.,
Cat. Av. 1876, 91.—Sci. & Satv., P. Z. S. 1866, 198; Ex. Orn. 102.
Scops brasilianus, subsp. a. Scops ustus, SHARPE, Cat. Strig. Brit. Mus. 1875, 111
(Sarayacu and Chamicuros, E. Peru; Venezuela ?).
Habitat.—Upper Amazonia (Ega; SCL., l. ¢.; Chamicuros and Sara-
yacu, EK. Peru, and Venezuela?; SHARPE, I. ¢.).
This form I have never seen, and therefore have to give descriptions
at second hand. The original one (Sclater, I. ¢.) is as follows :-—
‘¢ Supra saturate castaneo-brunnea, plumis omnibus nigro subtilissime
vermiculatis ; facie et gula pure castaneo-brunneis, hac pallidiore: linea
post regionem auricularem, cornuum capitis extantium marginibus latis
et pileo supero nigris: alarum pennis pallide castaneo-brunneis nigro
punctulatis, intus autem ochracenti-albidis, quinque et sex fasciis latis
in pogonio externo, maculas quadratas efficientibus, nigris trans-vitta-
tus; cauda ex eodem colore sed fasciis nigris pene obsoletis: subtus
clarius brunnea, lineis augustis longitudinalibus, scapus plumorum
occupantibus, nigris parce notata: tectricibus alarum inferioribus sor-
dide albis: tarsis pallide fulvis: rostro et pedibus flavis.
‘‘ Long. tota 8.5, ale 7.0, caudx 4.0, tarsi 1.2.
‘“ Hab. Ega, on the Upper Amazon (H. W. Bates).”
The above description, and the plate accompanying it, represent a form
of Scops of which I have never seen typical examples. It seems clearly
to belong to SN. brasilianus, of which it is probably a peculiar “ strain ”—
hardly to be called the rufescent extreme (since the latter is to be found
in the bright rufous phase of “ guatemale”), but rather showing a very
highly-colored condition, in which the rufous tint is spread rather than
intensified, so as to more or less completely obliterate the usual white
markings. Thecase seems to be somewhat parallel to that of S. kennicotte
as compared with S. asio, and is probably more or less closely connected
with climatic peculiarities of the district inhabited by the race; for
instance, an excessive rain-fall and a prevalence of denser and darker
forests than generally exist to the eastward.
According to Mr. Sclater (l. ¢.), this form “ is distinguishable from
every South American member of the genus .... . by its rich brown
coloring above and below, and by the longitudinal lines below not being
crossed as in 8S. choliba and S. atricapilla.”
Among the numerous specimens of Scops brasilianus in the series
before me, is one which seems to approach quite nearly to the characters
of this race, being devoid of sharply defined black bars below, where,
jn their place, are extremely irregular ragged zigzags of rusty rufous,
the blackish shaft-streaks being unusually broad, and externally suffused ©
with rufous; only the terminal half, or exposed portion, of the abdom-
inal feathers is white, the entire breast, tibiae, and tarsus having a
uniform deep ochraceous ground-color. Among other differences from
t
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 99
typical brasilianus may be mentioned the deep buff or ochraceous outer
webs of the scapulars, inner webs of the ear-tufts, and indeed all the
markings of the upper surface, which are white in that form; these
peculiarities being among the distinguishing features of the ustus type.
This specimen, however, is from Sta. Catarina, S. E. Brazil. It belongs
to the collection of Messrs. Salvin and Godman.
In his description of this form, Mr. Sharpe describes what he terms
its “gray phase”, but which seems to be decidedly more brown than
gray, and, to judge from the description, quite different from anything
I have seen. I quote the essential parts of the descriptions of this
form given by Mr. Sharpe :—
‘‘Adult male (gray phase). General color above dull earthy brown,
so finely vermiculated as to appear almost uniform at first glance, a
few fulvescent cross markings more conspicuous on the scapulars and
secondaries, very slightly indicated on the hind neck, and not forming
a distinet collar; crown of bead rather blacker than the back, the
feathers infinitesimally freckled with sandy rufous, the ear-tufts blackish,
scarcely vermiculated at all;......... ear-coverts sandy brown, indis-
tinectly barred across with blackish brown, and narrowly shaft-streaked
with white ...... 3 rest of under surface ochraceous buff, thickly
sprinkled with wavy lines and vermiculations of dark brown, especially
on the side of the chest, some of the breast feathers streaked with
black and barred across with white, the flanks scantily barred with
dark brown, inclining to white near the tip, the markings scanty, as
also on the under tail-coverts...... Total length 9.5 inches, wing
6.6, tail 3.9, tarsus 1.3.
“Adult female (ru’ous phase). General characteristics as in the gray
phase, but rufuus where the other bird is brown, and slightly more
mottled on the upper surface with rufescent cross bars; below nearly
uniform rufous, deeper on the chest, some of the feathers slightly
streaked with black, more narrowly on the breast and abdomen ; on the
chest a few dull brown vermiculations, the abdomen indistinctly barred
with fulvous. Total length 9 inches, wing 6.55, tail 3.4, tarsus 1.3.
‘“‘ Obs. The principal characteristics of this race are the uniformity of
its upper surface, and the comparative absence of streaks; scapulars
fulvescent, not white. These remarks apply both to the brown and
rufous phases, neither of which shows any collar on the hind-neck. -
“ Hab. Upper Amazons.”
6. guatemale.
“ Scops brasilianus”, LAWR., Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1X, 1868, 132 (San José, Costa Rica).—Sat-
VIN, P. Z. 8. 1570, 216 ( Veragua).
a Wieianads subsp. @. Scops guatemale, SHARPE, Cat. Strig. Brit. Mus. 1875, 112,
pl. ix, both phases (Guatemala; Acoyapa, Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Veragua).
Scops guatemala, Bouc., Cat. Av. 1876, 91 (Central America).
REMARKS.—In Central America, from Veragua to Guatemala, a form
prevails which, in the absence of extralimital specimens or of examples
100 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
approximating one of the other styles, I should not hesitate to charac-
terize as a distinct species. This style is “ S. brasilianus, subsp. f. Scops
guatemale” of Sharpe (1. ¢.), to which probably as many as 90 per cent.
of the specimens brought from those countries may be referred. It hap-
pens, however, that while absolutely typical specimens of the ‘ brasili-
anus” style do occur from both these countries, specimens of typical
‘“‘ guatemale” also oceur in Brazil, thus annulling the importance of geo-
graphical considerations; while, as a farther proof of specific identity,
the number of specimens which cannot be referred to either one or the
other of these two forms, but which are in every: respect intermediate,
is by no means small.
The prominent features of this variety are, a confusedly-mottled, rather
than regularly-barred, lower plumage, and a darker upper surface, there
being little approach to that sharpness and clearness of all the mark-
ings which characterize the other form; the bright orange-buff bases
of the feathers of the lower parts, so usual (but not constant) in typical
specimens of the ‘ brasilianus” style, is also absent in all the specimens
I have seen. As in the latter variety, the individual variations in “‘ gua-
temale” tend to great extremes, both as to the shades of coloration and
the pattern of the markings; the principal of these are the following :—
Gray extreme (spec. in Mus. Salvin & Godman, Coban, Vera Paz,
Jan. — “O. S. 2352”):—Prevailing color above pale brownish, very
coarsely mottled with pale buff and grayish-white, and with larger and
very irregular spots of blackish, these nowhere assuming the form of
shaft-streaks, even on the crown; sides of the forehead or ‘eyebrows ”
appreciably, but not abruptly, paler (mottled whitish). Face, throat,
sides of neck, and jugulum dirty whitish, finely and quite regularly
undulated transversely with brownish, the dusky facial circle not dis:
tinct. Rest of lower parts soiled white, the whole surface relieved by
very irregular, ragged, and confused zigzag lines of dusky brownish, the
feathers showing very irregular, but quite distinct, mesial, blackish
streaks, with which the transverse markings unite,
The above description is of a specimen representing the extreme gray-
ish phase, so far as shown by the series before me; others, in Messrs.
Salvin and Godman’s collection, exhibit a gradual transition to the
rufous phase, scarcely two specimens being alike in the precise shade
of brown, while positively none agree in the details of pattern. Thus,
two males from Veragua (“Arcé, 2401”, and ‘“Areé, 1806”) have the —
upper parts so nearly devoid of coarse mottlings as.to appear of anearly —
uniform ligbt umber-brown. On the other hand, a specimen from Vera
Paz (“O. S. 2348”) has the general dusky coloring above relieved by
very conspicuous, large, and, in places, regularly-oblong, transverse
spots of pale fawn-color. In the latter specimen, the white on the outer
web of the scapulars is broken by transverse wide bars of mottled fawn
and dusky, while in nearly all the others this white is unbroken, having
only the terminal blackish border common to nearly all the species of the
genus. .
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 101
There is also much variation as to the markings of the lower parts;
usually, these are very numerous, and extremely ragged and zigzag,
consequently appearing much confused; in two specimens, however,
one from Choctum, Vera Paz, the other from Bahia, Brazil (Wucherer),
the transverse markings are much fewer, wider apart, and more
regular, the average interval being, in the latter specimen, as much as
.25 of an inch!
The most aberrant specimen in the series is one from Chiriqui (‘‘Areé,
1873”), which, however, appears, from the texture of its plumage, to be
a young bird. In this all the markings are very fine zigzag vermicula-
tions, there being no longitudinal streaks above or below, except a tew
among the feathers of the breast. The shades of colors, however, are
identical with those of others in the series. )
A specimen of gray plumage from Mazatlan, Mexico (No. 23793, Nat.
Mus.; John Xantus), agrees strictly with the Choctum specimen de-
scribed above in the markings of the lower parts; but the upper parts
are grayer, with conspicuous mesial streaks of black, mostly of sagittate
torm, agreeing exactly in this respect with a specimen of * brasilianus”
from Pernambuco, Brazil, in the collection of the Museum of Compara-
tive Zodlogy (No. 7805).
The extreme rufous phase is represented in the series by two speci-
mens from Guatemala (belonging to the Boston Society of Natural
History). These are bright brick-rufous above, the outer webs of the
scapulars pure white, in strong contrast, and the feathers of the pileum
with mesial streaks of black,—thus very closely resembling the corre-
sponding phase of S. asio. The face, throat, and jugulum are also of a
paler, but quite uniform, rafous, relieved by few or no markings of any
kind; the rest of the lower parts are white, the feathers with indistinct
mesial streaks of dusky brownish and faint and ragged cross-bars of
pale rufous. These specimens resemble the extreme rufous phase of
*“ brasilianus”, as described above, except that there are no distinct
blackish streaks on the back, where also the feathers are devoid of the
basal fulvous spots, while the bars on the lower surface are much less
distinct and regular.
Two other specimens of this phase in the collection of Messes. Salvin
and Godman are quite different. One, from Coban, Vera Paz, is a
young bird, with remnants of the immature plumage. The new dress
however, largely prevails. In this example, the whole dorsal region is
varied by an exceedingly faint, yet obvious spotting of a paler rufous,
and narrow blackish shaft-streaks, and the lower parts are much more
distinctly and regularly barred, the bars being, moreover, of a consid-
erably darker shade. It thus approximates quite closely to the rufous
specimen of “ brasilianus” above referred to. The other specimen is from
Las Salinas, Vera Paz (‘ March, O. 8. 2349”), and is still more different.
The upper parts are so dark as to be almost chestnut, while the back
is distinctly spotted with black. The breast is nearly uniform dark
102 EROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
ferruginous, with distinct and wide blackish shaft-streaks, and broken
in the middle portion by whitish bars; the remainder of the lower parts’
are white, with the transverse bars of blackish so broad that the mesial
streaks are rendered nearly obsolete. :
Regarding the rufous phase of this variety, Mr. Sharpe remarks (L oy
p. 114) :— :
“The rufous phase of S. guatemale is quite different from anything:
that I have seen from South America, being entirely of a foxy rufous
color, with the head never darker than the back or showing any approach
to a blackish patch; the back is generally rather narrowly streaked with
black, as is also the head; and there are in some examples slight indica-
tions of bars.” As stated on p. 94, however, the Brazilian bird does
sometimes assume this bright ‘: foxy rufous” phase.
A specimen in the bright rufous phase from Jalapa (S. E. Mexico;
D’Oca; Mus. Salvin & Godman) differs from the two Guatemala speci-
mens described above in the paler rufous of the pileum (where the usual
black shaft-streaks are almost entirely absent), the paler rufous of the
face and throat, the coarser and more ragged markings of the lower
surface, and the paler tarsi. In other respects, however, it is identical.
Compared with a rufous specimen of S. cassini, from the same locality,
the differences are much more conspicuous. The latter is more like the
corresponding phase of S. barbarus, being distinctly variegated above
with paler spotting and numerous blackish shaft-streaks, and the picture
of the lower parts more distinct.
List of Specimens Examined.
26 > | Guatemals Win sash. sot) Wedel 4.6. eee GONTL sis ge 6.80 | 3.90 | .58 | 1.30 90
PE GO. no c-seg curse }ecacdeccecnecelsaesOQ.--necl —~ Geo) 50 Weeee0 ae On tae
2401. uke! Chitra, Veragua....-. | ———> —-, 1869 | S. & G@ og. |96.20] 3.60) .55] 1.12 . 85
2352 O.S.| Coban, Vera Paz .....| —— —, 1860 | ...do..... —g. |6.50]| 4.00] .52|1.20] .90
2348 O.S.| Vera Paz, Guatemala.|..-..........-| -.. ott — 9. 6.60 | 4.10 | .55 | 1.15 . 85
— | Choctum, Vera Paz ..| Feb —, 1862} ....do-..-... — g. 6.60 | 3.90 | .58 | 1.18 . 80
1806 Arcé.| Calovevora, Veragua .| —— —, 1862 |....do ....| of br. 6.60 | 3,25) ©. 58) 126 . 85
1873 Arcé;| Chirigul, sons stesenenn! Seaaece baecleae a Juv. gr. | 6.20 | 3.50 | .60 | 1.10 .c0
_ Bahia, Brazil ...:..... fie eu te ee da ae Ad. gr. | 6.50} 4.00 | .55 ) B25 . 80
2349 O.S.| La Salinas, Vera Paz .| Mar. —, 1860 |....do ..... Ad. red. | 6.50 | 4.00 | .55 } 1.18 . 85
_— Coban, Vera Paz ..... —— —, 1859 |....do..... Ad. red. |°6.50 |S. 80" |<. 0 1. 20 . 85
_— Pane mnie eee wscenctacses | BOSt, Soc...) Ad. red: «| 6:30. 13..800). 58" ete . 82
ces (Ge. po heeeeucal She ot pret cole ~- eo at Ad, red. | 6.48 | 3.70 | .55 | 1.30 . 82
23793 Fe eo } Ae. eee Preere er Dh sieact Ad. gr. | 6.00 | 3.70 | .50 | 1.18 . 82
— E. Mexico si besten o—— —, 1872 | §.& G....| Afired. | 6.20 | 200 | /b01 t..20 . 80
99978 | Costa Rica.. A Jha ke ute 0+ B esau Ad, gr. | 6.60 | 3.90 |..02cin|encsna}spese .
€. cassini.
Scops atricapillus (NaTrT.) STEPH.”, Ripaw., in B. B. & R. Hist. N. Am. B. III, 1874, 48
(foot-note).
Scops brasilianus, §. cassini, RipGw., MS.
Habitat.—EKastern Mexico (Mirador; Jalapa).
DIAGNOSIS.—Wing, 5.80-6.10; tail, 3.20-3.50; culmen, .45-.50 ; tar-
sus, 1.20; middle toe, .80.
Gray phase ; adult.—Above grayish-brown, finely mottled with lighter —
and darker shades, the general dusky brownish hue interrupted by two
conspicuous lighter bands, one across the nape, and the other across —
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 103
the occiput, where the pale brownish buff spots are very iarge and the
darker markings correspondingly reduced in size. Beneath whitish,
the feathers with ragged mesial streaks of blackish and transverse ver-
miculations of the same.
Rufous phase; adult.—Above cinnamon-rufous, with blackish shaft-
streaks. Beneath white, with blackish mesial streaks and irregular
transverse base of rufous and blackish.
REMARKS.—This very distinct race, which I refer somewhat doubt-
fully to S. brasilianus, so closely resembles S. maccalli, both in size and
colors, that, were it not for the perfectly naked toes, certain specimens
of the two could scarcely be distinguished. From S. barbarus, with
which it agrees in the nakedness of the toes, it may be readily distin-
guished by the much stouter feet (both relatively and absolutely), as well
as by certain well-marked differences in the coloration. Of the other
races of brasilianus, it most closely resembles the one we have described
under the name of atricapillus (see p. 95), having, like that style, a very
distinet lighter nuchal collar. It is considerably smaller, however, and
presents well-marked differences in coloration, which may be expressed
as follows :—
S. ATRICAPILLUS.—Wing, 6.80; tail, 4.00; tarsus, 1.15; middle toe,
80. Ground-color below pale buff; face and crown nearly uniform
dusky. Hab., Brazil.
S. CASSINI.—Wing, 5.80-6.10; tail, 3.20-3.50; tarsus, 1.20; middle
toe, .80. Ground-color below white; face grayish or brownish white,
coarsely barred with dusky ; crown coarsely spotted with blackish, pale
brown, and grayish-white. Hab., Eastern Mexico.
It will be seen by the above, that while cassini has the wing and tail
very much shorter than in atricapillus, the feet are, on the other hand,
actually longer, the two birds thus having quite different proportions,
in view of which fact it may ultimately prove advisable to recognize in
S. cassini a distinct species. Compared with S. barbarus, which is
sometimes exceedingly similar in plumage, the difference in the feet is
still more striking; while the only other form which resembles it—S.
maccallihas the toes distinctly bristled, whereas in the present form
they are perfectly bare.
27115 | U.S. Gr. ad. Mien, Wei et See 5 2s. hee x10) Fo DOL ce], 1.. 20 . 80
eae) UAE stGr at O44 0-5 do! 2200). seo he es ce. Nov. —, 1863| 5.90 | 3.40] .45/1.20| .80
12372 |M.C.Z.| Ruf. ad. Seioian Miewite 2s. 62... 22%: Apr. 9,1869| 5.80/ 3.20] .50|1.20| 0
3. SCOPS BARBARUS.
“ Scops flammeola”, SALVIN, Ibis, 1861, 355 (nee Licht.).
Scops barbarus, Sci. & Saty., P. Z. S. 1868,57: Ex. Orn. I, 1668, 101, pl. li; Nom. Neotr.
1873, 117 (Guatemala).—Gray, Hand-l. I, 1869, 47.—Suarps, Cat. Strig. Brit.
Mus. 1875, 107 (Sta. Barbara, Vera Paz, Guatemala).—Bovwc., Cat. Av. 1876, 91.
_ Habitat.— Guatemala.
DIAGNOSIS.—Wing, 5.25-5.60; tail, 2.90-3.10; culmen, .45; tarsus,
1.00-1.05; middle toe, .70-.75. Shafts of the auriculars produced into
104 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
long, slender, hair-like bristles, forming a conspicuous ruff round the face,
the anterior side concave. Gray phase (adult):—Above brown, thickly
spotted with black, the black prevailing on the pileum; outer webs of
scapulars white, bordered terminally with black. Beneath whitish, the
feathers marked with transverse bars and mesial stripes of black, the
white of opposite webs haviug the form of roundish vr oblong spots.
Rufous phase (adult): —Above cinnamon-rufous, all the feathers (except
upper tail-coverts) with wide and distinct mesial streaks of black. Be-
neath white, the feathers wit shaft-streaks of black and wide cross-
bars of rufous having black borders.
REMARKS.—This very distinct species is apparently most nearly
related to 8S. flammeolus, with which it agrees in the extreme weakness
of the feet. It differs, however, from that form in being of much stouter
build, more * fluffy” plumage, the head: appearing larger and the body
stouter in consequence of the greater length and looseness of the feathers.
The plumage also is quite different, the markings being altogether coarser.
The differences between the two have been more precisely expressed on
a preceding page. From S. cassini, which it sometimes very closely
resemltles in colors, it may be immediately distinguished by its much
weaker feet and different proportions, as follows :*—
SCOPS BARBARUS.—Wing, 5.25-5.60; tail, 3.10; tarsus, 1.00-1.05;
middie toe, .70-.75. Hab., Highlands of Guatemala.
SCOPS CASSINI.—Wing, 5.80-6.10 ; tail, 3.20-3.50; tarsus, 1.20; mid-
dle toe, .80. Hab., Eastern Mexico (Vera Cruz, ete.).
42776 | U. S. | Ad. | Central Guatemala....-. (?)...-..| 5.60 | 3.10 | .45 | 1.00 | . 7
S.&G.| Ad.gr. | Vera Paz, Guatemala. ... i Rom —, 1862 5.60 | 3.10 | .45 | 1.00 | . 70. [Type ]
S. & G. | Ad.r. | Sta. Barbara, Guatemala.| Apr. —,1060 | 5.35 | 3.10 | .45 | 1.00]. 70. (Type. ]
4, SCOPS FLAMMEOLUS.
“Strix flammeola, Licut., MS.,in Mus. Berol., wndé.”
LEphialites flammeola, Licut., Nom. 1854, 7.
Megascops flammeola, Kaur, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. IV, 1859, 226.
Scops flammeola, Scu., P. Z. S. 1868, 96.—ScHLeG., Mus. P.-B, Oti, 1862, 27; Rev. Ace.
1873, 14.—Sci. & Saryv., P. Z. 8. 1868, 57; Ex. Orn. VII, July, 1868, 99, pl. 1.5
Nom. Neotr. 1873, 117 (Mexico; Guatemala).—Gray, Hand-l. I, 1870, 47,—EL-
LIoT, Iilustr. Am. B. I, 1869, pl. xxviii—Covurs, Key, 1872, 203; Check List,
1373, 65, No. 319.—Ripew., in B. B. & R. Hist. N. Am. B. II, 1874, 58, fig.
(Guatemala; Mexico; Sierra Nevada, n. to Ft. Crook, Cal., where breeding) ;
Field & Forest, June, 1877, 210 (Boulder Co., Col.; March.—‘‘ Iris umber-
brown” !); Orn. 40th Par. 1877, 335, in text (Nevada, Cal.?).—HENSHAW, Orn.
Wheeler’s Exp. 1874, 135 (30 m. south of Apache, Ariz. ; Sept. 11).—SHARPE,
Cat. Strig. Brit. Mus. 1875, 105 (Duenas, Guat.; W. Mexico; Valley of Mexico).—
Bouc., Cat. Av. 1876, 91 (Mexico). '
Flammulated Owl, COUES, I. ¢.
Feilner’s Owl, B. B. & R., 1. ¢.
Habitat.—Highlands of Guatemala and Mexico, north to latitude 40°
in the Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains of the United States.
* Scops FLAMMEOLUS.—Wing, 5.10-5.60 ; tail, 2.60-3.00; tarsus, .90-1.00 ; middle toe,
.60-.68.— Hab., Highlands of Guatemala, Mexico, and Western United States north to
about 40°, .
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 105
DIAGNOSIS.— Wing, 5.10-5.60 ; tail, 2.60-3.00; culmen, .35-.40; tar-
sus, .90-1.00; middle toe, .60-.68. Adult.—Above finely-mottled gray-
ish, the feathers with irregular blackish shaft-streaks. Outer webs of
scapulars more or less strongly washed with orange-rufous on a white
ground; outer webs of lower middle wing-coverts white, forming con-
spicuous spots. Ground-color below white, the feathers with very
distinct mesial black streaks, from which proceed narrower transverse
lines, mostly toward the end of the feathers. Juv.—Above finely-mot-
tled grayish, but the mottlings all transverse and the shaft-streaks
wanting ; below coarsely and rather dimly barred with dark grayish
on a dull whitish ground, and with no longitudinal markings. Tris
umber-brown ! (fide Mrs. M. A. Maxwell).
REMARKS.—Specimens vary chiefly in the amount of rufous wash on
different parts of the plumage. A wash of this color is usually present
on the pileum, while it sometimes spreads over the face, throat, and
back; Mr. Sharpe (J. c.) even mentions a specimen, from Guatemala,
which is entirely orange-rufous above, and strongly pervaded by the
same color on the lower surface, especially on the throat, where it
forms a large patch. He also mentions “a perfectly gray bird, on
which scarcely a tinge of orange coloring remains, either above or
below, while the whole appearance of the specimen is dingy, owing to
the closeness and frequency of the vermiculations.” I have never seen
a specimen representing either of these extreme phases, all the speci-
mens before me (seven in number) being of average coloration.
Ade. | Orizaba, Moxnis.c0tiqce dee Feb. 3, 1865] 5.50
42157 U.S 2. 80 40 90 65
24172 U.S 3 juv.| Fort Crook, N. Cal......-. Aug. 23, 1260} 5.50 | 3.00 35 92 60
_ U.S. Ad. | 30 miles S. of Apache, Ariz .| Sept. 11, 1873 | 5.28 | 2.73 |...-...|.-.-.-]------
— | MAM. AG> | BanlderColorado*: ......55-jri-ss- ..<---- 5.50 | 3.10 35 | .95 60
— S. & G. Ad. | Duefias, Guatemala.... .... Jan. —, 1863 | 5.50 | 2.90 40 | 1.00 68
— S.& G BNE i eee Tee Se ee ae Spee — —, 1863] 5.50 | 2.90 40 | .90 60
— |S &G Ad) Valley ef Mexie@itccso hw |a2- hs. es. 510.) 25 35 | .90 60
* Tris umber- brown !
C.—Toes partly covered with hair-like, bristly feathers, the terminal
scutellee only completely naked.
In this group are included only S. asio, 8. trichopsis (?), and S. cooperi,
all of which belong to the country north of the Isthmus of Panama,
there being, so far as known, no South American species with hairy toes.
The species of this group may be distinguished as follows :—
S. ASIO.—Bars of the lower surface coarse, and frequently double,
especially on the flanks. Hab., Whole of the United States; south to
Guatemala; north to Sitka.
S. TRICHOPSIS ?—Bars of the lower surface fine, nearer together than
in S. asio, and more uniformly distributed. General aspect paler, with
much finer vermiculatious. .
S. COOPERI.—Bars of the lower surface in form of dense, fine, zigzag
vermiculations.
106 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. =
The differences between Scops asio and the species here called S. tri-
chopsis do not, it is true, seem to be very great, according to the charac-.
ters given above. Itis not the amount of differeuce, however, between
these two forms which has induced me to recognize them as distinct
species, but the constancy of the differences pointed out; S. asio having
in every one of its numerous geographical and local races the bars of
the flanks, etc., coarse and frequentiy double, while all the specimens
of S. trichopsis which have come under my notice have these bars much
finer and denser, with no disposition to be arranged in pairs. Mr.
Sharpe also lays stress upon the same differential characters.
5. SCOPS ASIO.
a. asio.
Strix asio [=rufous phase], Linn., S. N. I, 1766, 182 (based on Noctwa aurita minor,
Catesb., Carol. I, 73.—Asio scops carolinensis, Briss., Orn. I, 497).
Scops nevia [= gray phase], GMEL., S. N. I, i, 1788, 289 (based on Mottled Owl, Arct.
Zool. I, 1785, 231, no. 118, t. xi).
Bubo striatus [ = gray phase], V1eILu., Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1€07, 54, pl. 21.
? “ Ephialites ocreata, LIcuT., in Mus. Berol.”
A
fb. macealli.
Scops McCallii, Cass., Ilustr. B. Cal. Tex. &c. July, 1854, 180; in Baird’s Birds N. Am.
1858, 52.
Scops asio, var. enano, ‘‘ LawR., MS.”, Ridgw., Bull. Essex Inst. V, Dec. 1873, 200.
y: kennicotti.
Scops kennicottii, Erxrov, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1867, 69; Illustr. Birds Am. 1869, p,
xxvii, pl. ii.
6. floridanus.
Scops asio, var. floridanus, RipGw., Bull. Essex Inst. V, Dec. 1873, 200.
Scops asio, e. maxwellia, RipGw., Field and Forest, June, 1877, 210, 213.
this widely distributed owl may be expressed as follows :—
Colors smoky-brown or dusky umber, and pale fulvous, with little or none of pure
Colors much. lighter, some shade of ashy-gray or grayish-brown above, pure white
e. maxwellia.
The chief differential characters of the several geographical races of
white. Outer webs of scapulars pale fulvous. Never bright rufous.
1. Wing, 6.85-7.60; tail, 3.50-4.50. Apparently not varying to rufous Hab., The
Northwest coast, from Oregon to Sitka; Idaho. ......---..--.---.y. kennicotti.
beneath. Outer webs of scapulars pure white. Sometimes bright rufous, with
white and black markings. .
2. Wing, 6.10-7.80; tail, 3.30-4.35. Varying, in the Eastern, but not in the Western,
Province, to bright rufous. In the rufous phase, white prevailing on the lower
surface, where the red markings are not broken into transverse bars. Jab.,
Whole of the United States, except the high western mountains, and the Gulf
COBBE 2002s tence ence ccccescoccuc cos «sm tnmnE Enna a, asio. —
3. Wing, 5.50-6.00; tail, 2.75-3.10. Varying to bright Fafous; ; in the rufous phase,
red icotrelling on the lower parts, where the markings are much broken into
transverse bars. Hab., Florida and 8. Georgia........ cowoes ov ects
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 107
4. Wing, 5.50-5.90; tail, 2.80-3.50. Varying to bright rufous; gray phase like that
of asio and floridanus, but the mottling above much coarser, and the nape
with a strongly indicated collar of rounded white spots, in pairs, on opposite
webs. Red phase much more spotted above than that of asio or floridanus.
Hab., E. Mexico and highlands of Guatemala. ...-.........-...... B. maccalli.
5. Wing, 6.80-€.90; tail, 3.90-4.10. Not varying to rufous. General aspect much
paler than any of the preceding; above pale ash-gray, or very pale cinnamon-
gray, the white of the outer webs of the lateral scapulars very conspicuous,
the white spots of the outer webs of the primaries sometimes confluent.
Beneath pure white, much more sparsely marked than in asio and other races.
Jiat., Mountains of Coloraap. .n5~ Saag 4s is ap doesn econ enon nya. & maxwellie:
The characters given above are sufficient to distinguish typical speci-
mens of several well-marked geographical forms of Scops asio. It is of
course understood that specimens possessing intermediate characters
frequently occur; but it is equally true that a very large majority of the
specimens from either one of the regions indicated above are typical of
the form characteristic of the locality.
a. asio.
The Little Owl, CATESBY, Carclina, I, 1731-’48, 7, pl. 7.
Yoctua aurita minor, CATESB., I. ¢.
Asio scops carolinensis, Briss., Orn. I, 1760, 497.
Le Petit Duc de la Caroline, Briss., l. c.
Strix asio, LINN., 8. N. I, 1766, 132 (based on Noctua aurita minor, Catesby, Carol. I, 7.—
Asio scops carolinensis, Briss. I, 497).—GMEL., 8. N. I, i, 1788, 287.—Laru., Ind.
Orn. I, 1790, 54; Gen. Hist. I, 1221, 314.—Daup., Tr. Orn. II, 1800, 216.—Suaw,
Gen. Zool. VII, 1809, 229.—Wits., Am. Orn. V, 1812, 83, pl. 42, fig. 1.—TEmo.,
PI. Col. II, 1838, pl. 80 (gray phase).—Bownap., Ann. Lye. N.Y. I, 1826, 36; Synop.
1828, 36; Isis, 1832, 1139.—Jarp., ed. Wilson, I, 1831, 307.—Aup., Orn. Biog. I,
1832, 486; V, 1839, 392, pl. 97.—NuttT., Man. I, 1832, 120.—BREWER, ed. Wilson,
1852, 687.—Hoss., Nat. 1855, 165.
Scops asio, BONAP., Comp. List, 1838, 6; Consp. I, 1850, 45.—Less., Traité, I, 1831,
107.—Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1852, 112.—Cass., Tlustr. B. Cal. Tex. &c. 1854,
179; in Baird’s B. N. Am. 1858, 51.—HrErRm., Pacific R. R. Rep. II, 1855, 35.—
STRICKL., Orn. Syn. I, 1855, 199.—BrREWER, N. Am. O6l. 1857, 65.—BarrD,
Cat. N. Am. B. 1859, no, 49.—? ScuiEeG., Mus. P.-B. Oti, 1862, 27; Rev. Acc.
1873, 9.—Gray, Hand-l. I, 1869, 46.—Coopsr, Orn. Cal. I, 1870, 420.—Mayn.,
Naturalist’s Guide, 1870, 131 (Mass.).—Cours, Key, 1872, 202; Check List,
1873, 65, no. 318.—B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B. III, 1874, 49.—SHarpr, Cat.
Strig. Brit. Mus. 1875, 114 (Delaware ; Toronto) —RipGw., Bull. Essex Inst.
Oct. 1874, 172 (Sacramento, Cal.); Orn. 40th Par. 1877, 336, 389, 518, 571 (Sa-
cramento and Nevada, Cal.).—D’HaMmonpy., Ois. Eur. 1876, — (Hurope).—
Bouc., Cat. Av. 1876, 91.
Bubo asio, VIEILx., Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 53, pl. 21—Avup., Synop. 1839, 29; Birds
Am. I, 1840, 147, pl. 40.—DEKay, Zool. N. Y. 1844, pl. 12, figs. 25, 26.—Gr1raub,
Birds L. I. 1844, 28.—Max., J. f. O. 1858, 23.
Otus asio, STEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool. XIII, ii, 1826, 57—ScuireG., Fauna Japon.
1845, 25.
Asio asio, Less., Man. Orn. I, 1827, 117.
Ephialites asio, GRAY, Genera B. I, 1844, 38; List B. Brit. Mus. 1844, 96.--WooDH.,
Sitgreaves’s Exp. 1853, 62.
Megascops asio, Kaup, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. IV, 1859, 228.
108 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Strix assio, capite aurito, corpore ferruginec, the litile screech owl, BARTRAM, Travels, 1791,
289. | .
Red Owl, PENN., Arct. Zool. II, 1785, 231, pl. xi, fig. 1.
Mottled Owl, PENN., t. ¢. pl. xi, fig. 2.
Striz nevia, GMEL., §. N. I, i, 1788, 289.—Laru., Ind. Orn. I, 1790, 55; Gen. Hist. I, 1821,
321.—Daup., Tr. Orn. IT, 1800, 217—Suaw, Gen. Zool. VII, 1809, 230.—WILs.,
Am. Orn. III, 1812, 16, pl. 19, fig. 1.
Asio nevia, Less., Man. Orn. I, 1827, 117.—Bonap., Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, 543.
Otus nevius, CUV., Reg. Anim. ed. 2, 1829, 241.
Surnia nevia, JAMES., ed. Wils. I, 1831, 96, 99.
Bubo striatus, VIEILL., Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 54, pl. 21.
“ Ephialites ocreata, Licut., in Mus. Berol.”
“ Scops asio var. maccalli”, HeNsHaW, Orn. Wheeler’s Exp. 1874, 135 (Gila R., Camp
Grant, and San Pedro, Arizona) ; ib. 4t0 Rep. 1875,405 ( Arizona and New Mexico).
Without repeating here a detailed description of the plumages of
this form, for which the reader is referred to the “ History of North
American Birds” (vol. iii, pp. 49-51), a few remarks concerning local
and geographical variations may suffice. The most noteworthy point
in this connection is the apparently established fact that while this
bird very frequently varies to bright lateritious-rufous in the East-
ern Province of the United States (this erythrismal phase even very
largely predominating in some localities*), it seems never to assume this
plumage in the Western States and Territories. At the same time,
there seems to be no difference whatever in specimens of the gray phase
from the Atlantic States and California, as well as other of the Western
States and Territories, if we except those districts inhabited by different
races (i. é., kennicotti, maxwellic, etc.). There are now before me the fol-
lowing specimens representing the adult of this phase, belonging tu my
own collection: a pair from Nicasio, California, a male from Sacramento,
a male from Arizona (San Pedro River), a female from Southern Illinois,
a male from the District of Columbia, and another from Virginia, Of
these, the two California specimens and the examples from Illinois and
Virginia are so precisely similar that were their labels taken off or inter-
changed it would not be possible to distinguish them by colors and
markings. The Arizona example differs solely in being of a purer ash-
gray shade, the others being of a more brownish-gray; the Sacramento
specimen is similar to those from Nicasio, only lighter-colored, being a
midsummer specimen, in faded plumage, while the others were killed in
October, and consequently in possession of the new fall dress. The
skin from the District of Columbia differs from the others in having a
very decided cinnamon cast to the plumage, thereby exhibiting a ten-
* Whether the relative number of specimens of the two phases in a given locality
has anything to do with geographical or climatic considerations, 1 have not the mate-
rial to enable me to determine. Certain it is, however, that while in the States
bordering the Atlantic the gray phase is generally quite as common as the other, it is
so extremely rare in the Lower Wabash Valley that I bave seen there but two indi-
viduals in the course of many years’ observation, the red specimens constituting
fully 95 per cent. of all. This has also been the experience of others whom I have
questioned regarding the matter.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 109
dency toward the rufous phase; all the markings, however, are as in the
grayish birds. The measurements of these specimens are as follows :—
— |R.R.| ov ad. | Nicasio, Marin County, Cal.-.....-.....-. Mars. 2OURii al Oo I Se Ub oes 21 ak
SO ie ae eee OY eee oar ee eee ee oe ee Mar. 29607!" 6. 60? 3265" 1252 os. oR oe
Tos) Relea! sate | aeramonto, Cale © scmoc cee mma orcicee naa JRNe QL LBC 16s 10) [3 GO ane
S49 | hh Bh. | ad. | Sam Pedro River, Arizona ....21.. 22.522: Oct. 24518 TS" > &. 6O.4-Sole (Ps. tao
— |R.R.| 9 ad. | Mount Carmel, S. Il. ..............------ Octo cde ASIEN Go 406 3450) = oa)
— |R.R.| o ad. | Fairfax County, Virginia............--..-. WU 4, tory G6. au o. t0 de cee eel ene e
— | R:Ralc’ ad. |, District.of Columbia, --. ~~. «025 2.--05- Det Te TET 6. 39) 8s BE lee sumecihe aaa
Three specimens in the rufous phase, also in my collection, measure
as follows :—
953 | R.R.| ¢& ad. | Mount Carmel, Tll.-.......... Cee. baer May. 1, 1869) 5.90 | 3.20 |.2-..0).-2- <2
954 R.R.| o ad. i) 1 eee ine Ayman a Ee TS Sibi 73) Boe Be dh July 30,1870} 6.00 | 3.00 |......|......
2606 | R.R.| Q ad. ‘District of Columbia.........--..------. Nov... .8, 1860)) 6550.) 3.60 |..2.--|...-..
The first of these specimens inclines very decidedly, both in measure-
ments and plumage, to var. floridanus ; and, in view of the fact that
typical specimens of Ortyx virginianus floridanus, Tinnunculus sparve-
rius isabellinus, and other Southern forms occur in the same locality,
may be perhaps best referred to that form.
pB. maccalli.
Scops McCallii, Cass., Illustr. B. Cal. Tex. &c. July, 1854, 180 (Texas ; Northern Mexico);
in Baird’s B. N. Am. 1858, 52; ib. ed. 1860, pl. xxxix (part).—BarrRD, Mex.
Bound. Survey, II, pt. iv, Birds, 1859, pl. 1; Cat. N. Am. B. 1058, no. 50.—
STRICKL., Orn. Syn. I, 1855, 200.—Scxi. & SALv., Ibis, 1859, 220.—Gray, Hand-l.
I, 1869, 47.
“ Scops trichopsis”, GRAY, Hand-]. I, 1869, 47 (Sharpe).—Scn. & Satv., Nom. 1873, 117
(Mexico; Guatemala).
Scops asio var. enano, ‘‘LAWR.”, RipGw., Bull. Essex Inst. V, Dec. 1873, 200 (ZH. Mexico ;
Guatemala); in B. B. & R,, Hist. N. Am. B. III, 1874, 48 (do.).
Scops enano, Bouc., Cat. Av. 1876, 91 (Mexico).
Scops asio, subsp. y. Scops enano, SHARPE, Cat. Strig. Brit. Mus. 1875, 118 (Mexico ;
W. Mexico).
Habitat.—Eastern and Northern Mexico; Guatemala; Texas (Cassin).
DriaGnosis.—Wing, 5.60-5.90; tail, 3.10-3.50; culmen, .45-.50; tar-
sus, 1.00-1.15; middle toe, .70-.75. Gray phase (adult).—Similar to the
gray adult of S. cassini, but toes bristled, the occipital collar nearly
obsolete, and the nuchal collar less distinct. Red phase (adult).*—
Above dull rusty, much broken across the nape by a collar of pale ochra-
ceous spots, the whole surface elsewhere being also more or less mottled
with paler rusty than the ground-color, and relieved by ragged mesial
streaks of black. Lower parts pale rufous, each feather crossed near
the end by a wide white bar, and with two to three narrow, somewhat
irregular lines of blackish.
Youny.t—Above brownish-gray, transversely mottled with darker
and paler, and without dusky shaft-streaks. Below grayish-white, with
*Duetas, Guatemala. In Mus. Salvin & Godman.
tCoban, Vera Paz. In Mus. Salvin & Godman.
110 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
badly-defined bars of pale grayish-brown, the feathers somewhat ochira-
ceous beneath the surface. Wings and tail as in the adult.
REMARKS.—The gray phase of this form is exceedingly similar in gen-
eral appearance to that of S. cassini, not only above but also on the
lower surface. The upper parts are more coarsely mottled, however,
and the pale bands across the lower part of the nape and occiput are
less conspicuous, especially the latter. The rufous phase is more like
that of S. barbarus, the upper parts in particular being quite similar,
On the lower parts, however, there is more rufous, while the black cross-
lines are more distinct as well as more numerous. The species may be
distinguished from all the other Mexican and Tropical American species
(except from S. cooperi, from Costa Rica) by the distinctly bristled
toes. In the latter feature, it agrees with S. asio of the United States,
but is considerably smaller, while the red phase is very different from
the corresponding plumage of that species. It is also smaller, uoless
compared with the small race bird distinguished as var. floridanus, which
differs in colors and markings, as explained in the remarks respecting
that form on page 113.
The Scops McCallii of Cassin seems to be the present form rather than
what has been so called by most subsequent writers (7. ¢., true asio and S.
trichopsis ?), the description corresponding exactly, ide the habitat is
nearly the same—. e., Texas and ‘‘ Northern Mexico”.
S. McCallii is sicsaileea as follows :—
‘In form and general appearance like the preceding, (8S. asio), but
much smaller; short and robust; wing with the fourth quill longest;
tail short, slightly curved inwards; tarsi rather long, fully covered;
toes partially covered with. long hair-like feathers. ADULT. JMale.—
Much resembling in color the adult of the species immediately preced-
ing, [7. €., S. asio,| but darker ; entire plumage above ashy brown, nearly
every feather with a longitudinal stripe of brownish black, and with
numerous irregular transverse lines and points of the same; under
parts, ashy white, every feather with a longitudinal stripe of brownish
black, and with well-defined but irregular transverse lines of the same;
flanks and sides tinged with pale fulvous; quills brown, with several
transverse bands of pale reddisb-white, assuming the form of quad-
rangular spots on the outer webs, and pale reddish asby on the inner
webs; tail ashy brown, with about ten narrow transverse bands on all
except the two central feathers, well-defined on the inner webs; scapu-
lar feathers and some of the greater coverts of the wings, edged with
white; bill greenish horn-color, light yellowish at the tip; irides yellow.
‘‘ DIMENSIONS. ‘Total length, 74 to 8 inches; wing, 6; tail, 3 inches.
Male.
“HAB. Texas (Mr. Schott); Northern Mexico (Lieut. Couch). roe
in Mus. Acad. Philada., and Nat. Mus., Washington City.
“Oss. This encoun: very conaiieraliil resembles the adult or gray
plumage of the Scops asio, but is uniformly much smaller and darker
~ ="
aa
+ Ar '«
~-
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 111
in color. The transverse lines on the under surface of the body are
better defined and more numerous.”
In the above description, those characters which fit “enano”, and not
‘ trichopsis”, I have taken the liberty to italicize.
In the “ Birds of North America” (p. 53), a rufous specimen is de-
scribed, which renders it still more certain that Cassin’s Scops McCallii
is the form which we have hitherto called ‘‘enano”. The specimen
there mentioned as in the National Museum from Florida is not this
form, but has since been made the type of S. asio var. floridanus.*
.
— | Boston Soc..| Gray ad. | Guatemala. .............- coe ) ee 5.60 | 3.30 55 | 1.05 | .70
—|S.&G...... Gray ad. | San Bernardo, Guatemala.| Oct. —, 1862) 5.70 | 3.10 |.50) 1.15 | .7
ON gua do | is 25. Gray ad. g. | V. de Fuego, Guatemala.) Jan. —, 1874 | 5.90 | 3.35 |.50) 1.12 | . 75
9] Ee Ruf. ad. Dueiias, Guatemala.-..-- | — —,1861/| 5.85 | 3.50 |.50) 1.05 | .72
—— $4 GOpesei owt Gray juv. | Coban, Vera Paz......... PESeee (He. 2S 5.60 | 3.25 |.45) 1.00 | .7
—|G.N.L...--. Gray ad. Ns ai hes 5 at nae on ees CVA <k=> edited VTA | ie ae hese
|
y: kennicottii.
? Scops asio, Coop. & SUCKL., Pacific R. R. Rep. XII, ii, 1860, 155 ( Washington Terr.).—
LorpD, Naturalist in Vancouver I., II, 1866, 292.
Scops kennicottii, ELLIoT, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1867, 69; Illustr. Birds Am. 1869, p.
xxvii, pl. 11 (Sitka, Alaska ; March, 1866).—DaLL & Bannist., Tr. Chicago
Acad. I, ii, 1869, 273 (do.).—BatrD, id. 311, pl. xxvii (do.).—Gray, Hand-l. I,
1869, 47, no. 492.—F mvscu, Abh. Nat. Brem. III, 1872, 28 (Alaska).—Bouc., Cat.
Av. 1876, 91.
Scops asio var. kennicotli, R1pGw. in Coues’ Key, 1872, 203.—CouEs, Check List,
1873, 65, no. 318 a.—B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B., ITI, 1874, 48, 53 (“from Columbia
River northward ; Idaho’’).
Scops asio, b. kennicottit, CoUES, Birds N. W. 1874, 303.
Scops asio, subsp. a. Scops kennicotli, SHARPE, Cat. Strig. Brit. Mus. 1875, 117 ( Van-
couver I.; ‘‘w. side Rocky Mts.’”).
Kennicott’s Owl, Auct., l. ¢.
Habitat.—The Northwest coast district, from Oregon to Sitka; Idaho ;
Vancouver Island (Sharpe) ; British Columbia (Sharpe).
Dracnosis.—Adult (¢, 59,847, Sitka, Alaska, March, 1866; Ferd.
Bischoff. Elliot’s type):—Above umber-b:own, with a slightly reddish
cast; feathers confusedly mottled transversely with dusky, and showing
rounded spots of rufous, most conspicuous on the nape; each feather
with a conspicuous mesial, broad, ragged stripe of black, these stripes
most conspicuous on the forehead and scapulars; outer webs of scapu-
lars light rufous, bordered terminally with black. Wings of a more
grayish cast than the back, but similarly variegated ; lower feathers of
the middle and secondary wing-coverts each with a large, oval, pale
rufous spot, covering most of the lower web. Secondaries crossed by
six narrow, obscure bands of pale rufous ; primaries with seven, some-
what rounded, quadrate spots of the same on the outer webs, forming
* Since the above was put in type, I have seen, through the courtesy of Dr. E. Coues,
a series of this species collected in Southern Texas (by Mr. G. B. Sennett), and conse-
quently the true S. maccalli. They agree exactly with typical ‘S. enano”, which fact
therefore settles the question of the proper name of this form.
112 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
as many transverse series ; each light spot with a central dusky mot-
tling. Tail more finely and confusedly mottled than the wings; the
bands, though present, so indistinct as to be searcely traceable, and so
irregular or badly defined as to be of uncertain number. Ear-tufts black
and rusty, the former along the shafts, and in transverse spots; on the
outer webs the black predominating, on the inner, the rusty.
Lores and basal half of the frontal bristles white, the terminal half
abruptly black; eyebrows about equally blackish and paler, the former
bordering the Secvitennesis eye surrounded by dark snuff-brown; cheeks
and ear-coverts pale rusty, transversely barred with deeper rusty ;
facial circle not well defined, black. Chin and lores only white.
Ground-color of the lower parts dilute-rusty, becoming white on the
flanks; each feather of the throat, jugulum, breast, sides, and flanks
with a broad mesial stripe of black, this throwing off very narrow,
rather distant, bars to the edge; the spaces between these bars alter-
nately paler and deeper dilute-rusty; the black marks broadest on the
sides of the breast, where they have an external deep rusty suffusion ;
the abdomen medially and the anal region scarcely maculate rusty-
white; the lower tail-coverts each with a central, cuneate, longitudinal
stripe of black. Tibi, tarsi, and lining of the wing plain deep rusty.
Wing-formula, 3 = 4,5-2,6-1=9. Wing, 7.40; tail, 4.00; culmen,
.65; tarsus, 1.50; middle toe, .80.
No. 59,068 (Idaho; Dr. Whitehead), is considerably darker than the
type, the ground-color above approaching snuff-brown; it differs,
however, in no other respect as regards coloration ; the size (as might
be expected) is considerably smaller, measurements being as follows:
Wing, 6.80; tail, 3.50; culmen, .60; tarsus, 1.20; middle toe, .80.
Wing-formula the same as in type.
No. 4,530 (Washington Territory; Dr. Geo. Suckley) is just interme-
diate, in all respects, between typical kennicotti and asio, being refer- —
able to either with equal propriety, though perhaps inclining rather
more to the former.
A very obvious character of this race is the smaller size, more quad-
rate form, and more rufous color, of the spots on the primaries, and the
greater indistinctness of the bands on the tail; but this is merely in
consequence of the greater extension of the brown markings, thus
necessarily contracting the lighter spots. In these respects only, does
the Washington Territory specimen differ from the two typical examples —
before me, having the larger, more whitish spots on the primaries, and
more distinct bands on the tail, as in asio.
There is a wonderfully close resemblance in general aspect between
this form of Scops asio and SN. semitorques (Schleg.) of Japan, caused by
the exceeding similarity in size, form, and coloration, both as regards
tints and pattern. Indeed, the only very obvious difference cunsists
in the distinctly white jugulum and well-defined lighter occipital and
nuchal collars of semitorques, which has also the pencillings of the
Ae
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 113
lower surface narrower or more delicate. The differences between the
two may ve tabulated as follows :—
S. SEMITORQUES.*—A well-defined nuchal collar, of mottled pale
ochraceous; jugulum immaculate white centrally. Feathers of the
lower parts with their transverse pencillings growing fainter toward
the middle line, which is unvariegated white from the central jugular
spot to the anal region. Wing, 6.60-7.25 ; tail, 3.60-3.85 ; culmen, .60;
tarsus, 1.25-1.40; middle toe, .80-.90. Hab., Japan.
S. KENNICOTTI.—No well-defined nuchal band; jugulum closely
barred centrally ; feathers of the lower parts with their transverse
pencillings not growing fainter toward the middle line, which is unva-
riegated white only on the abdominal portion; the medial black streaks
to the feathers of the lower surface much broader, and transverse pen-
cillings rather coarser. Wing, 6.90-7.30; tail, 3.50-4.50 ; culmen, .60-
.65; tarsus, 1.35-1.45 ; middle toe, .80-.90. Hab., North Pacific coast of
North America from Sitka to Washington Territory, and Western Idaho.
6. floridanus.
“ Scops asio”’, ALLEN, Bull. M. C. Z. II, 1871, 338.
Scops asio var. floridanus, RripGw., Bull. Essex Inst. V, Dec. 1873, 200 (Indian R., Flo-
rida); in B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B. IIT, 1874, 48, 51.
Scops asio, subsp. 3. Scops floridanus, SHARPE, Cat. Strig. Brit. Mus. 1875, 118.
Scops floridanus, Bouc., Cat. Av. 1876, 91.
Habitat—Flerida and Lower Georgia.
DIAGNOSIS.—Similar to var. asio, but much smaller, and the colors
deeper. The gray stage very similar to that of var. asio, but the red —
phase very appreciably different, there being a greater amount of rufous
on the lower parts, the breast nearly uniformly colored, and the rufous
broken elsewhere into transverse broad bars, connected along the shaft.
Wing, 5.50-6.00; tail, 2.75-3.10.
This extreme Southern form is much smaller than the more Northern
ones, being about the same in size as S. maccalli of Guatemala and East-
ern Mexico, and S. cassini, also from the latter country. The colors are
also darker and richer.
In the collection of the National Museum are two specimens of this
race, one in each phase of plumage. The red one (No. 5,857, Indian
River) measures, wing, 5.50; tail, 2.70; culmen, .55; tarsus, 1.05; mid-
_ dle toe, .65. The colors are much darker than those of Northern and
Western specimens; the rufous of the neck, all round, shows indistinct,
darker, transverse bars; the black border to the white scapular spots
is restricted to the tip of the feathers; the inner webs of the ear-tuft
feathers are scarcely paler than the outer; the neck and face are deeper
rufous, while on the lower parts this color predominates, and is disposed
chiefly in transverse rays; and the tibie and tarsi are plain rufous.
Only the middle of the abdomen and the anal region are pure white.
* Otus semitorques, SCHLEG., Fauna Japon. Aves, 1845, 25, pl. 8.
Scops semitorques, BonaP., Consp. I, 1850, 46.—SHarPEs, Cat. Strig. Brit. Mus. 1875, 83.
Proc. Nat. Mus. 78 August 15, 1878.
114 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
e. maxwellie.
‘ Scops asio”, RipGw., Bull. Essex Inst. Nov. 1873, 185 (Colorado).
Scops asio, e. maxwelliv, RipGw., Field and Forest, June, 1877, 210, 213 (Boulder Co., Colo-
rado ; resident; breeding).
Mrs. Maxwells Owl, Ripew., I. ¢.
Habitat.—Mountains of Colorado (Boulder Co.; resident and breed-
ing; Mrs. Maxwell).
DIAGNOSIS.—Ground-color above pale gray or grayish-brown, felievedl
by the usual ragged mesial streaks of black, and irregular mottlings
and vermiculations of lighter and darker shades. The ground-color, how-
ever, never inclining strongly to reddish, and not darker in shade than
a very light ash-gray or brown. The white spots on outer webs of the
primaries frequently confluent, the darker spots, in extreme cases, being
hardly visible on the basal portion of the quills when the wing is closed.
Face grayish-white, with faint vermiculations of darker grayish. No
rusty gular collar, but in its stead sparse, narrow bars of brown or
rusty on a white ground. Wing, 6.80-6.90; tail, 3.90-4.10; culmen, .60;
tarsus, 1.45-1.50; middle toe, .80-.85.
The characteristics of this form are remarkably constant, a series of
a dozen or more specimens affording no instance of notable variation.
6. SCOPS TRICHOPSIS?
?Scops trichopsis, WAGL., Isis, 1832, 276 (Mexico).—Bonap., Consp. I, 1850, 46.—
STRICKL., Orn. Syn. IJ, 1855, 201.—SaLvin, Ibis, 1874, 314.—Bovuc., Cat. Av.
1876, 91 (Mexico).
Ephialites trichopsis, GRAY, Genera B. I, 1844, 38.
Megascops trichopsis, Kaup, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. IV, 1862, 227.
Asio trichopsis, BONAP., Rev. et Mag. Ce Zool. 1854, 543.
Scops asio, subsp. 6. Scops trichopsis, SHARPE, Cat. Strig. Brit. Mus. 1874, 119 (JV.
Mexico).
“ Bphialites choliba”, LAwr., Ann. Lye. N. Y. VI, 1853, 4 (nec Vieill.).
Scops asio var. maccalli, CoUES, Key, 1872, 203; Check List, 1873, 65, no. 318 b.—Ripew.,
in B. B. & R. III, 1874, 49, 52,
Habitat.—Western Mexico, and the extreme southwestern portion of
the United States (Texas; Cassin. New Mexico; Nat. Mus. Stockton,
Cal.; Mus. G. N. Lawrence.)
DIAGNosSIS.—Adult (No. 9,147, New Mexico, Feb. 10, 1854; Kennerly
and Mollbausen) :—Above light ash-gray, minutely vermiculated with
dusky and grayish-white, each feather with a distinct mesial stripe of
blackish, showing in strong relief; these stripes broadest on the fore-
head. Outer webs of the exterior row of scapulars white, without
black terminal borders; outer webs of two or three lower, middle, and
greater wing-coverts also white; outer webs of primaries marked with
transverse series of white spots, these forming about eight bands across
the larger quills. Tail crossed by about eight narrow, pale bands. LHar-
coverts, cheeks, throat, and jugulum finely and uniformly barred trans-
versely, or vermiculated, with dusky and grayish-white; the facial
circle interrupted across the throat, where, in its place, is a series of
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 115
longitudinal, black dashes. Lower parts grayish-white, with numerous,
very narrow, transverse bars of dusky, each feather with a mesial
stripe of black, these stripes forming on the breast conspicuous spots;
tibiz and tarsi dull soiled-white, spotted with dark brown; crissum
immaculate white. Wing, 6.50; tail, 3.30; culmen, .55; tarsus, 1.15;
middle toe, .70.
Young, in down, but nearly full-grown (No. 16,932, Cape St. Lucas,
Lower California; J. Xantus) :—Remiges and rectrices as in the adult.
Rest of the plumage, above and below, including the head, narrowly
barred with dusky and grayish-white, the former predominating above,
the latter prevailing below; eyebrows and lores white; wing-coverts
finely mottled transversely with dusky and white, the latter forming
spots on the lower feathers; tibize and tarsi with numerous dusky bars.
REMARKS.—An adult from Stockton, California (EK. S. Holden), kindly
loaned me by Mr. Geo. N. Lawrence, and the only United States example,
besides the dne described above, that I have seen, differs from the
specimen from New Mexico in having the general tint of the plumage
rather more brownish, and the mesial blackish streaks of the upper parts
less distinct. It measures, wing, 6.20; tail, 3.10.
The form of Scops-owl represented by the specimens described above,
as well as by those from which Mr. Sharpe’s descriptions are drawn, is
certainly to be distinguished from the several styles of S. asio treated
in the foregoing pages; but whether it is a distinct species, or merely
another geographical race of asio, cannot be decided without additional
material. For the present, however, I keep it separate, on account of
the different pattern of the markings on the lower plumage, which in
S. asio is exactly the same in all the several races.
There is also considerable doubt as to the name this form should bear.
Wagler (l. c.) describes an owl from Mexico which may be this bird,
but the only pertinent character which I am able to glean from his
description is that the toes are bristled ; it is, therefore, either this bird
or one of the forms of asio; but in identifying the Scops trichopsis of
Wagler with the bird under consideration, I merely adopt the determi-
nation of that name as made by Messrs. Sclater and Salvin, and, sub-
sequently, by Mr. Sharpe.
That this is the bird which Mr. Sharpe describes as Scops asio, ‘subsp.
6. Scops trichopsis” (l. ¢.), there can be no doubt, his description fitting
perfectly the example described above, while his additional remarks
on pp. 120, 121, show that he fully appreciated the character of the
differences between it and true asio. We transcribe Mr. Sharpe’s
remarks :—
‘Obs. This is a small race of S. kennicotti [qu. lapsus calam. for
asio?|; but, as far as can be determined, it bas only a grey phase and
no brown one. Its measurements distinguish it at once; and it may
also be told by its narrowly barred under surface, every feather being
streaked with black, and barred with the same, from the chin to the
116 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
lower abdomen and flanks. It is larger than Scops enano [i. e., maccalli},
and differs from that bird also in not having a rufous phase; the cross-
barring of the under surface in the latter is of the same character in
S. enano as in S. asio; that is to say, the bars are often double, whereas
in S. trichopsis they are single and very distinct.”
The specimens in the British Museum, two in number, are both from
Western Mexico; and it would seem that the species is mainly confined
to the Pacific slope of that country, though ranging sparingly into the
Southwestern United States, where, however, true S. asto is much
more common.
7. SCOPS COOPERI.
Scops cooperi, RIDGWAY, MS.
Hahitat.—Costa Rica.
Sp. cH.—Very similar to the grayish style of S. brastlianus, but with
he toes very distinctly bristled.
Q ad. (No. 74,207, Santa Ana, Costa Rica, Sept. 4, 1875! José O. Zele-
don):—Above grayish umber-brown, very finely vermiculated with
dusky, the feathers of the pileum and back having mesial, chain-like
streaks of blackish; outer webs of exterior scapulars somewhat varied
with white spotting; outer webs of primaries marked with quadrate
spots of pale fulvous, bordered with blackish, there being about ten of
these spots on the longest quill (the fifth); tail crossed with narrow
bands of the same color, likewise bordered with a narrower dusky bar,
these light bands about 10-12 in number. Face brownish-white, finely
but distinctly barred with dushy brown; superciliary region lighter and
more coarsely mottled; face bordered laterally or posteriorly by a distinet
narrow band of dusky spots. Lower parts white, densely marked with
blackish and umber-brown zigzags, imparting a light brownish appear-
ance to the whole surface; feathers of the tibiz* and tarsi light rusty-
umber, thickly barred.with deeper brown. ‘Iris lemon-yellow; cere,
bill and feet, yellowish green.” Wing, 7.00; tail, 3.75; culmen, .62;
tarsus, 1.25; middle toe, 1.00.
2 juv. (No. 74,552, San José, Costa Rica, May 10, 1866; José C. Zele-
don):— Toes distinctly bristled, excepting on the two or three terminal scu-
telle. General color above light grayish-brown, relieved by very minute
and rather indistinet, transverse vermiculations of dusky, and larger, but
still inconspicuous, transverse marks of white, these larger and more
obvious on the lower webs of the middle wing-coverts. RKemiges and
rectrices pale grayish-brown, minutely vermiculated with dusky, and
distinctly banded with pale reddish-fulvous (color of sulphate of man-
ganese). Lower parts dirty-whitish, crossed everywhere with transverse
vermiculations, or ragged, narrow lines of dusky, strongly suffused with
brownish across the jugulum, where the vermiculations are minute and
confused ; flanks and crissum with the bars broad and distinct, the inter--
spaces nearly pure white, and wider than the mottled-brownish bars. |
Bill pale horn-color, yellowish at the end; “iris yellow”; claws very.
rare"
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 117
pale horn-color, darker terminally. Culmen, .60; tarsus, 1.30; middle
toe, .88*
REMARKS.—It is very difficult to express, by a mere description, the
points of difference in coloration between this new species and the grayish
phase of Scops brasilianus. Specimens of the latter, collected in Costa
hica, by Mr. Zeledon, are hardly appreciably different at a casual glance.
Upon close comparison, however, it may readily be seen that the lower
parts of S. coopert are much more densely vermiculated,{ the legs much
more rufescent and more distinctly barred, the white variegation of the
outer scapulars far less conspicuous, and the light bars on the remiges
and rectrices narrower and more numerous. Compared with one of these
specimens of S. brasilianus, having the wing the same length (7.00
inches), it is found that the tail of S. cooperi is much shorter, its length
being only 3.75 instead of 4.25; this shortness of the tail in the present
species causes the legs to appear proportionately longer, the claws reach-
ing considerably beyond the end of the tail, while in S. brasilianus they
do not reach to within half an inch of the tip. This greater elongation
of the legs is not merely apparent, however, the tarsi being absolutely
longer and the toes both longer and stouter ; the claws in particular are
decidedly stronger than in S. brasilianus.
It is not necessary, however, to make a minute comparison of
markings and proportions in order to distinguish between these two
species, the single character of the toes, being strongly bristled in S.
coopert and absolutely naked in S. brasilianus, being sufficient for the
purpose. S. cooperi is, moreover, the only bristly-toed member of this
genus found south of Guatemala, so there is no need of confounding it
with any other species of the same group.
I have named this species, at the request of Mr. Zeledon, the collector
of the type-specimens, after Mr. Juan Cooper, of Cartago, Costa Rica,
a particular friend of his, to whom he is much indebted for many inter-
esting contributions to his collections.
*Being a very young bird, and the remiges and rectrices but partly developed,
measurements of the wing and tail would of course be of no value.
tNot more so, however, than in some specimens typical of the var. guatemale,
Sharpe.
118 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
NOTES ON THE ORNITHOLOGY OF SOUTHERN TEXAS, BEING A LIST OF
BIRDS OBSERVED IN THE VICINITY OF FORT BROWN, TEXAS, FROM
FEBRUARY, 1876, TO JUNE, 1878.
By JAMES C. MERRIEL, Assistant Surgeon U. S. Army.
The post of Fort Brown, Texas, in the immediate vicinity of which
most of the following observations were made, is at the extreme
southern point of the State, in latitude 25° 53’ 16”, longitude 97°
13’. It adjoins the town of Brownsville, on the left bank of the Rio
Grande, and across the river is Matamoras, in the Mexican State of
Tamaulipas. Tbe nearest part of the Gulf coast is about eighteen miles
distant. The surrounding country is level, and mostly covered with
low chaparral; towards the coast this becomes more sparse, and gives
place to extensive prairies, broken by shallow, brackish lagoons and
sand ridges, with a scanty growth of cactus and yucca. The average
annual temperature is about 73° Falrenheit; snow and ice are unknown,
and slight frosts are rare. But little rain falls from March to Septem-
ber. This region offers an excellent field for the ornithologist. Besides
a very large number of northern migrants that either remain throughout
the winter or pass farther south, there are many forms characteristic of
the river valley, and other Mexican species, either regular summer vis-
itors or stragglers that are new to the United States fauna. A namber
ot the latter class were obtained within our limits for the first time,* and
others by Mr. G. B. Sennett; but there are doubtless many more yet to be
found.t
Of the localities mentioned in this list, Brazos and Padre Islands are
the parts of the Gulf coast nearest the fort; they are long, narrow sand
ridges, almost destitute of vegetation. A similar formation is seen in
the outer beach on the south shore of Long Island. Santa Maria and
Edinburgh (now Hidalgo) are on the river, about twenty-eight and sixty
miles respectively above the fort by road. Here the character of the
country changes; the trees are much higher, and near the last-named
settlement the land begins to rise. The avifauna, too, is somewhat dif-
ferent, and three species{ in particular stop abruptly there. Asa matter
of local interest, an asterisk is prefixed to those species that are known
to breed within the limits of the fort and government reservation,
* Thryothorus ludovicianus var. berlandieri, Vireosylvia Jlavoviridis, Cyanospiza versicolor,
Myiarchus erythrocercus var. cooperi, Amazilia Juscicaudata, A. yucatanensis, Nyctidromus
albicollis, Sturnella magna var. mexicana, Molothrus wneus, Buteo albicaudatus, Parra
gymnostoma, and Podiceps dominicus.
tSeveral species of Parrots are found about Vittoria, ninety miles south of Fort
Brown, some of which must occasionally cross the Rio Grande. During the summer
of 1877, two specimens of a Trogon were killed north of the river, one near Ringgold
Barracks, the second at Las Cuevas, some miles lower down. They were described
to me by the persons who shot them, but unfortunately they were not preserved. [Un-
doubtedly T. ambiguus, Gould.—R. R. ]
tCampylorhynchus brunneicapillus, Auriparus flaviceps, and Callipepla squamata,
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 119
I desire to express my indebtedness to Dr. T. M. Brewer and Mr. R.
Ridgway for their assistance in many ways, and for their notes, which
add so much to the value of the present paper.
1. Turdus fuscescens, Stephens.
January 1, 1877.
2. Turdus migratorius, Linn.
Occurs rather sparingly during the winter months.—(DRESSER, Ibis,
1865, 475.)
3. *Harporhynchus rufus var. longirostris, (Lafr.)
This fine songster is a common resident, frequenting shady thickets
and rarely seen in the open. In habits, it scarcely differs from the
Eastern var. rufus, and the large number of nests found here were quite
as well built as those found in New England. The usual number of
eggs is three, often two, more rarely four: the ground-color varies from
greenish to reddish-white, more or less thickly sprinkled with reddish
and brownish dots and spots. One set is sparingly covered with large
clouded blotches, giving the eggs an appearance unusual in this genus.
Tifty-two eggs average 1.08 by .82, the extremes being 1.13 by .86 and
.97 by .75. In some adult specimens, there is a decided tendency to
whitish tips to the outer tail-feathers, as in var. rufus.—(H. rufus longi-
rostris, SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 3.)
4. *Harporhynchus curvirostris, (Swains.)
This Thrush is about as common as the preceding species, and is resi-
dent. They are not often seen together, however, as this bird prefers
more open and sunny localities, especially sparse chaparral, where the
prickly pear grows. Here it passes much of its time on the ground, run-
ning rapidly about in search of small land-shells and insects. I cannot
confirm the praises of the song of this bird given by Couch and Heer-
mann: it seems to me to be one of the most silent of the song Thrushes.
Its alarm note is a sharp whit-whit. The nests are usually placed among
the fleshy joints of the prickly pear, or in some of the many thorny and
almost impenetrable bushes found in Southern Texas: they are often
seen in the dense prickly hedges that surround most Mexican jacals.
They are, as a rule, readily distinguishable from those of the Texas
Thrasher and Mocking-bird by the almost invariable lining of yellow
straws, giving a peculiar appearance to the nest. They are also more
compactly built, are well cupped, and often have the edges well guarded
by thorny twigs. The eggs are usually four in number: the ground-
eolor is a deep greenish-blue (more rarely pale yellowish), rather sparsely
sprinkled over the entire surface with very fine brown dots. They
average 1.13 x .80: extremes 1.18 x .83 and .94 x .72.—(DRESSER, Ibis,
1865, 482.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 4.)
5. *Mimus polyglottus, (Linn.)
A very common resident. By the 20th of May, many pairs have eggs
120 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
of the second brood.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 481.—SENNETT, B. Rio
Grande, 3.)
6. Galeoscoptes carolinensis, ( Linn.)
A few seen during the migrations: some pass the winter here.
7. Sialia sialis, (Linn.)
Uncommon. Two pairs, seen at Edinburgh in May, 1876, were un-
doubtedly breeding.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 475.—-SENNETT, B. Rio
Grande, 6.)
8. Regulus calendula, (Linn.)
Found in some abundance from November to March.—(DRESSER, Ibis,
1865, 476.)
9. Polioptila czrulea, (Linn.)
Abundant during the migrations, a few passing the winter and a con-
siderable number remaining to breed. A nest taken April 24, 1877, was
placed on a dead lichen-covered branch of an ebony-bush about six feet
from the ground. It was supported by three upright twigs, and was
so well concealed that I did not notice it till the female flew off, though
I had been standing with my head within a foot of it. It contained five
eggs that would have hatched within a few days.—(DRESSER, Ibis,
1865, 485.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 6.) ,
10. * Lophophanes atricristatus, Cassin.
A common resident. The usual notes of the species are like those ot
the Eastern Chickadee: it has, in addition, a loud whistling song, much
like that of the Cardinal. A nest found near Edinburgh, April 26,
13876, was in a decayed branch, about fifteen feet trom the ground, and
contained six nearly fledged young: the males had well-developed
crests. The nest proper was composed of various soft materials like that
of Parus atricapillus. About four weeks later, the same pair were mak-
ing preparations for a second brood in an old Picus scalaris excavation
just above my tent, but I was obliged to leave before any eggs were
laid. A nest found about the middle of May of the following year was,
Iam confident, of this species. It was in a vertical hole in a stump,
enabling the five eggs to be plainly seen: these seemed somewhat
larger than eggs of P. atricapillus, but otherwise were similar. As the
parents were not seen, I left, intending to return in a short time, but
was prevented from doing so for several days, when the eggs had been
destroyed by some animal. Another nest, found April 18, 1878, was
placed in a deep crack in the trunk of a tree: it contained several
young.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 485.—_SEnnEWT, B. Rio Grande, 6.)
NotTE.— An unidentified egg from Matamoras, but not distinguishable
from one identified by Mr. Sennett as of this species, measures .62 by
.48, is of an oval shape, has a white ground finely sprinkled over with
purplish-brown dots. These are more abundant about the larger end,
and forma ring arcund the latter. Fine, indistinet shell: markings give
a purplish cast to the ground, which is, however, of a pure white.—T. M. B. —
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 121
11. Auriparus flaviceps, (Sund.)
I have not observed this species in the immediate vicinity of Fort
Brown, but it was rather common at Edinburgh in April and May, fre-
quenting mostly amargosa chaparral. Several of its curious nests were
found placed on horizontal branches of ebony and amargosa bushes
about five feet from the ground. The outside was composed of thorny
twigs well interlaced: the inside was warmly lined with fur and feath-
ers. The entrance was at one side, barely large enough to admit the
bird, and somewhat projecting, giving the entire nest an oval shape.
The birds were excessively shy, and were obtained with difficulty.—(SEN-
NETT, B. Rio Grande, 6.)
12. * Thryothorus ludovicianus var. berlandieri, Couch.
A rather common resident, and found in all situations. Its song and
habits are probably not different from those of the Great Carolina Wren.
Although several pairs breed each year within the fort, I did not succeed
in finding their nests, which I think were placed in somé thick brush
piles and fences. At least two broods are raised, and the scarcely
fledged young show the characteristic rufous of the under parts. A
set of four eggs of this variety now before me, taken near Edinburgh in
an old Woodpecker’s excavation, average .73 X .54. In three, the gronnd-
color is white with a reddish tinge, thickly dotted with reddish and pale
lilac, especially at the larger end. The fourth has the ground-color a
warm reddish, like many eggs of the House Wren. A young brood fre-
quented a pile of brush near camp at Edinburgh: they were very tame,
coming into my tent and examining its contents with the greatest inter-
est, not minding my presence in the least. The notes are loud and
varied, but 1 am not able to say how much they may differ from those
of var. ludovicianus.—(T. ludovicianus berlandieri, SENNETT, B. Rio
Grande, 8.)
13. *Thryomanes bewicki var. leucogaster, Baird.
Thryothorus bewicki, Scu., P. Z. S. 1859, 372 (Oaxaca); Catal. 1861, 22, No. 141
(part).—Sci. & Satv.,Nom. Neotr. 1873,7,No. 11 (Mexico).—CovurEs &
SENNETT, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Survey Terr. vol. iv, No. 1, Feb. 1878,
9 (Brownsville and Hidalgo, ‘lexas).*
Thryothorus bewicki var. leucogaster, BAIRD, Review, 1864 127 (San Antonio
and Ringgold Barracks, Texas; Sta. Rosalia, Tamaulipas, and New Leon,
Mexico).
* Mr. Sennett’s specimens having been compared with the extensive series, embrac-
ing the several races of this species, in the National Museum collection, prove to be
the var. lewcogaster of Baird, and not the true bewicki. The National Museum possesses
two specimens of the latter from Waller County and Brazos, Texas, but none from the
Rio Grande, where probably only the var. leucogaster occurs, while it also probably
does not penetrate farther into the State. The two specimens of true bewicki alluded
to above were captured December 13 and 14, 1876, and were perhaps merely winter
visitors. They are absolutely typical of the race,and, when compared with Mr. Sen-
nett’s specimens, the great difference in coloring is at once apparent.—R. R.
122 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
A common resident about Fort Brown, but fifty or sixty miles higher
up the river it becomes less abundant. Few birds have a greater vari-
ety of notes than this species, and I have frequently been led by a
strange song through dense chaparral only to find this little bird
perched upon the topmost twig of an amargosa bush apparently enjoy-
ing my disappointment. Their principal song is much like that of the
Song Sparrow, but sweeter. It probably raises three broods, as I have
seen it leading fully fledged young as early as March 27. Its nests are
placed in a variety of situations. I have found them in an old Wood-
pecker’s nest, placed between three or four joints of the prickly pear,
forming a bulky structure, and among the twigs of various dense
thorny bushes. A set of six eggs, now before me, average .68 X .50.
1 have no eggs of var. bewickii at hand with which to compare them.
A second set of five, taken on the 2d of May from a nest among the
joints of a cactus, are smaller than the preceding, averaging .62 X .50;
the markings are much fainter and finer, and the two sets are quite
different in appearance. Three other sets taken subsequently vary
greatly in size and markings. In some, the latter are very fine and in-
conspicuous; in others, there are heavy markings of reddish and lilac.
Thirty eggs average .63 by .45, the extremes being .70 by .52 and .60
by .46.
NotE.—The eggs of 7’. leucogaster, as compared with those of bewicki.
and spilurus, exhibit many points in common, and do not vary more than
the eggs of the same species are often found to differ. Nine eggs of
the Texan form, leucogaster, are, in size, a trifle the largest, and all of
them are much more deeply marked with larger and more confluent
blotches of reddish-brown. In size, six eggs of bewicki, from Mount
Carmel, Ill., collected by Mr. Ridgway, are not quite equal to leucogaster
and a little less strongly marked, the spots being nowhere confluent.
Five eggs of spilurus from California are still less in size, and their
markings are smaller, fewer, and of a lighter color, one being of an
almost immaculate white.—T. M. B.
14. Troglodytes aédon, Vieill.
Rather uncommon during the winter months.
15. Troglodytes aédon rar. parkmanni, Aud.
A single specimen of this variety was taken in the autumn of 1877.
16. Telmatodytes palustris, (Wils.)
One obtained December 16, 1876.
17. Anthus ludovicianus, (Gmel.)
Very abundant from October to March. I have seen a few as late as
April 28.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 476.)
18. Mniotilta varia, (Linn.)
Common during the migrations; a good mauy pass the winter.— }
(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 476.) &
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 123
19. Helminthophaga chrysoptera, (Linn.)
Several specimens taken in the spring.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 478.)
20. Helminthophaga pinus, (Linn.)
One specimen taken at Edinburgh (Hidalgo) in May.
21. Helminthophaga ruficapilla, (Wils.)
A male obtained in April approaches the supposed ‘ var. ocularis” in
the restriction of the yellow of throat.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 478.—
SENNETT, LB. Rio Grande, 12.)
22. Helminthophaga celata, (Say.)
Rather common during the colder months.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865,
_ 478.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 12.)
23. Helminthophaga peregrina, (Wils.)
Less common than the preceding.
24. Parula americana, (Linn.)
Occurs during the migrations.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 476.—SEN-
NETT, B. Rio Grande, 11.)
25. Parula nigrilora, Coues.
Arrives about the third week in March, and passes the summer among
thick woods and near the edges of lagoons where there is Spanish moss.
Here they are quite common, and their song is constantly heard. <A nest
found July 5, 1877, was in a small bunch of the moss about eight feet
from the ground: with the exception of four or five horse-hairs, there
was no lining. It contained three young.—(COoUES & SENNETT, Bull.
U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr. vol. iv, Feb. 5, 1878, 11.)
26. Dendreca estiva, (Gmel.)
Not uncommon during the migrations.—( DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 478.)
27. Dendrceca coronata, (Linn. ) ;
This is perhaps the most common of the winter residents, and is found
in the greatest abundance from the latter part of October to April.
About the latter part of March, there is an arrival of males from the
south in nearly full breeding plumage.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 478.—
SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 13.)
28. Dendrceca maculosa, (Gmel.)
Rather rare in the spring.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 478.)
29. Dendreeca blackburnie, (Gmel.)
A female taken May 3 at Edinburgh.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 478.)
30. Dendrcoeca dominica var. albilora, Ridg.
One of the first migrants to return in the autumn, when it is not rare.
124 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
A few pass the winter.—(D. superciliosa, DRESSER, This 1865, si, —D.
dominica albilora, SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 13.)
31. Dendrceca pennsylvanica, (Linn.)
Several seen in April and May.
32. Dendreeca striata, (Forst.)
A single specimen taken in August.
33. Dendrceca castanea, (Wils.)
Not rare in the spring migration.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 478.)
34. Dendrceeca virens, (Gmel.)
Taken in May and November.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 477.—SEnN-
NETT, B. Rio Grande, 13.)
35. Siurus nevius, (Bodd. )
Rather common in the spring and fall.—(S. noveboracensis, DRESSER,
Ibis, 1865, 477.)
36. Siurvs motacilla, (Vieill.)
March 31, 1877.—(SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 13.)
37. *Geothlypis trichas, (Linn.)
Found throughout the year. Summer birds approach var. melanops,
and are perbaps referable to that variety.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 476.)
38. Geothlypis philadelphia, (Wils.)
A female taken within the fort on September 7, 1877.—( DRESSER,
Ibis, 1865, 476.)
39. *Icteria virens, (Linn.)
A common summer resident, arriving at Fort Brown about March 26.
Here it is much more common than higher up tbe river. Individuals
breeding in Southern Texas are decidedly smaller than those taken in
New England, bearing about the same relation to them that Jcterus var.
affinis does to var. spurius. Thirty-three eggs average .87 x .64.—(SEN-
NETT, B. Rio Grande, 13.)
40. Myiodioctes mitratus, (Gmel.)
Several specimens taken in April, 1876.—( DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 478.)
41. Myiodioctes pusillus, (Wils.)
Abundant during the migrations, returning in autumn about the 10th
of August.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 478.)
42. Myiodioctes canadensis, ( Linn.)
May 2, 1877.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 478.)
43. Setophaga ruticilla, (Linn.)
Not rare in spring and fall.—(DREssER, Ibis, 1865, 479.—SENNETT,
B. Rio Grande, 14.) .
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PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 125
44. Progne subis, (Linn.)
Occurs during the migrations. 1 have seen them as early as Janu-
ary 20.—(P. purpurea, DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 479.)
45. Petrochelidon lunifrons, (Say.)
Very common from early in April until the latter part of August. It
is one of the most abundant of the summer visitors, and is the only Swal-
low that breeds here. I have not been able to detect P. swainsoni, Sel.,
of Mexico.—(SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 15.—Hirundo |., DRESSER, Ibis,
1865, 479.)
46. Hirundo erythrogaster var. horreorum, Barton.
The latest Swallow to arrive in the spring and the earliest to return
in the autumn; first seen about April 12, or earlier, and August 9.—
(H. horreorum, DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 479.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 15.)
47. Tachycineta bicolor, (Vieill.)
Common during the migrations. Some of this species must pass the
winter at no great distance from here, as I have frequently seen small
flocks in November, December, and January, after a few warm days.—
(SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 15.)
48. Cotyle riparia, (Linn.)
Not rare during the migrations. One of the latest Swallows to returao
in the autumn.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 479.)
49. Vireosylvia olivacea, (Linn.)
May.—( Vireo 0., DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 480.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande,
16.)
50. Vireosylvia flavoviridis, Cassin.
Vireosylvia flavoviridis, CassIn, Pr. Phila. Acad. VY, Feb. 1851, 152; VI, pl. il
(Panama).—Sct., P. Z. S. 1856, 298 (Cordova); 1859, 375 (Oaxaca ;
April); Catal. 1862, 44, No. 264 (Guatemala).—ScLt & SaLv., Ibis, 1,
1859, 12 (Guatemala); Nom. Neotr. 1873, 11, No.3 (Mexico to Panama).—
BaIrD, Review, May, 1866, 336 (Monterey, Mazatlan, and Rosario, near
Colima, Mexico; San José, Costa Rica; Isth. Panama).—SUMICHRAST,
Mem. Boston Soe. I, 1869, 547 (Orizaba ; Alpine Reg.).—BoucarD, Cat.
1876, 215, No. 6665 (‘‘ N. America’”’).
Vireo flavoviridis, BatrD, B. N. Am. 1858, 332.
Phyllomanes flavoviridis, CABAN., Journ. 1861, 93 (Costa Rica).
A single specimen, a male, taken within the fort, August 23, 1877.
51. Vireosylvia gilva, (Vieill.)
October 2, 1877.—( Vireo gilvus, DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 480.)
52. Lanivireo solitarius, (Wils.)
August 23, 1877.—( Vireo s., DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 481.)
53. *Vireo noveboracensis, (Gmel.)
A common resident, breeding abundantly.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865,
431.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 16.)
126 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
54. Vireo belli, Aud.
A single specimen taken.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 481.—SENNETT, B.
Rio Grande, 16.)
55. Ampelis cedrorum, (Vieill.)
Seen in small flocks during the migrations ; doubtless pass the winter
here.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 480.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 16.)
56. Collurio ludovicianus var. excubitoroides, (Swains. )
Abundant from about the first of September until April. I do not
think that any remain to breed.—(C. ludovicianus excubitorides, SEN-
NETI, B. Rio Grande, 16.—Collyrio ludovicianus, DRESSER, Ibis, 1865,
480.)
57. *Pyranga estiva, (Gmel.)
Not rare during the migrations; a few remain here all summer.—
(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 479.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 14.)
58. Chrysomitris tristis, (Linn.)
Not rare during the winter months.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 479.)
59. Passerculus savanna var. alaudinus, Bon.
February.—(P. alaudinus, DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 487.)
60. Pooecetes gramineus var. confinis, Baird.
Spring and autumn.—(P. gramineus, DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 487 —P.
gramineus confinis, SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 17.)
61. Coturniculus passerinus, (Wils.)
January.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 487.)
62. Chondestes grammica, (Say.)
This species is most abundant during the migrations in April and
September; but a few pass the winter, and some remain to breed. In
this vicinity, they appear to build indifferently on the ground or in
bushes. When in the latter situation, the nest externally is rather
bulky, but is neatly finished inside with hairs and rootlets. —(DEESSER,
Ibis, 1865, 488.—-SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 19.)
63. Zonotrichia leucophrys, (Forst. )
Abundant during the colder months.—(SENNET’, B. Rio Grande, 19.)
64. Zonotrichia intermedia, Ridg.
This variety seems to be about as common during winter as the pre-
ceding.—(Z. gambeli, DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 488.)
65. Zonotrichia albicollis, (Bon.)
On May 11, 1877, I heard the unmistakable song of this species within
the fort.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 127
66. *Amphispiza bilineata, (Cass. )
Much more common in summer than winter. The nests are placed in
low, thick bushes, rarely more than two feet from the ground. The eggs,
when fresh, have a decided bluish tinge.—(SENNETT, B. Rio Grande,
18.—Poospiza b., DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 488.)
67. Spizella socialis, (Wils.)
April.—( DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 489.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 19.)
68. Spizella pallida, (Swains.)
Very abundant during the winter months, but I do not think that
any remain to breed.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 488.—SENNETT, B. Rio
Grande, 19.)
69. Melospiza melodia, (Wils.)
February and December.
70. Melospiza lincolni, (Aud.)
Very common in winter.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 489.—SENNETT, B.
Rio Grande, 18.)
71. Peucea arizone, Ridgw.*
Found in some abundance on a salt prairie about niue miles from
Fort Brown, but obtained with difficulty, as they could rarely be flushed
from among the tall grass. Its notes were frequently heard, and are
quite pleasing. A nest found June 16, 1877, was placed among the
roots of a tussock of grass: it was made of blades and stems of grasses,
and was rather deep, but so frail that it fell to pieces on removal. The
eggs, four in number, were quite fresh. They are unspotted white,
strongly tinged with greenish-blue, and measure .82 by .63.
*The great variation in size and color between the set of eggs of P. arizone and
those of P. estivalis appears to me to be incons:stenf with their belonging to birds of
the same species. In North American Birds, I speak of the color of estivalis as being a
pure, almost brilliant, white, and their size .74 by .60. This is probably a little smaller
than the average. An egg taken by Dr. Bryant in Florida measures .76 by .61.
Three eggs, taken by Dr. Gerhardt in Northern Georgia, measure .80 by .62, .78 by .61,
and .72 by .60. Their color is crystalline white, similar in brilliancy to the eggs of a
Woodpecker. On the other hand, the four eggs of P. arizone measure .*5 by .64, .83 by
.64, .82 by .65, .20 by .62, averaging .823 by .632, the average of estivalis being .77 by .61.
The eggs of P. cassini have the same crystalline whiteness as those of estivalis, while
those of P. carpalis correspond in color with those of arizone, and average .73 by .58.
The color of the eggs of P. arizone is of a very light blue, with just a tinge of green,
but to some eyes it appears to be a greenish-white.—T. M. B.
[ Without specimens of this form in good plumage, it is quite impossible to determine
the question of its relationship to P. estivalis by the skins alone. All the specimens I
have seen are, unfortunately, in the greatly worn and faded midsummer plumage, and,
though resembling examples of P. estivalis in corresponding dress, are easily distin-
guishable. Considering the latter fact,in connection with the radical difference in
their eggs, as insisted on by Dr. Brewer, I think, upon the whole, that the bird may
yet prove to be a distinct species.—R. R.]
128 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
72. Peuceza cassini, (Woodbh.) .
Arrives about the middle of March, its sweet song attracting atten-
tion at once. Found in rather open chaparral, but usually keeping in
thick bushes, where alone it permits a near approach. It usually sings
while hidden in some bush, and, I think, rarely utters its notes on
the wing unless the female is sitting. Its nest is difficult to find; three,
taken April 28, and May 4 and 22, 1877, respectively, were placed at the
foot of small bushes and scarcely raised from the ground. They were
composed of dried grasses, lined with finer ones and a few hairs, but
were very frail. Thirteen eggs taken from these nests are pure white,
and average .74 by .57. Feet and legs are peculiarly light yellowish-
white; bill pale horn-color, darker above; iris light hazel.—( DRESSER,
Ibis, 1865, 489.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 18.)
73. Embernagra rufivirgata, Lawr.
A common resident, frequenting thickets and brush-fences, and per-
mitting a close approach. The only note I have heard, besides a chip
of alarm, is a repeated chip chip-chip, begun slowly, but rapidly increas-
ing till the notes run into each other. I have found the nests with eggs
at intervals from May 9 to September 7. These are placed in low
bushes, rarely more than three feet from the ground: the nests are
rather large, composed of twigs and straws, and lined with finer straws
and hairs; they are practically domed, the nests being placed rather
obliquely, and the part above the entrance being somewhat built out.
The eggs are from two to four in number: thirty-two average .88 by
.65, the extremes being .97 by .67 and .81 by .61; they are pure white.
Two, and probably three, broods are raised in a season,—(SENNETT, B.
Rio Grande, 22.)
74. Calamospiza bicolor, (Towns.)
tather common during the winter months.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865,
490.)
75. Buspiza americana, (Gmel.)
Common during the spring migration of 1877.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865,
49).—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 19.)
76. *Guiraca cerulea, (Linn.)
A rather common summer visitor, four or five pairs having nests in
patches of tall weeds on the reservation.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 491.—
Goniaphea ¢c., SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 19.)
77. Cyanospiza cyanea, (Liun.)
Not rare in April and May.
78. Cyanospiza versicolor, (Bonap.)
First taken April 23, 1877. This beautiful species seems to be rather —
abundant in this vicinity, frequenting mesquite chaparral. Its song has
some resemblance to that of the Indigo-bird, and is constantly uttered. —
I did not succeed in finding any nests.
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PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 129
79. Cyanospiza ciris, (Linn.)
A not uncommon summer visitor.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 491.—SEN-
NETT, B. Rio Grande, 20.)
80. *Spermophila moreleti, (Puch.)
This curious little Sparrow is not uncommon during the summer
months, and I am inclined to think that a few may pass the winter.
During the breeding season the male has a very sprightly song, much
resembling that of the Indigo-bird, but sweeter; this it frequently
utters while perched on the topmost twig of a bush. ‘They are usually
seen in patches of briers and low bushes, at no great distance from
water ; they are very tame, and will permit a person to approach very
closely. At least two pairs built within Fort Brown during the season
of 1877. One of these nests, found nearly finished early in May, was
in a bush about three feet from the ground: it was not pensile, but was
placed on a small branch between three or four upright twigs, and was
entirely composed of a peculiar yellow rootlet: it was destroyed by a
violent storm before eggs were deposited. A second nest, found May
25, in a young ebony-bush, four feet from the ground, was deserted im-
mediately after completion. It is a delicate little nest, supported at the
rim and beneath by twigs, and built of a very fine, dried grass, with
which a few horse-hairs, a leaf or two, and a small rag are interwoven:
it is 1.70 wide by 1.50 in depth. Both these nests are open and trans-
parent. Itis worthy of remark that none of the males seen or killed
here were in the typical adult plumage, but in that described by Mr.
Lawrence as SN. albogularis.
The stomachs of the specimens killed were filled with small seeds.
A third nest, found May 5, 1878, was attached to a hanging rim about
four feet from the ground. The nest was partly pensile, and was built
of delicate rootlets. It contained three young.
81. Pyrrhuloxia sinuata, Bon. Z
Of this species I cannot say much. At times abundant, particularly
in the spring, it often escaped observation for months; and though it
probably breeds here, I was unable to find any nests. The birds are
usually seen in thickets and about brush-fences, and females are more
frequently seen than males.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 491.—SENNET, B.
Rio Grande, 21.)
82. *Cardinalis virginianus, (Briss.)
A common resident. Some summer specimens approach var. coccineus
in the almost entire absence of grayish borders to the feathers of the
back and rump.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 491.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande,
21.)
83. Eremophila alpestris var. chrysoleema, (Wagl.)
Common during the winter months. I am confident that this species
breeds rather plentifully on a prairie within ten miles of Fort Brown.
Proc. Nat. Mus. 73-9 Sept. 30, 1878.
130 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Many pairs were seen May 16 and June 2 and 16, 1877, though no nests
were found.—(H. cornuta, DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 486.—H. alpestris chry-
solema, SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 9.)
84. Molothrus ater, (Bodd.)
Very common during wilter, arriving early in September and leaving
in April. The males frequent the stables and picket-lines in large flocks,
with three or four other species of Blackbirds: the females are much
less common.—(M. pecoris, DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 492.)
85. * Molothrus ater var. obscurus, (Gmel.)
Common during summer, replacing var. pecoris when it leaves. I have
found the eggs or young in nests of Pyrocephalus var. mexicanus, Vireo
noveboracensis, Icteria virens, Amphispiza bilineata, Embernagra rufivir-
gata, Icterus cucullatus, I. var. affinis, and Ageleus pheniceus.* Fifteen
eggs now before me average .78 by .61, which is considerably larger than
the measurements given by Dr. Brewer.t—(. ater obscurus, SENNETT,
B. Rio Grande, 22.)
86. * Molothrus zneus, (Wagl.)—The Red-eyed Cowbird.
a. @neus.
Pesarocolius eneus, WAGL., Isis, 1829, 758.—Bonap., Consp. I, 1850, 426.
Molothrus wneus, CABAN., Mus. Hein. I, 1851, 192.—Sci., P. Z. S. 1856, 300;
1859, 365 (Jalapa), 381 (Oaxaca); Catal. 1861, 135, No. 819 (Jalapa).—
Sci. & SALy., Ibis, 1860, 34; Nom. Neotr. 1873, 37.—OweEn, Ibis, 1861,
61 (Guatemala; descr. eggs).—Cass., Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1866, 18
(Mazatlan, Manzanillo, and Jalapa, Mexico; Yucatan; Nicaragua;
Costa Rica; Panama).—SUMICHR., Mem. Bost. Soc. I, 1869, 552 (Vera
Cruz; hot and temperate regions. Vulg.: ‘ Tongonito”; “Hnmante-
cado”’).—SALvIn, P. Z. 8. 1870,191 (Chitra and Calobre, Veragua).—
Lawr., Ann. Lye. N. Y. IX, 1868,104 (Costa Rica); Mem. Bost. Soc.
_ Il, 1874, 281 (Mazatlan, Manzanillo Bay, and Mts, of Colima, W.
Mexico. Habits); Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. No. 4, 1576, 24 (Tapana, Isth.
Tehuantepec; April.—‘ Iris red ”).—MERRILL, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,
I, Nov. 1876, 88 (Ft. Brown, Texas; very abundant); ib. II, Oct. 1877,
85 (habits; descr.of eggs and young.—‘‘Iris blood-red” in adult;
brown in young).—Cours & SENNETT, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog.
Surv. Terr. Feb. 1878, 23 (Fort Brown, Tex.—Syn., diag., remarks).
Molothrus robustus, CABAN., Mus. Hein. I, 1851, 193; J. f. O. 1861, 81.
2. armenti.
Molothrus armenti, CaBAN., Mus. Hein. I, 1851, 192; J. f. O. 1861, 82.—Cass.,
P. A. N. 8. March, 1866, 18 (Demarara; Savanilla, New Granada). !
*On June 13, 1877, I found an egg of this variety in a nest of Amphispiza bilineata
that contained three young and two addled eggs. The Cowbird’s egg was cracked
almost entirely across the middle, and in it was one of the addled Sparrow’s eggs. This
must have been done by some idle Mexican. LF
t Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, North American Birds, ii, 157.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 131
Sp. cH.—Adult male: Head, neck, back, and lower parts soft, silky
bronze-black, of a peculiar shade, having a brassy greenish-olive cast,
much like the plumage of the body in Quiscalus eneus; the feathers
violet-black immediately beneath the surface, the basal portion of the
feathers slaty-grayish; scapulars and ramp more violet; wings in gen-
eral, tail-coverts, and tail lustrous silky steel-blue, the tail-coverts and
upper wing-coverts more violaceous, the primaries and rectrices more
greenish in certain lights; tibiz and anal region silky black; lining of
the wings silky violet. Bill and feet deep black; iris blood-red. Wing,
4.60-4.80; tail, 3.70-3.80; culmen, .85-.90; tarsus, 1.15-1.-5; middle
toe, .85-.95. Young male: Uniform dull black, with a faint violet lustre
on the back and rump, and a slight gloss of bottle-green on the wings
and tail. Adult female: Uniform brownish-gray, darker above, where
very faintly glossed with dull bluish, and paler beneath, many of the
feathers of the wings and tail showing indistinctly paler edges, and
feathers of the breast exceedingly indistinct darker shaft-streaks. Wing,
4.10; tail, 3.25; culmen, 0.75; tarsus, 1.05; middle toe, 0.85.
HaB.—Mexico and Central America, from the Rio Grande Valley (in
the United States) to the Isthmus of Panama.
I have nothing of importance to add to the following notes, which
appeared in the October (1877) number of the Bulletin of the Nuttall
Ornithological Club, pp. 85-87 :—
‘““The occurrence of this species north of Mexico was noted in the
Bulletin of November, 1876 (Vol. I, p. 88). It is now more than a year
since it was first observed, and during that time I have had ample op-
portunity to study its habits, a short account of which may be of interest.
This Cowbird is found in Mexico, Guatemala, and Veragua, as well as
in Southern Texas; how far it penetrates into the latter State I am
unable to say. My first specimens were taken at Hidalgo, on the Rio
Grande, seventy miles northwest of Fort Brown, where, however, they
are not so abundant as lower down the river. Here they are common
throughout the year, a small proportion going south in winter. Those
that remain gather in large flocks with the Long-tailed Grackles, com-
mon Cowbirds, and Brewer’s, Red-winged, and Yeilow-beaded Black-
birds; they become very tame, and the abundance of food about the
picket-lines attracts them for miles around. WM. ceneus is readily distin-
guishable in these mixed gatherings from the other species by its blood-
red iris and its peculiar top-heavy appearance, caused by its habit of
puffing out the feathers of the head and neck. This habit is most
marked during the breeding season and in the male, bat is seen through-
out the year.
“About the middle of April the common Cowbird, Brewer’s, and
Yellow-headed Blackbirds leave for the North; the Long tailed Grackles
have formed their colonies in favorite clumps of mesquite trees; the
Redwings that remain to breed have selected sites for their nests; the
_ dwarf Cowbirds (Molothrus ater var. obsewrus) arrive from the South,
132 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
and M. cneus gather in flocks by themselves, and wait for their victims
to build. The males have now a variety of notes, somewhat resembling
those of the common Cowbird, but more harsh. During the day they
scatter over the surrounding country in little companies of one or two
females and half a dozen males, returning at nightfall to the vicinity of
the picket lines. While the females are feeding or resting in the shade
of a bush, the males are eagerly paying their addresses by puffing out
their feathers, as above noted, strutting up and down, and nodding and
bowing in a very odd manner. Every now and then one of the males
rises in the air, and, poising himself two or three feet above the female,
flutters for a minute or two, following her if she moves away, and then
descends to resume his puffing and bowing. This habit of fluttering in
the air was what first attracted my attention to the species. In other
respects their habits seem to be like those of the eastern Cowbird.
“My first egg of M. wneus was taken May 14, 1877,{*| in a Cardi-
nal’s nest. A few days before this a soldier brought me a similar egg,
saying he found it in a Scissor-tail’s (Milvulus) nest; not recognizing it
at the time, I paid little attention to him, and did not keep the egg. I
soon found several others, and have taken in all twenty-two specimens
the past season. All but two.of these were found in nests of the Bul-
lock’s, Hooded, and small Orchard (J. yar. affinis) Orioles. It is a curious
fact that although Yellow-breasted Chats and Red-winged Blackbirds
breed abundantly in places most frequented by these Cowbirds, I have
but once found the latter’s egg in a Chat’s nest, and never in a Red-wing’s,
though I have looked in very many of them./t] Perhaps they feel that
the line should be drawn somewhere, and select their cousins the Black-
birds as coming within it; the Dwarf Cowbirds are not troubled by
this scruple, however. Several of these parasitic eggs were found under
interesting conditions. On six occasions I have found an egg of both
Cowbirds in the same nest; in four of these there were eggs of the right-
ful owner,{ who was sitting; in the other two the Cowbirds’ eggs were
alone in the nests, which were deserted: but I have known the Hooded
Oriole to sit on an egg of M. @neus which was on the point of hatching |
when found; how its own disappeared I cannot say. Once two eggs of
ceneus were found in a nest of the small Orchard Oriole (var. affinis).
Lwice I have seen a broken egg of cneus under nests of Bullock’s Ori-
ole on which the owner was sitting.
‘‘ Marly in June a nest of the Hooded Oriole was found with four eggs
and one of M. wneus, all of which I removed, leaving the nest. Hap-
pening to pass by it a few days later, I looked in, and to my surprise
found two eggs of wneus, which were taken: these were so unlike that.
*In the Bulletin misprinted 1876.
t Since writing this, I have found this Cowbird’s egg in a deserted Redwing’s nest.
t “It would be interesting to know what would have become of the three species in
one nest, and had the latter been near the fort, where I could have visited them daily,
I should not have taken the eggs. It is probable, however, that M. e@neus would have
disposed of the young Dwarf Cowbird as easily as of the young Orioles.”
|
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 133
they were probably laid by different birds. Still another egg, and the
last, was laid in the same nest within ten days. But the most remark-
able instance was a nest of the small Orchard Oriole found June 20, con-
taining three eggs of wneus, while just beneath it was a whole egg of
this parasite, also a broken one of this and of the Dwarf Cowbird. Two
of the eggs in the nest were rotten; the third, strange to say, contained
a living embryo. As the nest was certainly deserted, I can only account
for this by supposing that the two rotten ones were laid about the first
week of June, when there was considerable rain, and that the other
was deposited soon after, since which time the weather had been clear
and very hot. On one occasion I found a female eneus hanging with a
stout thread around her neck to a nest of the Bullock’s Oriole. The nest
contained one young one of this Cowbird, and it is probable that its pa-
rent, after depositing the egg, was entangled in the thread on hurriedly
leaving the nest, and then died ; it had apparently been dead about two
weeks. This case supports the view that the eggs or young of the
owner are thrown out by the young parasite, and not removed by its
parent, though I could find no trace of them beneath this nest.
‘* Twenty-two eggs of M. eneus average .90 by .70, the extremes being
.95 by .75 and .82 by .65. The color is a greenish white, unspotted,
soon fading to a dull opaque white. There is more than the usual vari-
ation in shape. Some are almost perfectly elliptical, others are nearly
round ; some are quite pointed at the smaller end, while others still
are there abruptly truncate.
* The young, soon after leaving the nest, have the plumage uniform
dull black; cheeks and sides of head bare; iris brown.”*
87. * Agelzus pheeniceus, (Linn.)
A common resident, breeding abundantly. The nests and eggs are
smaller than the average of those found in more Northern States.—
(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 492.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 24.)
88. Xanthocephalus icterocephalus, (Bonap.)
Rather rare during winter, and I do not think that any breed, in this
immediate vicinity at least.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 492.—SENNETT, B.
Rio Grande, 24.)
89. *Sturnella magna, (Linn.)
Common during winter.—(SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 24.)
*In the Ibis of January, 1861, pp. 61, 62, are the following notes by R. Owen
on the supposed eggs of this species:—“ The eggs are pale greenish white, and measure,
axis 1 inch, diam. .75. A few eggs of the ‘ Tordito’, taken from the nests of the
‘Chorcha’ (Icterus) and the ‘Cien-Sante Mejicano’ ( Mimus gracilis). The Indians here
all identify these eggs as those of the ‘ Tordito’. However, personally, I have never
surprised the bird on the nest of any other species. At the same time I may add that
I have never seen it either building or cccupied in any other domestic occupation what-
ever, which somewhat confirms the statement aforesaid. The eggs are found most
commonly in the nests of the ‘ Chorcha’ and the ‘ Cien-Sante Mejicano’, and occasion-
ally in that of the largest species of ‘ Chatillo’ (Pitangus derbianus).”—T. M. B.
134 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
‘a
a
<
ha
7
ul Pa
90. Sturnella magna var. mexicana, Scl.
“ Sturnella magna”, SwWAIns., Philos. Mag. I, 1827, 436. '
“ Sturnella hippocrepis”, Scu., P. Z. 8. 1856, 30,301; 1859, 58, 365, 381.—Scn. &
SaLv., Ibis, 1859, 19; 1860, 34.—Lawre., Ann. Lye. N. Y. VIII, 1865, 177
(David, Veragua).
Sturnella mexicana, SCL., Ibis, 1861, 179; P. Z. 8. 1864, 175 (City of Mexico);
Catal. 1861, 139, No. 842 (Jalapa).—Cass., Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.
1866, 24 (Mexico; Guatemala).—SaLviy, P. Z. 8. 1867, 142 (Veragua).
“ Sturnella ludoviciana”’, SALy., P. Z. S. 1870, 191 (Veragua).
Sturnella magna var. mexicana, B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B, H, 1874, 172 (Mexico ;
Central Am.).—Lawkr., Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 4, 1876, 24 (Barris and
Sta. Efigenia, Isth. Tehuantepec; Sept., Feb.).
Sturnella magna, a. mexicana, COUES, Birds N. W. 1874, 190.
Summer specimens of the Meadow Lark found at Fort Brown have
been identified by Mr. Ridgway as typical meaxicana. -Its notes and
habits, as observed there, do not seem to differ essentially from those of
S. magna. It is abundant from April until October.
(Tnis Southern form may be easily distinguished from true :nagna by
its smaller general size (including the bill) and much larger legs and
feet, which are not only relatively, but absolutely, longer and stouter than
in S. magna. The two specimens examined by me were obtained at
Fort Brown, August 21 and September 13, 1877. They agree exactly
with Mexican examples.—R. R.|
91. Icterus auduboni, Giraud.
This fine Oriole is found in moderate abundance, and is the only spe-
cies that is resident. During the summer months, it is usually found in
deep woods at some distance from houses, but during the winter it is
less shy and retiring. They are frequently captured and offered for sale
by Mexicans in this vicinity, but several I have kept would not sing at
allin captivity. When free, their usual song is a prolonged and repeated
whistle of extraordinary mellowness and sweetness, each note varying in
pitch from the preceding. If once heard, it can never be forgotten. I
have not succeeded in finding any nests. There is considerable varia-
tion in the extent of white edging to the wings and tail, some specimens
closely approaching var. melanocephalus.—(SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 26.)
92. Icterus cucullatus, Swains.
This is perhaps the most common Oriole in this vicinity during the
summer, arriving about the last week in March. It is less familiar than
Bullock’s Oriole, and, like the preceding species, is usually found in woods.
The nests of this bird found here are perfectly characteristic, and can-
not be confounded with those of any allied species; they are usually
found in one of the two following situations: the first and most fre-
quent is in a bunch of hanging moss, usually at no great height from
the ground ; when so placed, the nests are formed almost entirely by
hollowing out and matting the moss, with a few filaments of a dark hair-
like moss as lining; the second situation is in a bush (the name of
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 135
which I do not know) growing to a height of about six feet, a nearly
bare stem throwing out two or three irregular masses of leaves at the
top; these bunches of dark green leaves conceal the nest admirably ;
itis constructed of filaments of the hair-like moss just referred to, with
a little Spanish moss, wool, or a few feathers for the lining; they are
rather wide and shallow for Orioles’ nests, and, though strong, they ap-
pear thin and delicate. A few pairs build in Spanish bayonets ( Yucca)
growing on sand ridges in the salt prairies; here the nests are built
chiefly of the dry, tough fibres of the plant, with a little wool or thistle-
down as lining; they are placed among the dead and depressed leaves,
two or three of which are used as supports. A large series of eggs
now before me are quite characteristic, and can readily be distinguished
from eggs of our other Orioles by the absence of irregular blotches and
pen-marks and by the white or very slightly bluish ground-color. The
markings are chiefly at the larger end in an irregular ring of spots of
varying shades of brown and lilac. Some sets are precisely like large
Vireos’ eggs. The average size is .82 by .59, with comparatively little
variation.—(SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 25.)
93. *Icterus bullocki, Swains.
Common summer visitant. The breeding habits of this bird are
quite unlike those of the Hooded Oriole. Instead of concealing its nest
admirably in bunches of leaves or hanging moss, it is conspicuously
placed at the extremity of an upper branch of a mesquite or ratama tree,
usually at the edge of a prairie or near houses. One set of eggs has
the ground-color a beautiful pinkish buff.—(SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 25.)
94. Icterus baltimore, (Linn.)
Two specimens taken in April. Ithink that Mr. Dresser is in error
in stating in the Ibis that this Oriole breeds at Matamoras.—(DRESSER,
Ibis, 1865, 493.)
95. *Icterus spurius var. affinis, Lawr.
This small race of the Orchard Oriole is found rather plentifully from
the latter part of March until August. Nests found here are much
Smaller than HKastern ones; in size and shape, they are more like Vireos’.
This species and Bullock’s are frequently found breeding in small, irregu-
lar colonies composed of both species ; the Hooded Oriole does the same,
but with individuals of its own species only.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865,
493.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 25.)
96. Scolecophagus cyanocephalus, (Wagl.)
Brewer’s Blackbird is: very abundant from about the first week in
October until April.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 493.—SENNETT, B. Rio
Grande, 27.)
97. * Quiscalus macrurus, Swains.
This handsome Grackle is a very common resident, and large numbers
136 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
breed on the reservation. LHarly in April, after several weeks of noisy
courtship, they begin to build in irregular colonies, and by the middle
of the month have eggs. The nests are perhaps most frequently placed
near the top of one of the main upright branches of a young mesquite-
tree. They are strongly built of straws, leaves, and grasses, mud being
used freely. Where Spanish moss is plentiful, the nests are sometimes
composed entirely of it, and I have found them among tule-reeds where
several species of Herons were breeding. I have also found their nests
either supported by the lower part of the nest of the Caracara Eagle or
in the same tree. The eggs, usually three in number, vary greatly in
appearance; the ground-color is usually a greenish-white or purplish-
brown, more or less heavily spotted and dashed with several shades of
brown and black. These markings are apt to be heavier at the smaller
end, which frequently has a much darker ground-color than the Jarger ;
and this is so often the case as to be rather characteristic. Forty-five
eggs now before me give the following measurements :—average, 1.26
by .85; largest, 1.44 by .91; smallest, 1.16 by .82. The annual moult takes
place in August. Unlike the Boat-tailed Grackle, the males of this race
do not leave the females while incubating, but are jealous of intruders,
and take their share of feeding the young. The various notes of this
bird are quite indescribable, and must be heard to be appreciated. The
long and heavy tail of this Grackle makes it easily recognizable at a long
distance, but is rather inconvenient when there is much wind. At such
times, the birds are obliged to *“‘ head up” wind, like so many sloops at
anchor. They have a frequent and curious habit of throwing their heads
up and far back, so that the reversed bill is almost parallel with the
back.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 493.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 27.)
98. Xanthura luxuosa, Less.
The Rio Grande Jay is a common resident about Fort Brown and
higher up the river, but does not seem to pass much into the interior of
Texas. It is a noisy and gaudy species, soon making its presence known
by its harsh cries or by its green and yellow plumage, seen for a moment
as it moves about. Though at times shy, it is often very tame and bold,
entering tents and taking food off plates or from the kitchen whenever
a good opportunity offers. Large numbers are caught by the soldiers
in traps baited with corn, but the plumage is their only attraction as a
cage-bird. Its eggs and nest were first described in vol. i, p. 89, of the
Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club. Since that time, I have
found several other nests, but they do not affect the statements above
made in regard to their breeding habits—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 495.—
SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 29.)
99. Sayornis fuscus, Gmel.
Not uncommon from October until April.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 473.)
100. Sayornis sayus, Bonap.
More abundant than the preceding during the winter months.—
(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 473.)
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 137
101. Contopus borealis, (Swains.)
Not rare during the migrations.—(DRFSSER, Ibis, 1865, 474.)
102. Contopus virens, (Linn.)
Breeds; a few pass the winter.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 474.—SEN-
NET, B. Rio Grande, 33.)
103. Contopus richardsoni, (Swains.)
August.—( DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 474.)
104. Empidonax minimus, Baird.
September.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 474. -SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 33.)
105. Empidonax acadicus, (Gmel.)
Two specimens taken in the spring.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 475.)
106. Empidonax pusillus var. trailli, (Aud.)
August 7, 1876.—(E. trailli, DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 474.)
107. Empidonax flaviventris, Baird.
A single specimen taken.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 475.)
108. Tyrannus carolinensis, (Gmel.)
Rather common during the migrations, arriving about the first week
in April and September.—(DRESSER, pa 1865, 472.—SENNETT, B. Rio
Grande, 31.)
109. * Milvulus forficatus, (Gmel.)
Common summer visitor, arriving about March 20 and leaving in Sep-
tember and October. Several pairs of this exquisite Flycatcher build
in the low trees surrounding the parade-ground of the fort. The nests
resemble those of the Kingbird, but are smaller, and, as a rule, are not
more than six or seven feet from the ground. The eggs are from three
to five in number, and are deposited by the latter part of April. The
annual moult takes place in July and August. About the middle of
October, 1876, just before sunset, a flock of at least one hundred and
fifty of these birds passed over the fort: they were flying leisurely
southward, constantly pausing to catch passing insects ; and in the rays
of the setting sun their salmon-colored sides seemed bright crimson.—
(DRESSER, ibis, 1865, 472.)
110. Myiarchus crinitus, (Linn.)
Taken in March and April. I am confident that none of this variety
remain to breed.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 473.—SENNETT, B. Rio
Grande, 32.)
138 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
111. Myiarchus erythrocercus var. cooperi. | . 3
? Tyrannus cooperi, Kaup,* P. Z. 8. Feb. 11, 1851, 51 (“ Northern America and
Chilv’”).
Myiarchus cooperi, BAIRD, Birds N. Am. 1858, 180; Catal. N. Am. B. 1859,
No. 132.—Sc.i., P. Z. S. 1859, 384; Catal. 1861, 232, No. 1428 (Mexico;
Guatemala).—Scu. & SALv., Ibis, 1859, 122, 440; 1870, 837 (coast Hon-
duras).—Lawr., Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix, 1869, 202 (Yucatan).
Myiarchus crinitus, c. var. cooperi, Cours, P. A. N. S. July 2, 1872, 67
(Tehuantepec, Mazatlan, and Guadalajara, S. W. Mexico; Guate-
mala ?).
Myiarchus crinitus var. cooperi, B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B. II, 1874, 331
(Mazatlan, Tehuantepec, and Yucatan).—Lawr., Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus.
No. 4, 1876, 28 (Tapana and Sta. Efigenia, Isth. Tehuantepec ; April;
Dec.).
? Tyrannus mexicanus, Kaup,t P. Z. S. Feb. 11, 1851, 51 (loc. incog.).
Myjiarchus mexicanus, LAwRk., Ann. Lye. N. Y. IX, 1869, 202 (Yucatan);
Pr. Boston Soc. June 7, 1871 (Tres Marias Islands, W. Mexico).—
SumicHr., Mem. Boston Soc. I, 1869, 557, 560 (Vera Cruz; hot re-
gion).
Myjiarchus yucatanensis, Lawrk., P. A. N.S. Nov. 21, 1871, 285 (Yucatan, Mus.
G.N. L.=WM. mevxicanus, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. IX, 1869, 202!).
Myiarchus crinitus erythrocercus, Cours & SENNETT, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and
Geog. Surv. Terr. vol. iv, No. 1, Feb. 1878, 32 (Ft. Brown, Texas).
Alguacil de Moscas, Tres Marias vernac. (fide LawR., l. ¢.).
The occurrence of this variety within our limits was noted in the April
(1878) number of the Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club. Since
that time I have paid particular attention to the species, and find that it
is the only one of the genus that breeds on the Lower Rio Graade, which
it does in considerable numbers. ~- In its notes and habits, it appears to
closely resemble the M. crinitus. Seven identified sets of thirty-two
eggs average .93 by .66, the extremes being 1.03 by .73 and .82 by .65.
With one exception, no snake-skins were used in the construction of any
of these nests. They were composed of felted locks of wool and hairs,
and were placed not far from the ground, either in old Woodpeckers’
holes or in natural hollows in decayed trees or stumps.
Nore.—The eggs of the Myiarchus, as a genus, have a very remark-
able family resemblance. They are of a rounded-oval shape, in some
instances the relation of the axis to the diameter being as 84 to 74, and
averaging about 84 to 7. The ground-color varies from a light buff to
a dark cream-color; over these are distributed two sets of markings, all
of them having a longitudinal direction, often narrow lines. leaving
broad, unmarked spaces between them, and not unfrequently expand:
* “With shorter wings than mexicana, but with longer bill, like crinita; throat and
over breast light gray, not so dark as in crinita; the black stripe along the inuer webs
of the tail-feathers is broader, like stolida.” [Type in Brit. Mus. }
t+“ With short wings; all the wing-feathers, except the first, with rufous margins ;
breast light ash-gray; above lighter.” [Type in Brit. Mus.]
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 139
ing into broad and confluent patches about the larger end. This genus
is represented in my collection by the present species, and J. crinitus, M.
mexicanus, M. cooperi, and M. validus, of Jamaica. In all these, except
the last, the two very distinct colorations are more or less noticeable:
these are a deep shade of reddish-brown and a lighter marking of dark
stone-color or slate, with slight tinge of purple or lilac. In the Myiarchus
crinitus, the dark brown is the predominant color; in MU. erythrocercus,
the stone-colored markings are much more abundant than in any of the
others; in I. validus,on the contrary, these are wholly wanting. The
set of eggs identified by Dr. Merrill, five in number, range from .99 to .94
of an inch in length and from .69 to .74 in breadth, averaging .97 by .724.
Another set of three, not identified, but undoubted, average 1.02 by .72.
A third set, from the collection of the late Dr. Berlandier, and hitherto
supposed to belong to M. mexicanus, are marked with stone-colored
dashes that are much darker and havea decidedly purplish tinge. These
average .95 by .74.
A set of five eggs, from California, of M. mexicanus, average .84 by .69,
and another set .84 by .68. In these, the markings of both kinds are fewer,
and the greater part of these in slender lines, the purplish-slate being
about as abundant as the reddish-brown stripes. Five eggs of J. eri-
nitus average .95 by .713, are deeply marked, and chiefly with the brown
stripes. The eggs of WM. cooperi average .913 by .73, and are very simi-
lar to those of If. mexicanus, except in size. The egg of M. validus is
marked by but one kind of colored stripe, a combination of lilac and
red-brown. The ground-color is more distinctly a deep and warm shade
of cream: measurement, .84 by .69.—T. M. B.
Notre By R. R.—The proper name of this species has been a sub-
ject of much discussion and difference of opinion, but it seems now
generally settled that it is to be known as erythrocercus, Scl. & Salv.
Admitting that two races may be distinguished (a smaller Southern, and
a larger Northern, with grayer colors), it is less easy to decide what name
the Northern race should bear,—the Southern one being, of course, the
typical erythrocercus. As to point of date, the choice evidently lies
between Tyrannula mexicana and T. cooperi (1857), both these names first
occurring on the same page, but mexicana first, and therefore entitled to
priority. The difficulty is that neither of the brief diagnoses accompa-
nying these names give any character of even the least importance, and
are therefore no aid whatever in determining what species is meant.
The types of both these birds are said to exist in the British Museum ;
and Dr. P. L. Sclater, who has examined that of 7. mexicana, says that
it is the same as the bird called M. coopert (Kaup) by Professor Baird,
in Birds N. Am. 1858, 180. If this be true, it raises the question as to
whether Professor Baird’s identification of Kaup’s 7. cooperi was correct,
since it seems strange that the latter author would, on the same page,
describe different specimens of the same bird as distinct species! It
140 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
seems to be generally conceded, however, that Professor Baird was right
in this determination ; therefore, as Dr. Coues surmises (Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila. 1872, p. 68), Tyrannula mexicana, Kaup, and T. cooperi, Kaup,
must have been based upon variations of one species—the one under con-
sideration !
In attempting to determine to which of the two forms of the species Dr.
Merrill’s specimens belonged, I found it necessary to carefully examine all
the material available. This consisted of twenty-four specimens, belong-
ing chiefly to the collection of the National Museum. After taking care-
ful measurements of every specimen, and submitting all to the closest
scrutiny and comparison, I found myself forced to a conclusion different
from that reached by Dr. Coues (see Bull. U.S. Geol. and Geog. Surv.
Terr. IV, No.1, pp. 32, 33), in whose opinion regarding the matter I had
previously coincided. I now find, that (1) while extreme examples of
var. coopert are astonishingly different from erythrocercus proper, such
individuals form a very small proportion of the whole, and are chiefly
from Western and Southwestern Mexico, where several other species of
birds, notably Pyranga estiva (var. cooperi, Ridgw.), attain the same
great development of the bill (and, in fact, all the measurements); that
(2) nearly all specimens from Mexico and Guatemala should be referred
to cooperi, examples referable to erythrocercus on account of dimensions
and shades of color being comparatively rare. Besides averaging larger
than var. erythrocercus, var. coopert has usually a grayer cast of plum-
age, in this respect corresponding to the Mexican race of Tyrannus
melancholicus (var. couchi, Baird), Myiarchus lawrencii, and numerous
other birds of similar geographical distribution. The only satisfac-
tory test, however, which I have been able to apply in determining to
which race doubtful specimens should be referred is that of size, as
follows :—
Var. ERYTHROCERCUS.—Wing, 3.40-3.95 (average, 3.77); tail, 3.60-
4.00 (average, 3.82); bill, from nostril, .55-.68 (average, .61); tarsus,
.85-.88 (average, .86).* Haha: Seid Tropical America, from Para-
guay to Southern Mexico, but chiefly southward of the latter country.
Var. COOPERI.— Wing, 3.85-4.45 (average, 4.15); tail, 4.00-4.60 (aver-
age, 4.25); bill, from nostril, .60-.82 (average, .69); tarsus, .88-.95 (av-
* Six specimens, as follows :—
| 4
¢ 3 2 |
A ae ~ | | | :
I *he pal - Locality. Date —
5 a AN ! Si 12 \%
S vs Z | oe c
fee eae | (Ee la! @ |e
#* 4 ’ Ssh = — eae ek ) — —— -— | —— —_—_
16548 | 9 ad. | U. 8, | “Brazil ccces :--+ osseous eee epee Aug. —, 1259 | 3.65 | 3. 60 | 58 | . 85
16349 | —ad. | U.S. | Paragnay............ oun due chase ane May —, 1859 | 3.75 | 3. 80 ) - 60 | 85
29423 | —ad. | U.S, | Costa Rica .....).....+.+-s0-0.bessentnes oeenaeeeenne 3.90 | 3.80 | .62].
sued | dad. | U.S. | Merida, Yuestan:.......s--> secs see eae May 29,1865 | 3.95 | 3.95 . 68 D4
39213 | —- ad. ADs S. MAD ‘i dhagh tas ub 'edd tnt cutis ohne Apr. 9, 1465 | 3.49 | 3.75 | .55).
57649 | fad. | U.S. Sta. Efigenia, Tehuante spec. ee 18, 1868 | 3.95 | 4.00 | 65).
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 141
erage, 92).* Hab.—Mexico (including Lower Rio Grande Valley in
Texas) and Guatemala.
The principal references to var. erythrocercus are the following :—
?Tyrannula irritabilis, BoNApP., Consp. I, 1850, 189. Supposed to belong here from
quotation of Azara. ‘‘ South America.” Not Tyrannus irritabilis, Vieill.!
Myiarchus crinitus, b. var. irritabilis, Couss, P. A.N.S. July 2, 1872, 65 (Central and
South America, Paraguay, Rio Parana, Bahia, Venezuela, Yucatan, Guate-
mala, Costa Rica).
Myiarchus crinitus var. irritabilis, B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B. II, 1874, 331 (Paraguay
to Costa Rica).
Myjiarchus erythrocercus, Scu. & SAty., P. Z. 8. 1868, 631, 632 (Venezuela); Nom. Neotr.
1873, 52.—? SEMPER, P. Z. S. 1871, 271 (Sta. Lucia, W. I.!); 1872, 650.
Pyrocephalus erythrocercus, GRAY, Hand-list, I, 1869, No. 5522 (s. g. Myionax. Quotes
“ crinitus, p., Hartl.; irritabilis, p., Bp.; ferox ¢, Burm.”).
Pipperie gran-bois, St. Croix vernac. (fide SEMPER, I. c.).
112. Myiarchus cinerascens, Lawr.
Only two specimens of this variety were taken.—(M. mexicanus, DRES-
SER, Ibis, 1865, 473.)
113. Pyrocephalus rubineus var. mexicanus, Sclat.
Resident, but more abundant in summer than in winter. During the
breeding season, the male frequently utters a peculiar twittering song
while poised in the air about thirty feet from the ground; during the song,
it frequently snaps its bill as if catching insects. Its note of anger and
alarm is a mew. Except during the breeding season, the birds are
decidedly shy. The nests are usually placed upon horizontal forks of
ratama-trees, growing upon the edge of a prairie, and rarely more than
six feet from the ground. They bear considerable resemblance to nests
of the Wood Pewee in appearance and in the manner in which they are
saddled to the limb; the bottoms are made of small twigs, over which
* Eighteen specimens, as follows :—
| E
é ;
m | :
g ved gi Locality. Date. g ;
| =| S . 2 z
Sede See et ee oe
5 es S rs a = 3
a | B a Fila |] sia
9100 | —ad. | U.S. | “Mexico” (M. cooperi, Baird, B. N. Am.)..}.......-...-... 4.10 | 4.00 | 69 | .90
en oo eae Vo as RORIOM bate 6 2392 Fed 2522 tes Lk hed se 4.05 | 4.05 | .62| .88
37364 | —ad. | U.S. | Tres Marias, Western Mexico ..... _..--| Jan, —, 1865] 4.10 | 4.20 70 | .93
ee) cf i) Ut) eon, Moxioe 2 ou. 250 occ seses- afi bluse 4.30 | 4.20) .70| .95
CRASS MAS iN totaal eee 7 ee dt Se ee ea eee ee 4.30 | 4.40 72 | .95
2397 | —ad. | R.R. | Tehuantepec, Southern Mexico ...... Dec. 18,1868] 4.05 | 4.05 | .65 | .92
— et le Peis An = SSE ae eee a ee ee Dec. 24,1868 | 4.00 | 4.25 13 | ~92
57640 | 9 ad. | U.S. |..---. AGPSS ee ee Ses oo Swe eee cok beeee ee Dec. 16,1868} 4.25 | 4.55 | .60| .90
98544 | <i ad. | U.S. |....-.. at nt nthe ws ead aS May 5,1869/ 3.85 | 4.00 | .72| .88
58845 | cad. | U.S. PEGS? RALIM 3.3.0 So seconedne cate u ad. Se Apr. 27,1869} 4.10 | 4.30 | .68| .92
59617 | —ad. | U.S. CC EE a Se ep ee eee Oct. 8, 1869] 4.15 | 4.25 68 | .88
masost | ad.-| U.S. |...... 1 n eie > a phe 2 a seg tp SEE Bae Apr. 11,1871} 4.10 | 4.20 68 | .95
ES Pa) SER ee ge ee May 27,1871 | 4.40 | 4. 60 75 | .95
mas | oo ad. | U.S. |..-..- Oke eae soe Ute deem ates SOME May 27,1871 | 4.05 | 4.15 73 | .98
42537 | —ad. | U.S. | Guadalajara, Southern Mexico ..-........|...-.......-- 4.45 | 4.60 | .82]| .95
71138 | 92 ad. | U.S. | Fort Brown, Texas ...... Nawtewsdwessh May 10,1877} 4.05 | 4.20 65 | .90
ENS Se ee oS ee ee OE | ae oe ee oo
ee) —— aed 1. ee | Central Guatemala -2....-- 2223.2. 08. ..]--0- 22 cole 4.15 | 4.15 62 | .90
142 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
are various soft materials felted together; a few hairs or a little wool
form the lining; the rims are covered with lichens; the cavity is slight,
varying from .8 to 1.25 inch in depth by 2 in width, and the whole ~
structure is easily overlooked. The usual number of eggs is three; the
ground-color is a rich creamy-white, with a ring of Jarge brown and
lilac blotches at the larger end. Fourteen eggs now before me average
.73 by .54. <A nest of this species, found May 19, 1877, contained a
young Dwarf Cowbird and three addled eggs, which latter I removed.
On revisiting the same nest ten days later, I found three fresh eggs, on
which the female was sitting. As the young Cowbird could not have
been fledged by this time, it would seem as if the Flycatchers, on find-
ing that their eggs had been removed, had thrown out the parasite and
laid again.—(P. rubineus, DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 475.—P. rubineus meai-
canus, SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 34.)
114. Ceryle alcyon, (Linn.)
Not common from October until April.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 471.—
SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 36.)
115. Ceryle americana var. cabanisi, (Tschudi.)
Two specimens, obtained in May and October respectively. The
scarcity of Kingfishers on the lower Rio Grande is doubtless due to the
muddy water, that renders it difficult for them so see their prey.—(C.
americana, DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 472.)
Genus NYCTIDROMUS, Gould.
Nyctidromus, GOULD, Icon. Ay. II, 1838. (Type, N. derbyanus, Gould.)—Gray , List Gen-
era b. ed. 2, 1841, 10; Gen. and Subg. 1855, 11; Hand-list, I, 1869, 60.—Gray
& Mircu., Genera B, I, 1849, 48.—Cassin, P. A. N. 8, 1851, 179.—Sc., P. Z. 8.
1866, 144.—Sci. & Saty., Nom. Neotr. 1873, 97.—Boucarp, Cat. Av. 1876, No.
2291.
Lucapripodus, LESSON, 1843 (fide Gray).
Lucapripodus, LESSON, 1847 (fide Gray).
Cu.—Similar to “Antrostomus ”, but having the tarsus longer than the
middle toe, and completely naked ; the tail about equal to the lengthened
wing (instead very much shorter), and the third instead of the second
primary longest ; lateral toes less than half as long as the middle toe,
including the claw.
The characters given above are all that I am able to discover as dis-
tinguishing the present form from the species referred by most writers
to the so-called genus Antrostomus, Gould. After very careful compari-
sons of species of true Oaprimulgus (as restricted) with those of the
so-called genera Antrostomus and Stenopsis, 1am at a loss to find charae- ©
ters of generic importance between them. A. carolinensis, the type of
the former genus, differs, it is true, from all the others ip possessing
lateral filaments to the rictal bristles, while A. nuttalli is aberrant
other respects. There is such a difference in the details of form betw
almost every two species, however, that it is seriously questionab
5
7
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 143
whether they should not all be included under Caprimulgus. The only
alternative seems to be a further subdivision of one or more of the so-
called genera, especially ‘‘Antrostomus”, leaving A. carolinensis as the
typical and only species, referring A. vociferus to Caprimulgus, and insti-
tuting a new genus for A. nuttalli. The following scheme may serve to
show the nature of the differences between the three North American
species usually included in Antrostomus and the genus Nyctidromus ;—
A.—Tarsus feathered in front almost to the toes, and shorter than the middle toe; first
quill longer than the fourth. :
1, CaPRIMULGUS.—Rictal bristles without lateral filaments. Sexes with the tail
differently marked. Tail rounded. (Including C. vociferus.)
2. “ANTROSTOMUS.”—Rictal bristles with fine lateral filaments. Sexes with the
tail differently marked. Tail rounded. (Including only the type, 4. caroli-
nensis. )
B.—Tarsus entirely naked in front, and longer than the middle toe ; first quill shorter
than the fourth.
3.—Tail even, much shorter than the wing. Sexes with the tail not differently
marked. Plumage with a peculiarly soft, velvety surface. (C. nuttalli only.)
4, NycTIDROMUS.—Tail rounded, equal to the wing. Sexes with the tail differently
marked.
116. * Nyctidromus albicollis.—Pauraque Goatsucker.
Montvoyan de la Guyane, Burr., Hist. Nat. des Ois. VI, 1779, 549.
Crepaud-volant ou Tette-Chevre roux, de la Guiane, BuFrr., Pl. Enl. 733 (=@ ).
White-throated Goatsucker, LATH., Synop. II, pt. ii, 1785, 596, No.7.
Guiana Goatsucker, LATH., t. c. 598, No. 9.
Caprimulgus albicollis, GMEL., S. N. I, ii, 1788, 1030 (ex LaTu., l. c.).—LaAtTu., Ind.
Orn. II, 1790, 575, No. 7.—VIEILL., Enc. Méth. 1823, 536, No. 4.—LIcHT.,
Verz. Doubl. 1823, 59, 606.—D’ORB., Guerin’s Mag. 1837, 67.—HAaARTL., Ind.
Azara, 1347, 20, 310.—D’ORB. & LaFrR., Rev. Zool. 1837, 67.—CABAN., in
ScHoms. Guiana, III, 1848, 710, No. 204.
Nyctidromus albicollis, BurM., Th. Bras. II, 1856, 389, No. 1.—Sct., P. Z. S. 1866,
124 (fig. of bones of foot), 144 (S. Mexico to S. Brazil).—Scu. & SALv., ib.
193 (Ucayali, E. Peru); 1867, 752 (Huallaga, E. Peru), 978 (Upper Ama-
zon); 1869, 252 (Maruria, Venezuela), 598 (Conispata, Peru); 1870, 782 (S.
of Merida, Venezuela), 837 (coast of Honduras); 1873, 186 (Peru), 290 (E.
Peru); 1875, 237 (Venezuela); Nom. Neotr. 1873, 97 (Central America; S.
Am. to Brazil)—Lawre., Ann. Lyc. N. Y. IX, 1869, 204 (Yucatan); Pr.
Boston Soc. 1871, — (Tres Marias Islands, W. Mexico; common); Mem.
Boston Soc. II, 1874, 291 (Mazatlan, Colima, and Tres Marias, W. Mexico);
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 4, 1876, 31 (Isth. Tehuantepec).— Wyatt, Ibis,
1871, 375 (L. Paturia, New Granada).—Les, Ibis, 1873, 134 (Buenos
Ayres).—LAYARD, ib. 389 (Paraé).— MERRILL, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, I, Nov.
1876, 88 (Fort Brown, Texas, April and May; not rare; breeding).
Caprimulgus guianensis, GMEL., 8. N. I, ii, 1788, 1030 (based on Burr., Pl. Enl.
733).—LATH., Ind, Orn. II, 1790, 586, No. 8.—Max., Beitr. III, 1831, 318, No. 4.
Nyctidromus guianensis, Cass., P. A. N. 8.1851, 183,189 (Cayenne; Surinam) ;
Catal. Caprim, Mus. Phila, Acad. 1851, 12.—Burm., Syst. Ueb. II, 1856,
391.—Scu., Catal. Am. B. 1862, 281, No. 1690 (Orizaba; Bogota; Vera Paz;
Esmeraldas, Ecuador; Trinidad); P. Z. 8. 1864, 176 (City of Mexico).—
TAYLOR, Ibis, 1864, 90 (Trinidad).—Lawr., Ann. Lye. N. Y. VII, 1861, 290
(Isth. Panama).—Scui. & SALv., P. Z.S. 1864, 364 (Isth. Panama).—PEIz.,
Orn. Bras. 1871, 13.—Satvin, P. Z. S. 1870, 204 (Veragua).
144 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Ibiyau, Azara, Apunt. 1801, No. 310.
Nyctidromus americanus, CASsIn, Pr. A. N. 8. 1851, 179, 180; Catal. Caprim. Mus.
Phila. Acad. 1851, 12 (Nicaragua).—Scu., P. Z. S. 1856, 285; 1859, 367
(Jalapa, E. Mexico).—Sci. & Satv., Ibis, 1859, 125, 173 (Guatemala).—
CaBAN. & HEINE, Mus. Hein. III, 1860, 92 (Jalapa; Porto Cabello; Guiana;
Brazil).—Lawr., Ann. Lyc. N.Y. VII, 1861, 290 (Isth. Panama).—SaLvin,
Ibis, 1866, 203 (Guatemala).—CourEs & SENNETT, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv.
Terr. vol. iv, No. 1, Feb. 1878, 34 (Brownsville, Texas).
Nyctidromus affinis, GRAY, List B. Brit. Mus. II, 1844, 11, No. 2.
Nyctidromus derbyanus, GOULD, Icon. Av. II, 1838, pl. 2.—Gray & MITCH., Genera
B. I, 1849, 48.—Bonap., Consp. I, 1850, 62.
Caprimulgus grallarius, WIED, Mus. Lugd. (teste Bonap., Consp. I, 1850, 62).
Nyctidromus grallarius, BoNaP., Consp. I, 1850, 62 (Brazil).—Cassrin, P. A. N.S.
1851, 179, 183; Catal. Caprim. Mus. Phila, Acad. 1851, 12 (Bogota).—BuRM.,
Th. Bras. IT, 1856, 392.
Caprimulgus laticaudatus, DRAPIEZ, Dict. Class. Hist. Nat. VI, 1824, 169 (teste Cassin).
Sp. cH.—Adult male: Wing, 6.75; tail, 6.75; tarsus, 1.10; middle toe,
.80. Tarsus and heel-joint completely bare. Above, finely mottled
brownish-gray, the crown with a central series of black, longitudinal
dashes, the scapulars beautifully variegated with black and creamy-buff
or ochraceous, in large, somewhat \Y-shaped, markings; wing-coverts
with large terminal spots of creamy-buff or ochraceous. Basal portion
(sometimes almost the basal half) of the exposed portion of the larger
primaries white, including both webs, and forming a conspicuous patch ;
remainder of the quills uniform plain dusky. Outer tail-feather (on
each side) nearly plain blackish throughout; next feather chiefly white,
with the greater portion of the outer web blackish ; third feather chiefly
white, with the outer web margined more or less with dusky ; four middle
tail-feathers without any white, the ground-color being mottled-grayish,
variegated by ragged, badly defined “ herring-bone” blotches of black-
ish along the shaft. Lower parts deep buff or creamy-ochraceous, the
throat crossed by a distinct collar of pure white, the remaing portions
transversely barred or “ rayed” with dusky, these bars wider apart
posteriorly.
Adult female: Wing, 6.00-6.30; tail, 5.80-6.00. Generally similar to
the male, but smaller, the colors less pure, the markings less sharply
contrasted, and the white areas of the primaries and rectrices more re-
stricted. General hue of the plumage decidedly more brownish; white
patches on the primaries situated rather farther toward the ends of the
feathers, occupying only the outer four (instead of six) quills; of smaller
extent than in the male, and more or less tinged with ochraceous. White
of the rectrices occupying only the terminal portion (from 0.75 of an
inch to 1.75 inches) of the inner web of the second and third tail-feathers.
(counting from the outer), the blackish portions of these feathers broadiy
though somewhat irregularly barred and mottled with ochraceous.
White gular collar less distinct than in the male. ;
With a somewhat close general resemblance to the Whip-poor-will —
(Caprimulgus vociferus), this species may be at once distinguished by
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 145
the wholly naked tarsi, the white patch across the primaries, which are
also destitute of ochraceous spots, by the much longer and differently
marked tail and other features. It is,in fact, a far handsomer bird, and,
not excepting even the ‘“‘Antrostomus” nuttalli, is by far the most beau-
tiful of the Caprimulgide which occur in the United States. Itis aspecies
of very wide distribution, its range comprising the whole of the inter-
tropical portions of America on both sides of the equator, with the ex-
ception of the West India Islands, from none of which it has thus far
been recorded. It is subject to considerable variations of color, which
have given rise to a number of synonyms, as may be seen by reference
to the citations given above, but the variations seem to be of an individual
and sexual nature, rather than geographical.—R. R.
This interesting addition to the avifauna of the United States proves
to be arather common summer visitor, arriving early in March, at least
a month before any others of the family, and remaining as late, at least,
as November 16, on which date I have taken two specimens. My first
specimen was shot on the 1st of April, 1876, and its capture noted in
the Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, vol. i, p. 88. Since that
‘time, I have taken quite a number of specimens, and found several sets
of eggs. The habits and eggs of this species, in addition to its anatomi- —
cal characters, show its affinity with the Whip-poor-wills rather than
the Nighthawks. It frequents shady thickets and copses (where these
can be found), and when flushed dodges rapidly and silently among the
bushes, but soon alights, only to repeat the short flight when again ap-
proached. The eggs are deposited in such a situation, usually at the foot
of a bush; the parent, when started from her eggs, makes no attempt to
decoy one away, but flying a few yards alights to watch the intruder,
frequently raising herself on her legs and nodding in a curious manner,
uttering at the same time a low, whining sound. Their notes are among
the most characteristic night sounds of the Lower Rio Grande, and are
constantly heard at evening during the summer months. They consist
of a repeated whistle resembling the syllables whew-whew-whew-whew-
whe-e-e-e-e-w, much stress being laid upon the last, which is prolonged.
The whole is soft and mellow, yet can be heard at a great distance.
The preliminary whews vary somewhat in number, and late in the season
are often omitted altogether. The eggs are a rich creamy-buff color,
sparingly marked with a deeper shade of the same and with lilac.
Specimens average 1.25 by .92 inches.
On the 15th of May, 1876, I found a set of eggs near camp at Hidalgo,
and on returning in about fifteen minutes to secure the parent, who had
disappeared among the thickets, I found that she had removed the eggs,
although they had not been touched. At least two pairs breed annually
within Fort Brown, part of the reservation affording them the shade
and shelter they always seek.
117. Antrostomus carolinensis, (Gmel.)
A few taken during the migrations.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 470.)
Proc. Nat. Mus. 73——10 Oct. 2, 1878.
Tr
146 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
118. Antrostomus vcciferus, (Wils.)
Rather uncommon in spring and autumn.
119. Chordeiles popetue, (Vieill.)
Appears to be a rather rare visitant in spring and autumn.—
(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 471.)
120. Chordeiles popetue var. henryi, Cassin.
Abundant during the summer months, arriving about the Ist or
April, and leaving in September. Deposit their eggs near the edges
of prairies. Specimens said by Ridgway to be smaller than typical
henryi.—(C. henryi, DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 471.)
121. * Chordeiles acutipennis var. texensis, Lawr.
Common summer visitor, arriving early in April. While var. henryi
is usually found about prairies at some distance from houses, the pres-
ent species is most plentiful just outsideof Brownsville, and I have found
several sets of eggs within the fort. ‘hese are usually deposited in ex-
posed situations, among sparse chaparral, on ground baked almost as
hard as brick by the intense heat of the sun. One set of eggs was placed
on a small piece of tin, within a foot or two of a frequented path. The
female sits close, and when flushed flies a few feet and speedily returns
to its eggs. They make no attempt to decoy an intruder away. I have
1idden up to within five feet of a female on her eggs, dismounted, tied
my horse, and put my hand on the bird before she would move. This
species is more strictly crepuscular than var. henryi or popetue, and is very
seldom seen on the wing during the day. The notes are a mewing call,
and a very curious cal] that is with difficulty described. It is somewhat
like the distant and very rapid tapping of a large Woodpecker, accom-
panied by a humming sound, and itis almost impossible to tell in what
direction or at what distance the bird is that makes the noise. Both
these notes are uttered on the wing or on the ground, and by both sexes.
The eggs vary considerably, but exactly resemble the surface on which
they are placed. The ground color is usually clay: some are very spar-
ingly dotted with brown; others mottled with light-brown and obscure
lilac; others still are so thickly marbled with brown and lilac on a dark
ground as togive them a granite-like appearance. They average 1.07
by .77.—(C. texensis, DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 471—SENNETT, B. Rio
Grande, 34.)
122. Chetura pelagica, (Linn.)
Not uncommon during the migrations, arriving about March 20 and
returning in September.
123. Trochilus colubris, Linn.
Abundant during the spring and autumn wigsintenl but I was not
able to satisfy myself that any remained to breed or to pass the winter,
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 147
though I have seen them as late as December 7 and as early as March 9.—
(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 470.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 35.)
124. Amazilia fuscicaudata.
> ie be re fae —-
-
2.
ee a
Trochilus fuscicaudatus, FRASER, P. Z.S. Feb. 11, 1840, 17 (Chachapoyas, Peru).
Hylocharis fuscicaudatus, GRAY & Mircu., Genera B. I, 114, sp. 26.
Saucerattia fuscicauda, REICHENB., Troch. Enum. 1855, 8, t. 696, figs. 4552-53.
Trochilus riefferi, BowRCIER, Aun. Sci. Phys. et Nat. Lyon, 1843, 45; Rev. Zool.
1843, 103 (Fusagasuga, New Granada).
Amazilius riefferi, Bonap., Consp.I, 1850, 78; Rev. Zool. 1854, 254.—Scti.,
P. Z. S. 1856, 140; 1857, 16 (Bogota); 1859, 145 (Pallatanga, Ecuador).
Amazilia riefferi, REICHENB., Ay. Syst. Nat. 1849, pl. 39; Aufz. der Colibr.
1853, 10; Trochil. Enum. 1855, 8, t. 775, figs. 4798—’99.—GouLD, Morog.
Trochilid. V, 1853, pl. 311.—Son., P. Z. S. 1859, 145; 1860, 94 (New
Granada), 283 (Babahoyo, Ecuador), 296 (Esmeraldas, Ecuador) ;
Catal. Am. B. 1862, 314, No. 1878 (Coban, Vera Paz; Baranquilla,
New Granada; Esmeraldas, Ecuador).—Scui. & SALYV., Ibis, 1859, 130
(Guatemala); 1860, 40 (Duefas, Guatemala); 1864, 365 (Panama);
Nom. Neotr. 1873, 92 (Mexico; Central America; New Granada;
Ecuador).—SaLvyy, Ibis, 1860, 195, 270 (Coban, Vera Paz); P. Z.S.
1867, 156 (Veragua); Ibis, 1872, 320 (Nicaragua).—WyarTt, Ibis, 1871,
378 (San Nicolas, New Granada; alt. 3,000 feet).
Polytmus riefferi, GRAY & MitcuH., Genera B. I, 1849, 108, No. 72.—Gray,
Hand-list, I, 1869, 182, No. 1620 (S. Mexico; Guatemala; ‘“Andes.”—
Subg. Amazili).
Pyrrhophena riefferi, CABAN. & HEINE, Mus. Hein. III, 1860, 36.—Gou.Lp,
Introd. Trochilid. 1861, 158 (“‘ Southern Mexico, Guatemala, and along
the Andes to Ecuador”’); P. Z.S. 1870, 803 (Citado, Ecuador).—LawRr.,
Ann. Lye. N. Y¥. Oct. 23, 1565, 184 (Greytown, Nicaragua); ib. 1X,
1868, 127 (Costa Rica); Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 4, 1876, 33 (Guichi-
covi, Isth. Tehvantepec).—MERRILL, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, I, Nov.
1876, 88 (Ft. Brown, Texas, June, 1876; 2 specimens).
Eranna riefferi, HEINE, J. f. O. 1863, 188 (New Granada).
Trochilus aglaiw, Bourc. & MuLs., Ann. Soc. Phys. Sc. Lyon, 1846, 329; Rev.
Zool. 1846, 316 (hab. incog.).—MULS., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mouch. I, ——, 319.
Polytmus aglaiew, GRAY & Mircu., Genera B. I, 1849, 109, sp. 73.
Amazilius aglaiw, BONAP., Consp. I, 1850, 71.
Saucerottia aglaiw, REICHENB., Aufz. der Colibr. 1853, 10.
Chlorestes aglaiw, REICHENB., Troch. Enum. 185d, 4.
Hemithylaca aglaiw, CABAN. & HEINE, Mus. Hein. III, 1860, 38, note 13.
Ornismya amazili, DELATTRE, Echo du Monde Sav. No. 45, June 15, 1843, col. 1069.
“ Trochilus arsinoides, Sauc., in Mus. of Berlin ” (GOULD).
Trochilus dubusi, Bourc., Soc. Agric. Lyon, 1852, 141.
Amazilia dubusi, REICHENB., Aufz. der Colibr. 1853, 10; Trochil. Enum. 1855,
8, pl. 778, figs. 4809~'10
Eranna dubusi, HEINE, J. f. O. 1863, 188 (Veragua; Guatemala; Costa
Rica; S. Mexico).
Amazilius dubusi, BoNaAP., Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, 254.—Sc1., P. Z. S.
1856, 287 ; 1859, 386; 1860, 296.
Pyrrhophena dubusi, CABAN. & HEINE, Mus. Hein. III, 1860, 36.
Eranna jucunda, HEINE, J. f. O. 1863, 188 (Babahoyo and Esmeraldas, Ecuador).
Pyrrhophena sauvis, CABAN. & HEINE, Mus. Hein. III, 1860, 38 (Cartagena, New
Granada).
Eranna sauvis, HEINE, J. F. O. 1863, 188 (Cartagena).
SP. cH.—Above metallic grass-green (varying to gulden-green), more
\
148 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
bronzy on the crown and rump; longer upper tail-coverts cinnamon-
rufous. ‘Tail deep chestnut-rufous, the feathers tipped and edged for a
greater or less distance from their ends with metallic greenish-bronze,
glossed with purple; wing-coverts metallic green, like the back; rest of
the wing uniform dusky slate, with a distinct violet purple gloss in cer-
tain lights. Side of the head bronzy- green, the lores bright cinnamon-
rufous. Throat, jugulum, breast, and sides metallic green, most brilliant
on the breast and jugulum, where bright emerald in certain lights, duller
and more bronzy on the sides; throat-feathers grayish-white beneath
the surface, this color showing wherever the feathers are disturbed.
Abdomen pale mouse-gray; crissum deep cinnamon-rufous; anal tufts
and thighs cottony-white. Bill reddish at the base for a greater or less
distance (pale brownish in the dried skin), the terminal portion black-
ish; feet blackish. Wing, 2.00-2.35; tail, 1.45-1.70; culmen, .70-.90.
Sexes alike in color. Young similar to the adult, but with the plum-
age duller, the rump more extensively tinged with rufous and the fore-
head washed with rusty.
With very numerous specimens before me, representing various loca-
lities, from Eastern Mexico to Guayaquil, Ecuador, I am unable to dis-
cover any differences coincident with locality, even in specimens from
the most remote districts. There is a considerable range of individual
variation, involving the amount of blackness of the maxilla (some speci-
mens having the upper mandible wholly b!ackish except the extreme
base, while in others only the end is dark-colored), length of wing and
bill, ete. These differences, however, appear to be purely individual,
and not at all, so far as [ can see, local.—R. R.
The occurrence of this species within our limits was noted in the Bul-
letin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, vol. i, p. 88. I have nothing
to add to the brief note there published. The specimen was captured
by a soldier and brought to me. After describing the bird, I returned
it to him, as he wished to keep it, but it escaped in a day or two.
Found from Southern Texas to Ecuador.
125. *Amazilia yucatanensis.
Trochilus yucatanensis, CABOT, Pr. Boston Soc. N. H. 1845, 74. (Yueatan.)
Amazilia yucatanensis, GOULD, Monog. Trochilid. V, 1853, pl. 308.—MULs.,
Hist. Nat. Ois. Mouch. I, ——, 295.
Pyrrhophana yucatanensis, GOULD, Introd. Troch. 1861, 157.
Lranna yucatanensis, Heine, J. f. O. 1863, 187 (Yucatan).
Amazilius cerviniventris, GOULD, P. Z. 8. June 10, 1856, 150 (Cordova, Mexico),—
Scu., ib. 287 (Cordova); 1857, 17.
Amazilia cerviniventris, GOULD, Monog. Troch. V, 1853, pl. 319 (Cordova).—
Scx., Catal. Am. B. 1862, 314, No. 1877 (Tlacotalpam, 8. Mexico).—Sci.
& Satv., Nom. Neotr. 1873, 92 (Mexico).—BouGarp, Catal. Avium, 1876,
350, No. 10,966 (Yucatan).—MERRILL, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II, Jan.
1877, 26 (Fort Brown, Texas, Aug. 17, 1876).—Cours & SENNETT, Bull.
U.S. Geol. & Geog. Surv. Terr. vol. iv, No. 1, Feb. 1878, 35 (Browns-
ville. Texas).
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 149
Pyrrhophena cerviniventris, CABAN. & HEINE, Mus. Hein. III, 1860, 36
(note).—GouLD, Introd. Trochilid. 1861, 157 (Cordova).
Eranna cerviniventris, HEINE, J. f. O. 1863, 187 (Cordova).
Polytmus cerviniventris, GRAY, Hand-list, I, 1869, 132, No. 1079 Smee
Subg. Amazili).
Sp. cH.—Above metallic grass-green, varying to golden-green, duller
on the crown and more bronzy on the upper tail-coverts, which are
sometimes slightly tinged on the edges with rufous. Tail cinnamon-
rufous, the intermediz more or less glossed with greenish-bronze (some-
times entirely of this color); the other feathers bronze terminally, this
color usually following the edge for a greater or less distance from the
tip. Wing-coverts metallic grass-green, like the back; remainder of
the wing uniform brownish-slate, with a very faint violet-purple gloss
in certain lights. Throat, jugulum, and sides of the head and breast
brilliant metallic-green, almost emerald in certain lights, the feathers
dull white beneath the surface, thus breaking the continuity of the
green, especially on the throat, where the feathers are broadly tipped
with green. Rest of lower parts pale fawn-color, or dilute cinnamon-
buff, deepest on the crissum ; sides glossed with bronze-green ; anal tufts
and thighs cottony-white. Bill reddish (light brown in the dried skin),
the terminal third blackish. Feetdusky. Wing, 2.15-2.20; tail, 1.50-
1.60, depth of its fork about 0.20; culmen, 0.80. Sexes alike in colora-
tion,
Haxs.—Hastern Mexico, from the Rio Grande Valley (United States
side) to Yucatan.
The two examples in the National Collection (No. 24,873, Jalapa, and
70,949, Fort Brown, Texas) differ in some minor details of coloration
Thus, the former has the middle pair of tail-feathers entirely greenish-
bronze, except a very small space on each web concealed by the longer
upper tail-coverts; the bronzy ends of the other feathers are distinctly
glossed with dark purple, and the outer pair of feathers have scarcely a
trace of bronze at their ends. The latter specimen, on the other hand,
has the basal two-thirds of the intermediz wholly rufous, the bronzy
ends of the other feathers destitute of a purple gloss, and the outer pair
of feathers very distinctly tipped with bronze and edged for their whole
length with a darker shade of the same color. These differences, how-
ever, are doubtless only individual, or, possibly, sexual. The Fort
Brown specimen is a little the larger, but the difference in size is very
slight. Neither bas the sex marked.
I have not seen a specimen of the so-called ‘ yucatanensis, Cabot”, but
follow Mr. Elliot (MSS.) in considering it the same as the bird after-
wards described by Mr. Gould as cerviniventris.—R. R.
This Hummer, also new to the avifauna of the United States, and
heretofore known only from Mexico, was first taken on the 17th of August,
1876, and its capture noted in the Bulletin of January, 1877, p. 26. It
proves to be an abundant summer visitor, and I have nowhere found
150 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
it so abundant as on the military reservation at Fort Brown. Here it
seems perfectly at home among the dense, tangled thickets, darting
rapidly among the bushes and creeping vines, an: is with difficulty
obtained. A rather noisy bird, its shrill cries usually first attract one’s
attention to its presence. A Hummer’s nest, undoubtedly made by this
species, was found in September, 1877, within the fort. It was placed
on the fork of a dead, drooping twig of a small tree on the edge of a
path through a thicket: it was about seven feet from the ground, and
contained the shrivelled body of a young bird. The nest is made of the
downy blossoms of the tree on which it is placed, bound on the outside
with cobwebs, and rather sparingly covered with lichens. Internally,
it is Somewhat less than one inch in depth by one-half inch in diameter.
The external depth is one and one-half inch.
NovtE.—Besides these two species of Hummers actually taken, I have
seen two others that are certainly new to our avifauna, but have not
been able to capture them. One of these is a large, green species, with
a long tail; the other, a very small bird, of a deep purplish-brown color.
126. Geococcy=x californianus, (Less.)
This curious bird is abundant, and is a resident. Its food consists of
insects, field-mice, small snakes, and snails. Of these latter, one spe-
cies (a variety of Bulimulus alternatus) is very common, passing the dry
season on bushes and cacti, and of this the bird is very fond. Quite
large piles of the broken shells are constantly to be seen along the road-
sides about some fallen branch on which the bird breaks them. Asa
rule, the ‘‘ road-runner” is a silent bird, but occasionally it is heard to
utter one of two notes. One is a “* kook-kook-kook-kook”, much like the
call of the Yellow-billed Cuckoo, but louder, and usually heard during
the breeding season. The other is a note of alarm or anger: it is a low,
growling sound, accompanied by a chattering of the bill. The nests are
usually placed in low, thorny bushes, and are thick, clumsy structures,
with but a slight depression for the eggs. The latter appear to be
deposited at intervals of several days, and a perfectly fresh egg is often
found with one on the point of hatching. I have never found more than
four eggs or young in one nest.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1565, 466.—SENNETT,
B. Rio Grande, 36.)
127. *Coccyzus americanus, (Linn.)
Not uncommon summer visitor; breeding rather plentifully—(DREs- .
SER, Ibis, 1865, 467.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 38.) }
128. * Picus scalaris, Wagler.
Common resident. In notes and habits, this little bird is so like the
Downy Woodpecker that there is little to be said about it. Bighteen
perfectly identified eggs now before me average .81 by .64, which is much
less than the measurements given in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, II,
519.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 468.—SENNE:T, B. Rio Grande, 33.)
Lee ee _
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 151
129. Hylotomus pileatus, (Linn.)
Late in May, 1876, I saw one specimen near Santa Maria, and have
seen several holes that from their size were probably made by this
bird.*—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 469.)
MeEm.—Perhaps this was a Mexican species.
130. * Centurus aurifrons, (Wagl.)
This handsome Woodpecker is found abundantly, perhaps rather more
so than P. scalaris. Its habits and mode of nesting do not differ from
those of other Woodpeckers of the same size. In places where there is
only low chaparral, the poles of the government telegraph line are
completely riddled by this bird. The eggs are usually four in number,
and. are rather fragile; before they are blown, they are a beautiful shade
of pink. Seven specimens average 1.03 by .76.—(SENNETT, B. Rio
Grande, 39.—C. flaviventris, DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 469.)
131. Strix flammea var. pratincola, Bon.
This Owl seems to be a rather common resident. Near Hidalgo it
breeds in holes in the banks of the Rio Grande, and in Brownsville
a few nest in ruined buildings.—(S. pratincola, DRESSER, Ibis, 1865,
330.—S. flammea americana, SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 39.)
132. Asio accipitrinus, (Pall.)
During the latter part of January, 1877, a small gathering of these
Owls frequented a patch of tall grass in an open field near Browns-
ville.—(Brachyotus cassini, DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 330.)
133. Scops asio var. maccalli, Cass.
Common resident. Near Hidalgo, on May 6, 1876, I captured a
female of this race on her nest in an old hollow stump about five feet
from the ground. There were two eggs, nearly hatched, placed on a
few chips at the bottom of the hole: these were of a dull white color
with yellowish stains, and measure 1.40 by 1.15 and 139by1.13. The
parent made an interesting pet for a few days, but finally escaped
from my tent with ons of the pegs to which it had been tied.—(NS. asio
maccalli, SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 39.—S. maccalli, DRESSER, Ibis,
1863, 330.)
134. Bubo virginianus, (Gmel.)
Probably resident. I have seen them occasionally in deep woods,
and on one occasion in a perfectly open prairie, miles from timber of
any size.—(SENNETT, Bb. Rio Grande, 39.)
135. Speotyto cunicularia var. hypogea, (Bon.)
The Burrowing Owl is rather abundant during the winter months,
but I do not think that any remain to breed.—(Athene hypogea,
DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 330.)
* This may possibly have been the Mexican species H. scapularis (Vigors).—R. R.
152 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
136. Falco communis var. nevius, Gmel.
Rather common on the prairies near the coast during winter. a.
anatum, DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 323.)
137. Falco fusco-czrulescens, Vieill.
Until recently but two specimens of this beautiful Falcon had been
taken within the United States, one in New Mexico, the other in Texas.
During 1876 and 1877, I had occasionally seen a Hawk that I felt
confident was of this species, but did not succeed in obtaining any
specimens.
On the 16th of June of the latter year, I found a nest placed in
the top of a low Spanish bayonet growing in Palo Alto prairie, about
seven miles from Fort Brown. After waiting a long time, I wounded
the female, but she sailed off over the prairie and went down among
some tall grass, where she could not be found: the male did not come
within gunshot, though he twice rose from the nest on my approach.
The nest was a slightly depressed platform of twigs, with a little grass
for lining. The eggs, three in number, were rotten, though containing
well-developed embryoes. They measure 1.81 by 1.29, 1.77 by 1.33, and
1.88 by 1.33 respectively. This set is now in Dr. Brewer’s collection.
On May 7, 1878, a second nest was found within one hundred yards
of the one just mentioned, and the parent secured. The nest in situa-
tion and construction was precisely like the other, except that the
yucca was higher, the top being about twelve feet from the ground.
The eggs were three in number, all well advanced but one, with a
dead embryo. They measure 1.78 by 1.34, 1.82 by 1.29, 1.73 by 1.32; the
ground-color is white, but so thickly dotted with reddish-brown as to
appear of that color; over these are somewhat heavier markings of
deeper shades of brown.
A single egg, without history, sent to me from Hidalgo, Texas, by
Dr. S. M. Finley, U. S. A., measures 1.73 by 1.36: it is probably of
this species, but its general appearance is much more reddish than
either of the above sets.
Since becoming more familiar with the habits of this Falcon, I have
Several times observed it among yuccas and prickly pears on open
prairies, and it is probably a not very uncommon summer resident in
such places in this vicinity.
NotrEe.—The egg referred to by Dr. Merrill as without history presents
a very interesting problem, only to be solved when eggs precisely
Similar can be found with their parentage satisfactorily established.
It may be an egg of femoralis, but is quite as likely to be something
else. It resembles in the color and peculiarities of its markings no
eggs of the femoralis I have ever seen. It has neither the beautiful
vandyke-brown markings of the egg figured in my Odlogy, nor any
of the more abundant raw-sienna dottings found in both the speci-
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 153
mens from the Pampas, and which is the only color present in the
specimens identified by Dr. M. Instead, it is marked all over its surface
with handsome spots and blotches of a deep reddish-buff, almost
cinnamon in shade, completely obscuring the ground. Excepting in
size, it most resembles an egg of Hierofalco islandicus.—T. M. B.
138. Falco columbarius, Linn.
Not uncommon during winter.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 323.—SENNETT,
B. Rio Grande, 42.)
139. Falco sparverius, Linn.
Abundant from about the middle of September until the early part of
April. AJl the specimens obtained were var. sparverius.—(SENNETT, B.
Rio Grande, 42.—Tinnunculus s., DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 323.)
140. *Polyborus cheriway, (Jacq.)
A common resident, but more abundant in winter than in summer.
This seems to be due to a partial migration, from the north, of birds in
immature plumage, for the number of mature individuals does not seem
tovary. Idonot think that the perfect plumage is acquired for at least
two years. I have but little to add to the many accounts already given
of this bird, except to say that, at times at least, it is more active than
some of the descriptions would lead oneto infer. I have seen a Caracara
chase a jackass-rabbit for some distance through open mesquite chapar-
ral, and while they were in sight the bird kept within a few feet of the
animal and constantly gained on it, in spite of its sharp turns and
bounds. If one bird has caught a snake or field-mouse, its companions
that may happen to see it at once pursue, and a chase follows very dif-
ferent from what is seen among true Vultures. The nests are bulky
platforms of smal]l branches, with a slight depression lined with fine
twigs, roots, and grasses, or sometimes altogether without lining: they
are placed in trees or on the tops of bushes, at no great height from the
ground. Both sexes incubate. I have not found more than two eggs in
one nest, and these are laid at an interval of three or four days. Eleven
eggs average 2.28 by 1.84. The ground-color is a deep chocolate or red- ©
dish-brown, more or less thickly covered with several darker shades of
the same.—(P. tharus, DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 329.-P. tharus auduboni,
SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 42.)
141. Elanoides forficatus, (Linn.)
This beautiful bird I have observed on but few occasions, and do not
think that it breeds in this immediate vicinity. Nothing can be more
graceful than its movements when pursuing insects, and for such a large
bird it is very active.—(SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 42.—Nauclerus fur-
catus, DRESSER, [bis, 1865, 325.)
142. Elanus leucurus, (Vieill.)
Seen on a few occasions, but is rare.
Je
154 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
143. Circus hudsonius, (Linn.)
Probably the most common species of Hawk during the winter
months, arriving in September and leaving in April. A large propor-
tion are in immature plumage.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 328.—(C. cyaneus
hudsonius, SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 40.)
144. Nisus fuscus, (Gmel.)
Found sparingly in winter.—(Accipiter f., DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 324.)
145. Nisus cooperi, (Bon.)
Like the last.—(Accipiter c., DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 323.—SENNETT, B.
Rio Grande, 42.) .
146. Antenor unicinctus var. harrisi, (Aud.)
Resident and quite abundant. In its habits, this bird resembles the
Caracara Eagle, but is not so active. The nests are hardly distinguish-
able in situation or construction, and the two eggs are also deposited
at an interval of three or four days. Six eggs average 2.08 by 1.62;
they are dull bluish or yellowish-white, faintly stained with yellowish-
brown.—(Oraxirex unicinctus, DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 329.— Buteo unicine-
tus harrisi, SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 42.)
147. Buteo pennsylvanicus, ( Wils. )
Uncommon winter visitor.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 325.—SENNETT, B.
Rio Grande, 43.)
148. Buteo swainsoni, Bon.
Occurs sparingly in winter.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 324.)
149. Buteo borealis, (Gmel.)
A pair seen January 10, 1877, near Fort Brown, seemed to approach
var. kridert in the extent and purity of white beneath, although the
subterminal band of black on the tail was very distinct. The birds
sailed several times quite near me, and I had avery good view of
them.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 324.)
150. Buteo harlani, Aud.
Karly in November, 1376, I observed a single specimen of this species
sailing in easy circles at no great distance from the ground; but, not
having my gun, I was unable to secure it.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 324.)
151. Buteo albicaudatus.—The White-tailed Buzzard.
Aquila coliblanca, AZARA, Apune. I, 1803, 69.
Buteo albicaudatus, VretLu., Nouv. Dict. LV, 1816, 477 (ex AZAR, l. c.).—STRICKL.,
Orn. Syn. I, 1855, 35.—Satvin, P. Z. 8. 1870, 215 (Veragua).
Tachytriorchis albicaudatus, SHARPE, Cat. Acc. Brit. Mus. I, 1874, 162.
Craxirex albicaudatus, RipGw., Pr. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1875, 92.
Buteo (Craxirex) albicaudatus, Ripaw., t. c. 93 (monographic).
Spizaétus leucurus, VIEILL., Nouv. Dict. XXXII, 1819, 59.
Buteo leucurus, Larr., Rev. Zvol, 1849, 100.
mn
ee
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 155
Falco pterocles, TEMM., Pl]. Col. I, 1823, pls. 56 (adult) and 139 (young).
Buteo pterocles, LEss., Man. I, 1828, 103.—Gray, Gen. B. I, 1849, 12; Hand-
list, I, 1869, 8.—CaBAN., in Schomb. Guiana, III, 1848, 739.—Kaup,
Contr. Orn. 1850, 75 (subgen. Tachytriorchis).—BuRM., Th. Bras. II, 1855,
49.—ScCHLEG., Mus. P.-B. Buteones, 1°63, 13; Rev. Ace. 1873, 110.—
PELz., Orn. Bras. 1871,3, 396.—ScL. & Say. P. Z. S. 1870, 782 (Andes
of Merida, Venezuela); Nom. Neotr. 1873, 119 (Mexico to Brazil).—
Lawk., Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 4, 1876, 41 (Tapanz2, S. Mexico, July).*
Tachytriorchis pterocles, KauP, Saug. Vég. 1844, 123.—Bonap., Consp. I, 1850,
17.
Buteo albicauda, LEss., Traité, 1831, 81, pl. 15, fig.2.—PucHEéRAN, Rev. et Mag.
Zool. 1850, 214.
Buteo tricolor, HaRTL., Ind. Azara, 1847, 1 (nec D’ORB.)
“Buteo erythronotus”, Scu., P. Z. S. 1859, 389 (Oaxaca) (nec King).—SaLvin &
Sct., Ibis, 1860, 401 (Antioquia, Guatemala.)—Lawr., Ann. Lyc. N.Y.
IX, 1868, 133 (San José and San Antonio, Costa Rica).
“Buteo harlani” (supposed young), SHARPE, Cat. Acc. Brit. Mus.I, 1874, 191
(= juv.t).
HAB.—The whole of Middle America, north to the Lower Rio Grande
Valley in Texas (on the eastern side), Colima (west coast), and the City
of Mexico (central plateau); Eastern South America as far as Paraguay.
Diagnosis.—W ing, 14.50-18.00 ; tail, 7.70-10.50; culmen, .95-1.05 ; tar-
sus, 3.30-3.70; middle toe, 1.55-1.80. Form: Third quill longest; first
intermediate between sixth and eighth. Tail even in adult, slightly
rounded in young. Color: Adult, tail white (the lateral feathers much
tinged with ash), crossed by a broad subterminal band of black; the
white portion crossed by faint lines or narrow bars of plumbeous. Above
dark plumbeous; rump and lower parts pure white; throat plumbeous-
black or bluish-plumbeous. Flanks, rump, and lining of the wing
usually faintly barred with ashy, dusky, or rufous. ¢: Lesser wing-
coverts with a restricted patch of rufous on the anterior portion; longer
scapulars strongly tinged with rufous. ¢: Rufous patch on lesser wing-
covert region extended over nearly the whole of its area; longer scapu-
lars scarcely tinged with rufous. Young: Tail hoary-grayish (the inner
webs mostly white), growing gradually darker terminally, and passing
narrowly into dull whitish or rufous at tip; crossed by numerous nar-
row and very indistinct bars of darker, these growing gradually obsolete
towards the base.t General color brownish-black, the lower parts more
or less variegated (most conspicuously on the posterior portions and on
middle of the breast) with ochraceous or whitish.
Kemarks.—The identity of specimens of the two plumages described
in the diagnosis as “adult” and “young” is proven by specimens in
which part of the tail-feathers are of one plumage and part of the other.
Such a specimen is in Mr. Lawrence’s collection from the City of Mexico.
The older individuals in the immature dress are colored as follows :—
Tail hoary ash, growing darker terminally, and passing narrowly into
* Tris hazel-brown ; cere greenish; fe+t yellow.
t Fide SALVIN, Ibis, October, 1874, 314.
¢{ These bars are sometimes entirely obsolete on the outer webs.
156 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
brownish-white at the tip—the inner webs mostly white; the terminal —
half with just discernible obscure bars of darker, these becoming gradu-
ally obsolete on the basal half; sometimes they are entirely obsolete for
the full length of the outer webs. Upper tail-coverts pure white, usually
immaculate, but sometimes barred; inner webs of primaries ashy, the
two or three outer ones more whitish, and sometimes barred with dusky. |
In males, the middle of the breast, the tibiz, and crissum are usually
ochraceous, irregularly spotted with brownish-black.
The darker-colored individuals in this stage are distinguishable from
the dark examples of the young of B. swainsont only by the very much
stouter and longer tarsi.
The adults vary but little. The white of the jugulum usually reaches
forward medially into the plumbeous of the throat, and in one (¢ ad.,
Tehuantepec, Mexico; Sumichrast) it extends—interruptedly, however—
to the chin. Another male from the same locality has the scapulars
almost entirely rufous, with black shaft-streaks. The white of the lower
parts in the adult is of a pureness and continuity strikingly character-
istic of this species.
A very young specimen from Paraguay has the tail more brownish,
more distinctly barred, and more ochraceous on the tip; the upper tail-
coverts are ochraceous, marked with broad crescentic bars of blackish,
and the upper parts generally are variegated with ochraceous.
The specimen collected by Dr. Merrill (No. 74,464) is an adult male in
fine plumage. It agrees strictly with Mexican examples of correspond-
ing sex and age. Dr. M. furnishes the following notes on this specimen :—
‘Length, 19.20; extent, 47.40; wing, 15.30; tail, 7.20. Feet and legs
yellow ; cere greenish yellow; tip of bill dark, basal half bluish green ;
iris brown.”
Material ecamined.—United States National Museum, 13; Museum of
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 6; Museum of G. N.
Lawrence, Esq., 1; other specimens,* 4. Total number of specimens ex-
amined, 24.
Measurements.
ae! Wing. Tail. Culmen. Tarsus. Middle toe. | Specimens.
J ad. 16. 30—16. 70 7.50— 9.00 . 95—1. 10 3. 30—3. 55 1. 60—1. 80 5
oJ juv.| 14.50—16. 75 8. 60— 8, 75 i. en 3. 30—3. 60 1, 55—1..65 3
ad. TF Gabe. 3 @: Chis): ... 1, OGms, 55) oe i | 1
Q? juv. | 17. 00—17. 75 8. 40—10. 30 .95—1 05 3. 30—3. 70 1. 60—1. 80 3
This fine Hawk is a rather common resident on the extensive prairies
near the coast, especially about the sand ridges that are covered with
yucea and cactus. Its habits appear to be like those of the allied spe-
cies of Prairie Hawks. On the 2d of May, 1878, I found two nests, each
* These are specimens collected on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec by Prof. F. Sum
chrast, and not entered in the Register of the National Museum. r |
a Sta Pe 4
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 157
placed in the top of a yucca growing in Palo Alto prairie, about seven
miles from the fort. The nests were not more than eight feet from
the ground, and were good-sized platforms of twigs, with scarcely any
lining. While examining these nests, the parents sailed in circles over-
head, constantly uttering a cry much like the bleating of a goat. Each
nest contained one egg. The first was quite fresh, and measures 2.35
by 1.91. It is of a dirty-white color, with a few reddish blotches at the
smaller end. The second egg was partly incubated. It resembles the
first one, but the reddish blotches are rather sparsely distributed over
the entire egg. It measures 2.35 by 1.85.
152. Rhinogryphus aura, (Linn.)
Very common at all seasons. Deposits its eggs on the ground, some-
times on the open prairie; at others, in more or less dense chaparral.*
—(Cathartes a., DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 322.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande,
44,)
153. Catharistes atratus, (Bart.)
About as common as the preceding species, and, like it, breeds on the
ground. Ihave not heard of either species building in trees here, as
they are said to do in other parts of Texas.—(Cathartes a., DRESSER,
Ibis, 1865, 322.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 45.)
154. Columba flavirostris, Wag].
This large and handsome Pigeon is found in abundance during the
summer months, arriving in flocks of fifteen or twenty about the last
week in February. Though not very uncommon about Fort Brown, it is
much more plentiful a few miles higher up the river, where the dense
woods offer it the shade and retirement it seeks. Three nests foundina
grove of ash-trees, on the bank of the Rio Grande, near camp at Hidalgo,
were frail platforms of twigs, such as are usually built by other Pigeons.
Each contained one egg. It would appear from Mr. Sennett’s observa-
tions, which are more complete than mine, that this Pigeon rarely, if ever,
_ lays more than one egg. These are of a pearly whiteness, and average
1.50 by 1.08. Both sexes incubate. A perfectly fresh speeimen has the
_ soft parts as follows :—Terminal half of bill pale horn-color; basal half
light pink; margin of eyelids and a ring near its base deep pinkish-red;
iris bright orange-yellow, lighter yellow at pupillary margin; legs and
feet vivid purplish-red.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 23.—SENNETT, B. Rio
_ Grande, 45.)
155. * Melopelia leucoptera, (Linn.)
Very common during the summer months. Thé nests as a rule are
smaller and more frail than those of the Carolina Dove, and the eggs
_ have a decided creamy tinge, which is rarely lost after blowing, at least
* [have looked carefully for 2. burrovianus, but without success, although Mr. Dresser
(Ibis, 1865, p. 322) states that he bas seen it on Palo Alto prairie, not more than seven
miles from the fort.
158 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
not for months. Thirty-four eggs average 1.17 by .88; extremes 1.30 by
.95 and 1.05 by .80. The note is a deep, sonorous coo, frequently repeated,
and heard at a great distance.—( DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 24.—SENNETT,
B. Rio Grande, 47.) ;
156. * Zenzedura carolinensis, (Linn. )
Although this species is found throughout the year, it is decidedly
uncommon during the winter months; probably not more than 5 per cent.
or less remain at that season. One habit noticed here I have not seen
mentioned before,—that of occasionally occupying old nests of the Great-
tailed Grackle for their second brood.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 24.—SEn-
NETT, B. Rio Grande, 47.)
157. * Chamzpelia passerina, (Linn.)
Quite abundant, particularly in summer. The small and rather com-
pact nests are placed on the horizontal branch of a stout bush or tree,
and are lined with a few straws. On one occasion, I found the eggs ina
roughly made nest on the ground on the edge of a prairie.—(DRESSER,
Ibis, 1866, 24.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 48.)
158. *Aichmoptila albifrons.
Z{enaida] amabilis, MCCALL, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1851, 220 (between Mata-
moras and Camargo).
“Leptoptila albifrons, GRAY, List Spec. Brit. Mus. p. 15.”—BonapP., Consp. II,
1855, 74.—Sc ., P. Z.S. 1859, 363 (Jalapa); 1860, 289 (Babahoyo, Ecua-
dor) ; 1864, 178 (City of Mexico); 1870, 838 (Honduras).—S cL. & SALV.,
Ibis, 1859, 222 (Duefias, Guatemala); P.Z.S 1864, 370 (Guatemala; Da-
nama) ; 1868, 60 (Mexico; Guatemala) ; 1870, 838 (coast of Honduras) ;
Now. Neotr. 1873, 133.—LAwR., Pr. Boston Soc. 1871, — (Tres Marias
Islands, W. Mexico; common. Vulg.: ‘‘ Paloma”); Mem. Boston Soc.
II, 1874, 305 (Mazatlan; Tres Marias; habits); Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus,
No. 4, 1876, 44 (Isth. Tehuantepec, ‘ Iris orange; bill black; bare or-
bital space bluish; feet carmine ”).—Covurs, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,
II, July, 1877, 82 (Hidalgo, Texas, April 18, 1877; not uncommon;
breeding).
ZEchmoptila albifrons, Cours & SENNETT, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv.
Terr. vol. iv, No. 1, 1878, 49 (Hidalgo, Texas).
Peristera albifrons, BONAP., Consp. II, 1855, 74 (Mexico; ‘‘ Cuba”; ‘‘ Colum-
bia”; “‘ Carthagena”),—Gray, Hand-list, II, 1870, 242 (Mexico. Subg.
Leptotila).
“ Peristera brachyptera, GRAY, MSS.” (SCLATER).
[A good description of this species having already been given by Dr.
Coues in Mr. Sennett’s paper, I give here only a list of references, mostly
additional to those already published.—R. R.]
This Pigeon is not rare in the vicinity of Fort Brown, but is shy
and not very often seen. I can give nothing very definite in regard to
its habits. The only nest I have found was taken on June 8, 1878, on
the government reservation. It was about seven feet from the ground,
supported by the dense interlacing tendrils of a hanging vine growing
on the edge of a thicket. The eggs, two in number, were quite fresh.
Pie 2m
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 159
They measure 1.16 by .86 and 1.19 by .89. They are much like eggs of
M. leucoptera, but have a strong olive-buff instead of a creamy-buff tinge.
159. Ortalida vetula var. maccalli, Baird.
The Chachalac, as the present species is called on the Lower Rio Grande,
is one of the most characteristic birds of that region. Rarely seen at
any distance from woods or dense chaparral, they are abundant in those
places, and their hoarse cries are the first thing heard by the traveller
on awaking in the morning. During the day, unless rainy or cloudy,
the birds are rarely seen or heard; but shortly before sunrise and sun-
set, they mount to the topmost branch of a dead tree, and make the woods
ring with their discordant notes. Contrary to almost every description
of their cry I have seen, it consists of three syllables, though occasion-
ally a fourth is added. When one bird begins to ery, the nearest bird
joins in at the second note, and in this way the fourth syllable is made;
but they keep such good time that it is often very difficult to satisfy
one’s self that this is the fact. I cannot say certainly whether the female
utters this cry as well as the male, but there is a well-marked anatomical
distinction in the sexes in regard to the development of the trachea. In
the male, this passes down outside the pectoral muscles, beneath the
skin, to within about one inch of the end of the sternum; it then doubles
on itself, and passes up, still on the right of the keel, to descend within the
thorax in the usual manner. This duplicature is wanting in the female.
These birds are much hunted for the Brownsville market, though
their flesh is not particularly good, and the body is very small for the
apparent size of the bird. Easily domesticated, they become trouble-
somely familiar, and are decided nuisances when kept about a house.
_ Beyond Ringgold Barracks, this species is said to become rare, and soon
to disappear; and it probably does not pass more than fifty miles to the
north of the Rio Grande. The nests are shallow structures, often made
entirely of Spanish moss, and are placed on horizontal limbs a few feet
_ from the ground. The eggs, commonly three in number, are about the
size and shape of common hens’ eggs; they are of a buffy-white, and
are roughly granulated ; they average about 2.18 by 1.55.—( 0. maccalli,
DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 24.—0O. vetula, SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 50.)
160. Meleagris gallopavo, Linn. ,
Found in abundance in all suitable localities, but not in the immediate
vicinity of the fort; birds taken here present the characters of var.
mexicana well developed. Two eggs taken near Hidalgo by Mr. G. B.
Senuctt, and presented to me, are quite unlike; one measures 2.41 by 1.84,
and in color and markings is like a typical egg of the domestic turkey ;
the other egg, 2.33 by 1.72, is of a pale creamy-white, the spots being few
and very pale.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 25.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 53.)
_ 161. Cupidonia cupido var. pallidicincta, Ridgw.
) I am informed by a person perfectly familiar with the bird that the
_ Prairie Chicken is occasionally seen on the prairies about Miradores
ranch, which is about thirty miles north of the fort and a few miles
from the coast. This is probably about the southernmost point in the
range of the bird.—(C. cupido, DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 26.)
160 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
162. *Ortyx virginiana var. texana, Lawr.
The Texan Quail is very common, and in its habits resembles the
Hastern Quail in all respects, except that it does not lie well to a dog.
They are with difficulty flushed, but run at once into chaparral, from
which it is almost impossible to dislodge them. The only nest I suc-
ceeded in finding was at the foot of a small stump, surrounded by a
small, but dense, growth of offshoots; the nest was rather elaborately
built of grasses, and was well domed. On the 21st of May, it contained
sixteen fresh eggs. These average 1.15 by .93, the extremes being 1.18
by .95 and 1.12 by .92. Four odd eggs from different nests are rather
larger than this average.—(O. teranus, DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 27.—0.
virginiana texrana, SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 53.)
163. Callipepla squamata, (Vigors.)
This beautiful Partridge is found in great abundance at Ringgold
Barracks about 120 miles from Fort Brown, but does not come very
much farther down tbe river. Hidalgo is about the limit of their range
in this direction, though on September 13, 1877, I killed one within two
miles of the fort. This was one of a covey and the only one flushed,
and I did not recognize it until I picked it up; the others were not
distinctly seen, but were probably of the same species.—(DRESSER,
Ibis, 1866, 28.)
164. Aigialitis vocifera, (Linn.)
Common resident.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 33.—SENNETT, B. Rio
Grande, 53.)
165. Aigialitis wilsonia, (Ord.)
Resident, breeding rather abundantly along the coast.—(DRESSER,
Ibis, 1866, 34.)
166. Hematopus palliatus, Temm.
Breeds on Padre and Brazos Islands.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 34.—
SENNETT, BL. Rio Grande, 53.)
167. Strepsilas interpres, (Linn.)
The Turnstone is found on the coast and adjacent.lagoons throughout
the year, and I feel confident that it breeds in spite of the latitude. . Dur-
ing May and June pairs in full plumage may daily be seen in the same
localities.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 34.—-SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 54.)
168. Recurvirostra americana, Gm. :
Common during winter, a few pairs remaining to breed.—(DRESSER, ;
Ibis, 1866, 35.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 54.)
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 161~
169. Himantopus mexicanus, (Miiller.)
~Common resident. Breeds in the marshes about the middle of May,
making its nests on wet grassy flats and laying three or four eggs. The
nests are platforms of straw and grasses, often wet, and barely keeping
the eggs out of the water. Twenty-two eggs average 1.75 by 1.19, the
extremes being 1.88 by 1.25 and 1.60 by 1.10.—(H. nigricollis, DRESSER,
Ibis, 1866, 35.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 54.)
170. Gallinago wilsoni, (Temm.)
Plentiful during the winter, though the great majority go farther
south. The time of their arrival in the autumn is uncertain. In 1876,
the first were shot on the 18th of September, and they soon became
abundant; this was said to be at least a month earlier than usual. In
1877, the main flight arrived on the 28th of November, during a cold and
wet ‘‘norther ”.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 36.)
171. Macrorhamphus griseus, (Gmel.)
Common from September until April.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 36.)
172. Tringa alpina var. americana, Cass.
On May 16, 1877, I found the Red-backed Sandpiper rather common
about some lagoons in the salt marshes; the males were in full breed-
ing plumage.
173. Tringa bairdii, Coues.
Two females taken March 30, 1876, on a sand-bar in the river.
174. Tringa maculata, Vieill.
Common during the migrations, returning in the latter part of July.
They do not seem to pass the winter.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 36.—SEN-
NETT, B. Rio Grande, 55.)
175. Tringa fuscicollis, Vieill.
Common in winter.
176. Triniga minutilla, Vieill.
Common in winter.—(Tringa wilsoni, DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 37.)
177. Calidris arenaria, (Linn.)
Common in winter on Padre and Brazos Islands, where I have also
seen it in July.
178. Ereunetes pusillus, (Linn.)
Common in winter.—(L. petrificatus, DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 37.)
179. Micropalama himantopus, (Bonap.) ~
October 13, 1877.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 37.)
_ 180. Actiturus bartramius, (Wils.)
_ This species arrives in small flocks about the second or third week in
_ March, and is found abundantly on the grassy prairies. On its arrival
: Proc. Nat. Mus. 73——11 Oct. 2, 1878.
162 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
in spring, it is in poor condition, and soon goes farther north, though a
few linger until about May 10. Late in July some reappear, and by the
first of September they are abundant; by the middle of this month, they
begin to leave, and few are seen or heard after the first week in October.—
(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 38. SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 55.)
181. Tryngites rufescens, (Vieill.)
The Buff-breasted Sandpiper is found in the same localities and at
the same seasons as the Upland Plover, which it closely resembles in
habits, but is much less shy and suspicious.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 39.)
182. Limosa fedoa, (Linn.)
Taken in spring and autumn.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 39.—SENNETT,
B. Rio Grande, 55.)
183. Symphemia semipalmata, (Gmel.) .
Breeds rather plentifully in suitable localities. Four eggs, somewhat
advanced in incubation, were found on May 2, 1877, placed on a few
grass-blades under a weed in a dry part of the marsh. Two of the eggs
were broken by the carriage-wheel ; the others measure 2.06 by 1.52 and
2.05 by 1.50. I donot think that any remain during winter.—(DRESSER,
Ibis, 1866, 37.—TZotanus s., SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 55.)
184. Gambetta melanoleuca, (Gmel.)
Abundant during the migrations, many passing the winter here.—
(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 38.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 55.)
185. Gambetta flavipes, (Gmel.)
Like the last, but perhaps less common in winter.—(DRESSER, Ibis,
1866, 38.)
186. Numenius longirostris, W ils.
Common during winter, many remaining to breed on the partially
dry marshes near the coast. Found recently fledged young June 16.—
(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 40.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 55.)
187. Numenius borealis, (Forst.)
Common during the migrations, some passing the winter.—( DRESSER,
Ibis, 1866, 40.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 56.)
188. Charadrius fulvus var. virginicus, Borck.
Not rare in winter.—(C. virginicus, DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 33.)
189. Tringoides macularius, (Linn.)
Rather rare in winter.—( DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 38.)
190. Tantalus loculator, Linn.
On the 10th of April, 1876, I saw a pair of these birds on the edge of
a shallow lagoon near Fort Brown.—( DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 32.)
wie i
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 163
191. Plegadis guarauna, (Gm.)
Resident, but much more common in summer than in winter. On the
16th of May, 1877, Mr. G. B. Sennett and I visited a large patch of tulé-
reeds growing in a shallow lagoon, about ten miles from the fort, in
which large numbers of this Ibis and several kinds of Herons were
breeding. The reeds covered an area of perhaps seventy-five acres or
less, growing in water three or four feet in depth. Irregular channels
of open water traversed the reeds here and there, but the bottom was
comparatively firm, and there was little difficulty in wading in any
direction. Besides the Ibises, the Great and Little White Egrets, Lou-
isiana and Night Herons, and several other birds were breeding here.
Often nests of all these species were placed within a few feet of each
other, but there was a tendency towards the different kinds forming
little nesting groups of ten or fifteen pairs. The reeds grew about six
feet above the surface of the water, and were either beaten down to
form a support for the nests, or dead and partly floating stalks of the
previous year were used for that purpose.
It was impossible to estimate the number of the Ibises and different
Herons nesting here. On approaching the spot, many would be seen
about the edges of the lagoon or flying to or from more distant feeding
grounds, but upon firing a gun a perfect mass of birds arose, with a noise
like thunder, from the entire bed of reeds, soon to settle down again.
Both nests and eggs of the Ibises were quite unlike those of any of the
Herons, and could be distinguished at a glance. The nests were made
of broken bits of dead tulés, supported by and attached to broken and
upright stalks of living ones. They were rather well and compactly
built, and were usually well cupped, quite unlike the clumsy platforms
of the Herons. The eggs were nearly always three in number, and at
this date were far advanced in incubation; many nests contained young
of allsizes. Fifty eggs now before me average 1.95 by 1.35, the extremes
being 2.20 by 1.49 and 1.73 by 1.29; they are decidedly pointed at the
smaller end, and are of a deep bluish-green color.
On May 7 of the following year, I revisited this heronry, but there were
no nests, and very few Ibises or Herons were to be seen. I am inclined
to think that they moved to some other part of the extensive prairie, in
several parts of which were beds of reeds similar to the one above
described, but I was prevented by sickness from making any further
investigations.
The young, when first hatched, are clothed in blackish down; the bill
is whitish, with dusky base. When nearly fledged, the wings and back
have a very marked metallic lustre; the base of bill, with terminal one-
fourth inch and a two-fifths inch median band, black; the intervening
portions pinkish-white.—(Zbis ordi, DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 32.—Falcinel-
lus g., SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 56.)
Ld ee
= ‘ i
a
oe Lt
: *
164 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
192. Ibis alba, (Linn.)
A few observed at all seasons, but I was unable to find any locality
where they nested.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 166, 32.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande,
58.)
193. Platalea ajaja, Linn.
Not rare, but more common near the coast. It must breed in the
vicinity —(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 33.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 58.)
194. Ardea herodias, Linn.
Common resident. Found nesting abundantly on Padre Island by
Mr. Sennett.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 31.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 58.)
195. Herodias egretta, (Gm.)
Common resident, but more plentiful in summer. Breeds abundantly
in the same locality as the preceding species. The nests, as a rule,
were distinguishable by their large size; the eggs and young were also
quite characteristic. Twelve eggs average 2.14 by 1.54.—(DRESSER,
Ibis, 1866, 31.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 59.) }
196. Garzetta candidissima, (Jacq.)
Abundant during the summer, a few passing the winter. Breeds in
great numbers. Its nest and eggs are only to be confounded with those
of the succeeding species.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 31—SENNETT, B. Rio
Grande, 59.)
197. Hydranassa tricolor, (Miill.)
Common summer visitant. I do not think that any are found here
during winter. In visiting the heronry already referred to, the Louisi-
ana Heron was found in abundance. The birds seemed more shy in
leaving their nests than the two preceding. The nests and eggs closely
resembled those of the Little White Egret, and could not be positively
identified without seeing the parent; but, as a rule, the nests were
smaller, and the eggs a little larger and of a deeper shade.—(SENNETT,
B. Rio Grande, 60.—Demiegretta ludoviciana, DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 31.)
198. Dichromanassa rufa, (Bodd.)
Not uncommon during the summer. In the latter part of March, 1878,
Mr. Sennett found this species breeding in large numbers on Padre
Island. The nests were placed on low prickly pears or on the ground.—
(SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 60.—Demiegretta rufa, DRESSER, Ibis, 1866,
31.—Demiegretta pealii, DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 31.)
199. Plorida czrulea, (Linn.) .
Seen throughout the year, but most abundantly in summer. Breeds on
Padre Island.—_(DREsSER, Ibis, 1866, 31.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 61.) —
200. Nyctiardea grisea var. nzevia, (Bodd.) ’
Rather common resident, but many go farther south in winter. —
Found breeding with the other species among the tulés, but in fewer
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 165
numbers. The nests differed from those of the others by twigs and
small branches being generally used in their construction, which must
have been brought from a considerable distanee. They were but slightly
above the surface of the water, and most of the nests contained nearly
(fledged young.—W. gardeni, DRESSER, Ibis, 1866,.32.—N. nevia, SEN-
NETT, B. Rio Grande, 61.)
201. Nyctherodius violaceus, (Linn.)
Rather uncommon. Probably breeds at no great distance, but I found
no nests.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 32.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 61.)
202. * Butorides virescens, (Linn.)
Common in summer, but rare in winter. Several pairs breed within
Fort Brown, placing their nests on horizontal branches of mesquite-trees.
Several sets average 1.49 by 1.15.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 32.)
203. Botaurus lentiginosus, (Montag.)
Occurs in moderate numbers during the migrations.—(DRESSER, Ibis,
1866, 32.)
204. Ardetta exilis, (Gmel.)
A few pairs were seen in the heronry already referred to. No nests
were found, but the birds unquestionably breed there.—(DRESSER, Ibis,
1866, 32.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 61.)
205. Grus americana, (Linn.)
Not rare, especially on the prairies near the coast. I do not think
that either species of Crane breeds in this neighborhood.—(DRESSER,
Ibis, 1866, 30.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 61.) |
‘206. Grus canadensis, (Linn.)
Decidedly more abundant than the White Crane during the winter
months, and not so shy.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 30.)
207. Porzana carolina, (Linn.)
Common during the migrations. Iam quite positive that a few pairs
breed near here in suitable localities —(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 40.)
208. Gallinula galeata, (Licht.)
Parents and eggs obtained on the 16th of May among beds of reeds.—
(SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 61.) |
209. Ionornis martinica, (Linn.)
Doubtless breeds, for I have taken young birds in September that
were scarcely able to fly—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 41.)
210. Fulica americana, Gm.
Very common resident. Breeds among patches of tulés, making a
rather bulky platform of bits of dead reeds scarcely raised above the
_ surface of the water. Fourteen is the greatest number of eggs I have
_ found in one nest.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 40—SrnneET?r, B. Rio
|i Grande, 62.)
166 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Family PARRIDA: The Jacanas.
Parride, “Seiys, 1842”.—Gray, Hand-list, III, 1871, 69.—Sci. & Saty., Nom. Neotr.
1873, viii, 142.—BoucarD, Cat. Av. 1876, IX, 11. .
< Rallide, Vicors (fide GRAY).—LILLJEBORG, P. Z.S. 1866, 17.
= Parrine, GRAY, List Genera B. 1840,—; 2d ed. 1841, 91 (< Palamedeidw).—Gray &
Mitcu., Genera B. 4to, III, 1849, 588 (< Palamedeide); Genera and Subg. 1855,
119 (< Palamedeide).—LILLJEBORG, P. Z.S. 1866, 17 ( < Rallide).
< Palamedeide, GRAY, l. ¢.
< Gallinulide, Bas. (fide GRAY).
CH.—Small-sized wading birds, combining the general appearance of
Rails and Plovers, but differing from either in the remarkable and ex-
cessive elongation of the toes and claws, the latter nearly straight and
much compressed, that of the hallux much longer than its digit and
slightly recurved.
The above brief diagnosis is sufficient to distinguish the Jacanas from
all other wading birds. Their nearest allies appear to be the Plovers,
from which they differ chiefly in the character of the feet, as pointed
out above. The single American genus Parra, Lath., is further charac-
terized by the presence of leaf-like lobes at the base of the bill, and a
sharp, conical spur projecting from the inside of the bend of the wing,
in the possession of which features they present a striking analogy to
certain Plovers, as the genera Lobivanellus, Strickl., and Hoplopterus,
Bonap. The genus Parra, of which there are several species, all Ameri-
can,* is characterized as follows :—
Genus PARRA, Linnzeus.
< Jacana, Briss., Orn. V,1760,121. Type, Parra jacana,Auct. (Includes Hydralector,
Wagl., and Metopodius, Wag].)
< Gallinula, Ray (fide GRay).
< Parra, Linn., 8. N. I, 1766, 259. Type, P. dominica, Linn.,= Lobivanellus brissoni,
(Wagl.)! (Includes also Chauna and Jacana. )—LATHAM, Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 762.
Type, P. jacana, Linn. (Includes Hydrophasianus, Wagl., Chauna, Illiger, and
Metopodius, Wagl.)—Gray, Hand-list, III, 1871, 69 (subg. Parra).
= Parra, Gray, List Genera, 2d ed. 1841, 91; Gen. and Subg. 1855, 119, No. 1976.—
Gray & Mitcn., Genera B. III, 1849, 288.—Sc1., P. Z. 8. 1856, 282 (synopsis of
species).—Sci. & SaLy., Nom. Neotr. 1873, 142 (list of species).—BoucaARD, Cat.
Ay. 1876, 11 (list of species).
Cu.—Remiges normal. Rectrices much abbreviated, very soft, entirely
concealed by the tail-coverts. Forehead with large, leaf-like lobe, free
laterally and posteriorly, adhering centrally and anteriorly; rictus orna-
mented by a smaller lobe (rudimentary in P. gymnostoma).
The above characters are chiefly those which distinguish the Ameri-
can genus Parra from its Old World allies Hydrophasianus,+ Metopo-
*For a synopsis of the species of this genus, see Sclater “On the American Genus
Parra”, in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1856, p. 282.
t “ Hydrophasianus, Wagler, 1832.” Type, H. chirurgus (Scopoli).
ee eS eS en
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 167
dius,* and Hydralector.t I am unable to state in just what essential
particulars the two latter differ from Parra, never having seen speci-
mens of any species of either form. The first, however, differs very
widely in the great development of the rectrices, of which the inter-
mediz are excessively elongated; in the curious attenuation of the
primaries, which are, moreover, of very unequal length, and in the entire
absence of lobes about the base of the bill. These characters I have
drawn from figures of the single species, H. chirurgus (Scopoli), not hav-
ing seen the bird itself.
In addition to the generic characters given above, the following also
may be mentioned :—
Bill somewhat Plover-like in form, the basal half with the upper and
lower outlines nearly parallel and decidedly approximated, the terminal
half of the culmen strongly convex, the gonys nearly straight, and
decidedly ascending terminally; nostrils small, horizontal, elliptical,
situated about half-way between the anterior angle of the eye and the
tip of the bill. Primaries 10, reaching to the tips of the tertials, the
three outer quills longest and nearly equal, their inner webs slightly
narrowed near the end. Tarsus and bare portion of the tibia covered
by a continuous frontal and posterior series of transverse scutelle, these
sometimes fused into continuous sheaths; middle toe (exclusive of its
claw) about equal to the tarsus (sometimes a little shorter); outer toe
equal to the middle toe, but its claw a little shorter; inner toe a little
shorter than the outer, but its claw considerably longer; hallux about
equal to the basal phalanx of the middle toe, but its claw reaching nearly,
if not quite, to the end of the middle toe.
211. Parra gymnostoma.
Parra gymnostoma, WAGLER, Isis, 1831, 517.—Sct., P. Z. 8. 1856, 283 (S. Mexico
to New Granada. Diagnosis and synonymy); 1857, 206 (Jalapa).—
Sct. & SALyv., Ibis, 1859, 231 (Belize, Honduras; Peten, Guatemala) ;
Nom. Neotr. 1873, 142.Tay1or, Ibis, 1860, 315 (Honduras).—SaLvIin,
Ibis, 1870, 116 (Costa Rica); P. Z. 8. 1870, 218 (Costa Rica).—Lawr.,
Mem. Boston Soc. II, 1874, 312 (Mazatlan, Manzanillo Bay, Zacatula R.,
and Rio de Coahuyana, W. Mexico. Habits. Descr. nest and eggs) ;
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 4, 1876, 50 (Isth. Tehuantepec).—MERRILL,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, I, Nov. 1876, 88 (Ft. Brown, Texas; 1 pair;
August).
Parra cordifera, LEss., Rev. Zool. 1842, 135 (Acapulco. Descr. adult).—DEs
Mors, Icon. Orn. 1845, pl. 42.
Sp. cH.— Adult: Wing, 4.50-5.40; culmen, 1.15-1.40; tarsus, 1.90-
2.35; middle toe, 1.85-2.25.¢ Head, neck, jugulum, and extreme an-
terior portion of the back uniform black, with a faint silky glossy-green
gloss below. Rest of the plumage mainly uniform rich purplish chest-
nut, with a faint purple gloss, brightest or most rufescent on the wings,
* «© Metopodius, Wagler, 1832.” Type, Parra africana, Lath., fide Gray.
t “ Hydralector, Wagler, 1832.” Type, Parra cristata, Vieill., fide Gray.
t Extremes of thirteen examples.
168 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
more purplish on the back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, and of a rich
‘dark purplish maroon shade on the breast and sides; anal region, tibiz,
and crissum duller and more grayish. Remiges (except the tertials) pale
yellowish pea-green, bordered terminally with dull dusky, this border
very narrow, and strictly terminal on the secondaries, but broader and
involving more or less of both edges of the quills on the primaries, where
it increases in extent to the outer quill, which has the entire outer web
blackish ; alule and primary coverts dull blackish. Tail-feathers uni-
form rich chestnut. ‘Iris dark brown; bill, alar spurs, and frontal leaf,
bright yellow; upper base of bill bluish white, the space between it and
the nasal leaf bright carmine; feet greenish” (Sumichrast, MS., fide
Lawr., Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 4, 1876, p. 50).
Young: Frontal leaf rudimentary. Pileum grayish-brown, bordered
on each side by a wide and conspicuous superciliary stripe of buffy
white, extending to the occiput; below this stripe, another narrower
one of black or dusky, beginning at the posterior angle of the eye and
extending along the upper edge of the auriculars to the nape, which is
also of this color; remainder of the head, with the entire lower parts,
except the sides, continuous buffy white, more strongly tinged with buff
across the jugulum. Upper parts in general (except the remiges) light
grayish-brown, the feathers bordered terminally with rusty buff in the
younger stage, but uniform in older individuals; rump more or less
tinged with chestnut. Sides and lining of the wing dusky black, but
in older examples more or less tinged with chestnut. Remiges asin the
_ adult; rectrices grayish-brown.
The downy young is unknown, or at least if described I have been :
unable to find out where.
In the considerable series of specimens of this species contained in
the collection of the National Museum, notable variations in size and
proportions occur among specimens of the same age and sex, but
apparently without regard to locality. Cuban specimens do not differ
in the least from Mexican and Central American examples.
The following note was published in the Bulletin of the Nuttall Orni-
thological Club, vol. i, p. 88. I have nothing to add to it, except that
during a recent visit to Washington Mr. Ridgway showed me some
skins of this curious bird, and I was enabled to positively identify them
with the birds I saw:—*‘ Early in August (1876) I saw a pair of water-
birds quite new to me on the borders of a lagoon near Fort Brown.
i was on horseback at the time, and did not have my gun, but had a
good opportunity to observe them carefully. The next day I winged
one of them, but it fell into a dense bed of water-plants, and could not
be found, and the survivor disappeared. Respecting a letter describ-
ing the bird as seen, Mr. Ridgway writes: ‘The bird you describe is un-
doubtedly Parra gymnostoma; * * * the chestnut back and yellow
(greenish-yellow) wings settle the species beyond a doubt.’ ”
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 169
212. Cygnus americanus, Sharpless.
Early in January, 1878, a fine specimen was brought into Brownsville
alive by a Mexican, who said that it was caught on a lagoon by one of
his dogs. It must have been wounded, though I could see no sign of
this. Either this species or the Trumpeter Swan is said to be not
uncommon near the coast during winter.
213. Anser albifrons var. gambeli, Hartl.
The first of the Geese to return in the autumn, usually about the first
week in October. Comparatively few of this or the other species of
Geese remain throughout the winter, but during the migrations this one
is only surpassed in numbers by the Snow Goose. I have seen a flock of
at least two hundred pass over Fort Brown as late as the 18th of April.—
(A. gambeli, DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 42.)
214. Chen hyperboreus, (Pall.)
Very abundant, especially on the salt prairies near the coast.—
(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 41.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 62.)
215. Branta canadensis, (Linn.)
Not rare, but the least common of the Geese in this vicinity.—(Ber-
nicla c., DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 42.)
216. Branta hutchinsi, (Sw. & Rich.)
More abundant than B. canadensis, but less so than A. gambeli.—
{Bernicla h., DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 42.)
217. Dendrocygna autumnalis, (Linn.) .
This large and handsome bird arrives from the south in April, and is
soon found in abundance on the river banks and lagoons. Migrating
at night, it continually utters a very peculiar chattering whistle, which
at once indicates its presence. Called by the Mexicans patos maizal, or
Corn-field Duck, from its habit of frequenting those localities. It is by
no means shy, and large numbers are offered for sale in the Brownsville
market. Easily domesticated, it becomes very tame, roosting at night
in trees with chickens and turkeys. When the females begin to lay, the
males leave them, and gather in large flocks on sand-bars in the river.
My knowledge of the breeding habits is derived from Dr. S. M. Finley,
U.S. A., who had ample opportunity of observing these birds at Hi-
dalgo. The eggs are deposited in hollow trees and branches, often at a
considerable distance from water (two miles), and from eight to thirty
feet or more from the ground. The eggs are placed on the bare wood,
_ and are from twelve to sixteen in number. Two broods are raised, and
the parent carries the young to water in her bill. Twelve eggs received
from Dr. Finley average 2.11 by 1.53, with but little variation in size:
they are of the usual duck shape, and in color are a rather clear yellow-
ish-white. The birds leave in September, but a few late broods are seen
as late as November. The soft parts in a full-plumaged living male were
170 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
as follows: iris brown; bill coral-red, orange above; nail of bill bluish;
legs and feet pinkish-white.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1862, 42.—SENNETT, B.
Rio Grande, 62.) )
218. Dendrocygna fulva, (Gmel.)
I cannot say much in regard to this species, though it is about as
common as the preceding in this vicinity. Like the Corn-field Duck, it
is a summer Visitant, and both species frequent the same places. The
notes while flying are somewhat different. I know nothing definite in
regard to the breeding habits, buf they probably do not differ much
from those of the other bird. Dr. Finley tells me that he did not meet
with it at Hidalgo. In afresh specimen, the bill was bluish-black; legs
light slaty-blue.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 42.)
219. Anas boschas, Linn.
Not uncommon during the winter months.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 42.)
220. Anas obscura, Gm.
Not common; afew remain to breed on the marshes near the coast.—
(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 42.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 63.)
221. Dafila acuta, (Linn.)
Rather plentiful—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 43.—SENNETT, B. Rio
Grande, 63.
222. Chaulelasmus streperus, (Linn.)
Probably the most common Duck in this vicinity during the winter.
My game register shows that a greater number of Gadwalls were killed
each winter than of any other Duck. Some remain throughout the
summer.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 43.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 63.)
223. Mareca americana, (Gm.)
Rather common, especially in spring and autunn.—(DRESSER, Ibis,
1866, 43.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 63.)
224. Nettion caroiinensis, (Gm.)
Common, especially during the migrations.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 43.)
225. Querquedula discors, (Linn.)
Common, arriving early in September. A few remain during the
winter, but the great majority go farther south, returning about the
middle of March.—(DRrEssER, Ibis, 1866, 43.)
226. Querquedula cyanoptera, (Vieill.)
Not rare during the migrations; more are seen in spring than in
autumn.
227. Spatula clypeata, (Linn.)
Very common in winter. I have seen several pairs on the marshes F
during the breeding season.—(SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 63.)
——_— Se - a
“>
ae ee
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 171
228. Fulix marila, (Linn.)
Rather rare.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 43.)
229. Fulix affinis, (Eyton.)
Decidedly more common than the last.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 43.—
Fuligula a., SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 63.)
230. Fulix collaris, (Donov.)
A few specimens killed.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 43.)
231. Aythya americana, (Eyt.)
Not uncommon.—(dthya a., DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 43.)
232. Aythya vallisneria, (Wils.)
Rarer than the last species; but few specimens shot.—(thya v.,
DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 43.)
233. Bucephala albeola, (Linn.)
Rather plentiful.—( DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 43.)
234. Erismatura rubida, (Wils.)
Abundant.
235. Lophodytes cucullatus, (Linn.)
A few seen during winter.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 44.)
236. Pelecanus erythrorhynchus, (Gmel.)
Rather common, and seen at all seasons. I was unable to find any
breeding places of this species, but they unquestionably nest near the
coast, and also at no great distance from Hidalgo.—(DRESSER, Ibis,
1866, 45.—P. trachyrhynchus, SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 63.)
237. Pelecanus fuscus, Linn.
Common resident. Found breeding abundantly on Padre and neigh-
boring islands by Mr. Sennett in March, 1878.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866,
45.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 64.)
238. Plotus anhinga, Linn.
Occasionally observed about Fort Brown, but appears to be more
aburdantin the lagoons higher up the river.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 45.)
239. Graculus mexicanus, (Brandt.)
Common resident. I did not find any nests, but think they are placed
in the dense growth of trees and thorny bushes that borders most of
the lagoons about here.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 45.—SENNETT, B. Rio
Grande, 64.)
240. Larus argentatus, Gm.
Not rare along the coast in winter. One shot near Fort Brown on the
3d of March, 1877.—(SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 64.)
172 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ni
241. Larus delawarensis, Ord.
Common in winter.—(SENNETT, Lb. Rio Grande, 64.)
242. Chrceecocephalus atricilla, (Linn.)
Common resident, breeding near the coast, and also on the salt prai-
ries near the fort.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 44.—Larus a., SENNETT, B.
Rio Grande, 64.)
243. Sterna angiica, Mont.
tather abundant. Found breeding in company with Forster’s Tern.—
(SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 64.—S. aranea, DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 44.)
244. Sterna caspia var. imperator, Coues.
Breeds on Padre Island.—(SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 65.)
245. Sterna maxima, Bodd.
Breeds on Padre Island.—(S. regia, DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 44.)
246. Sterna cantiaca, Gm.
Breeds on Padre Island.—(SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 65.)
247. Sterna forsteri, Nutt.
On May 16, 1877, Mr. Sennett and I found a colony of these Terns nest-
ing on a nearly submerged grassy island, among lagoons and marshes.
They had but just begun to lay. About two dozen eggs were obtained,
and a few parents shot for identification. The nests were slight depres-
sions among the short grass, and the eggs were frequently wet.—(SEN-
NELT, B. Rio Grande, 65.)
248. Sterna antillarum, (Less.)
Common in summer, and some pass the winter. Deposit their eggs
on sand-bars in the river.—(S. frenata, DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 44.—S.
superciliaris antillarum, SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 66.)
249. Hydrochelidon nigra, (Linn.)
rather plentiful during sammer.—(H. plumbea, DRESSER, Ibis, 1866,
45.)
250. Rhynchops nigra, Linn.
Not rare in summer.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 45.—SENNETT, B. Rio
Grande, 66.)
251. Podiceps dominicus, (Linn.)
A rather common resident. Several nests, undoubtedly of this Grebe,
were found on May 16, 1877, while visiting the heronry already referred
to. They were made of water-plants and pieces of reeds slightly fas-
tened to one or two tulé-stalks, and forming a wet, floating mass. No
eggs were obtained.—_(SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 66.) |
Note.—So far as it appears, Dr. Merrill’s claim (Bull. N. O. C. I, 88), _
to have been the first to have really added this species to the North
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 173
American fauna, must be admitted to be well founded. It was certainly
‘new to the American fauna”, unless it had been previously ascer-
tained to be entitled to be so ranked. Unless Dr. Gambel’s attributing
this bird to California be admitted, which it cannot be without confir-
mation, no one can properly make any suchclaim. The Berlandier eggs—
there were no birds—are unidentified, though probably genuine, but of
Mexican origin. It is also included in Dr. Coues’s Birds of the North-
west, where, however, it is only given as occurring “north to the Rio
Grande”—not ‘north of the Rio Grande”. As Dr. Coues gives no
authority for regarding it as known to be North American, but stops
at the boundary line, the inference is that its presence was conjectural
and not positive.—T. M. B.
252. Podilymbus podiceps, (Linn.)
Occurs in winter.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 46.)
Avuaust 1, 1878.
ON A NEW SERRANOID FISH, EPINEPHELUS DRUMMOND-HAYI, FROM
THE BERMUDAS AND FLORIDA.
By G. BROWN GOODE and TARLETON H. BEAN.
The National Museum possesses two specimens of a Serranoid fish,
apparently undescribed, for which we propose the name Lpinephelus
Drummond-Hayi, dedicating the species to Colonel H. M. Drummond
Hay, C. M. Z.8., of Leggieden, Perth, Scotland, formerly of the British
Army, by whom the species was first discovered at the Bermudas in 1851.
The species is easily recognized by its numerous, small, star-like, white
spots on a dark ground, a type of coloration not found in any other
representative of this family hitherto described.
A collection of water-color drawings, lent to the Smithsonian Institu-
tion by Colonel Drummond Hay, contains an excellent sketch of one of
these fishes, which was taken by him on the outer reef of the Bermudas
in 1851. This specimen weighed 524 pounds. The drawing is on the
scale of one-fifth.
The smaller specimen (No. 16,795) is fifteen and three-quarters inches
long. It was received in May, 1876, from Mr. E. G. Blackford, and was
for some days on exhibition in the large glass refrigerator in the Gov-
ernment Building on the Exhibition Grounds in Philadelphia. It was
said to have been brought from Southern Florida by one of the New
York market fleet. A cast of this fish was made, as well as an accurate
sketch in water-colors.
A second specimen (No. 21,255) was received early in May, 1878, from
Mr. Silas Stearns of Pensacola, Fla. Its length is sixteen and three-
quarters inches. The following description has been prepared from these
two specimens. We have seen other specimens of this species in the
174 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
New York Aquarium, which were said to have been brought from the
Bermudas. The fish belongs to the genus Serranus as defined by Giin-
ther, and to the genus Epinephelus as limited by Gill, having, in distine-
tion from the allied genus Trisotropis, nine rays in the anal as well as
other characters.
There is a remarkable uniformity in the measurements of the two
specimens as given in tabular form below. That from Pensacola has
longer fins, and the snout also a trifle longer. This is perhaps due to
some slight distortion of the specimens, owing to the greater length of
time which the first had been in alcohol.
Epinephelus Drummond-Hayi, sp. nov., Goode & Bean.
Diagnosis.—Length of head about one-third of total length (includ-
ing caudal), and three-eighths of length without caudal. Greatest
height of body equal to length of head. Least height of tail equal
to half the length of external caudal rays, and approximately to that
of snout. Przoperculum finely and evenly serrated; denticulations
somewhat coarser at the angle. Suboperculum and interoperculum
denticulated for a short distance on each side of their common junction.
Maxillary bone nearly and mandibular quite reaching to a line drawn
vertically through the centre of the orbit.
Eye circular, its diameter contained six and one-third times in the
length of the head, and slightly less than the width of the interorbital
area, Which is half the distance from the snout to the centre of the
orbit.
Distance of dorsal from snout equal to the greatest height of the body,
and twice the length of the mesial caudal rays or of ventral fin. The
length of the first spine is less than half that of the second, and more
than one-third that of the fourth, and longest. The length of the first
ray is equal to or greater than that of the longest spine; that of the
last ray, to the diameter of the eye.
The distance of anal from snout equal to twice the height of the
body at the ventrals; the length of its first spine about equal to that of
the first of the dorsal; the length of the third spine equal to that of the
snout. The length of the first ray is about equal to that of the maxil-
lary; that of longest ray nearly half the length of head; that of the last
ray nearly equal to that of the second anal spine.
Caudal truncate when expanded; slightly emarginate when in nat-
ural position ; covered with small scales nearly to its tip.
Length of median rays half that of the head, that of external rays
equal to two-thirds the distance from snout to pectoral, and also to the
length of that fin.
The distance of ventral from snout about twice its own length.
Radial Formula.—D. XI, 16; A. III, 9; C. + 14 +; P. I, 16; V. I, 5.
Seales in lateral line, 125; above lateral line, 32; below, 56-57.
Color, light umber-brown, everywhere densely spotted with irregular,
Bi
Proc. Nat. Mus. 1878. | Plate I.
Caprimulgus vociferus, f¢. Maryland. (3.)
~
Proc, Nat, Mus. 1878, Plate II.
Maryland. (Nat. size.)
en eee
—
ne,
Plate III.
Nat, Mus. 1878,
Proc.
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PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 175
somewhat stellate, white spots, except upon the lips and under margin
of the body. There are about forty of these patches between the gill-
opening and the base of the caudal. A slight tendency to coalesce may
be observed in the spots upon the sides.
At Pensacola, this fish is called the Hind; at the Bermudas, it is the
“John Paw”.
Table of Measurements.
Seerrenh WAIN Ber OL SPOCIMON (5.600. aos xe soseensces an cons eos 16,795. OT Zine
S. Stearns.
0 er re omer hn re ee Bermuda. Pensacola, Fla.
Millim. | 100ths. | Millim. | 100ths.
Extreme length (to base of caudal) ...........-----..2202.--- eh eee Dy, otcadenaas
Length to end of middle caudal rays......-..--...--.-------- WD Latics cnusy AB Neues ate
Body:
Ereateat Heizht (bebind ventrals). -. .. «2... 2. -.20s= esadfewsch wastd SR | wiicaswoce 38
ee er ee eee Pe eee ee er or) eer eee eg Caer es 36
eT a ee a ee eee ae, oer ee To | dees Sed 11
Head:
2 ee ee Pre ee ty eres) ee eee oe I > sh ten ct 38
ee PE EEE REC. coin nee rece wadews ctan|osesasece- , Ge, Meme ee 7
te oe a rere Pee 1O® [3 5-.56253 11
Length of operculum (to end of flap)..............--.---./.-----e00- og ere 12
Ree OL MAA RIUBTS 26 one cod hd- nis 50s bide 5ae olcsstit- Saks Se needs ee PR eae 17
MEDS: tae adit ces eee ne ches cence teen anwewenpuess wwnas he eS 203
Distance from snout to centre of orbit ...........-.....-.|.---..-.-. ae ee ee 14
EEN eles cae Gono aaawa ss euie Se que cl aiaaes ae Deew ae game ee ae 6
Dorsal (spinous) :
ESI MOMEGS col ciaw cosa cece wesc csceames canbe ae ibe nee ee ee 39
ET ap 1 a a es so Eee eee eee = eee em ae aes eee <p 29
Co Sg ee eee eer lee ere es yp rere 44
US OR a a a es eee / ae a ee ce eee il
Dorsal (soft) :
oe ee ee ee EEL or Ee Cee eee oh es Sa ee 24
BEE NSG Ole ESGHURY > Sc aes a= co gh nals a atee SS DIS ass oo onl mom pieptae at Tas tock gaeieas 13
Tengen lonmeee tay 205822 s52 5/552. de08 ct - 2 scnn-|- nds en cee: (Oth) 24? |e 5-222 5. (4th) 15
ees Oe SI EO ee tan ois oka Saat @ a tecerg sooo onh lane dua: G, 7) tadedag see 6
Anal:
Distance from snout ..-..- ia mie simcvrrert wate wa Shiwbesints Apis beans 6k CT | ee SE 70
Pee TN Mee os Se GM nade ee ede db ats vem idane babe o thane ses eens CT et ieee ae 16
I OF, TRG BIIDOS 8 0 och a ew anes op o8 wbnaet «Pen ates ooh setsd sae pe Pee ae 44
penne rr ED CRIINODS 6 08S SENS. C00 ok cnt e imme duken sfance woman’ See ee ew ain 9
TeGTEa OL, GATE REIS . os awit ates « deete' nash opine o Sods Sachesewow aes - WORT) pe ese 10
III PIN ee nao Sirians Spine tena namie en niiews oan ben Wout ome | ok ee 17
Lengiie al lengemie tay it -6 te ees ce ch es oe one shenne’~ mas fes od cabbinin (Gd) 23° [i .-ss252% (4th) 183
EE I tn Sg eld aete Pack wcddems two conhs | pede ne sek i, ae ee 8
Caudal:
SEE Sie TRO BN ve cSEe nonlin toe bem soos e ingwamea beadecin os ES | a) wenaoe 19
Denote of externah sys) sos. 36k 5 55 2ad fae iid onic nbs o Sof acces uuu: Ee Oe 22
Pectoral:
DintanGe frie abu 3s ones esis ed haben s assess eo deces ee, oe * hee~ 23... 34
PEN ak orga apes sake a see er ea Eel ant an netnge ode eaduleewwnys oes 3 an eee ae Ses 22
‘Ventral :
Pea aN GBONG . ~~ cc dak ned capa estan ceirdd nah anwe [Deseenae at Ce 40
TPR GP Ee atk db bn i dbos Sedat bartarde se sie ntthe ds feewes [J iszeicce! Deal kee ae a 19
i rae es Sa ee ee 2 j PCa C4 cuieerse sce
Dosa) 224.3435 %. BE oid ocaase Wl sesssebeeeertudet tack PIT StS MAG |. ccucases
I rete chetidha « Guin «acs == mtn ce IEW elas onc see gw SS) t= See FEL, 9 +}- 22 sheds
OR CP i Sa SS eS eae eee ee Peer er ret eee Se ee ee + 14+ |..-.......- +14 + |..........
Rn SN we tet ah nitelnin « 20 2M opoa cee ieadiamie~ GAEL ooo 3216 Goss oa ecas 1-16 }......-.--
OW OMGIL Joc Sih we cA Pikerseescedsnds dedscd tees dts kL - cece = Ty hee a eae 8 a sates ae
Number of scales in lateral line. .......---..-...----.---+---- DLS Pecorterts tg eee
Number of transverse rows above lateral line...............- 2 gl pee bene hpage a ee SES:
Number of transverse rows below lateral line ............... (5G)*| Suc. seisins Oe lisa vee
WASHINGTON, May 25, 1878.
176 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
‘ )
DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF FISHES, LUTJANUS BLACK-
FORDII AND LUTJANUS STEARNSII, FROM THE COAST OF FLORIDA,
By G. BROWN GOODE and TARLETON H. BEAN.
Recent explorations on the coast of Florida have brought to light
several undescribed species of large fishes. Some of them have already
been named by us. Two species of Pristipomatoid fishes are character-
ized below.
Lutjanus Blackfordii, sp. nov., Goode & Bean.
The well-known Red Snapper of our Southern coast has, strangely
enough, never been scientifically described. This is due to an errone-
ous identification of this species with a common West Indian form,
Lutjanus aya, from which it differs in several particulars, notably in the
size of the eye and of the scales.
The species is dedicated to Mr. Eugene G. Blackford of New York
City, to whom the National Museum is indebted for many hundreds of
specimens of rare fishes, and by whose vigilant study of the New York
fish-markets several species have been added to the fauna of the United
States.
We base our description upon a fresh specimen (No. 21,330), sent from
Pensacola, Fla., May —, 1878, by Mr. Silas Stearns, which is twenty-six
inches long, and weighs 114 pounds; also two well-executed casts, one,
No. 12,515, obtained by Mr. Milner, in Washington City market, 1874,
thirty inches long, and one, No. 20,978, thirty-three inches long, ob-
tained from the Savannah Bank, March, 1878, by Mr. Goode.
Diagnosis.—Body much compressed ; its upper profile ascending from
the snout, with a slight concavity in front of eye to the origin of the
spinous dorsal, thence descending in a long curve to the base of the
caudal; under profile much less arched. Upper and lower jaw of even
extent. The greatest height of the body equal to lengthof head. Least
height of tail equal to one-third of the distance from the snout to the
pectoral. Greatest height of head slightly less than one-third of total
length, including caudal and three-eighths of length without caudal.
Preoperculum finely and evenly serrated, except at the angle, where the
denticulations are coarser: a slight emargination above the angle, in
which is received an elevation upon the interopercular bone, and two
shallower emarginations above. The maxillary falls short of the verti-
cal line from the anterior margin of the orbit, the mandibular bone of
that from the middle of the orbit. Eye circular; its diameter contained
seven and one-third times in the total length of the head. Length of
snout nearly equal to that of maxillary. Length of mandible equal to
half the height of the body at ventrals, and equal to or slightly less -
than distance from snout to centre of orbit. Distance of dorsal from
snout about three times the length of snout; its length of base nearly
equal to that of the pectoral. The length of its longest spine is equal
ee es
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 177
to twice the second anal spine, and about three times that of the first
dorsal spine. The first dorsal ray is twice as long as the first dorsal
spine, its longest ray nearly equal to the first ray of the anal.
Distance of anal fin from snout equal to two-thirds of total length
(caudal excluded), twice as far from snout as is the pectoral; the length
of its base slightly more than that of mandible; its first spine half as
long as its second spine; its third spine slenderer, and slightiy longer
than the second ; its first ray is about twice as long as its second spine ;
its longest ray equal to middle caudal ray, or, in young specimens, much
longer; its last ray half the length of the first.
Caudal much emarginate, crescent-shaped; the median rays two-
thirds as long as the external rays.
Pectoral midway between snout and anal; its length twice that of the
maxillary. Distance of ventral from snout equal to the height of the
body; its length three times that of second anal spine.
Radial Formula.—B. VII; D. X,14; A. III,9; C.+ 17+; P.1,16;
ng apes
Scales.—8, 50, 15. Scales extending half the length of the anal rays
on the membrane; on the external caudal rays nearly to tip, and with
slight traces upon the spinous dorsal in front of the spines; and in the
soft dorsal somewhat more extended.
Color.—Uniform scarlet. Centre of scales lighter, also belly, which is.
silvered; inside of axil of pectoral darker maroon.
This species is closely allied to the Lutjanus torridus of Cope, but dif--
fers in several particulars, notably (1) the smaller eye; (2) the greater:
number of dorsal and anal rays; (3) the smaller and more numerous.
scales; (4) the less emargination of the tail; (5) the shorter ventral fin
(according to figure of Cope); (6) the higher occipital crest ; and (7) in
coloration.
Professor Cope’s type measured 14 inches ; ours range from 33 to 173.
Lingual teeth in two patches; the anterior cordate, with emargina-
tion posteriorly ; the other ovate-lanceolate, broadest anteriorly. Vom-
erine patch a quadilateral figure, with concave sides, and with the
longest sides posteriorly. Palatine patches somewhat spatulate, broadest
posteriorly. |
Proc. Nat. Mus. 73——12 Oct. 4, i878.
178 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Table of Mi easurements.
Current number of specimen ... conse). ameecdace shes ssende pinicusy ated eae a eeeneee 21,330.
Locality een e wae staan wqbltecs che euede- eee tate eee wor ewe www wes een eww wee eae Pensacola, Fla.
Millim. | 100ths.
Eetreme lenptes 20. PSs i ati ot cs co cee en sncwadeele nies as e/a ee eae ane O00: |... = Sceeem
eee to end of middle caudal rayB. .. ..-ncsin so caeecsism ces satus s6es hs 4554-9 eee
Body:
SD raatenl height... .....-.0scccnne cose cca siadsewngseeb sSissesmitas | senses eeeeen
Height at veritrals. co. oo. cece nde cn ee ae wens esmane ss cenenn emu a ae/e eels enn
Least height of tail. ...... ...--<sessec steeb= dean dua gcehbie a sbeme~ spines «eee
Head:
Greatest longth - . 20... ~~. esa. .eedsteusinesneptwekinessw-s lama ds poames Eee en ae eee
Width of interorbital area ...- 05. --5..is. scsieun «nnenenpn ees op eee een para Pere te ee
Length of snout. . 2... 2 onan ode nce nae 5 coe enemas eeeeetninial a aie ee ete
Length of maxillary . . .. 2.0 220. ecussasncdenp eds a5cen oes «open sin aes oie
Length of mandible. .. 2442.0. . 62.5225 descdeesliddscssbeudseabecakes diss a nen an ane eeeeeee
Distance from snout to centre of orbit . 2.260 256. 2s ces20s cnee neuen es == sn maee alee
Diameter of eye . 2.2520. seb 2 cece d di ee abel aces shee s sean ee cease ee
Dorsal (spinous) :
Distance from snout . ws c6- ids se US sabe bab tee caved é¢aen oe une Senn aes
Length of base ........... Mo Samen come wa cele snise oakarn lela Belle ine a eie oo keen eee
Length of first spine ................- bc oma Gat cuenta Sasa dhesin wanda eee ove eee oneal
Length of second spine . ...). .n.ccaaeseseshssceanasoepe cee ween ss enn tah aan
Length of longest spine. .... 022... seesndcsccecascucseesuG sass nue apes = oan
Height at last. spine. -......00.0s0scestannsaencs¥epaduiouessapt sabes = enon eee
Dorsal (soft) :
Length of base ......secepecsaesheges Pn degetdnadabesacshana= tppbs oueecaee nen neee
Length of first ray - 22 [ols etee vdde eu euccbdavcavens yensescycanceany bale eaee aan
Length of longest ray .......--------<<. . ome snmhint nan awh eomed ¢ebme es) Phos deen: eee
Height at last ray’ 22... 222 Caccdena ann deanees 0 5 a00en era sng panne hae een eee
Anal:
Distance from snout ..si-.av.dnunc susct aassebaneaan dawboutes ay sankaswesaenaan ann
Length of base :. oon i sc onmncbieg dc rhnd ebdbeWenaed tadees dbsnuléee depen heen eee
Length of firat spine . 27 ic. .ocdees Sas o0ns aah teste eee ees beak eae eee ane ag eathiy ie ie
‘Length of second spine . . ..2 secacetnds es s'Sepeeb belemmadldded belt coated us yp telae een
Length of third spine... o9¢ sw<3.cs p+ washes dapenehinn wikis tele aikentay ee
(Length of firat ray)... snjncs dds bere sh unddse'ebee 6dbbh ie Gh esd MEdgdeb seeded Reeee LER EeEeen
Length of longeat TAY « .cnun'«#osle'savwsvwarg Onan oa ehipanends paca Neen ae ee
Gength of last ray . jciwscndseddubiddcndnnnbegade sdudedebalevasdelenuuemearaeell aaannne
Caudal:
Length of middle:ra yess... vavews dle. clvaawepwenen da gybuhcneweneieebuuie aeekl sane ene
Length of external rays ...ivensdusdinnnedseseeeeqeesk sehupiensdeeanlntlneenalaeienee
Pectoral :
Distance from snout .s..0s5.5-<050¢ ap cence warecsehs «hiked ocih scene bhaknbaeie ena
Length
Ventral:
Distance from snout ......4 cences sd ctsabsn6essudmsaprenneel pes aenwiu allele pean
Length ... ....nnse-censpasenilgndnele «nese npinssah' de \laibainseiiehaiieiesh bith aitle in an
Branchiostegals
Dorsal
ee eee ee ee ee eee ee eee
i eee ee ee ee ee ee eee ee rs
iii i eee eee eee ee eee eee eee eee ee eee ee
i ee ee ee ee
i
Ventral: . 00. « «inne<0c- masa duce dekh pes Daeeedelt Derek een eene
Number of scales in lateral line ......5,. cakeucessasseueeel a ee éanuxe'daviodte
Number of transverse rows above lateral line ......--.------cececeeerceescecsees-
Number of transverse rows below lateral line ..........----eee+----eeeeer coee----
Weight... 2020. seseseseceascoemewbsuelwaldp seaseehaennnnnnnnn pounds. .
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 179
Table of Measurements—Continued.
Current number of specimen .........-...-- A. B. C. D.
‘ Gulf of Gulf of Gualf of Gulf of
Locality ...-.-------++2+-+0+ 2-2 eeeeeee es ; Mexico. Mexico. Mexico. Mexico.
ff
Millim, |L00ths |} Millim. |100ths Millim. |100ths Millim. | 100ths
Oe Oe OO
eS ee ee ee eae i ol AGG Fat SON. |. abn
Length to end of middle caudal rays....... T52 |(293'”) 613 | (24%) 540 |(213™) 445 |(174i)
Vc
Greatest height (behind ventrals)........|........ D0. Tocdatan> 7, A = EO epi 374
Height at ventrals....-.. #iesseee- Asi = ossek 354 |..------ ee eS Beere ---| 36%
Seer Lg. Se ete ile pees EPP eg SP awd. Jas (Sp See BR, 2 Fess see 11
ead :
Greatest length (to end of opercular flap) .}.....--. : ee ers Was Yeestrs 35 S58. Watsons 34 373
Width of interorbital area. ..............|....-.-- Tg SEL el Te: be eee oe eae 8 2: 8
RMI MEME Neon 5 cle Wf wcitin as ed algo ug {oan aps 62 js i aS _. eae el ee 14;
Length of upper JAW iso. 0122442... 25s ae. cae ae ee ees 15 | Rep ia at OTE UA). LE 154
MOOUPUILON SHOMUSINO! ot co np asidah- cagsemauslcce saa ce ed Re ES a i, ees 183
Distance from snout to centre of orbit ...|........ PTR Beds: 18 | 4 SEES. rs: ees: 18
oe Rei ee ee Veen See Ts Som oo. 4, RASS 6
Dorsal (spinous): |
Ss a ae rela oh ee 424
Length of base ..........- Petre stot ekey cece sg 264 ] 552. -%, re ae oe 6 he SRE ed 28
CT a ee re a Pee eee eRe Bg Fees oo See 43
Length of second spine ..............-...|..------ 9 pctv OY [haSxg ths Seay... £4 10
Length of longest spine ..............-..|.......- it a ae ee ng ee ae 6! ee ee 133
Dpmeerr er Wass PEINO 8s leet ute calf le cecs oe og CAE he Md RA Ee ahs ee 9
Dorsal (soft) :
gp i le eee eee eee Bel bk oe aot en pacer es See EE oe 203
ee a See) ee eee | eee yg ERIN eee ae Lig Be Ree 93
Pn CeCNE THY .wcassel acc ctsaccleccas oe 10 Tsas555" A iste ex 1a pi es ee gd 12
ee ene ee ee nn oe oa 2S yee a] oe ee BASE a cen! 6
Anal: ;
Distance from snout -...-....-...-.....-.|--..4.-- GBi scp Leas 8 “ee 2253. (i ae ee 724
EE MME Cee ios vase acco cme = cosfecasude- fal caeties iV ad oe iy Ae: 15
Borat et firntk apie 45223 ) 522545. - 16.35. |-b--Js2% i eee: Bb |opewedss Shiva) .. = f= 5
Lo AO le Se Sis omer) Bee aie Ye BBB im ee ei 94
Length of third spine. .-.........2.-.....}.......- Wythe se O45 \a522 ve: oe eee eee 93
A eS ot a lea ete ot oes oe Sf ROARED ae lak ta Fico 12
Renate nt longest FOF 5.93626. ea. ti ee $4) [isis > $40) |. i555 53} en eee 163
ol a Se “ab ae i eee, ieee ee CAG Neh gage 1 eee a8 + vege y a
Caudai:
Pov y Ce a ae 4, 2 Fae ee i aes i eS RS 17
Length of external rays ..............-.-|.-.-.--. iE) Mipeee ees p Ee RES MS Achbee o 26
Pectoral:
Distance from snout ........-...----.---.|----.-.. Sa ee 354 |-----.-- Le ee 354
| ee le ee ea am Ninny ea A hl ae 5 iP Pee ee Sa Se es 32
Ventral:
paneer ES, Pee eee i eee 384 |.----.-- ee ee - Re 394
NEN Bae Pa hast oa cla SAE eo sx Se. | eee wt ay hae eee ht os Deere yD (ees ee 21
a ee ae, 2 a A ok acon 1 Ree oe
LES eke: foie SS Rake nee ¢ OE pe bo ee A Dt | ge eee BL Lg ee ma Peete TAS P25. os
NE ES a ee och wy dd GiveG igen ad po ews (0: a || pis OE Ree ee Lg he eee
SEE Siac fips Sakats Soe Sgt Ao 8 Re io 2” ee oe ee rs ee Wi te
ately tee ao See tinet Scion se ebuees an eoie Ae Peet i ta Spaae Ay 8 5 ye gt ote
0S ee Se ne pee en eR 5 as i ae ecg A 4g) BESS
No. of scales in lateral line .............-.. ee BO. 1)- Je 1 eo oe
No. of transverse rows above lateral line. .. iy BS oe is tas PP eiae =< - gh ee
No. of transverse rows below lateral line... MG feo a2s Le ae LBs) -beeres Mh |, o¢/-
LS ee eee pounds. . 1d Tanne Be | .wsak- a pe plea ay - ae Sa
Lutjanus Stearnsii, sp. nov., Goode & Bean.
A single specimen of the Mangrove Snapper of Pensacola was sent
by Mr. Silas Stearns, to whom the species is dedicated, as a slight
acknowledgment of his services in securing for the United States
National Museum large collections of fishes from the Gulf of Mexico
aod fresh waters adjacent to Pensacola, Fla.
Upon this individual (catalogue number 21,337), our description is
based, having been drawn up from the fresh specimen. Its length is
193 inches. Besides the alcoholic preparation, the Museum has also a
cast and a color-sketch.
180 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Diagnosis.—This species may be readily distinguished from ZL. Black-
Jfordii by its different color, lower and less compressed body, shorter
head, shorter pectorals and ventrals, and by other characters which
appear in the table of measurements.
Body similar to that of L. Blackfordit in shape. It greatest height
equals length of head, twice length of mandible, and twice that of ven-
tral. Its height at ventrals equals four times width of interorbital area.
Least height of tail equals first anal ray and twice the last dorsal ray.
Greatest length of head equals greatest height of body, twice length of
mandible, and twice ventral length. The width of interorbital area
equals one-fourth of height at ventrals and two-thirds of least height
of tail. Length of snout equals second anal ray. Length of maxillary
equals twice length of second dorsal spine, which equals second anal
spine. The mandible equals the ventral in length. Eye contained
slightly more than six times in greatest length of head.
Distance of dorsal from snout equals three times, and base of spinous
dorsal twice length of snout. First dorsal spine about equal to first
anal. Second dorsal spine equals second anal and twice first anal.
Longest dorsal spine (fourth) equals one-third of greatest length of
head. Last dorsal spine about equal to half distance from snout to
centre of orbit. Base of soft dorsal equals three times second spine of ©
dorsal. First ray of dorsal equals three-fourths of first anal ray, which
equals least height of tail. Longest dorsal ray (fourth) equals twice
diameter of eye, and the last equals half of Jeast height of tail.
Distance of anal from snout equals slightly more than six times least
height of tail; its length of base somewhat exceeds length of second
anal ray.. First anal spine equals half the second, which is half the
length of upper jaw. Third anal spine equals half second anal ray,
which equals length of snout. First anal ray equals least height of
tail; second equals length of snout, and last equals half length of snout.
Middle caudal rays equal one-sixth and superior external rays one-
fourth of total length. Inferior external rays slightly less than length
of pectoral.
Distance of pectoral from snout about equal to length of head. Its
length almost twice least height of tail. ei
Distance of ventral from snout nearly three times length of snout ; its
length equals half length of head.
Racial Formula.—B. VIL; D. X,14; A. III, 8; C.+ 17 +; P. 1,15;
Vee. he Dy
Scales.—6, 45, 14. :
Color.—General color scarlet below, shading into reddish or purplish
brown above. Plum color on sides and top of head. Below the lateral
line, the posterior half of the exposed portion of the scales is white tinted
with scarlet; the basal portion reddish and much darker. Under part —
of head light scarlet. Vertical fins darker than the body. Pectoral
-and ventral white roseate, |
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 181
Teeth.— Vomerine teeth in a patch shaped like a spear, with concave
cutting edges and acutely produced angles.
Table of Measurements.
Peer rE Gt HNGCMION. 5. 220i, acca ons cel ol vad: ceed tee oe cu ced eodacoees 21 doe.
NIE tere ea sa ssh we SOOO PURM ANNE H Cs aw dade wkae ae va eDS dae sedaneteadae so Pensacola, Fla.
Millim. | 100ths.
Peireme lonath without CONG ocemenems de nede oder ns spebie eb «deer op conan ea cede ae 490. |. 2.0% cudebee
ay be CRUAM SIMUL CUEEE TICES In cole a oR eek oe Sacer c's a sacecebscacesteceee 501 (19 in.)
ody:
ee MeN Sn SSA, eed teh Eee ste Se Liga diene dade cS eas Swo~snc)escestecne 34
A POT. Cad -aceaberind ey geht 2 t0caons vaptheccurapdy « wwpinysel vt hans asybey - 32
(ese NEISHG OF CON ond an on con yen ads oo teeens deudanex RAMEE towns Shani acene fescue. «.. 12
Head :
oe a yn phelps lied hl A a Foe apetileat i toe pat beat, 6 ihe iy. pase oi ps ne a ee ea 34
Width.of,interorbitalarem- ssccd’ o-.ck .seneleade sees. Kc ticecleaes edhe Saeed es 8
MeCN Se ee oe eda oo Seka Sat pws « akc G as bla Ban 6 ado Sone'n [ower 2 dees 13
eee OF ODSRCRIEM 16352545 occas ns otc. Sh gd Yee ces) d. Reel toy ous. | eacwqdek ln 11
ene Aer e Pea tehyn oh dam ded bn aie dn age tate Sak ween ok ache] + ced wgcees 14
Deno OL MAONGIIG ss. 4= 5." ates ak PCO 588857. SOAS Soe Ek. BAG. 2 17
Diminwee 16am BUOUL TO GENIC Of OFDIL .... a. coos a ne ceeadmeewsensnecdessces|--ccadaces 154
RI ANUP oe doit ie = ia a ais a.0 wed So dnd & bins we aw < gail hae Wpkg = a UB a bbe 54
Dorsal (spinous) :
ENE MONE RS oe el crt one Lath ite ee bald délestuninieduatas Sogn ly ahnh i as ~- 393
LAGIILIL GL DPGGs CMA AaB Ane ee ee ee One RD Rete A age te =e roe re 26
nein OMY RN 2s Sel. Se wads oo nine +d atuiaaelbeee a bake on dvlted ds. peide «wine os 3h
i RRM 2 88 eS a avin ac wcawwais cues Mahe Con acnah >: Seen Ra 6 BAAD © Sod wri ae 7
Pength ~ tempat Sy SAS CAUA SRR RECO Wa BE, ES oes ..: (4th) 113
foe CO Eg 1%
Dork (soft) :
Oy og ee ee eee Apres Oe a, Oe ee ee ta pe Pky, Cee 21
(eas Pi fe ge ee ee ae wor ee eee! fe ee eee et S| Serer Seen é 9
ENE ee ae Sin din aims nin SG cio diam wiss ga amines oa dee aE weno a dp 2 (4th) 11
IRON OURO Meer OEE NS hn 2 oui ain ver ewww wel diaecce Pdeeeurata deeb ee cols > anwee a. 6
Anal:
arr SoS. Ts seek et shiva tenna al aduie Geen memece eg agen debanede se 73
Sian tn Ws ote FO si Ste bis sad. 2 RR Ute RE LI SEE A 134
rene RENNES 0 Ot 2k OL Ue Sie 8 Fg) eek eae nn cae de ewldblnn [eee nme > wes 34
a I. SRMENDENAN TAREINON S15 core wo wie no. aiolee Oo wo i Se dma 2 awe ove we oe eo wl bn SERPS EAC ED 7
aN MEET CORNET Natty tig aS Sle! Ghia a ue ans a Sarena a BS a ~ asl ape ee oe 25 64
PAPE TRI AE GAG AMES. enn Sac Sedb wih hts Uaek se ree. Arb tecbe ewhtian. SL LaietLe 12
OE Ty al oR Rallies alot Be ee apd oe a RE hy a aman Sena eee (2d) 13.
Lenrtly of Inst raysts de pdt ved OA EH Fae Faden dab ie ces Won et AA ete les cea 64
Caudal:
enn Akar SRMEMETOS WRC 2 5 aa bs wi usa ei be wh - GS ae ease Umea ae hee re 163
Length of external rays .........22-0chs-0s-0cesroad-thessnctens. Tee oid RO ada 38
Pectoral :
Patines fries wBOat te Cot ALL St. nie atl eee loko en Sach. Ws Leics 334
PE a ae A a el Eh el a ae a Stal atin wm Wain 234
Ventral:
PStANeO 1PON) SHOW. 0 seen oe OE ns eS crete: BA ehh ahi 3 -s- 384
UNE ten aie Sete ao a eee a ye cin nis Ok bk awe ce 2e 2 aa ee WS oa beers c bees 17
URN pe ee niga Se gn debs ae roe a dt Sedck cents
Och tan ape hee eS en eee ee Bes ene BE a eee a recom Chast Sehane ody «8 rae aa RS
MAU eee ee. ser cia SL ae ie 2 ete oa eS ERED ob Caddo 8 ee cae -. Sat is hs ee i eee
I eee Ne aR a i eo al wings +17 + Te
a ES ES ee ee eee el lS ae eee ee ee ee ee 4 eee oe
CrEntstteeeeers roe ah ae te. SS aes Sk ee Ne a eee see < San ds SO |S Re ee es oe
Pear ne suet Tateral Pine. 2200 0s ern. wis te tras Sec ec endaoncd ccseusct Sender 2 t eee
Number of transverse rows above lateral line ...-.......- 2.222 enna en eee ne cee eee Grinee ta cesta
Number of transverse rows below lateral line...... eer.) ot oe alas oss Et | ere eas
A NOTE ON THE GULF MENHADEN, BREVOORTIA PATRONUS, GOODE.
By SILAS STEARNS.
The Gulf Menhaden are first seen about Pensacola in April. They
enter the harbor in small schools, swimming at the surface, rippling the
water as they go. I have never seen any large schools, perhaps not
more than four or five barrels in one body; but the number of small
schools which might be seen in a few hours at the right place and in a
182 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
favorable time would make an immense school or schools, if consolidated.
The fishermen report them in small bunches outside and offshore. I
have never seen one in the spring which would measure over six inches,
and the greater number measure less than that; all the fishermen con-
firm this.
They seem to stay in brackish water until they get accustomed to the
change, and lose their parasite,* and then go directly into the fresh
water. About May 27, I hauled a seine in a fresh-water stream near the
head of the bay, and caught nearly a barrel of Brevoortia patronus.
Their color was darker, and I did not find any parasites in their mouths.
Their stomachs were full of food, but I could find no traces of spawn or
milt. I do not know exactly when they return from fresh water, but
last October Major Staples and I caught about two dozen in a gill-net
with a mesh of 34 inches. I remember that they were gilled very hard,
and therefore judge that they must. have been quite large. Iam quite
positive that they belonged to the same species.
PENSACOLA, FLA., June 6, 1878.
A NOTE UPON THE BLACK GROUPER (EPINEPHELUS NIGRITUS (HOL-
BROOK) GILL) OF THE SOUTHERN COAST.
By G. BROWN GOODE and TARLETON H. BEAN.
Among the specimens from Pensacola sent by Mr. Stearns, there is
the “ Jew-fish ” of West Florida, said to attain the weight of three or four
hundred pounds.
The specimen (No. 21,329) measures in length 29 inches, and weighs
16 pounds. It was described while in a fresh condition.
SYNONYMY.
Serranus~nigritus, HOLBROOK, Ichthyology of South Carolina, p. 173, pl. xxv, fig. 2.—
GUNTHER, Catalogue of the Acanthopterygian Fishes in the Collection
of the British Museum, I, 1859, p. 134.
Epinephelus nigritus, GILL, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-
delphia, 1865, p. 105; Report of the U. 8. Commissioner of Fish and
Fisheries for 1871-72, 1873, p. 806; Catalogue of the Fishes of the East
Coast of North America, 1873, p. 28.
DESCRIPTION.
Diagnosis.—Body oblong, thick, tapering very gradually from the
insertion of the dorsal and the end of the ventral. Its greatest height
(behind ventrals) is contained three and one-sixth times in total length
(caudal included) and about equal to length of head. The height of
body at ventrals is slightly greater than one-third of total length with-
*This species is infested by the same parasite which is so common in the mouths of
the common Menhaden in Southern waters, the Cymothoa pregustator (Latrobe) Say.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 183
out caudal, double the greatest width of the poets and three times the
least height of tail.
Head a trifle longer than eat height of hey and slightly less
than twice the length of the pectoral. The width of the interorbital
area is half that of the head, and nearly doub‘e the diameter of the eye.
The length of the snout is iii equal to that of the operculum. The
preoperculum is finely serrated on its posterior limb, slightly produced
at the angle, the edge of which is obtusely rounded, and armed with
stronger denticulations. Upon the inferior limb in feoiil of the angle
is one stout spine. Lips scaleless. Maxillary with a few minute scales
arranged in a narrow band. Length of the upper jaw nearly half the
length of head and quite half the greatest height of the body. Length
of mandible about double that of the operculum. Length of mandible
slightly more than that of pectoral.
Eye circular, its diameter nearly nine times in length of head and
nearly twice in width of interorbital space. Its anterior margin is mid-
way between the tip of the snout and the posterior edge of the pre-
operculum.
Dorsal as far from the snout as ventral, its length of base three-
fourths that of the head. The length of the first spine slightly exceeds
the diameter of the eye, the second spine is as long as the base of the
anal fin and about equal to the longest analray. The length of the
last spine is twice that of the first. The length of base of soft dorsal is
four-fifths that of the spinous dorsal, which is exactly double the length
of the longest dorsal ray. The last ray is half as long as the first ray
of the anal.
The distance of the anal from the snout is three-fourths of the length
of the body without caudal. Its length of base is equal to the length of
the second dorsal spine. The relations of the length of the spines and
rays of the anal fin are exhibited in the table of measurements.
Caudal fin rounded, its middle rays half as long as the head, the
exterior rays slightly shorter.
The pectoral is very broad and rounded, its insertion considerably in
advance of the end of the opercular flap. Its length slightly exceeds
that of the middle caudal rays.
Ventrals broad, distant from snout three-eighths of the length of the
body and as long as the pectoral. The ventral spine is as long as the
last dorsal spine.
Scales of moderate size, with minute pectinations, truncate at the
attached end. When detached, their shape is nearly oblong.
Color, dusky brown above, lighter below; fins darker; no traces of
markings upon body or fins.
” ~~,
2
3
184 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUY
[ Table of Measurements.
Current number of specimen...... eres eter este et eee ee eee ee eeee Sete eee ee esse eee
fiaoaiaah height . 0.2.5. -nccwccnicnaenimincuse bsbbucebndepiceenese== age
Greatest willie. .--——- 0-2-2 no ce ce peg
Heicht at ventral .. .... 2.2 ..s0c ssenwnsacct cies =< nsns heneee ae == an
Least heivht of tall . .....cene. no nsnapnapace=pgseee deeeeeeeeaaneeaane
Head:
Greatest length ........ +... .-- s020e50450<05+penasneskaapp aes siennee tne
Greatest widthe.. na ooo cc on mtd a ne Sn Ll
‘Width of interorbital area ...... 2220-2 nccuctacenpsqucnhssunees eee Seen
Toenpth ef suog6 oo 2... es ce ee scesin ceekce Meecben seuaes|scenendss
Length of operculum ...... . .2..0< s2.svecen<0s o=gpe een ee
Length of maxillary .......... 022.200 cencesc 252 ckbens bubuas spans Case eae ode ene Eeee
Length of mandible... ..- 2-2 .-0«+s52-6e04te teeta oan heen eee
Distance from snout te orbit... 20 22d aks .eannas coun lw aandas sencesedesedeo teense
Diwneter of erbié...... ~cceee eeu a eee ee eS eS ee onpinidatecn ba ciuseanel
Dorsal (spinous) :
Distance from aneul ... ..n.--o<snncne+sepies dnced~ ape ane
Leompth of ‘base... 2225 oo cc cce co ie ccnncundncconueuaebausine piataiteeenee anne
Greatest height... ... ....22 .cccce cascenscssbuccescenasedenssecasouhnenmeanannnnn
Length of first spine - --. ..-2.. 2200 22 n enone enec ne cncennceennce cas socces cncncsfecescecens
Length of secend apie .. .. - .2.0--cqpaskgmeas - onabonbebegat 6b <chdh dua giedeaeaieneee
Length of las: SPIRE .... 2.00 cco cccccrcnesechecseuse centsanssnas geeues oan6 began een
Dorsal (soft) :
Lamgth of bled -...... ..sdccconscpadchdéadshann bentenehanaes datenhena eee
Length Of first ERY ...0- << cince + min abe owbbbtgdsl caida Mabie bbb st ibiehs lee oa eee
Length of longest ray (Seventh) ... con coparecécand nawngd coeqhaeaasndbecesesoiliieee
Length of last FRY capcccanedes codsebdrocheesigedioandbhbde diode bipabbiebs bbe
Anal:
Distance from snout ..............- die adchiginhip.» = egiitaaielian dibats dn tivighsantiadad = ales ae
Length of bees, . ....<ccqececasta=nerSqneselaeeensnsndindidanseeneet ee
Length of firet aplme 2. n- snusns cts se cumeth enaubssalebdsbdahsbilinsthssssbereaes ee
Length of second pine .........c0sccccce occecanccenesceneccncccscnsescncscoselosbace sass
Length of third OBERO. 6 00 cence cscdoscccccdqbvendéucs cocabobuis sosemhescteasenn anal
Length Of Grat TOW. 2c cncncc 5c ncdsudncks ac adenccdeskely calduabelbaahaee
Length of longest ray (second) > asineospeh ouceanes cides eubesaanecsoneennalnee
Length of last | ERY .coccnce> cr capnns segedasinddpn edicts chhaaneenanseadeeee
Caudal :
Length of middle rage ..c< -4:ccqnadbunddirhenredhtcestietnedudiasasaeaene sens
Length of external CRGE . ccccvcacdccdcesccd . vbpe cbsudlb ene tebleuaedteduaesalliaaaal
Pectoral :
Distasive from emewd .0.5.csccs Jes cdcsncdsuvnayeunaioeedaeee dnashenreahacseee
,
@ aE ShakHH pEBERS Hs BENE
_ -
Eu £8 gf
SABRE -....12 20 cccccddececacces cucene caseantedadendbannendwartananetn sae
Branchiostegals ...... .. cose cccscceccenecseasee oseeeesbennsensannaiiaenee ooptenein’
Peal .. 2.221. crccecccccdocedascecscomdc cuseniiuas an unadaass esaeennne ee
Number of scales in lateral line ...... cocccceccnccconuhbeko seemed dbase eee
Number of transverse rows above lateral line cae. cponsdbutsedushgnanadede naka
Number of transverse rows below lateral line. >...........-eces-------ceeceeceeee
WASHINGTON, June 1, 1872.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 185
CATALOGUE OF THE BIRDS OF ST, VINCENT, FROA COLLECTIONS MADE
BY MR. FRED. A. OBER, UNDER THE DIRECTIONS OF THE SMITH-
SONIAN INSTITUTION, WITH HIS NOTES THEREON.
By GEORGE N. LAWRENCE.
Before Mr. Ober’s final visit to Dominica, he made collections in An-
tigua and Barbuda. These were left with the United States consul at
Antigua, to be forwarded to the Smithsonian Institution when there
was an opportunity todo so. This was in September, 1877; but they
have not yet been received.
. After completing his investigations in Dominica, he went to St.
Vincent, whence be writes under date of October 9:—*“<As soon as I
reached the mountains I was taken sick. It has been quite discourag-
: ing. Ihave suffered from another attack of fever. I feel pretty well
{ now, and hope to keep so.” He wrote under date of December 10 :—“I
expect to leave for Grenada January 15.” But unfortunately be hada
; relapse of fever, by which he was completely prostrated, as, in a letter
: dated January 25, he says :—*“ I am just convalescing from a long fever;
camping in this very wet weather brought it on. I have been laid up
since December 19. I lost all my flesh, and was so weak when I first
left my bed that I could scarcely stand. Thongh I have been here a
long while, I have accomplished little, owing to the rains and the actual
impossibility of working the woods then, without a pull-up such as lam
getting. I hope to be all right in a week, and, as drier weather is at
hand, to rapidly finish this island, and then push through the Grena-
dines to Grenada. From there, retrace my steps here for mails, &c.,
and then go to Martinique.”
Mr. Ober’s long sickness, together with the rains, prevented him from
making but a moderate collection at St. Vincent. He was to leave for
Grenada on the 29th of February.
The collection from St. Vincent was kindly taken in charge by Rear-
Admiral Trenchard, commanding the United States steamer Powhatan,
early in March. It was received at the Smithsonian on the 25th of that
month, and forwarded to me a few days thereafter. It consists of but
Binety specimens, and some of the species are poorly represented in
numbers.
The subjoined account from Mr. Ober, of the geographical position
of the island, with its natural and zoological peculiarities, seems to con-
vey valuable information. This, with his observations on the habits of
birds, &e., are indicated by quotation-marks :—
St. Vincent, February 28,1878. This island lies in latitade 13° 15°
north and longitude 61° 10’ west. It is about 100 miles due west of
_ Barbadoes, and is one of the long chain of voleanic islands extending
_ from latitude 17° 50’ north to latitude 12° north.
“Like Dominica, Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Lucia, and Grenada,
it is very mountainous ; nearly the whole surface is tossed with hills,
and even the level land, as it is called, is of this character.
186 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
‘‘ Like the other islands of the chain, it has a longitudinal axis in the
shape of a range of hills extending its entire length. Here and there
are peaks approaching the dignity of mountains, the highest about 3,000
feet. In the northern part is the famous ‘ Souffriere’, a mountain with
a crater a mile in diameter, a slumbering volcano which, in 1812, by a
tremendous eruption, spread havoe and ruin all around it. Before this
eruption, the mountain was probably much higher than at present, as
the top was blown completely off and a new crater opened. Hvidence
of its work may be seen at the present day in the deep gullies scooped
out of the mountain side and the plain beneath by the lava flow in its
great rush to the sea. I counted five of these dry rivers in sailing along
the leeward coast. The most extensive is on the windward coast, at
least 500 yards in width.
‘‘ St. Vincent has more cultivable land than Dominica, owing to the
windward side sloping gradually from the foot hiils to the sea, a tract
from one to two miles in width of undulating surface, though rough and
elevated in places.
‘‘ As will be seen, the avifauna resembles much that of Dominica—
some birds of the same species in greater or less abundance, a few re-
placed by others of near affinity, and one or two new forms.
‘“¢ The Island Parrot Chrysotis guildingi is peculiar to this island, but
I doubt if there are other birds whose habitat is restricted to this small
range. Were I possessed of all the information I hope to get by the
time my investigations are completed, I might speak of the peculiarity
of these insular faunze, by which I find, in islands separated by a nar-
row breadth of water—say, from 15 to 30 miles—birds found in one that
never visit the other. Notable examples could be given, but I wish to
speak authoritatively and from more extended experience.
“It is strange that in an island more than two degrees south of
Dominica, I find so little difference in the plumage of birds; hardly
any increase of those tropical species of bright plumage, which are so
abundant further south in Tobago and Trinidad. In fact, so far as the
fauna of each island is concerned, and in external character of surface
and soil, and even in the component elements of the latter, Dominica
and St. Vincent could scarcely be more alike. To a superficial observer
these facts are apparent, as well as to one who studies them.
‘‘ In numbers, as well as in species, this island is greatly deficient. To
what cause to attribute this disparity when the forests and fields teem
with bird-food, and islands further south teem with birds, I am at a
loss. Perhaps the reason may appear later, in the process of careful
investigation. |
‘The most striking instance of the absence of any particular form or
family, is that of the Picide. Countless trees, decaying and dead, under
the influence of a never-ceasing destructive power, which would afford
food for thousands of birds; which are infested and alive with ants,
borers, &c., found in every forest. Not a woodpecker; millions of nut-
PR Vie,
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 187
and seed-producing trees, and you may look in vain for any member of
the squirrel family.
‘‘And among birds and among quadrupeds, there is no animal here
that takes their places.
“‘ These few notes, hasty and crude, may aid in the conception of the
appearance of animal life here, and only for that purpose are they
offered.
‘‘T send, by the same conveyance with the birds, 46 specimens of
Carib hatchets, axes, knives, &c., illustrating the crude state of advance-
ment in which they existed, as compared with their enemies and co-
existent tribes of the larger islands.
‘Allow me in this connection to acknowledge the courtesy of the offi-
cials and planters of St. Vincent. To His Excellency George Dundas,
Esq., C. M. G. Lieut. Governor of St. Vincent; Edward Laborde,
Colonial Secretary ; and to Hon. Henry Shaw, Treasurer of the island, I
am especially indebted for facilities in prosecuting my work, as well as
for social pleasures that have greatly relieved the tedium of life in a
new place.
‘¢ To the proprietors and managers of the different estates, lam greatly
indebted; to James Milne, Esq., of Rutland Vale, for a residence in the
country when recovering from fever; to Messrs. D. K. Porter & Co.,
Kingstown, for letters of introduction, horses, and men. Finally, it is
only incumbent upon me to add that I have received nothing but kind
treatment, and have found most unbounded hospitality throughout the
island.
‘ FREDERICK A. OBER.”
Fam. TURDID AL.
1. Turdus nigrirostris, Lawr., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 147.
‘Thrush, °. Length, 94 in.; alar extent, 14; wing, 44.
‘¢ Found on lower ground than Margarops montanus. Not numerous.”
2. Margarops herminieri (Lafr.).
‘‘ Have heard the unmistakable whistle of this bird, and have seen it
as it flitted by in the dusk of the high woods, but have not obtained it.”
3. Margarops montanus (Vieill.).
‘¢ Found only in high woods and valleys. Not very abundant. Ihave
not seen the larger species of this genus.”
4. Cinclocerthia ruficauda, Gould.
“¢'Trembleur’. 6. Length,9 in.; alar extent, 124; wing, 4.
*‘ Not so abundant as in the woods of Dominica, but still plentiful.
Iris yellow.” .
5. Mimus gilvus, Vieill.
“© ¢ Mocking bird,’
*¢ Male, length, 104 in.; alar extent, 14; wing, 43.
188 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
‘‘ Female, length, 93 in.; alar extent, 123; wing, 44. at
‘¢ Pretty common in the lowlands and cleared places. In shape and
habits it resembles the Mockingbird of the States. Its habit of
dodging in and out of the palm tops, recalls the American species. It
is vastly inferior in song however, but trills very sweetly a few notes.”
There are five specimens in the collection, differing in no respect from
an undoubted example of this species from Guiana. |
Fam. SYLVIIDAi.
6. Myiadestes sibilans, Lawr., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. vol. 1, p. 148.
‘‘¢Souffriere Bird.’
‘Length, ¢, 74 in.; alar extent, 11; wing, 33; tail, 3.
“ Length, 9, 74 in.; alar extent, 114; wing, 31; tail, 3.
“This bird has been an object of search for fifty years, and has so
long eluded the vigilance of naturalists and visitors to the mountains,
that it is called the ‘invisible bird’. From being seen only on the
Souffriere Mountain, it has acquired the name of the ‘ Souffriere bird’.
It is popularly believed to be found only on the Sulphur Mountain, but
is an inhabitant of all the high ridges containing deep woods and
ravines. Shy and exceedingly observant, it was not until my third
search for it that I captured it. Though I fear the popular belief
that it is a resident of this island only is erroneous, still 1 was piqued
at the reputation it held of being invisible, and resolved to capture it.
To do this I camped five days and nights on the mountain top, 3,000
feet above the sea, in a cave on the brink of the crater. I got five
birds by using all my arts of allurement, calling them within shot by
using a call taught me by the Caribs.
‘‘ The bird is mentioned in Gosse’s Birds of Jamaica, and considered
identical with the ‘Mountain Whistler’ (Myiadestes genibarbis) of
Dominica and Jamaica. This was merely conjecture, and should it
prove nothing else, I can claim the credit of settling the doubt.
‘‘There are differences in the notes of the two birds, though great
similarity in their habits. I send you seven specimens.”
Mr. Ober quotes Mr. Gosse as considering the St. Vincent bird to be
identical with the one inhabiting Jamaica. But Mr. Gosse does not
precisely say that, but says concerning it (Birds of Jamaica, p. 200)
that he received the following note from Mr. Hill :—“TI find among some
detached notes of mine the following memorandum respecting a similar
bird in the smaller West India islands. ‘The precipitous sides of the
Soutiriere Mountain in St. Vincent,’ says a writer describing the vol-
cano which so disastrously broke out there in 1812, ‘were fringed with
various evergreens, and aromatic shrubs, flowers, and many Alpine
plants. On the north and south sides of the base of the cone were two
pieces of water, one perfectly pure and tasteless, the other strongly im-
pregnated with sulphur and alum. This lonely and beautiful spot was
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 189
rendered more enchanting by the singularly melodious notes of a bird,
an inhabitant of those upper solitudes, and altogether unknown to the
other parts of the island; hence supposed to be invisible, though it cer-
tainly has been seen, and is a species of Merle.’”
Neither does Mr. Gosse allude to its being similar to the bird found
in Dominica. Mr. Ober was misled probably by Mr. Gosse using J.
genibarbis (which is the correct name for the Dominica species) as a
synonym of M. armillatus, which he supposed the Jamaica Solitaire to
be, but which has been given a distinct name by Professor Baird, viz,
Myiadestes solitarius.
Fam. TROGLODYTID-.
7. Thryothorus musicus, Lawr., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. vol. 1, p. 149.
“Wren; ‘ Wall Bird.’
“ Length, 53 in.; wing, 23; alar extent, 73.
‘“‘The sweet warble of this lively little bird may be heard morning,
noon, and night about the houses and sugar-mills, as well as far up the
mountain sides and valleys. It is quite plentiful and often has deceived
me in its note, as it was mistaken for that of a warbler. It builds its
nest in the walls of houses and holes in trees. Saw one constructing a
nest in October. Found on the Souffriere, 3,000 feet above the sea.”
Fam. SYLVICOLIDA.
8. Leucopeza bishopi, Lawr., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. vol. 1, p. 151.
‘“ Wren?
“Length, ¢, 52in.; alar extent, 81; wing, 23.
‘‘ While engaged in my search for the Souffriere bird, I noticed a
sprightly little bird that came skipping through the trees at my eall. It
seemed rather shy, but this may be owing to the presence of man in such
a secluded situation, and it was with difficulty I shot two. Since then I
have shot another; none of them below 1,000 feet altitude. Its note is
very sharp; either the male or the female gives utterance to the syllable,
‘few, few, few,’ etc., eight or ten times, immediately answered by the
mate with, ‘whit, whit, whit,’ etc., the same number of times.”
9. Setophaga ruticilla (Linn.).
‘¢‘ Not often seen.”
Fam. VIREONIDZ.
10. Vireosylvia calidris var. dominicana, Lawr.
‘¢ Vireo calidris ? Everywhere abundant.
“Length, ¢, 5fin.; alar extent, 9; wing, 3.
* Length, 2?,6in.; alar extent, 94; wing, 34.”
190 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
_
Fam. HIRUNDINIDE.
11. Progne dominicensis (Gm.).
‘“ Length, @, 74 in.; alar extent, 153; wing, 53.
‘‘T saw the first this month, February, at the same time with, and in
the same place as, the Tropic bird (Phethon). I think, however, both
are residents.”
Fam. CAAREBID AL.
/12. Certhiola atrata, Lawr., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. vol. 1, p. 150.
* Certhiola ?
“Length, ¢, 44 in.; alar extent, 8; wing, 23.
“ Length, 2°, 4in.; alar extent, 7; wing, 24.
‘¢This black species seems to have almost entirely replaced the black
and yellow one of Dominica, etc. It is abundant mixing with the ‘ black
bird’ (Loxigilla noctis) in the cotton-trees and plantains, so as to be
hardly distinguished. The love for the flowers of the banana and plan-
tain, and the fruit as well, is the same trait possessed by the Dominica
species.”
13. Certhiola saccharina, Lawr., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. vol. 1, p. 151.
“ Certhiola.
‘“‘Length, ¢, 43 in.; alar extent, 732; wing, 24.
‘¢ Length, 2, 44 in.; alar extent, 74; wing, 24.
‘6 Not so ahaasans as the preceding. Called the ‘Molasses bird’.”
Fam. TANAGRID Ai.
14. Huphonia flavifrons (Sparm.).
“ Length, ¢, juv., 5 in. ; alar extent, 8; wing, 23.
“Only observed in the high valleys, and only one seen. <A quiet,
unsuspicious bird ; feeds on a berry known here as the misseltoe, and
hence called the ‘ misseltoe bird’.”
15. Calliste versicolor, Lawr., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. vol. 1, p. 153.
“Length, ¢, 64 in.; alar extent, 10; wing, 33.
‘Length, 2, 6in.; alar extent, 10; wing, 3}.
‘““At ‘Carabries ’, the highest place of residence in the island, I first
found this bird, feeding on the gommier seeds and others; frequently
flying into the high woods, but remaining principally in the more open
tracts bordering the negro provision grounds. In the heat of the day,
and when it was windy, they kept more in the low shrabbery, feeding
on the needs of a low bush.”
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 191
Fam. FRINGILLIDA.
16. Loxigilla noctis (Linn.).
“¢ Black-bird.’
“‘ Length, ¢, 54in.; alar extent, 9; wing, 3.
‘Length, 2, 5 in. ; alar extent, 84; wing, 23.
‘‘The young at first are like the females—gray. Its favorite tree is
the silk-cotton ; it is very plentifully distributed.”
There is but one pair of this species in the collection; they are of
rather smaller dimensions than examples from Dominica. The bill is
also somewhat smaller, but yet very much larger than that cf the bird
from Guiana, which | called var. propingua in the Dominica catalogue ;
the last is of a much smaller size.
17. Phonipara bicolor (Linn.).
‘* ¢Ground Sparrow.’
“Length, ¢, 44 in.; alar extent, 62; wing, 2.
‘The most numerous of any species; everywhere it is found, except,
perhaps, in the depths of the ‘ high woods’. It breeds in nearly every
month from February to October; its nest is dome-shaped, like nearly
all those of small birds in these islands. I procured many nests and
eggs in Dominica.”
Fam. ICTERID.
18. Quiscalus ?
‘A bird called the ‘ Bequia Sweei’, from its note; a black bird, much
resembling the Crow Blackbird, though smaller, the female the color of
the female Cowbird; is plentiful in the adjacent keys, and a few have
been blown here by storms.”
Fam. TYRANNIDZ:.
19. Elainea martinica (Linn.).
_ « Flycatcher.
“Length, 3, 6 in.; alar extent, 11; wing, 34.
‘‘The most common of these birds : much frequents the silk-cotton
tree and the low bushes on hill sides.”
20. Myiarchus oberi, Lawr.
‘‘ Flycatcher ; ‘ Piperee.’
‘‘ Length, é, 85 in.; alar extent, 124; wing, 4.
“A companion of the preceding species, ane found in the same locali-
ties.”
21. Tyrannus rostratus, Scl.
‘* Piperee.
“‘ Length,3, 9 in.; alar extent, 153; wing, 43.
**Common in town and country.”
eee.
192 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Fam. TROCHILID A.
22. Eulampis jugularis (Linn.).
‘‘ Few are seen below the high valleys, and there, even, it is by no
means common.”
23. Eulampis holosericeus (Linn.).
‘‘ Hxceedingly scarce, and like the above species found more frequently
in the highlands than in the lowlands.”
24. Orthorhynchus ornatus, Gould ?
“Doctor bird.’ O. exilis ?
“The only species which is numerous, especially in the gardens. The
most interesting Hummingbird’s nest I have yet seen is one of this
bird’s, being attached to a hanging rope, and containing two eggs;
found in October.”
Mr. Ober sent but one pair of this species, which he queries if not
O. exilis. The male agrees closely with O. ornatus, Gould, as described
and figured by him (Mon. of Trochilidz), having the ends of the crest-
feathers decidedly blue.
Mr. Elliot (Ibis, 1872, p. 355) remarks as follows :—“ This species, if if
is really entitled to such a distinction, is found exactly between O. cris-
tatus of Barbadoes and St. Vincent, and O. evilis of the Virgin Islands
and Nevis. It has perhaps a little more blue upon the crest; but if
the locality is wanting, it is not an easy matter to separate specimens
from O. exilis, to which the present bird bears a close resemblance.”
Mr. Elliot gives as its localities ‘‘ Martinique and St. Lucia”, and
names “St. Vincent and Barbadoes” as the homes of O. cristatus. I
have 0. cristatus from Barbadoes, but the bird now sent from St. Vin-
cent agrees well with O. ornatus, and Mr. Ober states that it is the only
species of Orthorhynchus found there, and is abundant. I have not
seen specimens of this genus from either Martinique or St. Lucia, I
have examined examples of O. exilis from several islands, and they have
been remarkably uniform in appearance, the ends of the crest-feathers
being bluish-green, while in O. ornatus the termination of the crest is of
a clear blue; in each the color of the tip gradually merges into the
golden-green of the other portion of the crest. In O. cristatus, the two
colors of the crest, violet-blue and golden-green, are about equally and
trenchantly divided.
Fam. CYPSELIDZ.
25. “‘Chetura ?
‘‘Skims the country everywhere; is different from the Dominica spe- _
cies. Nests have been found in chimneys in the country districts.” ;
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 193
Fam. ALCEDINID.
26. “Ceryle alcyon (Linn.).
| “Not abundant. The same habits as the Northern Kingfisher; must
bearesident. Have seen it in Dominica in April and September; here
from October to February.”
Fam. CUCULID.
_ 27. Coccyzus minor (Gm.).
: « ¢Cuckoo, Manioe.’
: “ Wherever there is a field with low bushes, or dense clumps of man-
goes with open spaces intervening, on hillsides as well as plains, this
bird may be found. Its peculiar ery is said to be beard always before
a rain, giving it the name of ‘ Rain Bird —a name, however, not confined
to this species, as local names are given without any reason, except the
fancy of the people bestowing it.”
28. Crotophaga ani, Linn.
“<* Tick Bird’ ‘Chapman Bird.’
“Introduced, but assimilates well. A lazy, unsuspicious bird, fre-
- quenting cattle-fields, and delighting to congregate in bunches of half a
dozen or so in the tops of small trees. Is said to eat the eatile ticks,
and for this purpose was introduced. Is alwaysin a state of emaciation,
but the stomach is generally well filled with ticks and small Coleoptera.”
Fam. PSITTACID#.
29. Chrysotis guildingi (Vigors).
“ Length (fresh), ¢, 18} inches; alar extent, 32$; wing, 10}; tail, 73.
“Length (fresh), Q , 19 inches; alar extent, 35; wing, 11.
“Ts confined to the great central ridge running through the island ;
on this, and on the thickly wooded spurs this parrot is found. Like
the Ramier, it feeds in the tops of the highest trees, and its season of
good condition is the later months in the year. Mates in February,
March, and breeds in April and May. Is then most easily approached,
though ever shy and vigilant. Is sometimes caught (but only by break-
ing a wing by a sbot) and takes kindly to confinement. The governor
of St. Vincent, G. Dundas, Esq., C. M. G., has two which ean articulate
afew words. As a rule, however, they are difficult to teach. This is
he only species on the island.”
I have appended a description of this rare and beaatiful species.
_ Male.—The sinciput is of an ashy-white ; the feathers of the top of the
have their bases pale orange, which color increases until on the ocei-
t the feathers are entirely of a fine orange; lores and around the eye
fayish-white; cheeks pale orange; the feathers of the sides of the neck
nd throat are orange at base, terminating with pale blue; the feathers
Proce. Nat. Mas. 7S——13 Oct. 15, 1S78.
194 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
of the hind neck are light olive-green, orange at base, and terminating
conspicuously with black; back, rump, and smaller wing-coverts of a
brownish-rufous or bay color, the feathers narrowly edged with black; the
tail-feathers are varied with dark green and blue, with their bases bright
orange and their ends dirty pale orange; the terminal half of the pri-
maries is black, the basal portion orange-yellow; the speculum on the
secondaries is of a deep orange, succeeded by green and then dark-blue
on the outer webs to their ends; the inner webs are black; the tertials
are olive-green, with the outer webs of a lighter blue; edge of the wing
orange; the breast and sides are of a duller bay color than the back, and
the abdomen dull olive-green ; all the feathers edged with black; the
under tail-coverts are dull orange, ending with green; the bill is horn-
white, the end of the upper mandible dusky, and the sides with just a
tinge of orange; feet dark ash.
The female does not differ essentially in plumage from the male, except
that the sinciput is whiter and the throat of a clearer orange, possibly
due to difference of age.
Each specimen is labelled—“ Parrot. J. Kirkland, Esq., Langby Park,
Dec. 15, 1877.”
Fam. STRIGID.
30. Strix flammea var. nigrescens, Lawr.
“Owl. ‘Jumbie Bird.’
“Length, 9,12 in.; alar extent, 32; wing, 10. |
«There are two species, it is said; but I have seen but this one, and
doubt whether there be another. Evidence from the natives should
never be accepted without proof. This species is a frequenter of cliffs.
I know nothing of its habits.”
Fam. FALCONIDZ.
31. Pandion haliztus (Linn.).
‘¢ Not seen, but said to appear along the coast to the windward.”
32. Buteo pennsylvanicus (Wils.).
‘““Kverywhere abundant. Called the ‘Chicken Hawk’. Every speci-
men yet examined very light in color, except the last.”
33. Urubitinga anthracina (Nitzsch) ?
“*¢ Black Hawk.’
“Length, g, juv., 21 in.; wing, 15; tail, 9; tarsus, 3. Cumberland
Valley, Feb. 1, 1878. |
“An inhabitant of the mountains and higher valleys, feeding on crabs,
cray-fishes, etc., and frequenting the mountain streams. This specimen —
is evidently not in mature stage of plumage. They are very shy, little —
seen, not molesting poultry. A young one of this species has been sent _
to the London Zoological Gardens. ,
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 195
‘¢ One pointed out to me as the Black Hawk had the shape and appear-
ance of the Black Vulture (Cathartes atratus); the short tail and pecu-
liar flight. This not according with my observations of the hawk pre-
viously, in the forest, leads me to think that it was C. atratus. If so, it
is the first seen. A ‘Black Hawk’ I had before seen had all the appear-
ance of the American Duck Hawk. They breed on a shelf of some
high cliff.”
The single specimen sent is immature, but it does not agree satisfac-
torily with a Mexican example of U. anthracina, in a somewhat similar
stage of plumage, and if U. gundlacht inhabiting Cuba is a distinet
species, a comparison with that will be necessary to determine its true
position.
It is (though a male) rather larger, and apparently stouter, with a
shorter wing than the specimen from Mexico, which is a female; it is
blacker, with the bands on the tail less in number and double the width
of those on the tail of the Mexican bird; but there is probably a differ-
ence of age, and, without precise knowledge on this point, a comparison
is unsatisfactory.
The specimen alluded to by Mr. Ober as having been sent to the
Zoological Society of London is doubtless the one spoken of by Mr. J.
H. Gurney (Ibis, 1876, p. 487); he says:—‘*I may also mention that a
specimen of U. anthracina from the island of St. Vincent is now living
in the Gardens of the Zoological Society ; this example was in immature
dress when it arrived at the Gardens, but is now in full plumage, with
the exception of a slight tinge of rufous brown on the back and sides of
the head, and also on the tertials,” ete.
On page 488 he also remarks :—‘ The Urubitinga found in Cuba was.
erected into a distinct species by Cabanis, who assigned to it the specific
name of gundlachi (vide Journ. tiir Orn. 1854, p. 80); this, however, is
treated by Mr. Sharpeas a synonym of U. anthracina, whether correctly
or not I cannot say, as I have never seen a Urubitinga from Cuba,” ete.
Fam. FREGATIDA.
34. Fregata aquila (Linn.).
‘‘A common sight is that of the ‘ Man-o’war Bird’ flying high above
the water. It breeds in numbers on the island of Balliceaux, 15 miles
distant from St. Vincent.”
Fam. PHAXTHONIDA.
35. Phethon ethereus, Linn.
“ Length, dé, 37in.; alar extent, 38: wing, 124.
‘¢ Breeds in the cliffs on the Leeward coast; habits, ete., same as the
Dominica bird. I found this species in great numbers, at Balliceaux, a
small key near St. Vincent ; found a young bird and one egg; they
breed later in the season.”
196 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Fam. PELECANIDA.
36. Pelecanus fuscus (Linn.).
‘‘ Length, ¢, 46 in.; alar extent, 80; wing, 20.
‘‘ Seen off the coast, but not in any abundance.”
37, Sula fiber (Linn.) ?
‘‘An inhabitant of the Leeward coast.”
Fam. ARDEID 2.
38. Ardea herodias, Linn.
‘‘ Visits the island, but not often seen; called the ‘Gray Heron’.”
39. Garzetta candidissima (Gm.).
‘¢ Very few ever seen.”
40. Florida czrulea (Linn.).
66 In small numbers.”
41. Butorides virescens (Linn.).
‘Length, ?, 17 in.; alar extent, 25; wing, 7.
‘¢Common ; the only Heron plentiful.”
Fam. COLUMBID i.
42. Columbo corensis (Gm.).
* Length,?, 16 in.; alar extent, 254; wing, 83.
‘‘Abundant, but shy; inhabits the high woods. Feeds on the berries
of the gommier tree and many others. Is in best condition in Novem-
ber and December; but most easily obtained in February and March,
when the woods resound with its call notes and loud cooing. Is strictly
arboreal, never touching the earth.”
43. Zenaida martinicana, Bp.
* Length,?, 104 in.; wing, 53; tail, 34.
“<«Purtle Dove.” Balliceaux Island, near St. Vincent. Breeding abun-
dantly.’”
44. Chamepelia passerina (Linn.).
‘“‘Length, ¢, 62 in,; alar extent, 103; wing, 33.
“Abundant, more so than in Dominica; especially will it be found in
rocky situations near the shore.”
45. Geotrygon montana (Linn.).
“Length, 3, 104 in.; alar extent, 18; wing, 64.
‘Length, 2, 93 in.; alar extent, 164; wing, 54.
“ Rather plentifal in the high ‘woods, where only it resides. Tai as
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 197
strictly terrestrial as the Ramier is arboreal. Feeds on fallen seeds
mostly; when alarmed, springs into a tree, or flies a short distance and
alights in a low tree, whence it soon seeks the ground.”
Fam. RALLIDA.
46. Porphyrio martinicus (Linn.).
“Gallinula martinica ? Seen by me in October, but not obtained.
One has since been shot in Dominica, and is awaiting my return there.
It is undoubtedly the same species as this.”
Fam. CHARADRITD A.
47. Squatarola helvetica (Linn.).
“Autumn migrations.”
48. Charadrius virginicus, Borkh.
‘‘ Visits the island in the months of September and October, but does
not remain. There are few open fields, rounded hills, or lowlands, so
that the Plover make but a very short stay.”
49. Aigialitis semipalmata (Bp.).
50. Strepsilas interpres (Linn.).
* In October.”
Fam. SCOLOPACIDA.
51. Himantopus nigricollis (Vieill.).
52. Gallinago wilsoni (Temm.).
‘¢ Only in winter months.”
53. Tringa minutilla, Vieill.
54. Calidris arenaria (Linn.).
55. Gambetta flavipes (Gm.).
56. Tringoides macularius (Linn.).
“ Length, ¢,7 in.; alar extent, 12; wing, 4.
“A visitant; remains through the winter months. Some few may
remain the whole year; not very plentiful.”
57. Numenius longirostris (Wils.).
‘“‘Of the preceding, eight species are on the authority of a resident.
There is no doubt that they occur. All are migrants, visiting only in
autumn,”
198 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Fam. LARIDZE.
58. ‘Sterna maxima, Bodd.
“6 Sterna regia.
‘¢T am very sure that the Tern seen here is of this species, though I
have not yet obtained it.”
Fam. PODICIPITIDA.
59. ““Pcdiceps ?
“A species of ‘diver’ is often spoken of as occurring during the
autumn months. I have not obtained it.”
‘‘A few ducks and one species of teal visit this island, but do not
remain. There are few ponds or bodies of water, no salt-water lagoons”
and no marshes of any extent, so that all kinds of water fowl soon
leave for better feeding grounds.”
New York, July 22, 1878.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPAROID FISH, SARGUS HOLBROOKIEIE,
FROM SAVANNAH BANK.
By TARLETON Ii. BEAN.
A preliminary description of this species was published in Forest and
Stream. June 13, 1878. Mr. G. Brown Goode, Assistant Curator of the
United States National Museum, found it on the 29th of March, 1878, in
the market of Charleston, S. C., where it is known as the “ Bream”.
Prof. D. S. Jordan has recently collected the species at Beaufort, N. C.
The description is drawn from the six specimens (United States Na-
tional Museum Catalogue, Fishes, No. 20,979) sent by Mr. Goode from
Charleston. These specimens range from 256 to 300 millimetres (10,5
to 1143 inches) in length to end of middle caudal rays. ‘This measure-
ment is the basis of comparison for all the rest.
The species is dedicated to John Edwards Holbrook, M. D., author of
the “Ichthyology of South Carolina”, &c., &c.
Sargus Holbrookii, Bean, sp. nov.
Body ovate, resembling Sargus vulgaris, Geoffr., in shape, rather than
S. caudimacula, Poey, compressed, a very slight protuberance above the
upper anterior margin of the orbit, and a very marked one in the supra-
occipital region. Height of body at ventrals, measured from origin of
ventral to origin of spinous dorsal, is contained slightly less than 25
times in length of body, and usually equals the distance of the dorsal
from the end of upper jaw. Least height of tail is about equal to length
of middle caudal rays, slightly exceeds the length of upper jaw, and is
contained from 10 to 103 times in total length.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 199
Greatest length of head is contained 32 times in total length. Inter-
orbital area is about 4 of length of head. Snout, measuring from end
of upper jaw to perpendicular through anterior margin of orbit, is ;/5 of
total length, and about equals mandible. Length of maxillary nearly
equals length of middle caudal rays. Mandible is contained 92 times
in total length. The eye is contained 41 times in head, and almost 16
times in total length.
Distance of spinous dorsal from end of upper jaw is nearly equal to
height of body at ventrals. Longest dorsal spine is contained from 83
to 10 times in total length. The first dorsal spine does not equal the
first anal, and is contained from 14 to 2 times in the second dorsal spine.
The last dorsal spine equals longest dorsal ray. The rays of the soft
dorsal gradually diminish in length from the first to the last but one,
which is shorter than the last.
Distance of anal from snout is contained 13 times in total length.
The first anal spine is usually $ the length of the second, which is some-
what longer and stronger than the third. The second anal spine is con-
tained 12 times in total length. The third anal spine is, in most cases,
scarcely greater than the last dorsal spine. The anal rays diminish in
length to the one before the last, which does not equal the last.
The middle caudal rays are about ;3, as long as the external rays, and
75 of total length.
The distance of pectoral from snout is contained 34 times and its
length about 8 times in total length. |
The distance of ventral from snout is about 5 of total length. Ven-
tral length is usually twice length of snout.
Radial Formula.—B. VI; D. XII, 13—14; A. III, 13—14; P. 15—16;
Vict, 5.
Scales.—8, 60—62, 16.
Teeth.— Eight incisors in each jaw; their greatest width equal to half
their length. Many small, granular teeth behind the incisors. Three
rows of molars in the upper jaw; two in the lower. Two of the speci-
mens examined show a slight tendency to increase the number of rows
of molars.
Color.—Dorsal, caudal, anal, ventrals, axil of pectoral, posterior
border of operculum, blackish. A black spot on the caudal peduncle,
extending almost as far below as above the lateral line, and involving
about eight longitudinal rows of scales. Upper part of head very dark
brown. Cheeks and greater part of body dull silvery. No cross-bands.
I have not seen the living fish.
Notes.—In the table of measurements, all the measurements except
the first are given in hundredths of length to end of middle caudal rays. |
Mr. Goode informs me that the “ Bream” was abundant in Charleston
market at the time of his visit, and that it met with a ready sale.
Prof. D. 8. Jordan, writing from Beaufort, N. C., has kindly furnished
me the following information concerning the species :—
200 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
‘‘There is a species of Sargus, very abundant here, which I take to be
your §. Holbrookii, as I kuow of no other Sargus on our coast. ......”
(From the description which Professor Jordan ineludes in his letter, I
have no difficulty in recognizing the Sargus which he has observed as S.
Holbrookii.) ‘ This fish abounds off the wharves liere. ... ‘The fisher-
men call it Pinfish (Panfish?), not distinguishing it from Lagodon. I
have obtained 50 or more specimens, all of them about 3 inches long;
none overfour. ......... Colorsilvery; bluish above; afew rather
faint narrow dark bars along the sides and a broad and conspicuous
dark blotch at base of caudal peduncle above, extending down the sides
likea bar. Specimens seen, allsmall. ........... ‘The black bar on
the caudal peduncle is very conspicuous. The fish may be known by
this spot when in the water.”
Table of Measurements.
Current number of specimen..........--0020.---+--. 20,979 a. 20,979 b./20,979 c. |20,979 d.}20,979 e. 20,979 f.
Locality’. 22:)..\wo . ideie o cbpibakt coabsn Fe hAee Ueee Savannah Bank, Charleston.
oe to end of middle candal rays. ..-millimetres. 256 278 300 274 261 264
ody :
Heicht.at ventrals s5<4-watseaenk <0 ake eee .41 41 414 -41 ~ 42 . 42
Least height of ‘tails... c.daw cea ue aeeea see . 094 . 093 . 093 . 094 + 1G . 094
Head:
Greatest length... ...svssomests Seba eek ce eeeee . 264 . 262 . 264 . 264 . 264 . 264
Width of interorbital area .....5.22..s00-. eowas! . OFF . 09 . 0e4 . 09 . 09 . 09
Length of snout, . =: ni. se cere elas toean ee eee .10 .10 10 . 104 . 104 .10
Length of maxillary . .s. van <eiusks vanbine> cee . 09 . 093 . 098 . 09 . 093 . 694
Length of mandible: .o-.5o aun ce heemenet cae .10 . 104 . 104 . 104 «ae . 104
Diameter of Cys -.ple< don ht bopien dade eeenaiices . 064 . 064 . 063 . 065 . 063 . 064
Dorsal (spinous) :
Distance from snont . is. issnascehesemsese koe . 41 - 413 -Al . 394 . 44 A 9 |
Greatest height . .2vd.4 Saas Week eeee eae .10 . 103 «MO | hse ara hate eh . 10
Length of firstspine.:5. cavitdaccsshaveaervet vibe. . 04 . 04 . 034 . 03% . 03% . 04
Length of sdlond CDE: Od, pueda eek peote ant 2) ee JOT . 064 . 06 - 053
Length of last apine’.iscxsign enn os ccddewete chee 8 A 9 O'ts, teas hintaan . 08 . OFF
Dorsal (seft):
Length of fret ray..s. vvcuwasinatnesdeenn eae tees OT) pains poke aber tiles . 08 . 07
Length of longest ray ..\-<.'s «n<4 dedbeaates eatkins OTE wink os hie bes cal Shapes . 08 07
Length of last rays 22.04 ake saabeb een woke . 064 Se eer ee Pere Perey
Anal:
Distarce from snout 2... 2b Mob Le aes . 62 . 62 - 603 . 62 . 623 - 62
Length of firat splue;. . «.cse vel smcllat anal eunaneee . 04} 05 - 043 - 045 - 043
Length of second spine .i.5.232-2.ccukhescesenee . 084 . 083 . 084 . O84 054 . 0c
Length of third gping. ii.<e% +>asedeas eekeeb es . OFF . 07 . 083 - O74 . 08% 07%
Length of frat ray .-..25..-deceanctmseeabeasetees . 074 . 084 . 08 - O74 . 083 . OT}
Length of longest ray. 4.2. o.setctareds theeetan . 074 . 084 . 08 . O74 . 084 . O74
Length of laet rag .2. ies panddsadeceaoaneen . 064 A See en . 064 . 06
Caudal:
Length of middle raye’s ...:..xss bivees vas baa . O94 10 . 093 -10 - 093 - 10
Length of superior external rays ............--. . 24 . 244 «Rael migra poten Siar 244
Pectoral:
Distance from snout: ..<« /<dceedlec aoe F pe . 28 . 28 . 28 - 294 - 28
GTO sone ove mnu pavusubaste uve 32 34 334 314 34 304
Ventral:
Aistanee from enopt. +... ...-cessacghie deme Weald . 344 . 344 . 36 oo . 364 oo
ROUGE Fass - inden o0nsd Jib vobbd oda oo ee .18 . 20 214 .19 . 20 19
PRO IOML eras... iss. acess nnmb bees oy'staaeenean VI VI VI VI VI VI
SERIED Sep Fas tnd onn ons sven tn opeleawnck deine ee XII, 13 (XII, 14 |XTIT, 14 |XIT, 13 | XII, 14 |XII, 14
re ee re mee hu III, 13 | III, 13 } 111, 14 | IIL, 13} IIL, 13 | III, 13
Deretae So fellileloe de. ia dba oats -oeehtlwalna see 16 15 16 15 16 16
OD ed dn od sane Pos one uke ce eee I,5 £5]. te 1,5 I,5 1,5
Number of scales in lateral line...............2.-0-. 61 62 60 60 60 61
Number of transverse rows above lateral line. ...... 8 8 8 8 8 8
Number of transverse rows below lateral line......- 16 16 16 16 16 16
WASHINGTON, D. C., August 12, 1878.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 201
CATALOGUE OF CASTS TAKEN BY CLARK MILLS, ESQ., OF THE HEADS
OF SIXTY-FOUR INDIAN PRISONERS OF VARIOUS WESTERN TRIBES,
AND HELD AT FORT MARION, SAINT AUGUSTINE, FLA., IN CHARGE OF
CAPT, R. H, PRATT, U.S. A.
The attention of anthropologists in later years has been directed very
closely to the shape of the head, of the lineaments, and of the external
form generally of mankind during life, instead of being confined to that
of the cranium and the skeleton, and every opportunity of securing
accurate casts, in plaster, of the native races of a country is eagerly
embraced. The face masks made by the brothers Schlagintweit, of
Asiatic tribes, are well-known standard objects in the principal eth-
nological collections of tbe world and constitute the largest single
series yet brought together.
It has always been difficult to obtain face casts of the North Ameri-
can Indians. They manifest a deeply rooted aversion to the process
required, and, indeed, a superstitious fear generally of being imitated
in any manuer, even by the peucil or camera. The face masks from
nature now in existence have, for the most part, been taken from the
dead, with tie consequent lack of vital expression, and the opportunity
of obtaining life-like similitudes of 64 Indian prisoners of war, of at
least six different tribes, was promptly embraced by the Smithsonian
Institution. No difficulty was experienced in securing these casts, as
the Indians had every confidence in the statements of Captain Pratt,
who had them in command, that there would be nothing detrimental to
either soul or ‘body in the process, and, indeed, he himself was first sub-
jected to it to reassure them. In fact, understanding that the casts
were destined for the city of the Great Father at Washington, there to
be preserved forever, one invalid whose treatmeut was deferred until the
last could scarcely be satisfied even with the assurance that he should
not be neglected.—S. I. BAIRD.
Letier from Captain Pratt.
ForT MARION, ST. AUGUSTINE, FLA.,
February 9, 1878.
Prof. SPENCER EF. BAIRD,
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.:
DEAR SiR: In reply to yours of the 23d of January, I am authorized to
forward the categorical list and offenses of the prisoners, compiled
from the official reports of the officers having the matter of looking up
offenders in charge at Indian agencies. I have added to that list the
_ date and place of arrest or capture, and the date of death of those who
have died. To give the other information asked, I add in general some
account of our later dealings with these people. This you can abridge
or rearrange to your purpose.
Down to less than thirty years ago these tribes roamed without hin-
derance from the Platte River to the Gulf of Mexico, ranging through
202 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
New Mexico, Eastern Colorado, the western parts of Kansas, the Indian
Territory, and Texas, having little care or oversight from the govern-
ment. From time to time their limits were decreased, until, in 1867,
they had been given fixed reservations in the Indian Territory; the
Cheyennes and Arapahoes west of the Cherokees and nortk of the
Washita River, with hunting privileges in Western Kansas, while the
Kiowas and Comanches were south of them and west of the Chickasaws,
with privileges to hunt in Northwestern Texas. The opposition to
abridgment of their ancient freedom required an active military force
to get them within these limits. At the end of 1868, after several
engagements and continued unrest from pursuit ef troops, they were
brought directly under care of their agents upon their reservations. The
period of quiet was short. They soon commenced raiding along the
frontier, more particularly on those parts they had thought their own.
The few cases of punishment received in these forays from the troops
or outraged border settlers were only sufficient to give them a relish.
Buffalo hunters invaded their territory and angered them by a whole-
sale destruction of the best resource of their nomadic life. Individual
Indians were not held accountable for notorious offenses, and their
reservations grew to be places of refuge, from which they raided and
to which they fled in comparative protection. Moving in small parties
they enforced terror far into thé settlements and wreaked vengeance
upon the weak and isolated, not sparing women and children, whom
they sometimes carried captives to their camps. This was their war,
and recitals of adventure on these incursions formed a staple interest
in their ceremonies and around their camp-fires. Stealing horses, mules,
and cattle from settlements near was largely indulged in. This stock,
if not desired for home use, found purchasers ou another border or
within their own limits. Sometimes the thieves were traced out and
called upon to return the stock, but oftener it was clear gain. In this
business they had strong competitors and much encouragement by con-
tact and example from the bad white men who leech upon the sparsely
settled districts of the frontier. The worthy settler suffered many losses
from these men, who, often personating the red man, organized a system
of depredations of incredible magnitude, and succeeded in attaching
much additional blame on the Indians. Throughout 1870, ’71, ’72, and
’73, things went on from bad to worse. Texas furnished their richest
field, but all settlements bordering their reservations suffered; so that
in these years scarcely a neighborhood but could tell of some murders
or depredations. Surveying parties, emigrants, the lone settler, wagon-
trains with supplies for the military, their own consumption, or traders’
use, all fell under their lawlessness and barbarous rapine. The counsels —
and urgings of their agents and other authorities were flung to the
winds.
Karly in 1874 it was determined to end by force what other measures
were clearly unable to stay. To this end, a day was fixed, about mid-
_
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 203
summer, on which all Indians of these tribes who wished to be at peace
were to come to their agencies, submit to an enrollment, such roll-calls
and other oversight as might be established to hinder their absence.
Those who remained out after this date were to be declared hostile and
forfeit whatever rights and privileges, heretofore enjoyed, the govern-
ment might determine to remove. This intention was fully published,
but many were incredulous, and when the day arrived, about half each of
the Kiowas and Comanches, with a greater proportion of the Cheyennes
and a few Arapahoes, had accepted hostilities. They found their error
when commands from Kansas, Texas, New Mexico, and the Indian Ter-
ritory moved upon them simultaneously, and throughout the fall of
1874 and the subsequent winter followed them to their supposed safe
retreats on the Staked Plains, or in the canyons of Red River. By
spring all of the tribes named, except a few score of Quahada Co-
manches, were driven in about their agencies. Many were captured in
the open field and sent in, while others, evading the troops, threw
themselves upon the mercy of the government by surrender to the mili-
tary authorities at the agencies. As fast as they were taken, or sur-
rendered, all horses, mules, and war material were taken from them,
and the warriors confined or paroled within close limits. All against
whom good evidence of having committed crime could be found were
taken out, and charges were alleged with a view to legal action. An-
other class, composed of those who were notoriously guilty of crime,
but against whom no good evidence could be brought, and also of those
who were notoriously insubordinate and stirrers up of bad feeling, was
selected to be sent east for confinement in some fort. Not many of the
first class could be found, because of difficulties in identifying, as usu-
ally, in Indian murders, none live to tell the tale, and Indian testimony
is not accepted. When the time came to send them east, for some rea-
son the first class accompanied the second, and all were sent here, where
they arrived on the 21st of May, 1875.
In looking up these cases, it was found difficult to strike amiss among
so many offenders. Those who accepted the position of friendship to
the government by remaining at their agencies, averaged little better
than the hostiles, their opposition and offenses, generally, simply ante-
dating those of the hostiles.
Personal history sufficient for your purpose will probably be found in
the list, but the charges are only alleged and not proven.
It is simply just to say that since being here these men have set an
example to civilization in good behavior; twenty-two of them have
learned to read and write, uuderstandingly; while in the matter of labor,
at such as could be given, they have not failed or weakened in the
slightest degree.
Respectfully and sincerely yours,
R. H. PRATT,
U. S. Army.
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206 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
30676
30677
30678
30679
30680
30681
30682
30683
NOTES ON THE PRECEDING LIST.
CHEYENNES. |
(1) Heap of Birds.—Chief.
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, April 3,
1875. Died October 9, 1&77.
Ringleader.
(2) Bear Shield.—Chief.
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, April 3,
1875.
Killed Watkins.
(3) Minimic.—Chief.
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, April 3,
1875. .
Ringleader.
(4) Medicine Water.— Warrior.
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, March
5, 1875.
Charge 1st.—Wilful and deliberate murder. Did kill or
assist in killing a party of surveyors, white men, consisting :
of Capt. Oliver F. Short and his son, F. D. Short, James
Shaw and his son, J. Allen Shaw, and J. H. Renchler, resi-
dents of Lawrence, Kans. Also, Henry C. Jones.
Charge 2d.—Abduction. Illegal detention. Kidnapping.
Did carry off or assist in carrying off Catherine, Sophia,
Julianne, and Mary Germain, aged, respectively, 18, 13, 7,
and 54 years. Held the first two as captives from Septem-
ber 11, 1874, until Mareh 1, 1875.
(5) Long Back.—Subchief.
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, March
18, 1875.
Held and abused Germain girls.
(6) White Man.— Warrior.
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, March
5, 1875. |
Accomplice in Short and Germain murders; pointed out
by Medicine Water.
(7) Rising Bull.— Warrior.
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, March
5, 1875.
Accomplice in above murders; pointed out by Germain
girls.
(8) Cohoe.— Warrior.
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, J aueeer
9, 1875.
Accomplice (pointed out by Big Moccasin and Medicine
Water) in Germain murder. é
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 207
30684 (9) Bear’s Heart.— Warrior.
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, April 3,
1875.
Accomplice (pointed out by Big Moccasin and Medicine
Water) in Germain murder.
30685 (10) Star.— Warrior.
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, April 3,
1575.
No offence charged.
30686 (11) Howling Wolf (Minimic’s Son).— Warrior.
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, April 3,
1875.
Ringleader.
30687 (12) Making Medicine.—/Varrior.
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, April 3,
1875.
Ringleader.
30688 (13) Antelope.— Warrior.
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, April 3,
1875.
Ringleader.
30689 (14) Come-uh-see-vah (Wolf's Marrow).— Warrior.
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, April 3,
1875.
Ringleader.
30690 (15) Little Medicine.— Chief.
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, April 3,
1875.
Ringleader.
30691 (16) Shave Head.— Warrior.
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, April 3,
1875.
Ringleader.
30692 (17) Roman Nose.— Warrior.
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, April 3,
1875.
Ringleader.
30693 (18) Big Nose.— Warrior.
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory. April 3,
1875.
Ringleader.
30694 (19) Squint Eyes.— Warrior.
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, April 3,
1875.
Ringleader.
30695 (20) Little Chief— Warrior.
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, April 3,
1875.
Ringleader.
908 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
30696 (21) Matches.—VWarrior.
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Perritory, April 3,
1875.
Ringleader.
30697 (22) Buffalo Meat.— Warrior.
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, April 3,
1875.
Ringleader.
30698 (23) Buzzard.— Warrior.
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, April 3,
1875.
Ringleader.
30699 (24) Soaring Eagle.— Warrior.
Arrested at Fort Wallace, Kansas, December 25, 1874.
Brown murder, near Wallace. Had Brown’s pistol when
captured by Lieutenant Hinkle.
30700 (25) Moconista.— Warrior.
Arrested at Fort Wallace, Kansas, December, 25, 1874.
Brown murder.
30701 (26) Left Hand.— Warrior.
Arrested at Fort Wallace, ihnia December 25, 1874.
Brown murder.
30702 (27) Chief Killer.— Warrior.
Arrested at Staked Plains, Texas, September 24, 1874.
Participated in the killing of the Germain parents and
son and daughter, and in the carrying away into captivity
of the four sisters.
30703 (28) Mochi.—Squaw.
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, March
5, 1875.
Put an axe in head of Germain girls’ father.
Grey Beard.— Chief.
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, April 3,
1875.
Jumped from the train en route, near Houston, Fla., May
21, 1875, and was shot by the guard and died in two hours.
Ringleader. :
Big Moccasin.— Warrior.
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, Decem-
ber 14, 1874. Died November 4, 1875.
Camsheran by Captain Keys, cn pointed out by Medicine
Water.
Ringleader and murder.
Lean Bear.— Chief.
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, April 3,
1875. Died July 24, 1875.
Ringleader.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 209
Shaving Wolf.— Warrior.
Arrested at Cheyenne eos Indian Territory, April 3,
1875. Died December 5, 1876.
Ringleader.
Spotted Elk.— Warrior.
Arrested at Cheyenne eed Indian Territory, April 3,
1875. Died January 2, 1877
Ringleader.
ARAPAHOES.
30704 (29) Packer.— Warrior.
’ Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, March
5, 1875.
Charge.—Wilfal murder. Killed Leon Williams, a Mexi-
can herder in the employment of the United States Govern-
ment, at Arapahoe and Cheyenne Agency.
30705 (30) White Bear.— Warrior.
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, March
5, 1875.
Attempt to kill. Did shoot at, with intent to kill, F. H.
Williams, an employé of the United States Government, at
the Arapahoe and Cheyenne Agency.
KIOWAS.
Woman's Heart.—Chief.
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, October
3, 1874. Released by order of the Secretary of War, April
18, 1877.
Participated in the assaults on Amos Chapman and party,
and on Major Syman’s train, near the source of the Washita
River, Texas, September 9 to 13, 1874. Participated in the
murder of Jacob Dilsey, on the North Fork of the Canadian
River, below Camp Supply, near Cottonwood Grove, Indian
Territory, November 21, 1873.
CADDOES.
30706 (31) Huh-nah-nee.—Prominent Man.
Arrested at Fort Sill, Indian Territory, April 7, 1875.
Killed E. P. Osborne (Black Beaver’s son-in- Sar) near the
Wichita Agency, Indian Territory, August 22, 1874.
30707 (32) White Horse.—Chi¢f.
Arrested at Fort Sill, Indian Territory, 17th December,
1874.
Led the party killing Manuel Ortego and Lucien Mundés,
near Dr. J. J. Sturms, on the Little Washita River, Indian
Territory, August 22,1874. Participated in the Howard’s
Wells Texas massacre, 1872. Led the party killing the Lee
family and abducting the Lee children, near Fort Griflin,
Proc. Nat. Mus. 78-———14 Oct. 17, i878.
Texas, 1872. Led the party killing Mr. Koozier, near Hen-
rietta, Texas, and carrying his wife and four children in
captivity, 1870. Led the party attacking the mail stage,
dangerously wounding the driver, robbing the stage, killing,
wounding, and robbing the stage of its mules, near John-
son’s Station, 25 miles west of Fort Concho, Texas, July
14, 1872. Notoriously a murderer and raider.
30708 (33) Wo-haw (Beef).— Warrior.
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, October
3, 1874.
Participated in the murderof Manuel Ortego and Lucien
Munos. Was in the party killing Jacob Dilsey.
30709 (34) Bird Chief, alias Bird Medicine, alias Bad Eye.— Warrior and Leader.
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, October
3, 1874.
Participated in the assaults on Amos Chapman and
party, and Major Syman’s train near the source of the
Washita River, Texas, September 9 to 13, 1874. Led the
party, killing Jacob Dilsey on the North Fork of the Cana-
dian River, below Camp Supply, near Cottonwood Grove,
Indian Territory, November 21, 1873. Was in the party
killing J. H. Martin, Mr. Canala, and Mr. Himes near Ki-
owa or Medicine Lodge Creek, Barbour County, Kansas,
June 16, 1874. Participated in the murder of Earnest
Modest; seized Modest by the wrist and held him while
shotiar. shot him, near Wichita Agency, August 22, 1874.
30710 (35) Double Vision.—Peity Chief.
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, Octgnet
3, 1874.
Was in the party murdering Earnest Modest. Held the
bridle of Romero’s horse all the time the murder of Earnest
Modest was being accomplished.
30711 (36) Sa-a-mi-da (Bear in the Clouds).—Leader.
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, October
3, 1874.
Participated in the murder of Earnest Modest. Took
care of the horses of the party, while the other Indians
hammered Earnest to death with their hatchets.
30712 (37) Lone Wolf.—Chief.
Arrested at Salt Fork, Red River, Indian Territor y, Feb-
ruary 18, 1875.
Headed a party of Kiowas, killing two buffalo-hunters,
Dudley and Wallace, on the Canadian River, below Adobe
Walls, early in 1874; led a party of 100 Indians, more or
less, in assailing a party of non-combatants, citizens of the
United States, viz, E. P. Osborne, BH. H. Barrett, Jackson —
Clark, and Charles Losson, and did murder, or aid in, assist, —
4
30713
30714
30715
30716
30717
30718
30719.
30720.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 211
and abet the murder, with firearms of three of the aforesaid
non-combatants, viz, Osborne, Barrett, and Clark.
(38) Zo-tom (Biter).— Warrior.
Arrested at Salt Fork, Red River, Indian Territory, Feb- .
ruary 18, 1875.
Was in party headed by Mah-mante, killing two colored
men on Salt Creek Prairie, between Jackson and Belknap,
Texas, 1870 or 1871. Participated in the attack on buffalo-
hunters at Adobe Walls, early in spring of 1871.
(39) On-ko-eht (Ankle).— Warrior.
Arrested at Salt Fork, Red River, Indian Territory, Feb-
ruary 18, 1875.
Bad man; was with Mah-mante, killing two colored men,
&e.
(40) Ohet-toint (High Forehead).— Warrior.
Arrested at Salt Fork, Red River, Indian ana Feb-
ruary 18, 1875.
Was with Mah-mante when he killed the man in the
wagon; was with Lone Wolf killing two buffalo hunters.
(41) E-tah-dle-uh (Boy).— Warrior.
Arrested at Salt Fork, Red River, Indian Territory, Feb-
ruary 18, 1875.
Was with Lone Wolf killing buffalo-hunters (Dudley and
Wallace); was in the party attacking buffalo-hunters at
Adobe Walls, early in spring of 1874.
(42) Zo-pe-he (Toothless).— Warrior.
Arrested at Salt Fork, Red River, Indian Territory, Feb-
ruary 18, 1875.
Participated in the killing of two colored men. Went to
Texas with a party of Comanches and participated in the
killing of two men on the Clear Fork of the Brazos in the
summer of 1873.
(43) Tsah-dle-tah (White Goose).— Warrior.
Arrested at Salt Fork, Red River, Indian Territory, Feb-
ruary 18, 1875.
Was with Lone Wolf, killing two men, buffalo-hupters,
Wallace and Dudley ; was prominent in the attack on troops
at the Washita, August 22, 1874; helped to kill the white
men Modest, Osborne, and others.
(44) Zone-ke-uh (Teeth).— Warrior.
Arrested at Salt Fork, Red River, February 18, 1875.
Was with Mah-mante killing the two colored men. Was
with Lone Wolf killing two buffalo-hunters, Dudley and
Wallace.
(45) Beah-ko (Old Man).— Warrior.
Arrested at Salt Fork, Red River, Indian acitiny. Feb-
ruary 18, 1875.
212 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. __
30721.
30722
30723
30724
30725
30726
30727
30728
Helped rob Shirley’s store at the Wichita Agency, In- —
dian Territory, August 22, 1874.
(46) To-un-ke-up (Good Talk).— Warrior.
Arrested at Salt Fork, Red River, Indian Territory, Feb-
ruary 18, 1875.
Stealing in Salt Creek Valley, Texas, late in 1871. Was
with Lone Wolf killing Dudley and Wallace, buffalo-hunt-
ers. .
(47) Ko-ba (Wild Horse).— Warrior.
Arrested at Salt Fork, Red River, Indian Torys Feb-
ruary 18, 1876.
Was with Mah-mante stealing a lot of mules in the Brazos
country in 1872. Participated in the attack on General
Davidson’s command at Wichita Agency, August 22, 1874.
(48) Mau-ko-peh (Flat Nose).— Warrior.
Arrested at Salt Fork, Red River, Indian Territory, Feb-
ruary 18, 1875.
Stealing horses, and was with Mah-mante stealing a lot
of mules in the Brazos country in 1872
(49) Au-lih (Wise).— Warrior.
Arrested at Salt Fork, Red River, Jndign Territory, Feb-
ruary 18, 1875.
Was with Lone Wolf killing Dudley and Wallace. Was
with Mah-mante when he killed the man in the wagon.
Stealing horses. Helped rob Shirley’s store. Participated
in the attack on General Davidson’s command.
(50) Ko-ho (Kicking).— Warrior.
Arrested at Salt Fork, Red River, Indian Territory, Feb-
ruary 18, 1875.
Was aie Lone Wolf killing Dudey and Wallace. Was
with Mah-mante killing the two colored men. Helped rob
Shirley’s store. Participated in the attack on General
Davidson’s command. Stealing mules. |
(51) To-o-sape (Bull with Holes in his. Bars).— Warrior.
Arrested at Salt Fork, Red River, Indian Territory, Feb-
ruary 18, 1875.
Was with Mah-mante killing the two colored men. Was
with Lone Wolf killing Dargis and Wallace. Stealing
mules,
(52) Tsait-kope-ta (Bear Mountain).— Warrior.
Arrested at Salt Fork, Red River, Indian Territory, Feb. .
ruary 18, 1875.
Helped rob Shirley’s store. Stole horses. Was with
Lone Wolf kiJling Dudley and Wallace.
(53) Pedro.— Warrior. .
Arrested at Salt Fork, Red River, Indian Territory, Feb- |
ruary 18, 1875.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 213
Wichita Agency, Indian Territory, August 22, 1874.. Was
in a party killing two white men below Fort Griffin,
Texas, in the winter of 1872~73. One of the men was
riding a mule, and the other a horse, at the time. Was
a@ prominent character in the party robbing Shirley’s store.
Stole horses and mules. Was with Mah-mante killing the
man in the wagon.
Ih-pa-yah (Straightening an Arrow).—JVarrior.
Arrested at Salt Fork, Red River, February 18, 1875.
Died October 5, 1875. .
Stealing horses in or near the pals Creek Valley, Texas,
in the spring of 1873.
Co-a-bote-ta (Sun).— Warrior.
Arrested at Sulphur Ct. H., Indian Territory, October
23,1874. Died May 24, 1875. Participated in the murder
of Jacob Dilsey.
Ah-ke-ah, alias Pah-o-ka (Coming to the Grove).— Warrior.
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, October
3, 1874. Released by order of Secretary of War, April 18,
1877.
Participated in the murder of Jacob Dilsey.
Mah-mante, alias Swan (Man who Walks above the Ground).— Chief.
Arrested at Salt Fork, Red River, Indian Territory, Feb- .
ruary 13,1875. Died July 29, 1875.
Led a party, killing two colored men, on the Salt Creek
Prairie, between Jacksboro’ and Belknap, Texas, 1870 or
1871. Killed a man on the road seuth of Fort Griffin, Texas,
some time in 1870. Two men were riding in a lone wagon,
Mah-mante lay concealed and shot one. Led a party steal-
ing a large lot of mulesin the Brazos country in 1871. One
mule was spotted. Killed a white woman and child in re-
venge for the loss of two of his men, while on a raid in South-
western Texas, in fall of lS74. Was with Lone Wolf, killing
two buffalo-hunters, Dudley and Wallace, &c.
COMANCHES.
30731 (56) Eck-e-mah-ats (Buck Antelope. )— /Varrior.
t Arrested at Elk Creek, Indian Territory, October 26, 1874.
" Was in Texas with a party and stole horses about Decem-
. ber, 1873.
% 30732 (57) Wy-a-ko (Dry Wood).— Warrior.
; Arrested at Eli Creek, Indian mescenth October 26,
1874.
Has been in Texas stealing horses; was iu Texas last in
the winter of 1873-74.
214 FROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
30733 _ (38) Black Horse.—Chief.
30734
30735
30736
30737
(59)
(60)
(61)
(62)
Z ” I
® y bald. nt ‘
Arrested at Fort Sill, Indian Territory, March 7, 1875.
Talked defiantly in council with Governor Davin at Fort
Sill, Indian Territory, 1873. Killed a white man near Fort
Cobb, Indian Territory, 1867. The man went in his com-
pany on a hunt, and it was thought at the time that Black
Horse procured him to go for the purpose of killing him.
That the Indian Agent Leavenworth and an inn-keeper
named Lewis had engaged him to do the job on account of
some trouble they had had with the man, who was a bad
character.
Mad-a-with-t.— Warrior.
Arrested at Fort Sill, Indian Territory, March 7, 1875.
Died July 21, 1877.
A raider. A bad man, Always trying to persuade young
men to go off into Texas, always going himself.
Ta-a-way-ite (Telling Something).— Warrior.
Arrested at Fort Sill, Indian Territory, April 18, 1875.
A raider. A bad man. Always stealing horses or on
a war-path. Never brings his horses to Sill. Steals them,
and takes them to the Quahada Camp on the Staked
Plains.
Pe-eh-chip (Tail Feathers).— Warrior.
Arrested at Fort Sill, Indian Territory, April 18, 1875.
He is one of the five fellows that shot their father and
was outlawed; that Captain Lee (Tenth Cavalry) was sent
down to Double Mountain after, in the fall of 1873. He has
been on the war-path ever since. .
Tis-cha-kah-da (Always Sitting Down in a Bad Place).— Warrior.
Arrested at Fort Sill, Indian Territory, April 18, 1875.
A bad man. Always off trying to steal horses, or on the
war-path, &c. He is one of the desperadoes Captain Lee
(Tenth Cavalry) was sent down to Double Mountain after
late in 1873.
Quoi-yo-uh.— Warrior.
Arrested at Fort Sill, Indian Territory, April 8, 1875.
Bad man. Stealing horses. Stole thirty or more horses
from the Chickasaws.
- Pa-voor-ite (Little Prairie Hill).—/Varrior.
Arrested at Wichita Agency, Indian pa Decem-
ber 25, 1874.
Helped steal forty-six horses from near Fort Sill belong-
ing to K[iowa?] and C/omanche?] Agency and John Mad-
den, citizen, May 11, 1874. Thréatened to kill Mr. Clark, —
Comanches inn- hs Conta: on the day of the Wachita disturb #
on August 22, 1874. Drew pistol on sai: |
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 215
SYNOPSIS OF THE PEDICULATE FISHES OF THE EASTERN COAST OF
EXTRATROPICAL NORTH AMERICA.
By THEODORE GILL.
The present sketch of the North American Pediculate Fishes is ex-
tracted from a general work on the fishes of the corresponding region,
which it is proposed to publish in instalments and as convenience
may dictate. The issue of that relative to the Pediculates seems to be
at least as much called for as any other on account of the recent addi-
tions to our knowledge of the group and the rarity of the volumes in
which those additions have been recorded. The recent discovery, too,
of so many northern and deep-sea forms not far from our eastern coast
renders it possible that any of the types herein enumerated may be
found in the same waters, and the present synopsis may lead to their
ready identification. The knowledge of the northern forms is chiefly
due to Dr. Liitken.
Synopsis of Families.
la. Branchial apertures in or behind the inferior axillz of the pectoral fins; anterior
dorsal ray superior; mouth more or less opening upwards; the lower jaw
generally projecting beyond or closing in front of upper.
2a. Pseudobrachia with three actinosts ; pseudobranchiz not developed.
da. Pectoral members geniculated, with elongated pseudobrachia; ventral fins
Goveloper si. 2. os on Ss Reel ialliente jostae tlt ©. * ANTENNARIID2.
3b. Pectoral members not geniculated, with moderate pseudobrachia; ventral
ee eee eo er eee eee CERATUD.
2b. Pseudobrachia with two actinosts; pseudobranchiz developed.
3. Pectoral members little geniculated, but with elongated pseudobrachia;
ventral fins separated by wide interval]. -........---. .--...---- LOPHIIDE.
1b. Branchial apertures in the superior axillz of the pectoral fins; anterior dorsal ray
in a cavity overhung by the anterior margin of the forehead; mouth sub-
terminal or inferior, the lower jaw being generally received within the
ie ile See heen aits don eats aaah ff bas nen MALTHEID2.,
ANTENNARITD 22.
Pediculates with elongated geniculate pseudobrachia, provided with
three actinosts, 7. ¢.,
Pediculates with a compressed body; the mouth opening upwards;
the branchial apertures perforated in the lower axils of the pectorals;
no pseudobranchiz; the dorsals represented by (1) at least a frontal or
superior rostral spine, and (2) an oblong soft dorsal; the pectoral mem-
bers distinctly geniculated, with elongated pseudobrachia and three
actinosts; and with well developed and approximated ventrals.
ANTENNARIINZ.
u
he
ra)
Antennariids with the body oval and with tumid abdomen, the head
compressed, the mouth quite large; teeth on the palate as well as jaws;
spinous dorsal represented by three spines; soft dorsal quite elevated ;
and pelvic bones elongated.
of ’
+f 0
ne
216 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. =
PTEROPHRYNE.*
Antennariines with skin naked and smooth; caudal peduncle free;
mouth oblique ; dorsal spines completely exserted ; soft dorsal and anal
expanded vertically; pectorals and wrists slender, and ventrals elon-
gated.
Pterophryne histrio.
Common Frog-fish. Mouse-fish.
1758—Lophius histrio, Linné, Systema Nature, 10. ed., p. 237; 12. ed., t. 1, p. 403; Gmel.
ed., t. 1, p. 1481.
1815—Lophius gibbus, Mitchill, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y., v. 1, pl. 4, f. 9.
1837—Chironectes pictus, Cuv. g§ Val., Hist. Nat. des Poissons, t. 12, p. 393, pl. 363.
1837—Chironectes tumidus, Cuv. § Val., Hist. Nat. des Poissons, t. 12, p. 597.
1837— Chironectes levigatus, Cuv. § Val., Hist. Nat. des Poissons, t. 12, p. 399.
1837—Chironectes nesogallicus, Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. des Poissons, t. 12, p. 401.
1837—Chironectes marmoratus, Cuv. § Val., Hist. Nat. des Poissons, t. 12, p. 402.
1839—Chironectes levigatus, Storer, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., v. 2, p. 383; Rep. Ich.
and Herp. Mass., p. 73.
1842—Chironectes levigatus, DeKay, Zoology of New York, Fishes, p. 165, pl. 27, f. 83.
1842—Chironectes gibbus, DeKay, Zoology of New York, Fishes, p. 164, pl. 24, £. 74.
1853—Chironectes levigatus, Storer, Mem. Am. Acad. Arts and Se., nu. s., v. 5, p. 270
Hist. Fishes Mass., p. 104, pl. 18, f. 3.
1861—Antennarius marmoratus, Giinther, Cat. Fishes in Brit. Mus., v. 3, p. 185.
1863—Pterophryne levigatus, Gill, Brae, Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila., a 15,] p. 90.
1878—Pterophryne histrio, Gill, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus., v. 1, p. 216.
Pterophryne with the skin of head and body, as well as dorsal fins,
emitting cutaneous tentacles, which are generally most numerous on the
second and third dorsal spines and abdomen ; the first dorsal spine short
and filamentous with a smaller tip juaiponitee by asmall tag; the color
light for the ground, with spotted white dots and marked with blackish
brown around the ocular region, with several dark radii diverging from
the eyes, and on the fins more or less interrupted blackish bands, five
or six obliquely crossing the soft dorsal, three rectangularly crossing the
anal, and others on the pectorals, ventrals, and caudal.
An inhabitant of the Sargassum Seas, but occasional straggler to the
North American coast. .
CERATIID.
Pediculates non-pediculate and deprived of ventral fins, 7. e.,
Pediculates diversiform in shape, with the mouth opening more or less
upwards; the branchial apertures in the lower axils of the pectorals ;
no pseudobranchie ; the dorsals represented by at least a frontal or
‘superior rostral spine, the pectoral members not geniculated, with short
pseudobrachia and three actinosts, and without ventrals.
Apparently inhabitants of the depths of the ocean in their adult con-
dition, and, in some cases at least, near the surface in their juveelag
state. All the known species are unicolored and blackish. |
* Pterophryne, TTEPOD, wing, quasi fin, and gpurvy, toad. If considered to be too near .-
Pterophrynus, the genus may be called Pterophrynoides: (dpvvoedyc, toad- like). | ie
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 217
Synopsis.
la. Mouth moderate; cephalic spine with its basal element exserted and continuous
with the distal; pyloric cceca developed (2).
2a. A second dorsal spine typically developed ; mouth with the cleft subvertica] ;
1st D. with few rays; branchiz in 23 pairs; branchial arches unarmed;
skin with scattered spinigerous scutelle ...........-.---- CERATIINZ.
Ceratias.
la. Mouth moderate; cephalic spine with its basa] element subcutaneous, procumbent,
and at right or acute angle with the distal; pyloric ceca none.
2a. A second dorsal spine developed ; branchiz in 2} pairs; branchial arches un-
armed; body naked.
3. Body and Head compressed ; mouth with the cleft nearly horizontal, and
mandibular articulation behind eye..-.-..-......---..--. ONEIRODINZ.
: : Oneirodes.
2. No second dorsal spine developed; branchiz in $24 pairs; branchial arches
armed with dentigerous tubercles; body with scattered tubercular
scutelle.
3. Body and head compressed ; mouth with the cleft oblique; mandibular
articulation under or behind eye. .-..---..---.---- HIMANTOLOPHINZ.
4a. Body oblong oval; dorsal fin with about 9 rays, and pectoral, with
mhout iat eo a Ae: bee Himantolophus.
4b. Body short oval; dorsal fin with 4 rays, and pectoral with about
atte ee ee oa hel hy en ali A g E PPS C Corynolophus.
CERATIINA.
Ceratiids with the bedy and head compressed ; mouth with moderate
and almost or quite vertical cleft; branchiz in 23 pairs; branchial
arches unarmed ; spinous dorsal represented by a rostral spine, as well
as, generally, by a second, whose basal element is exserted ; soft with few
rays, placed quite far back of the head ; pyloric cceca developed (2:
CERATIAS.*
Ceratiines with an oblong form; skin prickly; vomer toothless;
cephalic spine elongated and with a dean capitate extremity; second
dorsal spine well developed, and pectorals multiradiate (7. e., with about
20 rays).
Ceratias Holbdliii.
1844—Ceratias Holbéllii Kroyer, Naturhist. Tidskrift, 2. rekke, b.i, pp. 639-649.
1861—Ceratias Holbolli Giinther, Cat. Fishes in Brit. Mus., v. 3, p. 205.
Ceratias with cephalic spine reclinable beyond base of caudal fin, and
caudal fin longer than body exclusive of head.
Deep sea along Greenland (known from several specimens).
ONEIRODIN 45.
Ceratiids with the body and head compressed ; mouth with moderate
and almost horizontal cleft; branchiz in 24 pairs; branchial arches
unarmed ; spinous Corsal represented by a (1) rostral spine, whose basal
* Ceratias, kepatiac, ov, P, one that has horns, in allusion to the frontal ray.
ae ee aay Or al J Wy a fll * —
rig
, 8
218 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES aoe ee .UM.
intermediate between the first and the dorsal fin; soft dorsal with a out
4 rays; and without pyloric ceca.
ONEIRODES.*
Oneirodin with oval form; the skin naked; the vomer dentigerous;
and the cephalic spine with a bulbous termination, sarmounted by slen-
der filaments in several transverse rows.
Oneirodes Eschrichtii.
1871—Oneirodes Eschrichtii Liitken, Overs. over Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl., 1871,
pp. 57-74 ; res. fr., pp. 9-18, pl. 2.
Oneirodes with the terminal element of the cephalic spine rather —
longer than the proximal subcutaneous; the caudal shorter than the
distance between its base and the branchial apertures; and the color
black except the terminal half of the spinal bulb, which is whitish.
Deep sea off Greenland: known from a single specimen 205 millimetres
long.
HiIMANTOLOPHIN 4.
Ceratiids with the body and head compressed, with moderate oblique
cleft mouth, the mandibular articulation under the eyes; branchiz in
324 pairs; branchial arches armed with dentigerous tubercles; spi-
nous dorsal represented only by a rostral spine, whose basal element is
procumbent and subcutaneous; and soft dorsal with about 5—9 rays.
HIMANTOLOPHUS.t
Himantolophines of an oblong oval form, a dorsal of about 9 rays, and
pectorals with about 12 rays each (?).
Himantolophus Groenlandicus.
1837—Himantolophus Greenlandicus Reinhardt, Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Nat. og Math.
Ath., 4. rekke, b. 7, p. 74.
Himantolophus with the height of the body equal to two-fifths of the
length, and the frontal ray provided with 11 tentacles (Liitken).
Hubitat.—Sea ott Greenland (known only from the remains of a speci-
men 23 inches Jong). ¥
CORYNOLOPHUS.+
Wa
Himantolophines of an abbreviated oval form, a donna of about 5 | Ee
rays, aud pectorals with about 17 rays each. oF
SENET nr NTE SUE E
*Oncirodts, ’overpodnc, dream-like, in allusion to the small and almost covered Rif ak
tHimantolophus, iuac, Gvrog, a thong, and Aodoc, a tuft. oe
{ Corynolophus, «opvvy, ne, “a stick with a knob at the end”, or club, and Zooey a
tuft. ae
rr
.,
re
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 219
Corynolophus Reinhardti.
1878—Corynolophus Reinhardti, Liithen, K. Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Skr., Nat.og Math.
Afh., 5. rekke, b. 5, p. 321, ete.
Corynolophus with the height of the body equal to three-fourths of the
total length, and the frontal ray furnished with 8 tentacles.
Habitat.—Sea off Greenland (described from a specimen 14 inches
long).
LOPHIID/:.
Pediculates with pseudobranchie, 7. e.,
Pediculates with the body differentiated into a wide depressed head and
contracted conical trunk; the mouth opening forwards and upwards; the
branchial apertures in the inferior axils of the pectoral members ; pseudo-
branchiz; the spinous dorsal represented by a group of independent
cephalic spines (3) and a small postcephalic finlet (with 3 spines); the
pectoral members scarcely geniculated, but with elongated pseudobra-
chia, and with three actinosts; and with ventrals well developed.
LOPHIUS.*
Lophiids with vomerine teeth.
Lophius piscatorius.
Bellows-fish.
1758—Lophius piscatorius, Linneus, Syst. Nat., 10 ed., t. 1, p. 236 (12 ed., t. 1, p. 402;
Gm. ed., t. 1, p. 1479).
1815—Lophius foliatus, Mitchill, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y., v. 1, p. 467.
1815—Lophius piscator, Mitchill, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y., v. 1, p. 467.
1837—Lophius piscatorius, Cuv. § Val., Hist. Nat. des Poissons, t. 12, p. 344, pl. 362.
1837—Lophius americanus, Cuv. §- Val., Hist. Nat. des Poissons, t. 12, p. 381.
1839—Lophius piscatorius, Storer, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., v. 2, p.320; Rep. Ich. and
Herp. Mass., pp. 71, 404.
1842— Lophius americanus, DeKay, Zoology of New York, Fishes, p. 162, pl. 28, f. 87.
1853—Lophius americanus, Storer, Mem. Am. Acad. Arts and Sce., n.s., v.5, p. 267; Hist.
Fishes Mass., p. 101, pl. 18, f. 2.
1861—Lophius piscatorius, Giinther, Cat. Fishes in Brit. Mus., v. 3, p. 179.
1861—Lophius americanus, Giinther, Cat. Fishes in Brit. Mus., v. 3, p. 181 (d. s.).
1872—Lophius piscatorius, Lyman, 6th Aun. Rep., In). Fish., p. 44 (Waquoit Weir).
Lophius with a tridentate humeral spine, 11-12 rays in the dorsal fin,
and the mouth behind the hyoid bone immaculate.
Habitat.—Coast waters from Newfoundland to North Carolina.
MALTHEIIDA.
Pediculates with the branchial apertures in the superior axils of the
pectorals, 7. ¢.,
Pediculates with a depressed body; the mouth subterminal or inferior,
and the lower jaw generally received within the upper; the brancbial
apertures in the superior axils of the pectoral fins; no pseudobranchix ;
*Lophius, the ancient Latin name of the type of the genu-.
ot” DU a ee ere
“>
the spinous dorsal represented by a tentacle in a cavity overhung be the s ‘
forehead, and the soft small and far behind; the pectoral members — wo:
strongly geniculate, and with long pacudogniclae and three actinosts;
and the ventrals well developed. .
Inhabitants of temperate and tropical seas at moderate or great depths.
MALTHEIN Z. | toes)
Maltheids with a cordiform cephalic disk and a stout caudal portion,
and with the frontal region elevated. -
MALTHE.*
Maltheines of unique genus. °
Malthe vespertilio.t
1758—Lophius vespertilio, Linné, Syst. Nat., 10 ed., t. 1, p. 236 (12 ed., t. 1, p. 402; Gmel.
ed., t. 1, p. 1480).
1837—Malthea vespertilio, Cur. § Val., Hist. Nat. des Poissons, t. 12, p. 440.
1837—Malshea nasuta, Cuv & Val., Hist. Nat. des Poissons, t. 12, p. 452. (In part.)
1837—Malthza notata, Cuv. § Val., Hist. Nat. des Poissons, t. 12, p. 453. (In part.)
1842—Malthea nasuta, DeKay, Znokiey of New York, Fishes, p. 167. (In part; not
figure.) |
1842—Malthea notata, DeKay, Zoology of New York, Fishes, p. 167. ui
1842—Malthea vespertilio, DeKay, Zoology of New York, Fishes, p. 167.
1861—Malthe vespertilio, Giinther, Cat. Fishes in Brit. Mus., v. 3, p. 200.
Malthe with the forehead produced into a more or less elongated sub-
conical process, its width greater between the anterior angles of the
orbit than between the posterior ones, and the frontal cavity higher
than wide.
Newfoundland to West Indies.
Malthe cubifrons.
1836—Lophius (Malthe) cubifrons, Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am., Fishes, p. 103, pl. 96.
1837—Malthxa nasuta, Cuv. § Val., Hist. Nat. des Poissons, t. 12, p. 452. (In part.)
1¢42—Malthea nasuta, DeKay, Zoology of New York, Fishes, p. 166, pl. 28, f. 89. (In
part, i. e. fig., copied from Richardson.)
1861—Malthe cubifrons, Giinther, Cat. Fishes in Brit. Mus., v. 3, p. 203.
Malthe with the forehead decurved and in front with a brtton-like
‘tubercle, the width between the anterior angle of the orbit nearly equal
*Maithe, ua207, the Greek name of a loose-bodied fish.— ee MaAOn signifie de la cire ra-
mollie. 0. 1 trouve ce nom dans Oppien parmi ceux de plusieurs grands poissons cartila-
gineux, et l’espéce qui le porte y est désignée comme remarquable par sa mollesse.
Suidas, qui Ja place dans une énumération du méme genre, dit qu’elle est difficile &
vaincre. Sur ces deux traits Bélon a pensé que la malthée était la baudroie, et, bien
que son opinion n’ait pas été adoptée, et n’ait peut-étre pas di ’étre, M. Cuvier a cru
pouvoir s’en prévaloir pour dériver de ué207 le nom de malthaa, qwil a donné d un petit
genre démembré de celui des baudroies,”—Cuv. et. Val.. Hist. Nat. des Poissons, t.12,
p. 438. = |
t Whatever may be the value of the nominal species introduced by Cuvier and ate
belong to one species. I think, “how ever, that formerly I saw a second species of ae 44
M. vespertilio type.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 221
to that between the posterior ones, and the frontal cavity much broader
than high.
Until lateiy, known from a single specimen obtained in Labrador by
Audubon, the ornithologist, and now preserved in the British Museum.
There is, however, a specimen in the collection of the Smithsonian In-
stitution from St. Augustine, Florida, whence it was sent by Dr. J. M.
Laing, U.S. A.
The relations of the North American genera to the other members of
the families in question will be exhibited in the subsequent notes.
NOTE ON THE ANTENNARIIDZ.
By THEODORE GILL.
The relations of the only known North American representative of
the family of Antennariids to the other members of the family is exhib-
ited in the following analytical synopsis, which is essentially the same
as that published by the author in 1863. In the present synopsis, how-
ever, the most generalized forms (or those supposed to be such) are
placed first and followed by those successively more aberrant or spe-
cialized. The two species hitherto retained under the generic designa-
tion Brachionichthys are also differentiated as distinct generic types.
Dr. Liitken has recently expressed the opinion that Pterophryne and
Histiophryne appear to be congeneric, but they really seem to be not
even closely related.
la. Head compressed; the rostral spine or tentacle as well as two other robust spines
developed ; soft dorsal well developed.
2a. Body oblong claviform ; mouth comparatively small; palate unarmed ; second
and third spines approximated and well connected by membrane and
\ forming a fin; pelvic bones short............. BRACHIONICHTHYIN,
3a. First dorsal spine connected with second, and third with soft dorsal fin
Sry Oi neIdGE AMBMPANE. 5 a5 5 oa Se Ss pense ox--- Sympterichthys.
3b. First dorsal spine free from second, and third from soft dorsal fin.
Brachionichthys.
2b. Body oval, with tumid abdomen; mouth quite large; palate armed with
teeth; second and third spines distant and not at all or scarcely con-
nected ; pelvic bones elongated ..........-......---- ANTENNARIIN®.
3a. First and second dorsal spines disconnected; the first filamentous, with
tentacle at end.
4a. D.12,A.7. Caudal peduncle free; skin smooth or scarcely granular;
mouth oblique; wrists and pectorals slender; ventrals elongated;
dorsal spines free from membrane; dorsal fin more than half as long
as body; anal extended downward.................--- . Pterophryne.
4b. D.12, A. 7—8. Caudai peduncle free; skin rough with spines; mouth
vertical; wrists and pectorals widened; ventralsshort; 3d dorsal spine
partly immersed in skin; dorsal fin less than half as long as body;
anal oblong............. wieder sea <6 xe ta eee Antennarius.
‘
. of
,
222 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NAT
-TIONAL 1M 4
4c, D. 15, A. 8. Caudal peduncle with dorsal and anal a
brane ; skin smooth; mouth vertical; dorsal spines peaks
from akon ween ee eclomee so asim phleis octane enn i
3b. First and second dorsal spines connected; the first slender, but rigi¢
with tentacle at end ..2. 2.1.02. 2600 sas == OES 9
1b. Head cuboid; a rostral spine or tentacle only developed ; soft dorsal low. :
CHAUNACINE.
Chaunas.
The references to the original descriptions of these genera, as well as"
to their typical species and habitats, are indicated in the following enu-
meration :—
BRACHIONICHTHYIN &.
SYMPTERICHTHYS.
Sympterichthys, Gill, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v. 1, p. 222, 1878.
Type: Sympterichthys levis = Lophius levis Lac.
Sea near Van Diemen’s Land.
' BRACHIONICHTHYS.
Brachionichthys, Bleeker, Natuurk. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind., t. 7, p. 121, 1854.
Type: Brachionichthys hirsutus = Lophius hirsutus Lac.
Sea near Van Diemen’s Land.
ANTENNARIIN 4.
PTEROPHRYNE.
Pterophryne, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila., [v. 15,] p. 90, 1863.
Type: Pterophryne histrio= Lophius histrio Linn.
Tropicalia and warm streams in floating seaweeds.
ANTENNARIUS-
Antennarius, Commerson, Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. des Poissons, t. 1, p. 421, 1798.
Les Chironectes (Antennarius), Cuvier, Régne Auimal, 1¢ éd., t. 2, p. 310, 1817.
Chironectes, Cuvier, Mém. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., t. 3, p. 418, 1817 (not Illiger).
Type: Antennarius chironectes Comm.
Tropicalia, in coral groves chiefly.
HISTIOPHRYNE.
Histiophryne, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila., [v. 15,] p. 90, 1863.
Type: Histiophryne Bougainvillii = Chironectes Bougainvillii Cuv. § Val.
Unknown.
- SACCARIUS.
Saccarius, Giinther, Cat. Fishes in Brit. Mus., v. 3, p. 183, 1861.
Type: Saccarius lineatus Gthr.
Sea off New Zealand.
CHAUNACINAE. pad
CHAUNAX. wae Ales
Chaunax, Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, v. 3, p. 339, 1846-49,
Type: Chaunax pictus Lowe.
Atlantic Ocean off the island of Madeira,
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 223
ON THE PROPER SPECIFIC NAME OF TEE COMMON PELAGIC
ANTENNARIID PTEROPHRYNE.
By THEODORE GILL.
The most common and widely distributed of the Antennariids, and
which is the peculiar species of the high seas, has been entered in the
most recent systematic lists under the names Antennarius marmoratus*
and Pteropiryne picta.t In this connection, it has been assumed that
the species had first received names from Bloch and Schneider in 1801.
I propose, however, to show, (1) that the species itself had long before re-
ceived a name from the founder of the binomial nomenclature, and (2) that
neither of the names of Bloch and Schneider is referable to these species.
Long ago recognizing that the names of Bloch and Schneider had
nothing to do with a Pterophryne, but without the bibliographical aids
for certainly ascertaining what name had priority, I have hitherto
adopted the provisional name Pterophryne levigata, as Liitken has also
recently done.
3.
It behooves us, first, to inquire what was the basis of the Lophius
histrio of Linneeus.
In 1747, in his “ Wiastgéta resa forriittad ar 1746”, Linnzeus described,
as ‘‘ Balistes, qvee Guaperva chinenis”, a small fish scarcely exceeding in
length the last joint of the thumb, in the following terms, as translated
in the German edition of 1765.4
‘‘ Balistes, quae Guaperva chinensis. Corpus acutum, compressum.
Dorsum antice gibbum. Pectus compressum, pinnis pectoralibus termina-
tum, prominulum. Jatera corporis picta lituris lacteis, annularibus,
interruptis, puncto centrali lacteo notatis. Caput magnum, thoraci
immersum, dentibus minutissimis instructum. /ilamentum subulatum,
erectum, loco narium. Pinna dorsalis anterior retrorsum falcato-sub-
ulata, mollis, alta, e gibbere dorsi juxta caput enata, radio Il. Pinna
dorsalis posterior radiis 12. Pinne pectorales brachiorum instar manu-
bris instructae, et antrorsuam manuum instar inflexae (quod in pisci-
bus singulare), radiis 10. Pinnae ventrales approximatae, radiis 5.
Pinna caudae radiis 9. Pinna ani radiis 7. Iris oculorumalba. Magni-
tudo totius piscis vix extimum pollicis articulum superat. Diversissima
species a Guaperva Ionstoni T. VI. f. 6. quam ex America possideo. Die
Figur dieses Fisches in natiirlicher Grésse ist die 5 auf der 3* Tafel,
wo er bey @ von der Seite, bey ) aber auf dem Riicken vorgestellet ist,
dass die Aerme an den pinnis pectoralibus deutlich in die Augen fallen.”
The acute compressed body, the round milky spots, the small ros-
tral filament (none is represented in the figure), the well developed fins,
*Antennarius marmoratus, Giinther, Cat. Fishes in Brit Mus., v.3, p. 185, 1861; Bleeker,
Atlas Ichthyologique Indes Orient. Néérland., t. 5, p. 23, 1865.
tPterophryne picta, Goode, Bull. U. S. Nat Mus., No. 5, p. 20, 1876.
¢Linné, Reisen durch Westgothland. 8vo. Halle, 1765. p. 160, S. 138.
the five rays of the ventrals, and the white irides all better suit the com: os
mon Pterophryne than any other Antennariid.
In 1754, in his Catalogue of the Museum of King Adolphus Fred-—
erick,* Linnzus again described, under the name “Lophius tumidus”, evi-
dently the same species, as follows :—
‘“tumidus. LOPHIUS pinnis dorsalibus tribus.
Balistes que Guaperua chinensis. It. W. goth. 137. t. 3. f. 5.
Guaperaa. Maregr. bras. 150. Will. icht. 50. t. B. 2. f. 2.
Habitat in Pelago inter Fucos natantes.
Corpus molle instar Ranae, adspersum ramentis cutaceis, Apertura
branchiarum ad axillas brachiorum s. pone pinnas ‘pectorales, quae de-
currit ad pulmones; alia apertura nulla, quod indicat affinitatem cum
Ranis. Pinne in dorso tres: prima radio uno capiti insidet; altera pec-
tori radio uno instructa; tertia dorso radiorum duodecim, quorum duo
vel tres bifidi. Pectorales radiis 10, que ulnis s. brachiis instructe.
Ventrales radiis 5, he ante pectorales basi ad pectus connexe. Ani
radiis 7 bifidis. Caudae radiis 10 bifidis.”
The soft body like that of a frog (and therefore naked and not rough)
and the cutaneous filaments are additional characters which corroborate
those given in the former work, and certify the relevancy of the descrip-
tions to the common Pterophryne. The habitat is also not the least im-
portant element in the determination of the Linnzan species, inasmuch
as the true Antennarti, so far as known, frequent chiefly coral groves,
while the Pterophryne is a pelagic species, principally affecting the
floating sea-weeds. There can then be no reasonable doubt that the
Antennariid of Linnzeus was the common Pterophryne.
In 1758, in the tenth edition of the “ Systema Nature”, Linneeus first |
introduced, aud in 1766, in the twelfth edition, retained, the name
“ Lophius histrio”, and in the synonymy of the species included refer-
ences to the two works just cited. The entire passage relative to the
species is as follows, in the twelfth edition (p. 403):—
‘histrio. 3. L. compressus. : |
Chin. Lagerstr. 21. Lophius pinnis dorsalibus tribus.
Mus. Ad. Fr. 1. p. 56. Balistes s. Guaperua chinensis.
It. wgoth. 137. t. 3. f. 5. Balistes s, Guaperua.
Marcgr. bras. 150. Guaperua.
Pet. gaz. t. 20." f. 6. Piscis bras. cornutus.
Will. icht. 50. 1. BH. 2. f. 2. Guaperua.
Osb. iter. 305. Lophius tumidus.
Habitat in Pelago inter Fucum natantem.
Pinnae D.I, 1,12 BP. 10... Ve Be cba Fe 07 Oe
The reference to Petiver’s Gazophylacium was added in the twelfth —
edition.
* Musem S:¢ Rt M.ts Adolphi Friderici. Car. Linnzo. Fol. Holmiw, 1754. p. 56.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 225
Although the descriptions of Linnzeus are unequivocal and based
solely on specimens of Pterophryne, in the synonymy above copied are
confused several species. As he seems, however, only to have known
through autopsy the species of Pterophryne, and to have been unpre-
pared for the polymorphous character of the type, his confusion under
the synonymy is not at all to be wondered at, and is paralleled by many
modern naturalists, especially Giinther. His compatriot, Osbeck, had
also the same species of Pterophryne in view in his description* of the
Lophius histrio, viz :—
“Die Flossquabbe, Lophius Histrio L. S. N. Lophius tumidus Mus.
Reg. p. 56, und Linn. Westgoth. Reise Tab. 3, Fig. 3, aber der Faden
‘und die erste Riickenflossfeder sind an den Spitzen borstig, die Borsten
weich. Der ganze Korper ist mit einer schleimigen Haut, und kleinen
blattrigen Stiitzen (fuleris) bedeckt, die man ausser dem Wasser kaum
bemerkt, weil sie fest anschliessen. Der Rachen und Bauch sind gross,
damit sie viele Krebsarten oder junge Krebse verschlingen kénnen.
Vielleicht hat die Vorsicht diesen Fisch deswegen so blittrig gekleidet,
damit ihn die Raubfische mit dem Seegrasse verwechseln und nicht gar
ausrotten mdchten.”
The smooth skin and the tag-like appendages evidently proclaim the
fish of Osbeck to be a Pterophryne. ; ,
It is also to be remarked that the naturalist who first recognized spe-
cific differentiation among the Antennariids (Shaw), in his “General
Zoology” (v. 5, p. 384, pl. 164), restricted the name to the Pterophryne,
and gave, under the term Lophius histrio, a quite recognizable figure of
that form, whose only great fault is the delineation of the first spine.
Il.
The names subsequently applied to Pterophryne now demand consid-
eration.
Those accepted by the latest systematists have been attributed to
Bloch’s Systema Ichthyologiz, edited by Schneider, but, as will presently
be shown, erroneously.
In the Systema Ichthyologie (p. 142) only one species of Antennariids
is admitted under the name Lophius histrio, but four varieties are distin-
guished under it, viz :—
Var. a, “Striated Loph. Shaw Miscell. No. 58” ;
Var. b, pictus ;
Var. ¢, marmoratus ;. and
Var. d, ocellatus.
As no references have been made to previous publications, except in
case of var. a, it seems to have been generally assumed that the varietal
names originated in the work in question. This, however, is not the
case. |
*Osbeck, Peter. Reise nach Ostindien und China. 8vo. Rostock, 1765. p. 400,
Proc. Nat. Mus. 78-15 Dee. 9, 1878.
226 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ae
In 1794 (as appears from the dates on the plates), Shaw published a
number of his ‘‘ Naturalists’ Miscellany”, in which he described three
fishes under the generic name Lophius. These were designated as—
(1) Lophius striatus (the Striated Lophius), pl. 175;
(2) Lophius pictus (the Variegated Lophius), pl. 176, upper fig. and
(3) Lophius marmoratus (the Marbled Lophius), pl. 176, lower fig.
_ The originals of these are evidently the varieties (a, b, and c) of Lophius
histrio admitted by Bloch and Schneider. It is quite clear that the first
two were based on species of typical Antennarius (not Pterophryne),
while the third is incomprehensible, and, if the figure is at all correct,
must represent a factitious fish; it most certainly has nothing to do
with Pterophryne. The other species, however, notwithstanding the bad
figures, are readily identifiable.
The Lophius striatus (as has recently been recognized by Giinther)*
is the first name of an Antennarius peculiar to the Pacific, and quite dis-
tinct from the Caribbean Antennarius scaber (=A. histrio Gthr.), with
which it was at first confounded by Giinther.t
The Lophius pictus was evidently based on the species or variety of
Antennarius which was afterwards named Antennarius phymatodes by.
Bleeker, and it agrees very closely, in the distribution of colors, with a
specimen figured by that ichthyologist,{ and would probably be consid-
ered by Giinther § as a variety of his Antennarius Commersonii.
But whatever may be the value of the forms embraced under the
name Antennarius Commersonit by Giinther,— whether species or varie-
ties,—the name Antennarius pictus must be revived from Shaw, either
especially for the Antennarius phymatodes of Bleeker or for the collection
designated as Antennarius Commersonii.
It has thus been demonstrated (1) that the Linnean name Lophius
histrio was originally created for the common Pterophryne, and (2) that
the names generally employed for the Pterophryne were originally ap-
plied to very different forms, and members of even a different genus.
Hence, if the laws of priority as formulated by the British and Amer-
ican Associations for the Advancement of Science are to guide us, there
can be no question that the species of Pterophryne must hereafter be
designated as Pterophryne histrio; if, however, it is allowable to go be-
hind even the tenth edition of the Systema Nature, and to take the
oldest binomial name, without other considerations, the designation tu-
midus must be revived. It seems best, how sil 3 to follow general
usage. 7
*Giinther, Andrew Garrett’s Fische der Siidsee, v. 1, p. 162, 1876.
.t+Giinther, Cat. Fishes in Brit. Mus., v. 3, p. 188.
¢ Bleeker, Atlas Ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Néérlandaises, t. 5, pl. 199, fig. 5,
1865.—It must be remarked that Shaw represents 5 ventral rays in his A. pictus, while
Bleeker attributes 6 to his A. phymatodes.
§ Giinther, in Cat. Fishes in Brit. Mus., v. 3, p. 195, has referred Shaw’s name to ‘tne
tennarius multiocellatus var. y. Ss tcecaiin'e but in the “TFische der Siidsee” did not
refer to the L. pictus, and places the L. marmoratus as a anonym of A. Commicreett
having evidently transposed the names of the two.
‘PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 227
NOTE ON THE CERATIIDE.
By THEODORE GILL.
Since the publication ofthe third volume of Giinther’s “ Catalogue of
the Fishes in the British Museum” (1861), and the present author’s Note
on the Pediculati .(1863), the then-monotypic family of Ceratiide has
received notable additions, and this yee: 1878) one genus or rather type
of hitherto doubtful character has been substaatiated, and two new allied
ones added. All the representatives of the group appear to be inhabi-
tants of the deep or open seas. The relations of the genera seem to be
approximately as follows :—
Synopsis.
la. Mouth moderate; cephalic spine with its basal element exserted and continoyg
with the distal; pyloric cceca developed (2).
2. A second dorsal spine typically developed; mouth with the cleft subvertical;
1st D. with few rays; branchiz in 2} pairs; branchial arches unarmed;
skin with scattered spinigerous scutelle......-.......--. CERATIINE.
3a. A second dorsal, spine developed, and two fleshy tubercles behind it ; pec-
torals with nearly 20 slender rays. ..........-.-- .----.------ Ceratias,
3b. No second dorsal spine developed, but two fleshy claviform tubercles exist-
ing as in Ceratias ; pectorals with about 10 slender rays....Mancalias.
1b. Mouth moderate ; cephalic spine with its basal element subcutaneous, procumbent,
and at right or acute angle with the distal; pyloric ceca none.
2a. A second dorsal spine developed; branchiz in 2} pairs; branchial arches un-
armed; body naked.
3. Body and isda compressed; mouth with the cleft nearly horizontal, and
mandibular articulation behind eye...---...---.-..----- ONFIRODINE
. SG,
2b. No second dgrsal spine developed; branchizw in $2} pairs; branchial arches
armed with dentigerous tubercles; body with scattered tubercular
scutelle.
3a. Body and head compressed; mouth with the cleft oblique; mandibular
articulation under or behind eye. ......-....-.--. HIMANTOLOPHIN&.
4a. Body oblong oval; dorsal fin with about 9 rays and pectoral wih
OS ERPS ee See ar a ade Siem ee a Himantolophus.
4b. Body short oval; dorsal fin with 4 rays and pectoral with about 17.
Corynolophus.
3b. Body and head depressed ; mouth with the cleft vertical or inclined for-
wards ; mandibular articulation under or in advance of snout
AEG EONICHTHYINE.
Aigewonichthys.
lc. Mouth enormous; (cephalic spine with its basal element subcutancous, procum-
bent, and at an acute angle with its distal ?).
2. No second dorsal spine developed. Mouth with the cleft subvertical. ist D.
with about 14 rays; branchiw in 24 pairs; branchial arches un-
SimmANON. oh DCA ORO re Sul wn nd 5 hn Ss ae pee ng ee MELANOCETIN 2.
Melanocetus.
CERATIIN A.
CERATIAS.
-Ceratias, Kroyer, Naturhist. Tidskrift, 2. rekke, b. 1, p. 639, 1844.
Type: C. Holbélli Kroyer.
Deep sea otf Greenland.
ine nN | Ae era ee Roe ‘Ta ae
; z }
‘ ‘a Al
A 2
era >
iy 1+
ig
o ay,
998 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
MANCALIAS.* ;
Mancalias, Gill, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v. 1, pp. 227, 228, 1878.
Type: M. uranoscopus = Ceratias uranoscopus, Murray, Wovrlle Thompson, Voyage
of the Challenger, v. 2, p. 67, with fig., 1878. (Am. ed.)
Atlantic Ocean (taken at a depth of 2,400 fathom+? vetween Canary and Cape Verde
Islands.
ONEIRO@VDINA.
ONEIRODES.
Oneirodes, Liitken, Overs, - et 4: K. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl., 1871, pp. 56-74
(fr. pp. 9-79):
Type: O. Eschratii Litken.
Deep sea off Greenland.
HIMANTOLOPHIN 4.
HIMANTOLOPHUS.
Himantolophus, Reinhardt, K. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Nat. og Math. Afh., 4. rekke,
v. 7, p. 74, 1837; Liitken, 1878.
Type: H. Grenlandicus Reinhardt.
Deep sea off Greenland (adults).
CORYNOLOPHUS.
Type: Corynolophus Reinhardtii = Himantolophus Reinhardtii Liitken.
Deep sea off Greenland (adult), and open sea between Africa and America (young)?
AG AONICHTHYIN 45.
AAG ZONICHTHYS.
Zigezonichthys, T. EL. Clarke, Trans. New Zealand Institute, v. 10, p. 245, 1878.
Type: Au. Appellii T. #. Clarke.
Deep sea off the island of New Zealand. °
MELA NOCETIN 4.
MELANOCETUS.
Melanocetus, Giinther, Proc. Zoo]. Soc. London, 1864, p. 301.
Type: Melanocetus Johnsonii Giinther.
Deep sea off the island of Madeira.
In the words of Liitken,t ‘‘ the general form and the physiognomy es-
pecially are quite similar in the [known] genera; common to all is, also,
the absence of ventral fins, of the lateral line and its ramifications, of the ©
air bladder, of the pseudobranchiz, and of the teeth of the lower pha-
ryngeal and palatine bones; { the smallness of the eyes and of the pectoral
* Mancalias, from mancus, defective, with a quasi-diminutive termination, to corre-
spond with Ceratias. The single specimen obtained was only 90 millimetres long.
t Vidensk, Selsk. Skr., 5. rekke, Naturv.og Math. Afd., 1lte Bd. V, fr. tr., p. 343.
t{In Melanocetus, according to Giinther, ‘‘ the vomer is armed with a transverse series
of single teeth, and extends across the whole width of the roof of the mouth; the —
palatine and pterygoid teeth are situated at some distance behind the vomer,and form /
two bundles irregular in form”; but, according to Liitken (and since admitted by Giin- ey |
ther), ‘the so-called palatine and pterygoid teeth” “belong in reality to the upper
pharyngeals.” | pe eae.
as y
i, hey
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 229
fins, the short peduncles of the latter, the conformation of the teeth,
the black color, the number of branchiostegal rays (6) as well as of the
rays of the anal (4) and caudal (9), and the half-spongy consistence of
the skeleton are also, apparently, characters common to all the [known|
genera.”
Another character shared in common by all the species, and at least
as noteworthy as several of those thus enumerated by Dr Liitken, is the
differentiation in the color of the extremity of the bulbiform termination
of the cephalic spine. In all the known species (unless Melanocetus
may be excepted), the apical portion or elements of the bulb are of a
grayish or whitish color, and thereby quite abruptly differentiated from
the rest of the spine, which is of a black color. Some special significance
is probably inherent in this characteristic, and it is quite possible, if not
probable, that the difference of color is expressive of a differentiation in
histological structure, and that the grayish portions are phosphorescent.
When the complicated “‘ angling” apparatus of the fishes of this group
is considered, it will be thought not unlikely that their power of attrac-
tion should be enhanced by a luminosity which may excite the attention
or curiosity of their prey, and still more strongly tempt them within the
easy reach of their capacious mouths. It is certainly scarcely likely
that the characteristic in question, manifested as it is in such widely
diverse types, should be a simple immaterial color feature, destitute of
other significance. The not few pelagic and deep-sea animals that ex-
hibit phosphorescence enhance the probability of the attribute suggested.
The verity of the suggestion must, however, be established by histo-
logical and physiological data. It can only now be assumed that there
is a teleological import in the differentiation of color, and that it is more
probable that the whitish area has a phosphorescent property than that
it simply serves as a relief for the filaments of the bulb. Especially is
this more probable in view of the great depths which the species in-
habit, and the consequently limited quantity of light which they enjoy.
That the provision, whatever it may be, is an effective one, is apparent
from the variety of the forms already discovered, and it seems probable
that the family is not only quite characteristic of, but well represented
in, the depths of the ocean.
As to Melanocetus, it is simply said, by Dr. Giinther, to have the ce-
phalic filament ‘‘more than half as high as the head, and dilated into a
small lamella at its extremity”. The ‘“lamelliform” character of the
dilatation at least requires confirmation, and it is not very unlikely
that the dilatation will be found not to be thin or compressed to such an
extent as to be entitled to the designation of “lamella”, and that the ex-
tremity will be ascertained to be whitish. The mode of articulation of
the cephalic spine also requires investigation. Dr. Liitken has corrected
Dr. Giinther’s error of mistaking pharyngeal teeth for palatine and
pterygoid, but has not elucidated the points indicated.
The several recognized genera are mostly widely differentiated,
930 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
and represent as many as five groups, distinguished by characters which
are generally indicative of at least family value; but the close agree-
ment which they otherwise exhibit among themselves forbids separation
to that extent, and yet the groups seem, at any rate, to demand distine-
tion as sub-families. We would scarcely be prepared to believe that
two genera, distinguished, one by a compressed head, and the other by
a depressed head, could be so nearly related as are apparently Himan-
tolophus and Algewonichthys, but the modifications in question in these
genera are probably expressive of the compression on the one hand,
and the depression and bowing outwards on the other, at the hyoman-
dibular articulations, and not of any fundamental osteological modifica-
tions.
With regard to the Himantolophines, there is occasion for difference ©
of opinion, and it may be that the Himantolophus Grenlandicus and Rein. .
hardtii do not even differ specifically. The statements by Reinhardt as
to the characteristics of the former are, however, unequivocal, and, as
he appears to have been a careful and exact observer, they are probably
correct, while those of Liitken regarding the latter are unquestionable.
In view of the mode of variation in the family, the differences noted
seem to the present author to be indicative of more than specific value,
and consequently the respective species are considered as distant gene-
ric types. There is a singular agreement between the type named
Corynolophus and the Algconichthys of the New Zealand seas in the
radial formula; and while such agreement might tend to throw doubts
on the actual differences supposed to exist between Corynolophus and
Hinantolophus, it tends far to confirm the generic value of the differ-
ences, if they really exist. It may even be that the two genera are not
as closely related as are Corynolophus and Avgwonichthys, but such is
scarcely probable.
The habitats given must be regarded simply as the expressions of our
present state of knowledge, as it is more than probable that the ranges
of most of the species are quite extensive in the bathmic zone in which
they dwell. It is also probable that the number of representatives of
the family will be considerably increased hereafter. A most interesting
coincidence is the discovery, in the same year, of the closely related
Himantolophine and A’gwonichthyine at antipodal localities. There
are already, too, indications of several other types, apparently members |
of the family, but too imperfectly known to be introduced into the sys-
tem. The present state of our knowledge in respect to such imperfectly
known forms is well summarized by Dr. Liitken in the following words :—
*‘Les collections de petits poissons péchés en haute mer, du Musée de
Copenhague, renferment en outre quelques Lophioides apodes d’une taille
plus petite encore (5—8™™), trouvés en plein Océan Atlantique, qui
annoncent peut-étre existence d’une troisitme espéce d’Himantolophe
ou d’un genre voisin, et different de ? Himantolophus Reinhardti par le
nombre des rayons (D: 6; A: 6; C: 10), probablement aussi par la
—_
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 231
taille moindre des adultes, puisque quelques-uns de ces embryons
offrent déja un rudiment de huppe frontale analogue 4 celle que posséde
le jeune Lophioide, dépourvu non-seulement de ventrales, mais aussi de
dorsale et d’anale, indiquant ainsi, selon toute probabilité, existence
dun type générique nouveau, que Von ne tardera point a découvrir a
état adulte, 4 mesure que l’étude justement commencée de la faune abys-
sale de l’océan aura fait de nouveaux progres. Peut-étre aussi que le
“Oeratias uranoscopus” annoncé comme dragué par l’expédition sifameuse
da “Challenger” a la profondeur surprenante de 2400 brasses, entre les
iles Canaries et du Cap Vert, sera reconnu comme formant un genre a
part—a en juger, par une photographie (reproduite en xylographie dans
‘The Atlantic” de Sir Ch. Wyville-Thomson, II, p. 69), qui m’a é°é com-
muniquée avec la plus grande obligeance par feu M. Willemcoés-Suhm,
dont la mort prématurée a été tant déplorée par ses amis et par ceux
de la science. .
‘‘On trouvera dans le rapport préliminaire de M. Murray (Proc. Roy.
Soc., xxiv, p. 590-94) des renseignements sur les profondeurs des huit
localités ott ont été dragues, lors du voyage du “Challenger” des Lo-
phioides bathyphiles, en partie probablement nouveaux pour la science.
Dans son rapport préliminaire sur les draguages exécutés, en 1878, dans
les profondeurs du Golfe de Mexique, M. Al. Agassiz fait mention
dun poisson resemblant 4 un tétard enorme a téte ronde, gigantesque,
cartilagineuse et sans yeux, et de quelques autres 4 téte allongée et
deprimée, aux yeux trés petits et a filaments enormes pendant des
extremités des rayons des nageoires pectorales et caudal.”
NOTE ON THE MALTHEID.
By THEODORE GILL.
Since the publication of the great systematic works on fishes, the fam-
ily of Maltheide has received a couple of notable additions which fur-
nish a good idea of the range of variation occurring in the group and at
the same time fully corroborate the justness of the segregation of its
members under two distinct families. The distinctions thus apparent
are indicated in the following analysis. All the genera are monotypic
except Malthe.
MALTHEID.
la. Body with disk cordiform and caudal portion stout; frontal region elevated, and
snout more or less produced or attenuated forwards........- MALTHEIN 2:
Malthe.
1b. Body with disk subcircular or expanded backwards and caudal portion slender;
frontal region depressed, and snout rounded and obtuse in front.
HALIEUTAINZ.
2a. Palate edentulous; rostral tentacle developed ; carpus exserted from common
membrane.
3a. Disk subtriangular; mouth small; branchiw reduced to 2 pairs (I, 0; II,
Meeereeen ands TV, O—O): os ce cases celcccs secs iikquadhanns Dibranchus.
232 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
3b. Disk subcircular ; mouth large; branchiw in 2} pairs (1,0; II,1—1; III,
1—13 IV, 10)... one wpnwne ascces ae ant ndeace nese buckles ss unmet ae
2b. Palate dentigerous; rostral tentacle obsolete; carpus inclosed in common
membrane. .
3. Disk subcircular; mouth small..../. 05.0 .seccbveedeus eeeese Halieutichthys.
The genera have been made known as follows :—
MALTHEINA. .
MALTHE.
Malthe, Cuvier, Regne Animal, 1° éd., t. 2, 311, 1817.
Malthea, Cuvier § Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. des Paisnaue t. 12, p. 438, 1837.
Type: Malthe vespertilio.
Atlantic coasts of America from. Brazil to Labrador.
HALIEUTASIN AB.
DIBRANCHUS.
Dibranchus Peters, Monatsber. K. Akad. Wissensch. Berlin, 1875, p. 736.
Type: Dibranchus atlanticus Peters.
Atlantic Ocean, in deep water, near the coast of Africa.
HALIEUTZ&#A.
Halieutza Cw. § Val., Hist. Nat. des Poissons, t. 12, p, 455, 1837.
Astrocanthus Swainson, Nat. Hist. and Class. Fishes, etce., v. 2, p.—, 1839.
Type: Halieutza stellata Val. & Wahl.
Pacific Ocean, off China and Japan.
HALIEUTICHTHYS.
Halientichthys, Poey, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila., [v. 15,] pp. 89, 90, 1863.
Type: Halieutichthys reticulatus Poey.
Atlantic Ocean, off the Island of Cuba.
NOVEMBER 9, 1878.
—
CATALOGUE OF THE BIRDS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA, FROM
COLLECTIONS MADE FOR THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, BY
MER. PRED. A. OBER, WITH WIS OBSERVATIONS.
By GEORGE N. LAWRENCE.
These collections were made by Mr. Ober in August and September,
1877. They were left in charge of the United States consul at Antigua,
to be forwarded to Washington when an opportunity offered, and were
sent soon thereafter; but from want of a proper notification or some
other cause, their arrival was not known, and they were supposed to i
have gone astray.
In July of this year, they were ascertained to be in a public store in ~
Brooklyn, where they had been since November, 1877. 7
The only bird sent of special interest is a species of Burrowing Owl
from Antigua, which, on investigation, I considered to be undescribed.
The names given by Mr. Ober, with his observations, are inclosed i in vi
quotation-marks, rt
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 233
From - Antigua.
Fam. TURDIDA.
1. Margarops densirostris (Vieill.).
‘Thrush.
‘In the valleys among the southein hills, where are about the only
rivulets and trees, we find this bird. Itis not common, rather rare, and
its song is heard only morning and evening; at this season little more than
acall-note. Think itidentical with the ‘Gros Grive’—Large Thrush—of
Dominica. Not yet out of moulting stage; resident.”
Fam. SYLVICOLID.
2. Siurus nevius (Bodd.).
‘¢ Water Thrush.
‘‘Rare; along a river bed among the hills, very shy; when it would
perceive me, it hastily ran along a few rods, and then darted into the
thicket, reappearing at some distance up or down the-stream.”
3. Siurus motacilla (Vieill.).
4. Dendreca petechia (Linn.).
“Yellow Bird. Length, 54; alar extent, 7; wing, 23.
“ Not abundant; inhabits the acacia fields.”
5. Setophaga ruticilla (Linn.).
‘¢ Redstart.
“ Rare ; seen only in the upper valleys of the southern hills. In per-
fect plumage and fat: evidently not a migrant. The people told me it
was with them all the year.”
Fam. VIREONIDZ.
6, Vireosylvia calidris (Linn.).
‘Vireo. Iris hazel.
‘* Found among the poisonous Mancbhineel trees, near the coast.”
Fam. CGfREBID AL.
7. Certhiola dominicana, Taylor.
* Yellowbreast.
‘‘Abundant, but not in the numbers found in Dominica.”
Fam. FRINGILLIDZE.
8. Loxigilla noctis (Linn.). t
‘Sparrow. Resident.”
9. Phonipara bicolor (Linn.).
“Grass Bird.
“In large numbers, probably the most abundant species, sharing this
honor with the Loggerhead and Sparrow Hawk.”
234 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,
Fam. TYRANNIDZ. ee
10. Tyrannus rostratus, Scl.
“Loggerhead. Resident.
‘‘ Hixtremely abundant; its cry of piperee, piperee, heard everywhere
from morn till night. Old pastures its favorite haunt; but where the
‘Cabbage Palm’ is found (the Oreodoya olivacea) there the Piperee de-
lights to stay, passing half the day perched upon the extreme tip of the
terminal apex of the tree, leaving it only to chase and capture some
insect flying by, or to sport a while with its mate.”
Fam. TROCHILID A.
11. Eulampis holosericeus (Linn.).
‘“¢ Violet-breast Hummer. Rather numerous.”
12. Orthorhynchus exilis (Gm.).
‘‘Crested Hummer. Very common.
‘‘ More in the fields than the gardens; especially likes the Tamarind
trees.”
Fam. CUCULID:&.
13. Coccyzus minor (Gm.).
‘Four o’clock Bird. Sparsely distributed. Resident.”
Fam. STRIGID AL.
14. Speotyto amaura, Lawr.
‘“Qwl. Length, ¢, 84 in.; alar extent, 215; wing, 63.
‘“ Length, 2, 84 in.; alar extent, 21; wing, 64.
“Tris bright yellow. Called here, ae coo’, from its hoot at night.
I considered it for a time as almost mythical, reports concerning its ex-
istence were so conflicting. Some described it as a large Bat, others
asserted that it was (judging from the size of its eyes) as large as a ‘Gui-
nea Bird’; all agreed that it was a night-bird, that it lived in old drains,
holes in the cliffs and ruined walls; and that its hoot would oie
terror to the stoutest heart.
‘‘ Like its congener of Dominica, it has a bad name; and though it
may not be called here, as in Dominica, the ‘ Jumbie Bird’ or bird of
evil spirits—the name implies more than that—still it has the reputation
of being a bad character. The blacks declare that it will not hesitate
to tear the eyes out of any individual unfortunate enough to meet it at
night. ‘Me rudder see de Debbil, any time’, is their forcible way of
testifying to the powers, supernatural and otherwise, possessed by this
poor Owl. Finding it impossible to shoot one, I offered a reward of two
shillings for the first Owl brought me, and within three hours had three
living birds which the men dug out of a cliff in the Chalk-hills. One
that I kept two days gave frequent utterance to a chattering ery, espe-
ay 2
“an es re
ee ss”
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 235
cially if any one approached, but it did not hoot. It feeds upon lizards
and mice, it is said.”
Male.—Upper plumage of a fine deep brown color, marked with round-
ish spots of light fulvous; the spots are smallest on the crown, hind
neck, and smaller wing-coverts; they are conspicuously large on the
other wing-coverts, the dorsal region, scapulars, and tertials; the quills
are blackish-brown, with indented marks of pale reddish fulvous on the
outer webs of the primaries, and large roundish paler spots on the inner
webs ; under wing-coverts reddish fulvous sparsely mottled with black ;
tail dark brown, of the same color as the back, crossed with four bars
(including the terminal one), of light reddish fulvous, which do not quite
reach the shaft on each web; bristles at the base of the bill black, with
the basal portion of their shafts whitish; front white, superciliary
Streak pale fulvous; cheeks dark brown, the feathers tipped with ful-
vous ; upper part of throat pale whitish buff, the lower part grayish-
white, with a buffy tinge, separated by a broad band of dark brown
across the middle of the throat, the feathers of which are bordered with
light fulvous; the sides of the neck and the upper part and sides of the
breast are dark brown, like the back, the feathers ending with fulvous,
the spots being larger on the breast; the feathers of the abdomen are
pale fulvous, conspicuously barred across their centres with dark brown;
on some of the feathers the terminal edgings are of the same color; the
flanks are of a clear light fulvous, with bars of a lighter brown; under
tail-coverts fulvous, with indistinct bars of brown; thighs clear fulvous,
with nearly obsolete narrow dusky bars; the feathers of the tarsi are
colored like the thighs and extend to the toes; bill clear light yellow,
with the sides of the-upper mandible blackish; toes dull yellowish-
brown.
Length (fresh), 84 in.; wing, 63; tail, 34; tarsus, 14.
The female differs but little from the male in plumage; the bars on
the abdomen appear to be a little more strongly defined, and at the base
of the culmen is a small red spot. There are two females in the collec-
tion, the other also having the red spot; in one the tarsi are feathered
to the toes, in the other only for two-thirds their length.
Length of one (fresh), 8 in.; wing, 63; tail, 2£; tarsus, 14.
Length of the other, 84; wing, 64; tail, 3; tarsus, 13.
Mr. Ridgway suggested a comparison with his S. guadeloupensis, the
type of which belongs to the Boston Natural History Society, and by the
courtesy of Dr. Brewer I have been able to make it.
Compared with guwadeloupensis, the prevailing color is dark brown,
instead of a rather light earthy-brown, and the spots on the interscapu-
lar region are much larger ; it is more strikingly barred below, the other
having the breast more spotted ; the bars on the tail are four instead of
six. In the Antigua bird each feather of the breast is crossed with but
one bar, while those of the other are crossed with two. |
= lg
Ss a
%
Be
236 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUY a
Mr. Ober (who arrived here November 13) informs me that he could
learn of no species of Owl inhabiting Guadeloupe, nor does the museum >
there possess a specimen.
Fam. FALCONID A.
15. Pandion haliztus (Linn.).
‘‘Fish Hawk. Seen September 1st.”
16. Tinnunculus sparverius var. antillarum (Gm.).
‘Sparrow Hawk. ‘ Killee, Killee.’
‘In large numbers all over the island. Resident.”
17. Buteo pennsylvanicus (Wils.)?
‘‘ Hawk (seen), resident. Apparently same as the larger hawk of
Dominica.”
18. Falco?
“A large black hawk spoken of as appearing with the flocks of ducks.”
Fam. FREGATID 2.
19. Fregata aquila (Linn.).
‘¢Man o’ war Bird.
‘Resident. Plentiful in harbor of St. John’s.”
Fam. PELECANIDZ.
20. Pelecanus fuscus (Linn.).
‘¢Brown Pelican.
‘ Breeds abundantly on small islands off the coast. Resident.”
Fam. ARDEID AA.
21. Garzetta candidissima (Gm.).
*¢ White Gaulin” Resident.
‘“‘ Everywhere abundant; frequents the dry hills and plains (feeding
upon grasshoppers, lizards, &c.) in preference to the pools and moist
tracts.”
22. Florida cerulea (Linn.).
*“¢ Blue Gaulin.” Resident.
“Abundant. Habits same as the preceding.” |
23. Butorides virescens (Linn.).
‘‘ Green Heron.
“In small numbers. Resident.”
(24. Ardea herodias (Linn.). — |
‘“¢ Great Blue Heron. i i
‘Said to arrive later in the season.” ;
+ he
=)
ee eee
; ra
7 s Wilt 2 a I 1 o> tel .
ES
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 237
Fam. COLUMBID i.
25. Chamezpelia passerina (Linn.).
‘Ground Dove. Abundant everywhere.”
26. Columba leucocephala (Linn.).
‘‘White-headed Pigeon.
‘‘ Rare among the southern hiils. Think this their southern breeding
limit, save perhaps Montserrat.”
27. Zenaida martinicana, Bp.
‘Turtle Dove. Not common among the hills.”
Fam. TETRAONIDZ.
28. Orty=x virginianus (Linn.).
“ Quail.” .
‘The pastures abandoned are fast becoming populated with quail;
the acacia scrub forming agreeable shelter for them and protecting
cover. So far as I can ascertain they were introduced; but at what
period no one seems to know. They are now in sufficient numbers to
make good sport. Think they breed at about the same season as the
northern quail, as young but half-grown were plentiful in July and
August.”
The single specimen sent, a male, resembles most the primitive north-
ern stock ; it differs in being smaller, the skin measuring in length 84
inches, wing 44, and in having the crown and hind neck blackish, in
this character resembling var. floridanus, but not otherwise; the trans-
verse markings below being of the same size as those of the northern
bird, which in the Florida race are twice the width.
In its upper plumage it is much like the male of O. cubanensis Gould (of
which I have mounted specimens of both sexes), but they differ in their
under plumage, the Antigua bird being like O. virginianus, but in O.
cubanensis the black extends from the throat over the breast, and the
feathers of the abdomen are rufous, with arrow-head markings of black
and irregular tear-shaped white spots. The wing measures four inches.
The female of O. cubanensis has transverse markings on the under
surface as in the typical form, but more strongly defined and wider; but
they are not so wide as in var. floridanus; the crown, hind neck, and
sides of the head are blackish where reddish-chestnut prevails in the
northern bird; the back is grayish-ash, with no appearance of the pink-
ish-red, which exists in the female of O. virginianus on the back and on
the upper part and sides of the breast.
Fam. RALLID.ZE.
29. Rallus ?
“Rail. Moor-hen. Resident; plentiful apparently, but shy.”
30. Fulica ?
** Coot.’ Not seen; migrant.”
— ad | air a ale A.
i Pale i “)
, 2° See
2 rei)
238 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Fam. CHARADRITD.
31. Charadrius virginicus, Borkh.
‘‘ Golden Plover.
“Sept. 7th, first of the season; generally arrive by last of August,
or first storm after Aug. 25th. First of September rarely fails to bring —
them, but this year no storm hastened them along and they are very
late. They arrive in large flocks and spread over the pastures, hills
and plains, affording exciting sport. It is not an unusual thing to bag
three or four dozen in a morning. Every one owning a gun turns out,
and great slaughter ensues. If suffered to remain, they would acquire
fat and stay for weeks, but they soon wing their way further south.
‘““They are accompanied later in the season by Curlew, Yellow-legs,
ete.”
Fam. SCOLOPACID.
32. Himantopus nigricollis (Vieill.).
‘¢ Black-neck Stilt.
‘‘Rare; seen early in July.”
33. Gallinago wilsoni (Temm.).
‘‘ Koglish Snipe.
‘*Occasionally; authority of sportsmen.”
34. Ereunetes petrificatus (Ill.).
‘* Sandpiper.
‘Abundant, in flocks of four to six, along sandy shore. Resident.”
35. Symphemia semipalmata (Gm.).
* Willet. Rare.”
36. Gambetta melanoleuca (Gm.),.
‘* Yellow-legs.
“Tn all the salt ponds or ‘fleshes’; sufficiently numerous, at times, to
afford sport; said to be resident in small numbers; I found it here early
in July.”
37. Rhyacophilus solitarius (Wils.).
‘¢ Sandpiper.
‘Not common, but seen singly in every part of the island. I shot
three specimens on the summit of McNish Mountain—the highest hill—
where is a spring-hole of small size. From this mountain, by the way,
the entire island can be viewed, as well as the islands of Barbuda, Gua-
deloupe, Montserrat, Redonda, Nevis and St. Kitts—a most delightful
prospect.”
38. Numenius hudsonicus (Lath.), |
‘Curlew. Not common.” . een
if = *
<=
_—— 4a). Ls ee.
qo ¥ ad. gee
ee ae
Mi ae Ce
i>
yeh haere SS
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 239
Fam. LARID:.
39. Sterna dougalli, Mont.
“Tern.
‘Breeds in large numbers on the islands and rocks off shore; now
finished breeding or young fully grown, though not iu perfect plumage.”
40. Sterna, sp.?
“A larger Tern than the above, with black back; not many seen.
Resident.” ,
41. Larus atricNla (Linn.).
“Gull. Resident.”
Fam. ANATIDA.
42. Dafila bahamensis (Linn.).
“Duck. Resident.”
From Barbuda.
Fam. TURDIDZ.
1. Cinclocerthia ruficauda, Gould.
“Thrush. Grive.”
Fam. SYLVICOLID:.
2. Dendreeca petechia (Linn.).
‘¢ Yellow Warbler.
‘‘ Not plentiful. Resident; breeds.”
Fam. CH#REBIDA.
3. Certhiola dominicana, Taylor.
“ Yellow-throat. Common; resident.”
Fam. FRINGILLIDE.
4. Loxigilla noctis (Linn.).
“Sparrow. Resident; breeds.
‘¢ Now in small flocks in the overgrown fields. Abundant.”
5. Phonipara bicolor (Linn.).
“Grass-bird. Resident; breeds.
‘‘ Very familiar about yards. Abundant.”
Fam. TYRANNID/E.
6. Myiarchus oberi, Lawr.
** Flycatcher.
“‘ Infrequently met with in the thick laurel scrub; cry sharp at long
intervals ; shy.” |
, = wT, wu» —_
240 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSE! oe ee
7. Tyrannus rostratus, Sel.
“+ Loggerhead.’
“ Common; resident; breeds.” *
Fam, TROCHILIDZ:,
8. Eulampis holosericeus (Linn.). |
‘“ Hummingbird.
‘Common, especially about the prickly pear and the cacti near the
beach.”
6. Orthorhynchus exilis (Gm.).
‘* Crested Hummer.
‘* Most numerous. Saw only these two species, but Rev. Mr. Couley
(one of the proprietors) described a larger species, visiting the island
later, resembling exactly (be said) the Mango, of which he had a colored
plate.”
Fam. CUCULID.
10. Coccyzus minor (Gm.).
“Cuckoo; ‘four o’clock bird’; not common.”
Fam. FALCONIDZ.
11. Tinnunculus sparverius var. antillarum (Gm.).
‘“ Sparrow Hawk.
‘Very common; resident; breeds.”
12. Falco communis var. anatum, Bp.?
‘‘ Hawk; auswers to description of Duck Hawk; arrives with the
flocks of Plover, ete., forages upon the wild-ducks.”
Fam. FREGATIDZ,
13. Fregata aquila (Linn.).
* Trigate Bird.
“Resident; breeds, lays in June, some young yet in nest.”
Fam. PHASTHONID AE.
14. Phzthon flavirostris, Brandt.
‘Tropic Bird.
‘* Breeds in cliffs at east end of island.”
Fam. PELECANIDS.
15. Pelecanus fuscus (Linn.).
‘“ Brown Pelican. Breeds.”
Fam. ARDEIDA.
16. Ardea herodias.
‘¢Great Blue Heron. 2? pind
“Arrives with the migratory birds about Sept. 1st.” ¢ RLS Suse .
“
;
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 241
17. Herodias egretta (Gm.)?
‘A large White Heron was described to me as visiting the island.”
18. Florida czrulea (Linn.).
‘‘ Small Blue Heron.
‘Very numerous; resident; young white.”
19. Butorides virescens (Linn.).
‘‘Green Heron. Common; resident, breeds.”
Fam. ANATID/:.
20. Dafila bahamensis (Linn.).
“¢ White throat Duck.” Resident; not common.”
21. Clangula glaucion (Linn.).
‘Whistler. Migrant; arrives in October.”
Fam. COLUMBIDZ:.
22. Columba leucocephala, Linn.
‘‘ White-head Pigeon.
‘‘ Resident; breeds in great numbers in June and July.”
23. Zenaida martinicana, Bp.?
‘Turtle Dove. Extremely abundant; breeds.”
24. Chamezpelia passerina (Linn.).
“Ground Dove. Exceedingly numerous; breeds.”
Fam. NUMIDID.
25. Numida meleagris, Linn.
‘¢Guinea Fowl.
“ Plentiful; breeds abundantly ; thoroughly wild. Introduced over
one hundred years ago.”
Fam. RALLIDZ.
26. Rallus ?
‘Rail. Not common; resident.”
27, Fulica ?
“6 Coot” Migrant.”
Fam. CHARADRITD.
28. Charadrius virginicus, Borkh.
* Golden Plover.
“Arrive in immense flocks first storm (N. W.) after Sept.1st. Good
shooting through September and October if weather is stormy; if fine,
the bulk of them keep on.”
29. Aigialitis semipalmata (Bp.)?
** Ring-neck Plover. Not common.”
Ye
>
a
942 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Fam. SCOLOPACIDA.
30. Himantopus nigricollis (Vieill.).
‘*‘ Black-neck Stilt. Not common. Resident”?
31. Gallinago wilsoni (Temm.). -
‘* Snipe. ,
“A species not seen by me, described by Mr. Hopkins (one of the
lessees of the island) as an English Snipe, in color, flight and voice;
in small numbers ; resident.”
32. Hreunetes petrificatus (IIl.).
‘¢ Least Sandpiper.
** Resident ; breeds; now in flocks of 4-6.”
33. Symphemia semipalmata (Gm.).
‘¢ Willet. Common; said to breed.”
34. Gambetta flavipes (Gm.).
‘‘ Yellow-legs (smaller).
‘‘ Common; resident, or nearly so.”
35. Rhyacophilus solitarius (Wils.) ?
‘¢ Sandpiper.
** Resident; solitary about the lagoons and fresh-water ponds.”
36. Numenius hudsonicus (lath.).
“Curlew. Lesident; breeds; common.”
Fam. LARIDZ.
37. Sterna maxima, Bodd.?
‘** Royal Tern. Seen only.”
38. Larus atricilla, Linn.
“Gull. Breeds; resident.”
Fam. PODICIPITIDZ:.
39. Podilymbus podiceps (Linn. )?
*¢ ¢ Diver’ (Grebe 7).
‘Think it resident, as it is irregular in its appearance and disappear:
ance.” |
New York, November 14, 1878,
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 243
NOTE ON PERCA FLAVESCENS.*
By Dr. FRANZ STEINDACHNER.
Dr. Franz Steindachner, in the Sitzungsberichte of the Vienna
Academy for July, 1878, makes some interesting statements regarding
the American Yellow Perch, of which a translation is given below:—
*‘Perca flavescens of Mitchill, Cuvier, and others, can be regarded only
as a variety of Perca fluviatilis, and the opinion of the ichthyologists
prior to Cuvier was the correct one.
The pronounced striation of the operculum, which is a characteristic
of P. flavescens, is not always present in American specimens, and
Holbrook has already remarked in his description of Perca flavescens
(Ichthyology of South Carolina, p. 3), ‘‘ with radiating striz more or
less distinct.”
During my stay at Lake Winnipiseogee, New Hampshire, I frequently
saw specimens with very indistinctly striated, or with perfectly smooth
opercles. A much stronger argument for the identity of Perca flavescens
with Perca fluviatilis lies in the fact that in the vicinity of Vienna
occasional individuals with more or less strongly furrowed opercles are
taken, and also in the Neusiedler Sea; in the Sea of Baikal and its
tributaries I obtained several specimens with very strongly striated
opercles. During my travels in England I was able to find only the
typical European form of Perca fluviatilis with the smooth opercle.
In my opinion, only two species of Perca can be distinguished, namely,
Perca fluviatilis, Linn., with two not very sharply defined varieties, viz,
var. europea and var. flavescens or americana, and the high northern form
Perca Schrenkii, Kessl.
In the number of longitudinal and vertical rows of scales, Perca
fluviatilis cannot be distinguished from P. flavescens, both varieties
having 7 to 10 (generally 7-9) scales between the base of the first dorsai
spine and the lateral line, in a vertical row.
In Western North America there are known no members of Perca or
any nearly allied genus, while in South America the rivers of Southern
and Middle Chili and of Patagonia are inhabited by several (apparently
only two) species of the Perca-like genera Percichthys and Percilia.”
* Prepared by G. Brown Goode.
-
244 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
ON THE DESTRUCTION OF FISH IN THE VICINITY OF THE TORTUGAS
DURING THE MONTHS OF SEPTEMBER AND OCTOBER, 1878.
By Lieut. J. P. JEFFERSON, Dr. JOSEPH Y. PORTER, and
THOMAS MOORE.
The following information, relative to the dying of fish in the Gulf of
Mexico during the month of September last, will be found of much
interest, as bearing upon the sudden destruction in large numbers of
marine animals, and their accumulation in geological strata.—EDITOR.
Fort JEFFERSON, Dry TortuGAs, FLA.,
October 16, 1878.
I have the honor to enclose herewith the skin of a fish* which was
found on the beach here. I send it because many old fishermen say that
they never before saw one like it. Some five or six were picked up
from a multitude of other fish; and to report this great mortality
among them is my principal reason for addressing you. Some three or
four weeks ago, the fishing-smacks over in Florida Bay lost about all
their fish in their wells, and attributed it to fresh water, which they sup-
posed had from some cause or other come down in great volume from
the mainland. On the 9th instant, the sailing-vessel which connects us
with Key West met water of a dark color about midway between
here and there, but saw no dead fish. On her return, on the night
of the 11th, she struck it off Rebecca Shoals, about 25 miles east
of here, and found it extending some 10 miles out in the Gulf. That
same night it came down upon us here, and the next morning the beach
and surface of the water, as far as the eye could reach, were covered with
dead fish. The appearance of the water had entirely changed ; instead
of the usual clear blue or green, it was very dark, like cypress water,
and when viewed at depths over 10 feet, was almost black, precisely
like the Saint John’s River. We could not perceive any change in the
saltness of the water but not having any other means of determining
this, had to depend upon taste. There was no appreciable change in
temperature. From the fact that almost all the fish that first came -
ashore were small and of such varieties as frequent shoal water, I infer
that the dark water must have been of less density than the sea; still,
great numbers of “ grouper” have been seen, and these are generally
found in 3 or 4 fathoms, I believe. The destruction must have been
very great, for here, on a key containing but a few acres, and with a
very limited extent of beach, we have buried at least twenty cart-loads;
they have come ashore in such numbers that it has been a serious mat-
ter how to dispose of them.
*This on examination by Professor Gill was pronounced to be Aulostoma coloratum, — ,
=" . ae, ene eS! F 7
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 245
It is said that in 1856 or ’57 there was a similar occurrence of limited
extent over in the bay, and frequently the smacks fishing near shore
wlong the coast meet fresh water which kills their fish; but all the fish-
ermen here unite in saying that nothing of this kind has ever, to their
knowledge, happened out on the reef. As to the extent of this I have
no means of knowing; will endeavor to have forwarded with this, how-
ever, copies of the Key West papers, which will probably contain a more
complete account than I have been able to give. One other fact in con-
nection with this: among the dead fish were mullet, which, I believe,
run up fresh- or brackish-water streams. Almost all the conchs around
here were killed also. Whether or not sponges, coral, &c., have been
affected, we have not been able to determine, the weather having been
too rough to visit the beds.
I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
J. P. JEFFERSON,
Lieutenant Fifth United States Artillery.
To Professor BAIRD.
FoRT JEFFERSON, DRY TORTUGAS, FLORIDA,
November 4, 1878.
PROFESSOR: I have taken the liberty to forward you, by express from
Key West, a box containing two “ribbon fish” preserved in alcohol.
. One of them was brought over to me by Mr. Moore, lighthouse-keeper
at Loggerhead Light. The remaining specimen of ‘ribbon fish” in the
jar (which is perfect) was picked up on a neighboring key thisa.m. I
am informed that these fish are a rare species, and very seldom seen.
The destruction of fish in Florida Bay and in this vicinity has been
great this season. I obtained some sea-water, but not having the appli-
ance for analyzing it, I have also taken the liberty to enclose it in the
same box with the jar of fish.
Should you discover anything abnormal in the water which will ac-
count for the recent destruction of the fish in this vicinity, I will be
under many obligations if you will inform me.
JOSEPH Y. PORTER,
Assistant Surgeon, U. S. Army, Post Surgeon.
P. 8.—Since writing the above, Mr. Moore brought me some
curious specimens of fish;* and a curious eel-like fish with but one eye,
evidently an abnormality, has been found, which I have also enclosed
in the box.
* The following is a list of species of fishes forwarded by Dr. Porter.—Eprror.
Aulostoma coloratum, Miill. & Trosch. Monacanthus pardalis, Riipp.
Dactylopterus volitans, (Linn.) Lac. Blepharichthys crinitus, (Akerly) Gill.
Ceratacanthus aurantiacus, (Mitch.) Gill. Belone sp. (head).
2946 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
The dark cypress looking water previously alluded to made its appear-
ance here a day or so ago, but did not fortunately remain more than 24 —
hours, but during that period there was again destruction of fish.
Oct. 11th, at 7 a. m., saw the water a very dark color and dead fish
drifting southwest; 9a. m., dead fish on the beach and drifting by as
far as we could see east and west of the Key.
Oct. 12th, 4 p. m., fish of all kinds on the beach, weighing from a few
grains up to Jewfish, weighing about 150 lbs.
Oct. 13, 14, 15, and 16.—Dead fish drifting on this Key and at Fort
Jefferson, distance from this Key 3? miles.
Names of some of the dead fish :—
Jewfish, Common Garfish,
t
|
|
Yellow Tails, Sucking Fish,
Mutton Fish, Lump Suckers,
Grouper, Mureena,
Skipjack, Armed Enoplossus,
Runners, Pennant’s Globe Fish,
Grunts, Horned Ostracion,
Porgie, Great Pipe Fish,
Pogie, Porcupine Fish,
Three-tailed Porgee, Ribbon Fish,
and fish we call Parrot, and numberless fish I have no name for. There
is a fish called Snapper that we could not find dead, and have not seen
since alive up to the 27th, but the water remains quite clear.
Oct. 30 and 31.—The water colored a light brown. I do not see any
fish dead or alive.
THOMAS MOORE,
Keeper of Loggerhead Light, Florida.
Canthorinus occidentalis, (Giinther). Heliastes insolatus ?, Cuv. & Val.,—= Chromis
Tetrodon levigatus, (Linn.) Gill. ( fide Gill).
Chilichthys testudineus, (L.) Miill. Pomacentrus leucostictus, Miill. & Trosch.
Ostracium quadricorne, Linn. Apogon sp., probably imberbis.
Acanthurus nigricans, Linn. Pareques acuminatus, (Bl. Sch.) Gill.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 247
DESCRIPTIONS OF SEVERAL NEW SPECIES AND GEOGRAPHICAL
RACES OF BIRDS CONTAINED IN THE COLLECTION OF THE
UNITED STATES NATIONAL WIUSEUM.
By ROBERT RIDGWAY.
RHODINOCICHLA ROSEA.
Specimens of this species from Western Mexico, while agreeing with
Central American ones in the color of the throat, breast, etc., differ very
conspicuously in their upper plumage, which is a clear slate-color, the
flanks almost cinereous instead of dusky black. This difference is
entirely constant in the four specimens before me, compared with five of
the typical form. The Northern form being unnamed, it may be char-
acterized as follows :—
Rhodinocichla rosea, 3. schistacea (Ridgw. MS.).
Cu.—Above clear slate-color, the wings darker, with paler, nearly
cinereous edges to the feathers; lores and auriculars dark slate; entire
sides clear slate, becoming more ashy on the flanks. Adult male: A con-
tinuous superciliary stripe, the anterior half of which is intense rose-
red, the posterior half rosy-white; chin, throat, malar region, middle
of the jugulum, breast, and abdomen, and the whole crissum, pure,
beautiful rose-red, most intense on the jugulum, narrower and paler on
the abdomen ; edge of the wing and anterior lesser coverts also pure
rose-red; lining of the wing partly grayish-white. Adult female: Simi-
lar, but the red replaced by rich, tawny rufous, the middle of the abdo-
men whitish. Bill horn-yellowish, the maxilla mostly dusky ; iris red
(Xantus, MS.) or brown (Grayson, MS.); feet dark horn-color. Length,
8.25; wing, 3.45-3.60; tail, 3.75-3.90 ; bill, from nostril, .60-.65 ; tarsus,
1.00; middle toe, .70-.75. Hab—Western Mexico (Sierra Madre of
Colima, Xantus; Rio Mazatlan, Grayson).
The distinctive characters of the two forms may be contrasted as
follows :—
a. rosea.—Upper parts, sides, and flanks sooty-black, the flanks scarcely paler. Wing,
3.25-3.45; tail, 3.40-3.80; bill, from nostril, .52-.60; tarsus, 1.00-1.10; middle toe,
.70-.80. Hab.—Central America (Panama; Veragua).
B. schistacea.—Upper parts, sides, and flanks clear slate-color, the flanks almost cinere-
ous. Wing, 3.45-3.60; tail, 3.75-3.90; bill, from nostril, .60-.65; tarsus, 1.00; mid-
dle toe, .70-.75. Hab.—Western Mexico.
In R&. schistacea, the red is very slightly paler than in R. rosea, but the
difference can be appreciated only on close comparison; the rufous in
the female, however, is equally deep. The number of tail-feathers is
occasionally 13, this being the number possessed by specimen 30,160.
A note on the label of Colonel Grayson’s male specimen is to the effect
that the species is ‘‘a superb singer”.
248 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
a. Tosed.
Hath 1 U.S ecs-| OF 80. | PADRAIG 2.2.0. inecac se ah eeeeonlE ee eee 3.45 | 3.80 | 0.60 | 1.00 | 0.70
45620 | USS". .2.|'\o' ad: | Veragua (Santa H6) 6. cee oleae bemreettee a 3: 35 4.'3.. 704 0) 55°) 105s Oa
Peis 2 R.R ....] oO ad. |.--2--dO. a. wee ondismcs seawde sce: |enpnisuisiois ls tei] Ont. mem 0 iD min ener
53910 oS wesc] O AG.) Panama) .ccciec cease cio no steven | eee eee 3.25 | 3.40 | 0.52 | 1.00 | 0.75
45627 | U.S....| 9 ad. | Veragna, (Santa F6) 0: oc penleeneeeeee Peal 3.25 | 3.75 | 0.52 | 1.05] 0.75
iy
30160 | U.S ....| & ad. | Sierra Madre, Colima ........ Apr. —, 1863 | 3. 45 | 3.90 | 0.60 | 1.00 | 0. 70
8$4057'| US... ad. |" Mazatlan: 2.2. 2 teecee cess vee June —, 1862 | 3.50 | 3.80 |...... 1.00 | 0.70
30161 | U S....| of ad. | Sierra Madre, Colima ........ Apr. —, 1663 | 3.60 | 3.75 | 0.65 | 1.00 | 0.75
34058") U: 5 ...i} 2 ad. | Maza eee. eee eee er June —, 1862 | 3.45 | 3.75 |...... 1.00 | 0.70
EMBERNAGRA RUFIVIRGATA, Lawr.
Specimens from Merida, Yucatan, of which there are three before me,
differ from all other Mexican examples in the collection, as well as those
from Texas, in the very sharp definition and dark color of the stripes
on the crown, these being a very dark brown—almost black—anteriorly,
the broad stripe between a pure ash-gray, without a trace of olivaceous
tinge. The bill is also very much darker in color, the maxilla being quite
black in some examples, while the feet are also of a darker brown color.
In the light grayish color of the flanks and the very pale buff of the cris-
sum, these Merida examples agree much more closely with Texas speci-
mens than those from Mexico.
Mexican examples are like those from Texas in the character of the
head-stripes and in the color of the bill and feet, but they are very
different in their lower plumage, not only from the true rujivirgata, but
also from the Yucatan race, the flanks being a dark raw-umber tint, or
deep drab, almost like the back, and in strong contrast with the white
of the abdomen, while the crissum is of a deep fulvous, or dark grayish-
buff.
It thus appears that three well-marked geographical races of this
speies may be defined, their characters being as follows :—
A. Maxilla reddish-brown; legs and feet pale brown. Stripes of the head not sharply
defined, uniform reddish umber-brown, the broad vertical stripe olive-
green throughout, or only tinged with ash anteriorly.
a. rufivirgata.—Bill slender, its depth .25, the length of the maxilla from the
nostril to the tip being .35-.38. Flanks pale grayish-buff, or light grayish-
fulvous; crissum pale buff. Wing, 2.60-2.65; tail, 2.50-2.70; tarsus,
.90-.95; middle toe, .60. Hab.—Rio Grande Valley of Texas.
B. crassirostris.—Bill very stout, its depth .28-.33, the length of the maxilla from
the nostril to the tip being .35-.40. Flanks deep drab, or raw-umber
brown; crissum deep fulvous. Wing, 2.55-2.75; tail, 2.30-2.70; tarsus,
.85-.90; middle toe, .58-.65. Hab.—Mexico.
B. Maxilla dark brown, or brownish-black ; legs and feet deep brown. Stripes of the
head sharply defined, black anteriorly, chestnut mixed with black pos--
teriorly, the broad vertical stripe clear ash-gray throughout.
y. verticalis—Bill slender, as in rufivirgata, its depth being .26-.28; its length from
the nostril .35-40. Flanks and crissum pale, as in rufivirgata. Wing,
2.50-2.68; tail, 2.60-2.80; tarsus, .85-.95; middle toe, 60. Hab.—Merida,
Yucatan.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 249
Following is a list of the specimens examined :—
a. rufivirgata.
eb sis
| = mM Zs
_~ i] = i)
| aie ihe, a EE
te Reels GB TiP aan T TS 2: Hates ee eens| 2. 60:)/2. 50; }.0. 38,5¢.0. 254] 0, 98]. . 0:60
Sesete Reese Go ake We Gs tenant oe? 28. 1876) 2: Go |) 2 70 10. 35 X 0.25 | 09a" | ~ 0.60
: * The first number indicates the length of the bill from the nostril; the second, its depth through the
ase.
B. crassirosiris.
=o IG.NLL.. Jo ad. | CGEEGD YALE sc enon as Sasa eee et ot ee | 1: SBS"! 0. 40< 05321; 0:90'1 0:60
29229 | U.S..... O-ads | Onizabaic..s.cusnascauae May 4, 1858 | 2. = 2.40 | 0.35 0.30} 0.85 | 0.65
22443 | U.S..... oh ade oo Mesioe”? 22 pbs 2s )C Obese ses 2.55 | 2.70 | 0.38 0.33} 0:90] 0.65
23890 | U.S..... Q ad. | Venado Island, W. Mex.i; June —, 1861 | 2. 60 2.36 | 0.35> 0.28] 0.90} 0.58
tThis specimen is somewhat intermediate in coloration between rujivirgata and crassirostris, but
seems decidedly nearer the former. It differs from both, however, in the very sharp definition of the
stripes on the head, which, however, are clear, uniform chestnut, and in the bright buff-yellow cast of
the crissum and tibia. It is quite possible that this specimen, which is not in good condition, may rep-
resent a fourth race, peculiar to Western Mexico.
y. verticalis.
39282 | U.S..... Q ad. 2an) Yucatan -...... May 25,1865 | 2.50 | 2.60 | 0.350. 26
37894 | U.S..... OB! enn ans ilk mated te senses Feb. 23) 1865 | 2.60 | 2.80 | 0.400. 28 0.90 | 0. 60
angerea EK. -:- g EL RORMORET: © RR pie Aaa fs Ie Bard 2.68 | 2.75 | 0.40 0.28) 0.95 | 0.60
l
Following are the chief references to this species :—
a. rufivirgata.
Embernagra rufivirgata, Lawr., Aun. Lye. N. Y. April 28, 1851, 112, pl. v, fig. 2 (Rio
Grarde, Texas).—BatrD, B. N. Am. 1858, 487 (Ringgold Barracks, Texas ; Nuevo
Leon, N. E. Mexico); Mex. Bound Survey, I, Birds, 1859, 16, pl. xvii, fig. 2;
Cat. N. Am. B. 1859, No. 373.—BuTcHER, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1868, 150 (La-
redo, Texas).—CoukEs, Key, 1872, p. — ; Check List, 1873, No. 209.—B. B. & R.
Hist. N. Am. B. II, 1874, 47, pl. xxviii, fig. 3—-MERRILL, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,
I, Nov. 1876, 89 (Ft. Brown, Texas; descr. nest and eggs); Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus. I, 1878, p. 128 (Ft. Brown, Tex.; biogr.).—SENNETT, Bull. U. S. Geol.
and Geog. Survey Terr. IV, No. 1, 1878, 22 (Brownsville and Hidalgo, Texas;
common).
Brown-striped Olive Finch, Lawrn,, l. ¢.
>
Texas Finch, BatrpD, l. c.
Green Finch, COUES, l.c.
B. crassirostris.
? “ Zonotrichia plebeja, Licut.”, Bonap., Compt. Rend. XLIII, 1856, 413.*
““ Embernagra rufivirgata”, SCL., 'P. Z.8. 1856, 306 (Cordova); 1859, 380 (Playa Vicente) ;
Catal. 1861, 117, No. 709 (Orizaba).—Lawnr., Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 4, 1876,
22 (Huemelula, Isth. Tehuantepec).—Sumicur., Mem. Bost. Soc. I, 1869, 551
(Vera Cruz; temp. and hot reg., up to 1,200 metres).
Embernagra rujivirgata var. crassirostris, BAIRD, MS.
y. verticalis
+: “ Embernagra rufivirgata”, LAwn., Ann. Lye. N. Y. IX, 1869 (Merida, Yucatan).
eT; Ihave at present no means of verifying this reference, and therefore adopt, ptovi-
sionally at least, Professor Baird’s MS. name of crassirostris.
tte S? a
VR lels ba gy
~ <i.
250 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
LOXIGILLA VIOLACEA.
A specimen of this species from the Bahamas differs from Jamaican
examples in larger bill and feet and much more intensely black plum-
age; the chestnut-red of the throat, etc., being also deeper and richer.
These differences being probably geographical, the Bahaman form seems
entitled to a distinctive name, and I therefore propose that of baha-
mensis.
The characters of the two races may be defined as follows:—
a. violacea.—Plumage of the body more or less decidedly slaty posteriorly ; lining of
the wing white. Throat, eyebrow, and crissum bright cinnamon-rufous. Wing,
3.00-3.30; tail, 2.90-3.20; bill, from nostril, .40-.45; depth of bill, .40-.48; tar-
sus, .70-.80; middle toe, .55-.60. =Hab.—Jamaica.
3. bahamensis.—Plumage of the body lustrous black posteriorly; lining of the wing
dark grayish. Throat, eyebrow, and crissum rich purplish rufous. Wing, 3.25;
tail, 2.95; bill, from culmen, .45; depth of bill, .50; tarsus, .85; middle toe, .65.
Hab.—Bahamas. (Type, 74,707, Nat. Mus. Bahamas; Dr. Bryant.)
a. violacea.
|
74711 U.S. .coslugt OG. | pe dee noe eae oe Feb. —, 1865} 3.30 | 3.20 | 0.45 0.48] 0.80] 0.60
ae R.B....-| & Oh [cae to eee (2) 3.00 | 2.90 | 0.40 0.40] 0.70} 0.55
1800 | aR. 22: D BG. 4d ccc BOe ts J.53552- been Aug. 8,1859/ 3.10 | 3.00 | 0.42 0.40} 0.80] 06.60
B. bahamensis.
74107 |v-s sale | Jo ad. | BSRAINGS foo ks ob vetnct Z | (2) | 3. 25 | 2. 95 [o, 450.50} 0.85 | 0. 65
|
ANAS ABERTI (Ridg., MS.).
Sp. cH.—Adult female: Size of Querquedula discors and cyanoptera,
but in coloration closely resembling A. fulvigula. Prevailing color och-
raceous-buff, but this everywhere relieved by brownish-black spots or
streaks. Head, neck, and lower parts streaked, the streaks finest on
the neck and sides of the head, broadest on the jugulum and crissum,
which is somewhat tinged with rusty, and assuming the form of oblong
spots on the abdomen, thighs, and anal region; throat immaculate:
Back, scapulars, and rump with the blackish predominating ; the feath-
ers bordered with ochraceous; those of the back and the scapulars
with irregular indentations and occasional bars of the same. Lesser
wing-coverts brownish-slate, bordered with dull earthy-brown; middle
coverts with their exposed portion velvety-black, forming a distinct bar.
Secondaries widely tipped with pure white (forming a conspicuous band
about .35 of an inch wide), this preceded by a velvety-black bar of
about equal width, the basal half or more (of the exposed portion) con-
sisting of a metallic speculum of dark grass-green, varying to blue and
violet in certain lights. Tertials opaque velvety-black exteriorly, the
inner webs brownish-slate; primary-coverts and primaries brownish-
slate, the Jatter edged with lighter. Tail brownish-gray, the feathers
«
*
A ain" —_.
’
’
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STAIES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 251
edged and coarsely spotted with light buff. Bill light yellowish-brown,
darker on the culmen, the unguis dusky; feet light yellowish (probably
orange in life). Wing, 8.50; tail, 3.25; culmen, 1.65; greatest width of
the bill, .60; depth of maxilla through the base, .50; tarsus, 1.30; mid-
dle toe, 1.70.
Type, No. 12,789, U. S. Nat. Mus.; Mazatlan, Mexico; Colonel Abert.
REMARKS.—This remarkable little duck is very different from any
other species known to me. In its small size, and, to a certain extent,
the narrow bill, it is like the species of Querquedula, but its coloration
calls instantly to mind the Anas fulvigula from Florida, and the species
from the Sandwich Islands, recently described by Mr. Sciater. The
specimen is marked as being a female, so it is possible that the male
may be more brilliant in plumage.
In addition to the characters given above, it may be mentioned that
there is a distinct indication of a narrow, dusky, postocular streak, and
of a wider and less distinct loral stripe, thus separating a light super-
ciliary stripe from the light color of the cheeks. The lining of the wing
and the axillars are pure white, the latter with a segregation of dusky
spots near the carpo-metacarpal joint.
In the collection of the National Museum, there is a female specimen
of the recently described Anas wyvilliana of the Sandwich Islands.
Mr. Sclater’s description was fortunately seen just in time to prevent the
renaming of the species. Since Mr. Sclater describes only the male,
however, a description of the opposite sex, which seems to differ but lit-
tle in coloration, may not be out of place in this connection :—
ANAS WYVILLIANA, Sclater.”
Adult female: Smaller than A. boschas or A. obscura, but somewhat
resembling the female of the former in plumage, being much darker,
however. Prevailing color a mixture of rusty ochraceous and brownish
dusky, the latter predominating on the upper surface, the former on the
lower, the abdomen considerably paler. Eyelids pure white, forming
a distinct but narrow orbital ring. Head and neck finely and densely
streaked with blackish and pale ochraceous, the pileum nearly uni-
form blackish; jugulum and breast with broad crescentic or U-shaped
marks of dusky, each enclosing a cuneate or oblong longitudinal spot
of the same along the shaft; abdomen and anal region thickly spotted
with lighter grayish-brown ; flanks with markings similar to those on
the breast, but much larger ; crissum strongly tinged with bright rusty,
the larger feathers uniform black towards ends. Back and scapulars
dusky, the feathers with ochraceous borders, enclosing another V- or U-
shaped mark of the same; rump blackish, the feathers with only the
external ochraceous border; upper tail-coverts blackish, marked much
like the scapulars, only more irregularly. Tail brownish-slate, the
feathers edged with whitish, and with three or four narrow bars of pale
*P. Z.S. Mar. 19, 1878, p. 350.
252 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. .
buff (V-shaped) on each feather, more apparent on the outer rectrices.
Lesser wing-coverts dark grayish-brown, distinctly bordered with dull
boos ; middle coverts with the concealed portion brownish-gray;
this succeeded by a paler grayish shade, the most of the exposed portion
being opaque velvety-black, forming a distinct broad band; secondaries
metallic dark bluish-green, changing to blue and violet, this succeeded
by a subterminal band of opaque velvety-black, about .25 in width, and
this by a terminal band of pure white of the same width; outer webs
of the two lower tertials opaque black, the rest grayish-brown, more
brown on outer webs; primaries brownish-slate, with slightly paler
edges. Bill dusky (probably dark olivaceous in life); legs and feet light
yellowish-brown (probably orange in life). Wing, 9.00; tail, 3.65; cul-
men, 1.75; greatest width of bill, .68; depth of maxilla, through base,
00; tarsus, 1.40; middle toe, 1.70. [Described from No. 20,319 U.S.
Nat. Mus.|
Unlike the somewhat similar species from Mazatlan (A. aberti), as well
as the female of A. boschas and both sexes of A. fulvigula, the whole
throat is densely streaked, like the neck. The entire lining of the wing,
with the axillars, is pure white, as in allied species.
Gray’s Hand-list quotes, under A. boschas, an “A. freycineti, Bp.”, with
the locality ‘‘ Sandwich I.” standing opposite. No indication is given,
however, as to where Bonaparte’s bird is described, and I have been
unable to find any further clue. Should the locality of ‘A. freycineti” be
the Sandwich Islands, it is very probable that this is the same species.
The female of A. wyvilliana scarcely needs comparison with that of
A. boschas. It is much smaller, the colors altogether darker, the specu-
lum green instead of violet, and preceded by a wide Diack instead of a
wide white bar. The white ocular ring is also a peculiar feature,
NOVEMBER 18, 1878.
DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF BIRDS FROM COSTA
RICA, AND NOTES ON OTHER RARE SPECIES FROM THAT
COUNTRY.
By ROBERT RIDGWAY.
A small collection of birds brought from Costa Rica by Mr. José C.
Zeledon includes several exceedingly rare and interesting species,
among which may be mentioned a young male of Oarpodectes nitidus,
a second specimen of Porzana cinereiceps, Lawr., the recently described
“Zonotrichia” vulcani, and Phenoptila melanoxantha, besides Pyrgisoma
capitalis, Panterpe insignis, Geotrygon costaricensis, etc. In addition to
the above are the two followiug, which are believed to be undescribed :—
1.—THRYOPHILUS ZELEDONI (Lawrence, MS.).
Sp. cH.—Wing, 2.50-2.60; tail, 2.15-2.45; bill, from nostril, .48—-. ies
tarsus, 1.00; middle toe, .62-.65,
ON dt aes Ne oh i ee
d
,
a
-
eel
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 253
Above brownish-slate, becoming more olivaceous on the rump, upper
tail-coverts, and tail. Remiges with very indistinct (scarcely observable)
darker bars. Tail heavily but somewhat irregularly barred with dusky
black, the black bars about as wide as the interspaces. A sharply defined
and conspicuous superciliary stripe of white; a wide stripe of brownish-
slate (like the crown) along upper half of the auriculars. Chin, throat,
cheeks, and lower parts in general grayish-white, with a faint grayish
wash across the jugulum, more distinct on the sides of the breast. Flanks,
anal region, and crissum light fulvous. Lining of the wing grayish-
white. [Type in Mus. R. R.]
This well-marked species, although perhaps most like TZ. modestus
(Caban.), is very distinct from that bird. The size is much greater, the
plumage altogether grayer, and the bars on the tail broader and more
sharply defined. Their characters may be more precisely contrasted, as
follows :—
T. modestus.—Wing, 2.30; tail, 2.25-2.35; bill, from nostril, .40-.45; tarsus, .80-.90;
middle toe, .52-.58. Above, grayish-umber, becoming gradually more grayish
on the pileum. Tail cinnamon-umber, with parrow and rather indistinct bars
of blackish less than half as wide as the interspaces. Lower parts buffy-white,
without grayish shade across the jugulum; sides, flanks, and anal region, and
crissum deep ochraceous. Hab.—Highlands of Costa Rica.
T. zeledoni.m—Wing, 2.50-2.60; tail, 2.15-2.45; bill, from nostril, .48-.50; tarsus, 1.00;
middle toe, .62-.65. Above, brownish-slate, more olivaceous posteriorly. Tail gray-
ish-brown, with broad and sharply defined bars of blackish, equal in width to the
interspaces. Lower parts grayish-white, with a distinct grayish shade across the
jugulum ; flanks, anal region, and crissum light grayish-fulvous. Hab.—Atlantic
lowlands of Costa Rica.
2.—PSEUDOCOLAPTES LAWRENCII (Ridgway, MS.).
Sp. co.—Wing, 4.15-4.35; tail, 4.15-4.30; bill, from nostril, .50; tar-
sus, 1.00-1.05; middle toe, .68-.70. Primaries, primary-coverts, greater
and middle wing-coverts brownish-black, the first more brownish ; both
rows of wing-coverts tipped with bright ochraceous. Tufts on sides of
neck creamy buff.
Adult: Pileum, nape, and auriculars brownish-black, streaked with
rusty-fulvous ; nape more conspicuously streaked with light fulvous or
buff; a narrow superciliary streak of buff. Back, scapulars, lesser wing-
coverts, and tertials ferrugineous, the feathers of the back very indis-
tinctly bordered terminally with dusky. Rump, upper tail-coverts, and
tail bright brick-rafous, immaculate. Chin, throat, and sides of the
neck creamy-buff, the latter deepest, and immaculate; the throat faintly
barred with dusky ; jugulum and breast Jight buff, the feathers bordered
with dusky, producing a conspicuously siriped appearance—the dusky
prevailing laterally, the buff medialiy; middle of the abdomen plain
deep buff. Sides and flanks ferrugineous, considerably lighter than the
back; crissum plain rusty-ochraceous. Bill blackish, the gonys whit-
ish. Feet horn-color (greenish-olive in life). Iris dark brown.
254 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ;
Immature: Similar, but pileum and auriculars plain brownish-black;
chin and throat more heavily marked (squamated) with dusky, and sides
brighter rufous. Superciliary streak obsolete, except above the auricu-
lars. |
Hab.—La Palma and Navarro, Costa Rica (altitude about 3,500-5,000
feet).
The most striking characters of the two known species of this genus
may be contrasted as follows :—
P. boissoneauti.—Tufts on side of neck pure white. Primaries and wing-coverts fer-
rugineous-umber. Jugulum faintly squamated with dusky. Hab.—New Granada
and Ecuador.
P. lawrenciit.—Tufts on side of neck creamy-buff. Primaries and wing-coverts brown-
ish-black. Jugulum heavily striped with dusky. Hab.—Costa Rica.
The proportions of both species are exceedingly variable, as may be
seen from the accompanying table of measurements, and are therefore
of no use as specific characters.
The new form (P. lawrencii) was also obtained by Mr. A. Boucard at
Navarro, Costa Rica, but that gentleman evidently overlooked the more
important differences of plumage, though he alludes to the different color
of the neck-tufts (Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond. 1878, p. 59), adding that he does
not ‘‘ for the present consider this difference sufficient to make another
species of it”.
Following is a more detailed description of P. boissoneauti, and tables
of measurements of both species.
PSEUDOCOLAPTES BOISSONEAUTI, Lafr.
SP. CH.—Wing, 3.85-4.65; tail, 3.70-4.60; bill, from nostril, .42-.70;
tarsus, .95-1.10; middle toe, .58-.70. Primaries and wing-coverts umber-
brown, like the tertials; primary-coverts, dusky. Tufts on sides of
neck pure white.
Adult: Pileum, auriculars, nape, and anterior portion of back brown-
ish-black; streaked with pale fulvous, these streaks much broader,
and very conspicuous, on the nape and back. Lower part of back,
scapulars, and wings ferruginous-umber, the middle and greater coverts
tipped with fulvous. Rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail deep brick-
rufous, immaculate. A narrow superciliary streak of pale buff. Chin
and throat white; neck-tufts pure silky white. Jugulum and breast
buffy white, or very pale buff, faintly squamated with dusky, these
markings heavier on sides of the breast. Rest of lower parts plain
ochraceous-rufous, slightly paler on the middle of the abdomen. Bill
black; lower half of mandible whitish.
Young: Pileum and auriculars plain brownish-black ; superciliary
stripe obsolete, except above the auriculars. Bill wholly black, but
somewhat paler on gonys.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 255
P. boissoneauti.
|
|
|
}
ongves G.N.L : Juv. Bogota, ro RR 4.15 | 4.20 | ee ee
eee G.N.L..| 2 ad. ceeee dO. seeeeereeeeeeececeteee|seeeee eens see: 3.85 | 4.00 | 0.62 | 1.00 | 0.60
ee U.S... ad. |....:- TE A ie pa ees ee ae ieee 3,590.13, | 0.70 |.0.95.)..-..-
47076 | U.S i ee a2 Sea eee aes 4.50 | 4.55 | 0.48 | 0.95 | 0.58
ay. G.N.L..| 2 ad. |...-.-d0...2..22.0202-22. ees se |eseeee---eeeee| 4.50 | 4.40 | 0.48 | 1.00 | 0. 60
ease fei y ad. | Quite, MeuneOl non; nn d2ccedsecs sca. -o--| 4.10.) 00-1060 | 1.00 |..-..-
f5272 | U.S.....| — ad. : ee Ss ED ALL, TS Pret ROM eae 4.65 | 4.30 | 0.52 | 1.10} 0.62
63922 | U.S... serpal. bassuls ee ea 0 EES SETS 5 4.60 | 4.60 | 0.52 | 1.10 | 0.70
30945 | U.S...-. aay re oF ope G20 Ea LE gs | a he 4.40 | 4.50 | 0.50 | 1.10} 0.65
|
P. lawrencii.
“aes es... fof pele oe ck ow ec poor BP ee eet 4B. |S 415) O50: T0086) 0270
let, Ca pom Rm ses ee ee | 4. 8 480 | O50 | 1,05.) 0. 68
CARPODECTES NITIDUS.—A presumed young male of this excessively
rare species, from Pacuare, Costa Rica, resembles the adult male, except
that the terminal half (of the exposed portion) of the primaries is uni-
form dusky blackish, while the secondaries have a considerable part of
their concealed portion dusky, the amount decreasing toward the inner
ones, the tertials being entirely white; the primary-coverts have also
their terminal half grayish dusky, while of the alule one feather on
one side and two on the other are of the same color. The rump is also
somewhat obscured by a grayish tinge. The pileum seems to be of a
deeper shade of fine pearl-blue in this specimen than in an adult male
in the National Museum from Nicaragua. Mr. Zeledon’s specimen
measures as follows:—Wing, 5.40; tail, 3.00; bill, from nostril, .45;
tarsus, .95; middle toe, .85.
. JUNCO VULCANI (Boucard).—This interesting new species was origi-
nally discovered by Mr. Zeledon in 1873, but the specimens which were
then forwarded by him to the Smithsonian Institution, along with other
Species then new, but since, like the present one, rediscovered, never
reached their destination. Specimens more recently collected by Mr.
Zeledon are now before me, and upon examination I find that the spe-
cies should be referred to the genus Junco, rather than to Zonotrichia.
In fact, it agrees perfectly in its generic characters with the former,
except that the back is streaked, while there is no white on the lateral
tail-feathers. Like J. cinereus of the highlands of Mexico, and J. alti-
cola of Guatemala, it has a bright yellow iris. Its alpine habitat—
the summit of the Volcan de Irazu—still further favors this view of its
affinities.
NOVEMBER 18, 1878.
256 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO GADOID FISHES, PHYCIS CHESTER AND ~
HMALOPORPHYRUS VIOLA, FROM THE DEEP-SEA FAUNA OF THE
NORTHWESTERN ATLANTIC.
By G. BROWN GOODE and TARLETON H. BEAN.
Three specimens of an undescribed species of Phycis were obtained
by the U. S. Fish Commision during the past season. The larger one
measured 0.242™ without caudal and two others respectively 0.143" and
0.128". The former is the basis of the following diagnosis; the others
being evidently immature and having the characteristics of the species,
especially the length of the fin-filaments, less pronounced.
Phycis Chesteri, sp. nov.
Head contained in body (without caudal) 44 times, height of body 5
times. Diameter of orbit in length of head 34 times, maxillary twice.
Barbel about one-third of diameter of orbit. Vent situated under 12th
ray of second dorsal, and equidistant from tip of snout and end of second
dorsal. Distance of dorsal fin from snout equal to twice the length of the
mandible; the third ray of the first dorsal isextremely elongate, extending
to a point (33d ray of second dorsal) two-thirds of the distance from snout
to tip of caudal, its length more than twice that of the head, and more than
four times as long as the rays immediately preceding and following it.
Anal fin inserted immediately behind the vent, its distance from the
root of the ventrals equal to that of the dorsal from the snout. As in
the other species of the genus,* the ventral is composed of three rays, the
first two much prolonged. The first is contained three times in the
length of the body, the second is almost three times as long as the head,
reaching to the 40th anal ray or ? of the distance from snout to tip of
caudal; the third is shorter than the diameter of the orbit. |
The pectoral is four times as long as the operculum. Seales large
and thin, easily wrinkling with the folding of the thick loose skin, par-
ticularly in the median line of the sides of the body. Lateral line much
broken on the posterior half of the body.
Scales 7, 90-91, 28.
Radial formula :—D. 9 or 10, 55 to 57. A. 56. OC. 5, 18 to 21,5. P.
17-18. V.3.
*A critical stady of the ventral fins of Phycis compels us to believe that the ventral
fin is composed of three rays covered at the base with a thick skin in such manner as
to obscure the third, short one, and to join the other two so that they appear like a
single bifid ray. In young individuals of Phycis chuss, the third ray has its extremity
protruding from the sheath, though in adults it becomes entirely enveloped, thus
giving rise to the false definitions which have been given for this genus. An adult
specimen of Phycis furcatus, Flem. (No. 17,371 of the National Museum collection), has
the third ventral ray protruding.
ll
ae dt
=
os
=
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 257
Table of Measurements.
|
Current number of specimen ......... eS aa | 21,840. 21,841. 21,842.
Traw]l 174. Trawl 194. | Trawl 194.
TQOMNED ccxtadasainss sa secwes a se aes oe eee cciees 42 miles E. ¢S., | 33 miles E. by S., Cape Ann, E.
i Ann, 140| Pt., 110 fathoms, Aug. 31, 1872.
athoms, Aug.
27, 1878.
| |
| 100ths 100ths 100ths
Millim of |Millim., of | Millim.) of
length. length. | | length.
Extreme length (exclusive of caudal)........--.----. a BO | a tld | (ge eee
— to end of middle caudal rays.............--- - 1 Ee Ce LE). ee
Decadent BSUS. pec ewoacsee we > Senos cous os 49 20 ss Es TS Actes Ye
BUNGE 5 Sk erie Sudan owe oa soe neees 28 i) Rade SS ey eee err oe
Cg Se 39 16 ry ee eer
) a ee 9 4 +h ey eee i eee 7 -
Head :
Se IE oo Saas. danse ceuseseesccnas 56 23 To det D0) 55 sewke
Peg ee eer eee 6 22 2 es Pere en ee
Se OS Ss eee ee 29 112 i ey peer
Width of interorbital area.....................- 10 4% Set et ee eee
SE a ae Sn ee 15 64 i) er Plates aeck
ee 13 53 cn GEA mS
EO Rs ig ae 28 114 3 eas te 14 }~<.2.265
a ES I ee a er 32 13 S9 Ties 3s Ly Sao see
Distance from snout to centre of orbit......---. 24 10 Ln Pra SE ee
eS 17 7 MS 38s. jt ee ae
Dorsal (first) :
Distance from snout ......- A ee oe 67 274 os oer | Bee
os Ee 17 7 | hee oe eae
Length of first ray ......-...-..- SER ES ERY See 8 15 64 Oia tenes / ols dan de
DeAGer SObGNG THY. ..--.-.602.5-----..------- 2x 113 Ae op ee
RE ee Se ee 117 48 - Sw ee ae
EES ae ee 26 104 ot hee ‘os eee
EE ee 3 14 | eee Aaa See
Dorsal (second) :
OR SR a ee 142 58 SH14%.2.: | : tae a
nee 15 | ee eee eS Fy aa
Length of longest ray (40th) .-...----........... 29 114 Li a 45 1.33 s2e
pen eS Beit fis Ribena tases acm wd awcwsie 5 23 "ie, eee, FAP ee Peers
al:
pe 121 50 og (CORE ee jg Cee a2
IE ey sna Susana snc ensacaccnn ay abl 108 44 yy ee ye
Des Oe I BIR aged alg t Ss eanecass-- = 9 Bele ctl tai aa: lense ows wnt vos
Length of longest ray (37th).................-.- 20 83 es + i Ea pa eee
Reena OE. TO Thad oa 5k on hig nits w'ewseie nie =o 6 A Ae ee ie ol ea eed ee See
Caudal:
Pieneill Of MNO PAYA. 6c. 25.5. sen. -- a. oa. 38 154 a Eee ee fs gh eR
Length of external rays .....-.-.----...-...20- 36 143 te ae ei i Ae
‘Pectoral: |
eeetenee TOME BNGAG 6 5.0 ccc mamas eee sec asn St oe 60 123 | = Be eee : a ee
= elie BE tig te aby. 5 5 ected ebwahie neh eae eo 52 213 | a ee a - Ys aa
entral:
DigtauGeirdin BVOUE ..\.... 22. -kcknacesecenceacks 54 223 2 eee oe yl Ie
eet @0 ree WEY wwitcus > sbtes esnecs ool beet 96 39 yg tee AER Ae
PT epeGr OF MISIMCDUM, |. 5. 5. eos foe wos ae aud dane 165 68 el bye 0)
Heuer of second ray... 224. oo ese nccc ewe en sen 15 63 ) _) aa Sou. <se
MIN ind Sole piu del aps oat wate temo da tina VII | rae ae Pies hn ws Be [Mae olen
aed RR kn aS nina ansehen ones... a oe a 6h eae a Ee 2
SSE ln ee ee ee er ie ee ee - Fed eee (ee eee | ee are
meee! "ht arate eka erase BIG-S tina ls.-- 5-21-5 |..-...-- ar “et
eR. ent oii mein (i pig Ce aia wg PO aS Aa) «Wes i} ee ERE oe, Sa | 2 ee
Sg SS oan ESS CESS? hal oo 5 2 AR ie She we PA Se. Wi sakscda
Number of scales in lateral line ......-...-......--. SO 4 wace Gh SE tec. BOF h055--
Number of transverse rows above lateral line ...... dd ER eS C42 gees P ldsatacus
Number of transverse rows below lateral line ...... -- Eas , a ee ee ts eee
Haloporphyrus viola, sp. nov.
Two specimens of an undescribed species of the genus Haloporphyrus
of Giinther were brought in, August 24, by Captain Joseph W. Collins,
of the schooner “ Marion” of Gloucester; they were taken on a halibut
trawl-line on the outer edge of Le Have Bank, at a depth of four or five
Proc. Nat. Mus. 73——17 Dec. 17, 1878.
258 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,
hundred fathoms. <A species of this genus was described, under the
name Gadus lepidion, by Risso,* from Mediterranean specimens. Giin-
ther, who referred the species to the new genus Haloporphyrus in 1862,t
had a specimen from Madeira. Giinther published preliminary notices
of two species, H. rostratus and H. australis, in “ The Annals and Maga-
zine of NaturalHistory”, July, 1878, pp. 18 and 19, which were collected
by the Challenger. The affinities of the four known species are indi-
cated below.
Table of Affinities.
Haloporphyrus lepidion. Haloporphyrus viola.
| SN Se See Contained 4 times in total length (with- | Contained over 4 times in total length
out caudal). (without cauda!).
Clitheroe With diameter 3 length of head......-.. With diameter }iength of heador slightly
more.
Maxillary.........| Not extending to the vertical from pos- | Extending to vertical from posterior
terior mar,in of orbit. nhargin “of orbit. :
eee Longer than diameter of orbit ........-. Sceareely equal to half diameter of o: bit.
pif SEE Peer eee Inserted under 12th ray of second dorsal | Inserted under 19th ray of second dorsal
fin. fin.
JT ES a = eee Se Inserted directly behind the vent, with | Inserted behind the vent at a distance
sligbt depression in its middie, and equal to length of 2d anal ray, with a
terminat'ng in advauce of termila- eonsiderabls depression in its middle,
tion of dorsal. and terminating ina line with termina-
tion of dorsal.
Pectoral 2. ... 22. More than half aslong as head........- More than four-fifths as long as head.
Ventral j2.-:.-< 2. Inner tay as long as head, and reaching | Inner ray shorter than head (3) and reach-
to the vent. ing half-way to the vent.
Radial formuls...:| D. 4,54; A. 49'-98. @ eens: sactes eae ee D. 4,53; A. 40; V. 6.
Bedles:: 4. scetacees Fn lateral lina; 210.77 235-- 22 seen anes In lateral Jine, 115.
Above lateral line 15 soc 2 de. . de ae Above lateral line, 11.
Habitat...... ce eo.| Madeitd.ocy seb Pete cee ae cece eae Le Have, 400-500 fathoms.
Haloporphyrus rostratus. ITaloporphyrus australis.
to” eae |. < sure a'bo aiclsh o oe siitdte cats ie eee One-fourth of total without caudal ; se,
/ of body two-fifths.
Amal: 5 cdtie.<$ vont < Imperfectly divided, approaching, in
thatrespect, the geuus Mora. Giinther
makes this the type of a distinct sab-
genus, Antimora.
Radial formula....| B. VII; D.4, 51-56; A.38-39; V.6.. ..| D.9,50-52; A.53; V.8.
FABUaS coo5 5. >. 21. Deep sea, midway between Cape of Good | Puerto Bueno, Magellan Straits, 55-70
Hope and Kergnelen’s Laud; east of fathoms.
the mouth of Rio Plata, 600 and 1 375
fathoms.
Description.—Extreme length of type-specimen (No. 21,837, U.S. N.
M.) without caudal 0,435" (174 inches), with caudal 0.48u™; length of
collateral type (No. 21,838) without caudal, 0.545"; with caudal, 0.603™.
The shape of the body resembles that of the species of the genus Phycis,
though somewbat shorter, higher, and more compressed, its greatest
Leight contained about five times in its length (without candal), its
height at the ventrals slightly exceeding one-eighth of its total pei kee
~ * Ichthyologie de Nice, 1810, p. 118, pl. xi, fig. 40.
+Catalogue of the Acanthopterygii, Pharygognathi, and Ann in et oot
lections of the British Museum, 1862, p. 358. | fi etd
Se
7118
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 259
its height at the middle of the caudal peduncle one twenty-ninth of the
same.
Scales arranged in about 115 vertical rows and about 38 horizontal
ones, about 11 being between the origin of the dorsal and the lateral
line and about 27 below the lateral line. Lateral line slightly curved
upward in the anterior fourth of its length.
Length of head contained more than four and one-quarter times in
that of the body; its width half its length and less than double that of
interorbital area.
The barbel is short, its length being scarcely equal to half the diame-
ter of the orbit and about one-tenth the length of the head. The width
of interorbital area is about equal to the longitudinal diameter of the
orbit, in the larger specimen slightly greater. The diameter of the orbit
is equal to or slightly greater thau one-fourth the length of the head.
The length of the snout is equal to that of the operculum and less than
width of interorbital area.
The maxillary extends to vertical from posterior margin of the orbit,
its length about equal to the greatest width of the head. Mandible
equals one-eighth of total length without caudal.
Snout equal to operculum in length, obtusely pointed, much de-
pressed, its lateral outline subconical, a conspicuous keel extending
backward along the lower line of the orbit to its posterior margin.
The head and mouth closely resemble those of some species of Jlacru-
rus, except that the keel is covered with small, smooth scales and is not
overhanging. Lips scaleless.
Teeth in the jaws imperfectly serial, villiform, recurved; a small ob-
long patch of similar teeth on the head of the vomer; none on the
palatines. |
First dorsal fin inserted at a distance from the snout somewhat greater
than twice the height of the body at the ventrals; its first ray is much
prolonged, its length greater than that of the head, and nearly as long
or longer (in the larger specimen) than the distance from the snout to
the beginning of the dorsal. The second ray is contained less than four
times, the third six times or less in the first, the fourth about ten times.
The length of the base of second dorsal is somewhat more than twice
the distance of its insertion from the snout; its greatest height, which
is in the posterior fourth of its length (near the 40th ray), is contained
about six or seven times in the length of its base.
The vent is situated at a point equidistant from snoutand tip of cau-
dal, under the 19th ray of second dorsal fin. The anal fin is inserted at
a distance behind it equal to length of second anal ray. Its length of
base is slightly more than half that of second dorsal. It has a consider-
able depression in its middle outline. The last rays of dorsal and anal
are of equal length, and are directly opposite each other.
The caudal seems to be somewhat rounded. The length of the middle
rays contained more than nine times in total length without caudal, and
more than ten times in length including caudal.
260 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Pectorals narrow, inserted under the base of first dorsal. In the
smaller specimen they reach to the perpendicular from the ninth ray of
the second dorsal, in length equalling the greatest height of the body.
Ventrals inserted at a distance from tip of snout equal to half the’
length of anal base; the second ray nearly twice as long as the first, and
in the smaller specimen, in which it is unmutilated, nearly as long as the
head.
Radial formula :—D. 4,53; A. 40; 0.5, 20 or 21,5; P. 1,19; V.6.
Color.—Deep violet or blue.
Table of Measurements.
Gurrent number of specimen ...:-. -....scsseabssuernueeeee 21,837. 21,838.
Tiocality .-.- i-- cssnc onesinw edsnan spon mau Goa eee Edge of Le Have Bank.
100ths
Millim of Millim
length
Extreme length (without caudal).........-ccccscececccacees ANS eos demeatee G45: | tb .eeoue
Length to end of middle caudal rays..............0.--...- oe oe ee 603-1 x dcaeapen
Body : :
Greatest height... 2s <casckbun ba seeded been eae Cee ca. 83 19 _|.canwe teed: SSenee
Gieatest width ....20--.cdowdtenlineaduaeeyianeeeaas 44 10” |.suncetwe, oeee tiers
Heicht at ventrals, ... sce tasnveen te deueiciateuaee f5 ws «onan tne eae ee
Least ‘height of tail ~..-22,,5sbcp nnd = dpe eae sacks 15 BE |. sie nea biel eee
Length of caudal peduncle..... 2s. sareccsbeasseccacenes 19 C eee ee
Head :
Greatest, loncth -..:.« «shea wae dens Pah eaeee tenes 100 23 125
Length of harvbel 5 oono cas cek ks bn ae 10 Qh 13
Greatest width .~.-.5 40d vestwde cacesale ae dees ake 50 114 63
Width of intero~bital ONO Bo ad abes cicod tetas. saa eed 27 64 35
Length of sn0at...cobi's cal cnededp sagen wendabeus>eewens 20 6 27
Length Of GUUROUNMGN. 22 onc sda teomegenstncd4s auaaeas 25 6 27
Length of maxillary... iccncssccavebusewn reactant esd at 49 11 62
Length of mandible ...... ee, 55 124 74
Distance from snout to centre of orbit...........---.-- 44 10 50
Diameter of orbit (longitudinal) ..............2....0e-- 27 6} 32
Dorsal (first) :
Distance from enont. .i.. ais «due dcdeeeens > oh kdebeen cok 113 26 136
Length of base... .<.cccone'scetndetasnaneerat cides 16 4 25
Length of firet ray .« - sco. ssevdnceheh heel Pebr nee ene — 107 244 140
Leagth of sccond FRY ..64 sc kokpacnebllds ces sedaeabebed 25 6 33
Leneth of third ray -..-ccpucschpeabie dee kdasenaee 19 4} 22
Length of fourth fag ... canccanacddhbes repecniannasende 10 24 14
Dorsal (second) :
Length of base .2.0c -+ici denne ws daensoaea nee eee 273 62 340
Distance fram snout .<...-.cccdiadepeanedsacahbeee ia, 133 305 160
Length of firat cay c. -sseisvactadeusears Séden the Wee ons 27 64 33
Length of longest ray (41st)..........- Pe ee ee ees py 7h 53
Length of last ray. ...-.cerccedushed sesabadpateranneeaen 8 @ fectiiccekvacatetpaie
Anal:
Distance from ‘snent ;.\. cass -obabdewsesbheusoueaaeee 266 61. |) Sbo02 ole
Length of baee. ..occss«<cscnavecupsbaledasteaeynen 142 92h | snnenctesaul Maan
Length of first ray. ;......secscossveveudtoavnennnaeal 10 Ohl necey oes lan enn ee
Length of Jongest ray (26th)... .c0.cedseecunasebutieedene 35 8% | ctmecpaaplebel dake’
Length of last. TOY. 42c-anscdecen bsaunn 55 sean 8 DO lestvasvasuannie asene
Caudal:
Length of middle rays.......scsccsesdcarahebnneneee ca, 45 104 ca, 58
Pectoral :
Distance ‘from. énout «....0.2.c0ccssedbcesedeteneennaeee 104 234 137
ee ee ne ae we OS) oripy et 83 19 |. 105
Ventral :
Diatance from snout .s.sasccsdocececcsesucbeusesbeueeel 71 Mae ME AN ESAS eee |
nAmeth of fire TAY . cc ccacwckebavese vewseeasbeeeeel 48 11 52
Length of second Tay 5 .<s<skbsjnnsscednasvech hue 92 Ql hist epecdb claws
PMGIOOSbORALG . ....-,.. -<ovene cdpeabiecadadc ee ae Vit: liseotlankan VII 4
BMG GS: Sass on rein co wn0ccunude dhs ne vandysapies ap iel tale + ckcaperea 4,+
BOG) 22-6222 ce noe cennce secncesuccecaessnepecveoses seednnlenmenme nity iitnennnn acad 40
RU Aerion bs ones odeys soning hadghtveeuied Judetean oc cbbloueetanaal 3, 20 or 21, 5 ovccvodeos| teuney eens
DONO Fire an pe no cannenescepsponsssagesénunens apassiarn ieee eae 1.10 | cepugeee 1,19
Ventral eee OR EPO ETES ST EEHEHEHSHE SEES SSHSHEEEEHEEEHE HEE BEEBE SESE EBEEISEE ee ee Joc ct otaee Jarleabinn .
Wamber of acales in lateral line..1..4...0an--ccccdanetaewanien eee ea. 115 ee oe
Number of transverse rows above lateral line..............|seeeceeee- ca. 11 | seeeeeees secescceee
Number of transverse rows below lateral line............2-\ee0e cccces| . C&, BT Acesscan ecesaveds
NOVEMBER 21, 1878. ee ie 9
é
.
x
a
i
7
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 261
DESCRIPTION OF ARGENTINA SYRTENSIUM, ANEW DEEP-SEA FISH
FROM SABLE ISLAND BANK.
By G. BROWN GOODE and TARLETON H. BEAN.
The United States Fish Commission has lately received from Capt.
Joseph W. Collins, of the schooner Marion, of Gloucester, Mass., and
from Mr. R. L. Newcomb, of Salem, who accompanied him on this voyage
as a collector, an apparently undescribed species of Argentina. <A single
specimen was taken September 4, 1878, from the stomach of a hake
(Phycis tenuis?) hooked on a halibut trawl-line, set in 200 fathoms of
water, on Sable Island Bank, off the coast of Nova Scotia. This fish
(No. 21,624) is about 17 inches long and in a dilapidated condition, hav-
ing been partially digested by its first captor. The tips of the fins,
especially, are much frayed out. The measurements, however, are
believed to be very nearly exact.
Argentina syrtensium, sp. nov.
Description.— Body compressed, resembling in form that of Silus Ascanii
Reinhardt (= Argentina silus (Asc.) Nillson) ; its height contained about
54 times in its length without caudal, and slightly greater than twice
the diameter of the orbit; its greatest width one-tenth of total length ;
its height at ventrals contained about 53? times in the same and equal to
thrice least height of body at the caudal peduncle.
Length of head slightly less than twice its greatest height, and slightly
more than one-fourth of the length of the body; its greatest width is
twice that of tie interorbital area. The length of the snout equals that
of the operculum, is slightly greater than that of the maxillary, and is
contained not quite 34 times in the length of the head.
The first dorsal fin is inserted midway between snout-tip and adipose
dorsal fin; its basal length equal to theheight of its first ray, and slightly
more than half that of the longest ray; it is also equal to the orbital
diameter and the length of the mandible; the last dorsal ray is slightly
longer than the height of the caudal peduncle.
The adipose dorsal fin is inserted in the perpendicular from the seventh
anal ray; its basal length, which is two-thirds of its height, being about
equal to one-tenth of the length of the head.
The anal fin is inserted in the perpendicular from the 44th or 45th
scale of the lateral line, its length of base slightly greater than length of
the mandible, its first ray one-third as long as its third ray, its last ray
equalling in height the adipose dorsal.
The caudalis deeply forked, its external ray 5 24 times as long as its
median rays.
The pectoral is inserted close to the branchial opening ; its length is
equal to three-fifths of the distance of its insertion from the snout-tip,
262 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,
extending posteriorly to about the twelfth scale of the lateral line and
more than half-way to the origin of the ventrals.
The ventral is inserted midway between the snout-tip and the insertion
of the caudal fin, and in the perpendicular from the posterior dorsal
ray; its length equals half the distance from the origin of the pec-
toral to that of the ventral.
Radial formula.—B. VI; D.12; A.13; C.13, 18,12; P. 18; V. II, 12.
Scales.—34, 60, 4. The scales are cycloid, with the posterior edge
emarginate, the exposed surface covered with minute asperities ; as in
some, and perbaps all other members of this group, single rows of scales
saddle the dorsal and the abdominal ridges of the body. The scales
are very large: one from the abdominal row, directly behind the ventrals,
measuring 64 x 45; one from the lateral line, 55 x 34, the unit of meas-
urement being the hundredth of body-length. One of the scales of the
lateral line, detached, is broad enough to cover the exposed surfaces of
five others in the same line.
Color.—The color is considerably obliterated, but appears to have
been similar to that of the common smelt (Osmerus mordax), with per-
haps more of a metallic lustre.
The species, according to Mr. Newcomb, has a cucumber-like smell,
resembling that of the smelt.
Table of Measurements.
Current number Gf spechnes 2. si ca sence cea ee ecnat ae eeatannwn ap eats. eee 21,624.
Locality . 235+ cones. cued s od leo tnlgnet cme pils Heal «aeecee ae tee ae ee Sable Island Bank.
Stomach of Hake.
Millim. 100ths.
Extreme length without caunal .’. 2.2 Sees a vase es eee antes v here anes cabs BBQ bs owe become
Length to end of middle caudal rays .......-.--2.25-.--00. og 4 ah ameinin Saas Cum 408. | Sa dattiaine
Body :
Grentest height ... . cscscasdiactee man deinads pabiek tet eats tena te beo mee ce aie ae eee 19
Greatest width . 2 iiecnencuae care cu pee ub ein oes aia oie a oie ales eta note eae ae 10
Height at ventrals ...10<< ~sninia pees heeding bbe danas ats hoe ance 17.5
Least height of tail... . ....40divnsavie ane amie, aighie min natsipimnane s™ Mints oisialeleee eal a) eee 5. 75
Length of caudal peduncle 2.2 i: nae cieinn dnaivin bw anie <n binie'n 65m bipaee ms wins paleie gti eal eee a
Heat:
Grevtest length). o.oo. el eae eee ee eee Taidin wife daaiadelae ies ee Sate eae |e iene 26
Greatest height . .. < ..0c.wemuwawaemnin we epim oe /bwio sialon m c.g /5 pid/eielaiein wis eat ear ee etl ee te a tera nn |
Greatest Width -........2.<..an ncblasbobliesesel ab piddsst bale dace bees ae es 10
Width of interorbital.area oa. -sonseussanececenes pasmenence eee anes cen ee 5
Length of snout: 25.2. 236 bod Dee aa ds 2b 5 ace ee een ee oe ee ee 7
Length of operculum... secesesanmscs sasanes'd pina ape'einns al ene nn enn 7
Leogth of maxillary 2... 5.202082 cows dddwew ea us sue aweauleieche ta /ekeen an aeneee 64
Lenyth of mandible......... ~ .«caeoasc en's a.o sq abe semi anisie/suieie Steele atria mere ene ann ee 9
Diameter of orbit .......ccecescacacdoendabe one casio seh aleseenes lena nn 9
Dorsal (first) :
Distance from snout --....3..c0c-ccrceceecondececuedeaecaniec cae teehee antenna en 43
Length of base .. 0.2... scanunecbaskicuspaeeeda¥ee (acne bean ens einen 9
Length of longest ray ..........ccedesecunesccacseballe bens eausdut ann ane tinea tnanennn nae 17
Length of first ray .......~..-. sceecieis canes eiu annwila ocimelenillallnlnd Sienna natn 9
Length of second ray ..........cccccdenecuccassccaunsuboaseses luee net nn nae enn nn 153
Length.of last ray ........ 2+ ->00cene casicdc oodm«mismnd ee ei olen ania ns 6.3
Dorsal (soft):
Length of base. ...........bacees oo vedae ce soma amine ale dele oe np eee 24.
Distance from snout ......5000 cccsae soneusunvae swisne cednue onste enniennnEi nnn 85
Anal:
Distance from snout .......0cs0e cncececacscenencemeneniy sen cen pean anne 83
Lenigth of base. - oon. - 2 ese sasisiccos be owe om ed cw oitenblnpis oe ws eeu nen Tn 94
Length of first ray -.........0.cecues esweceecnceuscpauaununbeann en iin iene 3
Length of longest ray ... - 25.05.00 escece cece cecdeunbism bbb > one ine enn Tenn ce
DQUQUN DO? IAB TAY o0.cccvcccndboudsesnncdanesntsaepeeeree fenscauen bey ems ekanmaeee 2. 66
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 263
Table of Measurements—Continued.
| Millim. | 300th
Caudal: |
nn EYE, Sn ee eran soon newasn car naceeastacradende cs cuness if BT 4 Fo eee
eR SUIRUIRDY ENA Ge he eter Ss 3 ote geen aa be dos ee eon ee FAR free 17
Eee ea. . thane k ine para otere wis wesw ed st aa dewwsaetems angen bee |
oo | BEM ELS a eS ee ee ae a a See ee 50
I Le Se ed i doe Ge dbde mn seda bs fianaaghn cea=>> ca. 12
ED rare ea a ee ats onion Ab ae an Saon tons we beh yme eau ne- ¢ 6 35 Ree See
kena tra Se ek har Sahn ol clea ache ta cierto nies 46 os om tne |
Be ee ee el, a ee ee eee ae ee eae Ae ee a eee eee eee Beem
WASHINGTON, November 23, 1878.
ON THE CCCURRENCE OF THE OCEANIC BONITO, ORCYNUS PELAMYS,
(LINNE) POEY, IN VINEYARD SOUND, MASSACHUSETTS,
By ViNAL N. EDWARDS.
Mr. P. Stewart has caught between 80 and 100 of them in his pound*
in about three weeks. He caught 52 one morning. In Luce’s pound*
they have caught between 60 and 70. They catch them witha northerly
wind; none with the windoff shore. They will not livelong inthe pound,
but will run themselves to death, and their brilliant blue color all fades
out as soon as they are dead.
Woop’s Ho.t, Mass., October 1, 1878.
NOTES ON THE WESTERN GIZZARD SHAD, DOROSOMA CEPEDIA-
NUW HETERURBRUW, (BAF.) JORDAN.
By SAMUEL WILMOT.
Sir: I send you by post a small fish taken by one of our fishermen at
Sarnia on Lake Huron. It was sent to me by one of our officers, with a
request that I should let him know what sort of fish it was. It seems
they think it to be a young shad. Fish very similar in appearance to
this one have been known in Lake Ontario and other of our waters for
many years; I recollect them forty years ago. They were not taken
numerously in those days, a few being captured at times in seines, and
sometimes in gill-nets, which were set out in very deep waters in the
lake for the purpose of taking salmon trout: those taken in the gill-nets
would be sometimes a pound in weight; the great run of them, however,
*These pounds are in Menemsha Bight, Martha’s Vineyard.
- 1, ted
uy “
==»!
964 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
never exceeded three to six inches in length. Strange to say, how- ©
ever, that during the past four years these little fish have become so
numerous throughout the length of Lake Ontario that millions can be
taken in one haul of a seine almost anywhere along the shore of Lake
Ontario during the month of June. The whole shore for a long distance
out, during this time, becomes so dense with these little fish that people
dip them out with their hats,—rather a novel method, but it is a fact,
and given for illustration of their immense numbers: vast quantities of
them die along the shore. In a few days, sometimes a fortnight, they
all disappear, and we see nothing of them again till the following year,
excepting an odd one that may be taken at times. They invariably run
from two to six inches, seldem larger. They are not prized for food,
being seldom eaten, and are not marketable. They have been called
here the ** Moon Eye”, as they resemble the fish spoken of by me as
having been taken in the deep waters, which have always been known
by that name. Again, in 1873, 1874, 1875, 1876, and this year, these
little fish have been alike abounding in myriads all along the north shore
of Ontario. Since that time, the trout and other predaceous fishes have
become very scarce in the lake, and these ‘* Moon Eyes” have conse-
quently wonderfully increased in numbers, to such an extent as to spread
themselves in the immense number spoken of all along the shore of the
lake.
The specimen sent may not be one of these ‘“* Moon Eyes”, but the
resemblance is very great.*
Professor BAIRD,
Commissioner of Fisheries, &c., Washington, D. C.
NEWCASTLE, November 23, 1577.
THE OCCURRENCE OF THE CANADA PORCUPINE IN WEST
VERRGUINAA.
By G. BROWN GOODE.
The National Museum has obtained from Mr. H. D. Renninger, of
Washington, a living specimen of the Canada porcupine (Hrethizon dor-
satus (Linn.) F’. Cuv.—var dorsatus), captured by him November 13, 1878,
near Cranberry Summit, Preston County, West Virginia. This locality
is in or near lat. 395 N., and this is believed to be the most southern oc-
currence of the species. The inhabitants of Cranberry have never before
known of the occurrence of porcupines in that region. |
DeKay statedt that the species ranged south to the northern parts of
Virginia and Kentucky. Mr. Allen believes that his statement was
founded on a remark of Catesby. Audubon and Bachman write: “It
*The fish received from Mr. Wilmot is the Western Gizzard Shad, Dorosoma cepedia-
num heterurum, (Raf.) Jordan.
tNat. Hist. N. Y. 1842, 1, p. 79.
¢ Quadrupeds of N. America, 1, 1846, p. 286.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 265
does not exist in the southern parts of New York or Pennsylvania.
DeKay states that it is found in the northern parts of Virginia and Ken-
tucky. We, however, sought for it without success in the mountains of
Virginia, and could never hear of its existence in Kentucky.”
‘Professor Baird states* that the species is found as far south as
Northern Pennsylvania in some localities, in which State it is not rare
even now.
Mr. J. A. Allen, the most recent writer on the porcupines, remarks,t
that Professor Shaler had failed to hear of the species in Kentucky and
Virginia. He was informed by Dr. J. M. Wheaton that a few porcu-
pines still survive in Clark, Champaign, and Ross Counties, Ohio, and
that it was common ten years since in Putnam County; and by Mr. E.
W. Nelson that the species was formerly rather common, though never
abundant, in all of the wooded region north of the Ohio River, but that
it is not now found (west of Ohio) south of the forests of Northern Wis-
eonsin and Northern Michigan.
DECEMBER 12, 1878.
CATALOGUE OF THE BIBDS OF GRENADA, FROM A COLLECTION
MADE BY MR. FRED. A. OBER FOR THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITU-
TION, INCLUDING OTHIERS SEEN BY HIM, BUT NOT OBTAINED.
By GEORGE N. LAWRENCE.
In my Catalogue of the Birds of St. Vincent, I stated that Mr. Ober
expected to leave that island for Grenada on the 29th of February. He
must have left about that time, as some of his notes from Grenada are
dated early in March. Huis collection from there was received at the
Smithsonian Institution on the 22d of May, and sent to me a few days
after. It consists of but 66 specimens.
In the following communication from Mr. Ober, he gives the geograph-
ical position of the island, with other matters of interest.
Under most of the species found there, are his notes of their
habits, ete.
His communications are marked with inverted commas.
“Grenada, the southernmost of the volcanic islands, lies just north ~
of the 12th degree of latitude north of the equator, that parallel just
touching its southern point.
“It is about 18$ miles in length, from N. N. E. toS. 8. W., and 74
miles in breadth.
“From Kingston, the principal town in St. Vincent, to St. Georges,
that of Grenada, the distance is 75 miles; from the southern end of St.
Vincent to the northern point of Grenada the distance is 60 miles; the
intervening space being occupied by the Grenadines.
*Mammals of North America, 1859, p. 568.
t Monographs of North American Rodentia, by Elliott Coues and Joel Asaph Allen,
1877, p. 393,
966 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
“Tt is very rugged, the interior of the island being one mountain
chain with its offsets, and there is a less area of fertile land than in St.
Vincent. The valleys that make up from the coast, and the levels lying
between the hills and some portions of the coast, however, are very fer-
tile. It is not a promising island for ornithological research, though at
first glance it would seem to be able to afford rich reward.
‘‘'The mountains in the interior are voleanic; there are several extinct
craters, in the largest of which is an attractive lake, 2,000 feet above the
sea; it is 24 miles in circumference and has an average depth of 14
feet. St. Georges, the only port of any size, lies on the southwestern
coast, and is highly picturesque in location, but not so attractive in the
eyes of an ornithologist as it might be; the surrounding hills are rocky,
and those not rocky are cultivated, so that they are inhabited by very
few birds.
‘Across the bay from the town, on the borders of the ‘lagoon,’ which
is fringed with mangroves, may be found a few water birds, and in the
sloping pastures at the foot of the high hills a small variety of the smaller
birds.
‘‘The southern point, Point Saline, is an excellent place for the migra-
tory birds: plover, duck, ete., which visit this island in quantities, and
some points on the eastern coast are equally good.
“T spent two weeks in and near St. Georges and St. Davids, and two
weeks in the mountains and on the eastern coast.
“As this island is so near the South American continent, being but
100 miles from Trinidad and 70 miles from Tobago, I expected to find
some forms of animal life different from those in the northern islands
among the resident species. But with the exception of now and then a
straggler being blown to these shores, there is no species (if we may ex-
cept two) that would indicate proximity to a great tropical country.
‘Some species common in the northern islands, from Guadeloupe to
St. Vincent, have disappeared, and in one or two cases their places taken
by others ; notably is this the case in the instance of Hulampis jugularis
being replaced by Glaucis hirsutus.
‘There is no parrot as in St. Vincent, and the two species of thrush,
locally known as the ‘ grives’—Margarops densirostris and M. montanus—
do not exist here. Other minor differences occur, which will be apparent
upon examining the catalogue.
“The most interesting fact regarding the higher order of animal life, —
is the existence here of an armadillo, once common in all the Lesser An-
tilles, but now extinct in all the northern islands.
“A species of monkey also lives in the deep forests of the mountains;
a skin of one has been sent to the Museum.
“The most interesting portion is undoubtedly that of the monntakel
immediately adjacent to the mountain lake; but, if it were possible for
a naturalist to spend an entire year in the island, doubtless the more
southern portion would reward him better in species: for the season of
Weeiet
i — 7
; -. ae
a ine ee 8 SM
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 267
migration would probably bring many stragglers from the continent, that
do not make a longer stay than a few days.
“Tt is only a matter of regret with me that I could not give the requi-
site time to this island during the ‘winter months’. I am satisfied,
however, that the few resident species are now fully known.
“FREDERICK A. OBER.
““My thanks are due to Wm. Sharpe, Esq., Wm. Simmons, Esq., Dr.
Wells, Canon Bond of St. Andrews and John Grant Wells, Esq., for
courtesies Shown me.”
Fam. TURDID/.
1. Turdus nigrirostris Lawr.
“Thrush (‘ Grive’).
“Length, ¢,9in.; alar extent, 154; wing, 5.
“Length, 2,9 in.; alar extent, 143; wing, 43.
‘Tn the deep woods one may be startled by a low note of alarm from
this bird, like the single cluck of the Mocking-bird of the Southern
States. Searching carefully, you may discover the author of it sitting
upon a low tree, with head protruded, eagerly examining the surround-
ings for the cause of the noise your coming makes. Discovering you, it
hastily makes off, with a parting cluck. Its song is often heard in the
high woods, strange notes, ‘ fee-ow, fee-00,’ ete., often repeated. Anothes
cry it has when alighting and unexpectedly discovering your presence,
similar to the cry of the Robin as heard at evening time in spring—a
harsh cry mingled with softer notes. I have only found it in the high
forests. It must be well along in the nesting period, judging from the
condition of those dissected.”
I was much pleased to find four specimens of this species in the col-
lection, as but one was obtained in St. Vincent, and that had the plum-
age somewhat soiled. These are in good condition and more mature:
they have the color of the throat as originally described, i. e., the feathers
of a dull white, with shaft-stripes of brown; there are no rufous termi-
nations to the wing-coverts, as in the St. Vincent specimen; and the
irregular rufous-brown markings on the upper part of the breast, as
seen in that, are only just perceptible in two of the specimens: they have
the breast and flanks of a darker shade of brown: the bills of these are
not so dark throughout as in the type—shading into brown on their ter-
minal halves: this difference of color is doubtless attributable to age.
2. Turdus carribezeus, Lawr. Ann. N. Y. Acad. of Sci. vol. 1, p. 160.
Thrush.
“Length, 94 in.; alar extent, 154; wing, 5.
“Tris wine-red; naked skin around the eye, 3? inch wide, yellow;
beak olive-green, tipped with yellow. I am positive that I heard this
bird in St. Vincent, but only once, and did not obtain, or even fairly see
it.. Its eryis peculiar, and once heard could not be mistaken. Itresem-
“a
268 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, | ai
bles the ery of the Whippoorwill in the morning, just as it utters the
‘poor-will’, and just preceding the final cluck. It was not a stretch of
the imagination, either, to fancy a cry like ‘how de dew’ (as uttered by
the country gentleman when saluting an acquaintance), with the stress
upon dew. It has also, when alarmed or when threading a strange
thicket, the soft call-note of the Thrushes, similar to that of the grive or
Mountain Thrush. It inhabits the thick growth of old pastures, and
seems to prefer the dark recesses beneath the overhanging trees and
bushes of the hillsides on the borders of the opens.”
‘3. Mimus gilvus, Vieill.
‘¢ Mocking-bird.
“Length, 3, 94 in.; alar extent, 14; wing, 43.
‘Rather plentifully distributed on the hills sloping seaward; found
also well up the sides of the mountains, but not in the high woods, nor
far away from cleared land.”
Fam. TROGLODYTID.
‘4. Thryothorus grenadensis, Lawr. Ann. N. Y. Acad. of Sci. v. 1, p. 161.
“Wren; ‘God-bird,’
‘Length, ¢, 5 in.; alar extent, 7; wing, 24.
‘¢ A sprightly bird, found in houses in the country, in the forests and
in the towns.
“Its song is a pleasing warble, and this, with its bright ways, make
it a welcome visitor. The blacks will eat nearly every bird but this and
the corbeau; but this, they say, ‘make you dead,’ for it is God’s bird.
‘Found an old nest in the house at Grand Etang, but the young had
gone (‘it make child, but he go’), I was told. They were hatched in
February. A nest under the veranda now has four young, recently
hatched. Going down to examine them one day, I found one of them
had about four inches of a ‘God’s horse’ (‘Walking-stick’) (Phas-
mida) protruding from its mouth. The nest is of dried grass, lined with
feathers. Had it not been that these little beggars excited feelings of
compassion in my breast, I would have added the old ones to my col-
lection, well knowing that they would be valuable acquisitions.”
Fam. SYLVICOLIDZE.
‘5. Setophaga ruticilla (Linn.).
“Only one seen. This was shot, but lost in the thick matting of the
loose leaves that covered the ground. It was near the border of the
mountain lake.” |
Fam. VIREONIDZE. 1";
‘6. Vireosylvia calidris var. dominicana, Lawr.
“6 Vireosylvia.
“Length, ¢, 6 in.; alar extent, 10; wing, 3g. . ee
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 269
“Length, 9, 6in.; alar extent, 93; wing, 34.
“Through the woods came a strangely familiar note, ‘peow, peow’.
The bird I could not discover at first, but thought I detected a note akin,
and was confirmed that it was an old acquaintance of Dominica and St.
Vincent, when I had it in my hand. Not very abundant.”
Fam. HIRUNDINID/E.
7. Progne dominicensis (Gm.)?
“ Progne.
‘One species seen, but never within shot; to all appearance, it was
identical with that obtained in St. Vincent.” |
Fam. CHAREBIDZE.
*8. Certhiola atrata, Lawr.
“Certhiola. Scarce. Resident.
‘Length, ¢, 44 in.; alar extent, 73; wing, 23.
“This bird is not found in great numbers, as in some of the northern
islands; indeed, I have seen it but twice—on the mangrove flats of Point
Saline, where its habits were in great contrast to those of its northern
congeners, being shy and retired, while in other islands bold and obtru-
sive.”
Fam. TANAGRID.
9, ’Buphonia flavifrons (Sparm.).
. “Louis @Or. Rare. Resident.
“Length, 5 in.; alar extent, 84; wing, 23.
“T have nk seen this bird hows alive. These specimens were shot by
A. B. Wells, Esq., of St. Davids. It is not easily discovered, more from .- ,
its rarity than from its shyness. Frequents the skirts of woods and
nutmeg groves.”
*10. Calliste versicolor, Lawr.
‘‘Sour-sop Bird. Abundant. Resident.
“Length, ¢, 63 in.; alar extent, 94; wing, 3.
“Length, 2, 6in.; alar extent, 94; wing, 34.
“Though in St. Vincent I saw the bird only in small numbers and
solely in the mountains, here itis everywhere. The same chattering cry,
noisy in feeding, calling one to another, gregarious. is greedy in its
search for food, a flock of from 8-12 may be seen swarming over a
small tree or bush. It is very partial to the seed of the Sour-sop, which
gives it its local appellation. It is now nesting.”
Fam. FRINGILLIDZ.
‘ll. Loxigilla noctis (Linn.).
“Length, ¢, 54in.; alar extent, 84; wing, 23.
“Length, 2, 54 in.; alar extent, 83; wing, 23.
“One of as most biizran birds, second only to the small ‘ grass bird’
_ (Phonipara bicolor).”
2970 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
12. Phonipara bicolor (Linn.).
‘6 Phonipara bicolor. ‘Si Si Zerbe.’
‘‘ Wverywhere abundant, so common in fact that, thinking I could
obtain it at any time, I devoted my attention to other rarer birds, and
finally left without a specimen.” oe
Fam. ICTERID. Vg
-13. Quiscalus luminosus, Lawr. Ann. N. Y. Acad. of Sci. v. 1, p. 162.
‘Blackbird. Resident.
‘¢ Length, ¢, 104 in.; alar extent, 154; wing, 5.
‘Length, ?, 92 1n.; alar extent, 4: wing, 43. |
‘This bird iret occurs in the Grenadines. It has seldom been seen :
in St. Vincent, although abundant on the small islands of Balliceaux
and Bequia. The latter is not ten miles distant. It is there ae the
‘Bequia Sweet’, from its notes: ‘ Bequia sweet, sweet.’
“It is social, gregarious, seeming to delight in company, spending a
great part of the day in sportive play. The first I saw were in Balli-
ceaux, one of the northernmost of the Grenadines. I was struck with the
similarity of a habit of theirs to one of the Boat-tailed Grakle of Florida
and the South, as I had observed it on the banks of the St. John’s River.
A party of them had come down to drink at a small pool in one of the
pastures. After drinking, each male would lift its beak perpendicularly,
spread out its wings and one leg, and give utterance to a joyous cry, as
though giving thanks for the enjoyment afforded by the drink. Then
the whole crew would join in a general outburst, both females and males.
Then they would adjourn to a near fence rail, and keep up a social con-
versation, stretching their legs and wings and showing their glossy
feathers to the sun. The air would then resound with the cries, said by
the islanders to be, ‘Bequia sweet, sweet, sweet.’ That was in Febru-
ary. Though I then expected to bt ‘iidion to send home with the St.
Vincent collection, I was disappointed, as our boat was smashed on a
neighboring rock next day, and we were picked up and carried bi Sa
Vincent without an opportunity for getting the birds.
“In Grenada I found them in abundance again, flying in flocks and
inhabiting exclusively the lowlands, the swamps and borders of the
lagoons. It is easily attracted by unusual sounds, as I once proved
while hunting Yellow-crowned Night Herons in a swamp on the eastern
coast, by calling around me not less than forty, who filled the bushes
and ie ees around and above me, staying a long while.
“Think it is exclusively confined to Grenada and the Grenadines.”
Fam TYRANNIDZ.
714. Blainea martinica (Linn.),
“Flycatcher. Resident. Rather numerous.
“Length, ¢, 73 in.; alar extent, 11; wing, 33.
“Length, ?, 63 in.; alar extent, 105; wing, 34.
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PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 271
¢15. Myiarchus oberi, Lawr.
“Flycatcher. Not abundant.
“Length, ¢, 9 in.; alar extent, 13; wing, 44.
“Length, 2, 82; alar extent, 124; wing, 4.
«16. Tyrannus rostratus, Scl.
“T. rostratus. Resident. Abundantly distributed.
“Length, ¢, 10 in.; alar extent, 153; wing, 5.
“Length, ¢,9in.; alar extent, 143; wing, 43.
“Occurring at all altitudes, but preferring the lowlands, open fields,
and hills. Delights in a shrub with bare protruding prongs, or an open-
foliaged tree like the trumpet tree and bread fruit. Its ery is a shrill
‘piperee, piperee’; hence itsname. Especially partial to the tall cabbage
palm (palmistes), making its home in the fronds, and darting thence upon
any passing insect.
‘More abundant in Antigua than elsewhere. Its large flat bill, the
concealed flushes of yellow beneath the wings, and the beautiful silken
feathers of saffron and crimson concealed in the crown, make it an
interesting specimen in the hand, though it is a very ordinary looking
bird as seen in activity.”
17. Tyrannus melancholicus, Vieill.
“ Tyrannus The first seen.
“Length, ¢,9in.; alar extent, 143; wing, 43.
‘‘ The first bird of this species shot seemed fatigued from a long flight,
and I thought it must have come from another island, Tobago or Trini-
dad. It has never been seen by those who observe the birds of the
island. JI still think it a straggler from Tobago.”
Two specimens are in the collection. This and the following species
(Glaucis hirsutus) are the only South American forms that were procured,
showing how strictly this and the islands north of it are defined as a
distinct zoological province. In the islands to the south, viz, Tobago
and Trinidad, the birds assimilate to those of the South American conti-
nent.
Fam. TROCHILID.
-18. Glaucis hirsutus (Gm.).
‘Brown Hummer. (New to me.)
“Length, ¢, 54 m.; alar extent, 632; wing, 23.
“Length, 2, 54in.; alar extent, 63; wing, 23.
“This species entirely replaces the Garnet-throat (Hulampis jugularis),
of which latter I have not seen a single specimen. This one is confined
to the same haunts, viz, the cool depths of the high woods, and is never
seen in the valleys or below the last ring of high cliffs and forest-trees.
So closely does the plumage of this hummer assimilate with the color
of the fallen leaves, dry as well as green, that I lost my first specimen
and found the others only by long search.”
' 7 fd:
272 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
‘19. Eulampis holosericeus (Linn.).
‘‘Green-throat. ‘Colibri’ Scarce.
‘Length, 2,5 in.; alar extent, 64; wing, 24.
‘Feeding from the crimson flowers of a huge cactus, I saw this hum-
ming-bird this morning, in a hedge row bordering the road to St. Davids.
It does not occur in the abundance that I find of the small crested hum-
mer, and I have not seen it in the mountains.”
‘20. Orthorynchus cristatus (Linn.).
“ O. exilis? March 16th.
‘Length, d, 33 in.; alar extent, 5; wing, 2.
‘The crest seems brighter and deeper than in those of Dominica and
St. Vincent. It is distributed profusely throughout high woods, hills,
upper valleys, and sea-coast; everywhere I see its glancing crest, hear
the whirring of its wings. Just a year ago I found a nest in Dominica;
here in the mountains they have not yet built their nests, though it is
possible they may have commenced in the lowlands. They are in the
thickets between the Grand Etang and the deep woods, visiting the.
different flowers so frequently that it seems to me they must be ex-
hausted of sweets and insects.”
Fam. CYPSELID.
21. Chzeturasp.?
“YT was unfortunate with this bird, never getting one within range. —
It is of the same shape, size, and color of the species obtained in Domi-
nica. Only one species seen.”
Fam. ALCEDINIDZ.
22. Ceryle alcyon (Linn.).
“ Length, d, 124 in; alar extent, 204; wing, 64.
‘“‘ Though nearly a year has passed since I first saw the Kingfisher of
these islands (in Dominica), this is the first island in which I have been
able to shoot one. It is very shy, and somehow I have always just
missed it, in Dominica as well as St. Vincent, in neither of which islands
is it plentiful; and it was only by the most artful bushwhacking that I
at last got this one. Not abundant; resident.”
Fam. CUCULIDZ.
+23. Coccyzus minor (Gm.).
“Cuckoo manioc.’ Abundant; resident.
“Length, ¢, 124 in. alar extent, 16; wing, 53. |
‘The har sh, cry, resenibling somerhail that of the Yellow-billed Our r
koo, may be heard almost any day, proceeding from the low growth of |
some overgrown pasture or hillside. we
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 273
“Of unsuspicious demeanor, this bird will allow a near approach; if
it flies, it is but for a short distance, to a low tree or thick shrub, where,
if unmolested, it hops about with apparently aimless intent, though
keeping a good lookout for its food, butterflies, moths, etc.
«Very common on the hillside beyond the Carenage.”
» 24. Crotophaga ani, Linn.
-*% Corbeau.’ Abundant; resident.
“Length, ¢, 15 in.; alar extent, 17; wing, 6.
“Length, 2, 14 in.; alar extent, 164; wing, 54.
“Called the ‘Tick-bird’ in St. Vincent; here the ‘Corbeau’, French
for Raven. Said,to have been blown over from Trinidad in a gale some
years ago. It has increased wonderfully ; not held in favorable repute;
eats ticks, bugs, etc., but also eats corn and guinea-grass grain. The
same stupid unsuspicious bird everywhere; breeds abundantly ; ga-
rious. Where one goes and persistently calls, the rest of the flock, from
6 to 12, will surely follow. In a tree or bush they cluster close together ;
have a squeaking cry.
‘They build a large loose nest, and lay in it eggs of a greenish color.
A curious habit of theirs is to build a second nest upon one already
filled with eggs. The only nest I have examined had not a full comple-
ment of eggs, and I cannot tell just what number they lay.”
Fam. STRIGID.
* 25. Strix flammea var. nigrescens, Lawr.
“Owl; ‘Jumbie Bird” Rare.
* Length, ¢, 12 in.; alar extent, 303; wing, 10.
‘¢In different parts of the island are the towers of ancient wind-mills,
which, in various stages of ruin and dilapidation, are going to decay.
Being made of stone, and generally covered with ivy and running vines,
without roof and full of holes, they offer excellent places of abode for
the owls, and there is rarely a ruin without its occupant to frighten
the negroes to the verge of insanity with its nocturnal hootings. From
a superstitious dread of the ‘Jumbie bird,’ and from the fact that these
old mills are well hung with the nests of ‘ Jack Spaniard ’—a wasp, it is
difficult to get a negro to climb into a tower to dislodge the owl.
“‘T am indebted for this one to Mr. Goddard, the manager of the Estate
of Clarke’s Court.”
Fam. FALCONID.
26. Pandion haliztus (Linn.).
‘An infrequent winter visitor on the east or Atlantic coast.”
+27. Buteo pennsylvanicus (Wils. ).
“Length, ?, 154 in.; alar extent, 35; wing, 11.
“At this time (March 25) it is engaged in incubation. Not abundant;
resident.”
Proc. Nat. Mus. 78——18 Feb. 13, 1879.
*
274 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
28. Tinnunculus sparverius var. antillarum (Gm.).
‘Very rare, and, so far as I can ascertain, confined to the eastern
eoast.”
Fam. FREGATIDZ.
29. Fregata aquila (Linn.).
‘‘ Breeds on the rocks north and northeast of Grenada, sparingly, but
in increased numbers on some of the smaller Grenadines.”
Fam. PHA THONIDA.
30. Phzethon ethereus, Linn.
‘Cannot tell if it breeds in Grenada, but am of the opinion that it
does. The specimens obtained in the northern Grenadines were included
in the St. Vincent catalogue.”
Fam. PELECANID.
31. Pelecanus fuscus (Linn.).
‘Breeds on the rocks north of Grenada as well as throughout the
Grenadines.”
32. Sula fiber (Linn.).
“Tnhabits the rocks off the northern coast. Most plentiful in the
Grenadines.”
Fam. ARDEID 4.
33. Ardea herodias, Linn.
“‘ Wxtremely wild. I have seen it on different occasions, and in the
different islands in different months, and pronounce it a straggling resi-
dent (if this term be allowable), that is, one or two may remain after the
spring migrations and may breed, though I have heard of no authentic
instance of its breeding.”
34. Garzetta candidissima (Gm.).
*¢¢ Gaulin blane.’
“Length, 23 in.; alar extent, 37; wing, 11.
“The abundance of this species is in striking contrast to its scarcity
in St. Vincent. This may be attributed to the increased extent of low
wet land, swamps, and lagoons.
“Only Antigua exceeds this island in the number of this species. As
in Dominica and the other French-speaking islands, it is called the —
‘Gaulin blanc’, and the heron in the blue plumage ‘Gaulin noir’ or ‘bleu’.
This is second in point of numbers of the herons, the ‘Gaulin bleu’ third,
and the yellow-crowned fourth. The B. virescens is the most numerous
of the whole. It breeds in the mangroves bordering the lagoon later in
the season.” | tas 2
35. Florida cerulea (Linn.). ie “
“It is not so common as the ‘Gaulin blanc’ and exceedingly ahy?.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 275
* 36. Butorides virescens (Linn.).
“Length, g, 18 in.; alar extent, 25; wing, 7.
“As my boat skirted the fringe of mangroves bordering the lagoon
-eeross the bay from St. Georges, it ousted numbers of this small species.
They would fly a little ways, then dive into tne deep foliage of the man-
groves, where a very close inspection might detect it crawling among
the spider-like roots, or threading its way through the mesh-work of
aérial suckers seeking the mud. When started by the boat or gun, it
gave utterance to its guttural cry, and as we moved along, the crackling
and shutting of oyster shells accompanied us throughout.”
37. Nyctiardea violacea (Linn.).
“A very shy and cautious bird, inhabiting the swamps near the sea-
coast. I have at different times waited for hours for a shot at it in the
deep mangroves, which it loves to frequent.”
Fam. PLATALEID.
38. Platalea ajaja (Linn.).
“A very rare migrant, said to have been seen here.”
Fam. COLUMBID.
39. Columba corensis, Gm.
‘¢¢ Ramier.’
“Length, d, 16 in.; alar extent, 264; wing, 9.
“T arrived at the Grand Etang, the lake in the mountains, about noon;
within an hour, the only man living there started with me around the
lake. After walking half an hour or so, we reached comparatively open
woods, the ‘trees thick and very high. We heard a pigeon coo, and
after some time found him perched on the topmost branch of a tall
‘figuer’ tree, so high up that I at first mistook him for a ‘grive’. At
the report of my gun, he started wildly, flew afew yards upward, and
then fell hurtling through the air, striking the ground with a thud. His
crop was full of hard seeds, large as small bullets. They seem to be in
these woods in good numbers.”
“They are now (March 12th) mating. In November, December, and
January, they visit the islands off the coast in great numbers, and are
said even to extend their. flight to Tobago, in which latter island they
- are not resident.” :
.*40. Zenaida martinicana, Bp.
“<Tourterelle.’ Not plentiful.
“Length, ¢, 114 in.; alar extent, 18; wing, 64.
“Length, ?, 11 in.; alar extent, 17; wing, 6.
“In the mangroves bordering the bay of ‘Clarke’s Court’ estate, near
the southern end of the island, I found this dove. It was near noon of a
very hot day, as the manager and another friend accompanied me into
276 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATION AL MUSEUM.
the deep shade of the ‘mang’ (as it was called), where the mud was half
knee-deep, and stagnant pools crossed the surface. At that time the
doves came in from the surrounding hills for the shade, and we did
very well with them and the Ground Doves, as a dish of them at dinner
amply testified. Itis abundant outside of these mangrove swamps; it
prefers the vicinage of the sea-coast.”
e41. Chamepelia passerina (Linn.).
“Ground Dove.’ Abundant; resident.
“Length, 3, 64 in.; alar extent, 10; wing, 34.
‘‘Length, ¢, 64 in.; alar extent, 9; wing, 34.
‘“‘ Among all the dry hills about St. George’s this little dove can be seen
and heard. It frequents the pastures, the cane-fields, and, in the heat
of the day, the mangroves for shade. Equally abundant on the east
coast.”
42. Geotrygon montana (Linn.).
6 Perdix!
‘“‘T saw several of this species in the forest around the Grand sa dien
and shot a fine female, which was unfortunately lost. By some strange
mischance, I did not finally sueceed in securing any specimens.
“They are exactly the same in size and coloring as those of Dominica
and St. Vincent. I discovered two nests, each containing two eggs.
They choose strange places for their nests, generally placing them upon
some great parasite, attached to a small tree, 4-6 feet from the ground.
Upon a slight covering of leaves they lay two coffee-colored eggs; the
season for incubation is March and April.”
Fam. RALLID/.
43. Gallinula galeata (Licht.).
“Gallinule. Not common; resident.
“Length, 2,144 in.; alar extent, 21; wing, 7.”
44, Porzana?
45. FPulica ?
“This was described as occurring in the volcanic lake near the north
coast; also the preceding species.”
Fam. CHARADRITDZE.
46. Charadrius virginicus, Borkh.
“At time of migration.”
Fam. SCOLOPACID 2.
‘47. Tringoides macularius (Linn. ).
“Sandpiper. ;
“Length, 4, 74 in.; alar extent, 124; wing, 44.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 277
“Shot on the east coast; frequents the coast and rivers in small num-
bers and seems to be a resident.”
48. Numenius hudsonicus (Lath.)?
“At time of migration.”
Fam. LARIDZE.
49. Anous stolidus (Linn.).
‘The Noddy Tern.”
50. Sterna maxima, Bodd. Be.
“ S. cayenensis.”
51. Sterna dougalli, Mont.
52. Sterna fuliginosa, Gm.
53. Larus atricilla, Linn.
“This and the preceding four species of tern breed in the smalier of
the Grenadines, principally upon the southern coast.”
Fam. PODICIPITID.
54. Podiceps ?
“« Podiceps.
‘“Not seen by me, but described with sufficient accuracy to identify
it as a Podiceps.”
‘It was greatly my desire to visit the curious volcanic lake, near the
northeastern coast, which is said to be well supplied with water-fowl.
Strange as it may seem, in an island black with negroes, I could get no
one to transport my necessary equipments, nor could I get a horse to
carry me until too late for the purpose.”
“The Grenadines !
“ Consist of small islets and rocks forming a chain between St. Vin-
cent on the north and Grenada on the south. Unlike the other islands,
they are not volcanic, have little elevation, no running streams, and are
rather barren.
“ Bequia, Mustique, Cannouan, and Carriacou are the largest, and
some portions of these islands are cultivated. The inhabitants subsist
principally upon fish. Some cotton is raised; also sugar.
‘‘ From their conformation and from their barrenness it will be readily
seen that the birds characteristic of the larger islands cannot be found
here. The Ground Dove (Chamepelia passerina) and the Turtle Dove
(Zenaida martinicana) are very abundant, as the low scrub, with which a
great part of the islands are covered, afford them protection and food,
while the shallow water-holes give them the little necessary drink.
-
278 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
“The Blackbird (Quiscalus luminosus) is very abundant. The Cuckoo
manioe (Cocecyzus minor) is also found here, as well as the Certhiola sp.%, —
the small Sparrow (Phonipara bicolor), the Mocking-bird (Mimus gilvus),
the Green Heron (Butorides virescens), and the Chicken Hawk (Buteo penn-
sylvanicus). In one of the islands, Union, the Cockrico (Ortalida rujfi-
cauda) has been successfully introduced, and some attempts have been
made with the American Quail (Ortyx virginianus). Some of the islands
are in private hands, and have been stocked with deer and goats, which,
having become thoroughly wild, afford excellent hunting.
“The sea birds frequent the small islands, and the outlying rocks of
the larger, in myriads, where they breed.
‘The Little Crested Humming-bird of Grenada and St. Vineenti is also
found in. the Grenadines.”
New York, December 10, 1878.
ON THE BREEDING MABITS OF THE SEA-CATFISH (ABIOPSIS
MELBERTIEH?).
By PROF. N. VT. LUPTON.
VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY,
Nashville, Tenn., February 19, 1877.
Prof. SPENCER F’. BAIRD:
About the middle of July, 1868, while on a visit to Mobile, Ala., I ac-
companied a party of friends on a fishing excursion to Fish River, a
small stream on the eastern side of Mobile Bay, some 25 miles below
the city. This river near its mouth widens out, forming Berwicks Bay,
a Sheet of water about three miles wide by four in length. This Ber-
wicks Bay is a favorite fishing-ground, being the resort, especially after
a storm in the Gulf, of immense schools of mullet. A great variety of
other fish, such as the croaker, trout, redfish, &c., abound in this bay.
Captain Wemyss, who owned a large saw-mill on the bank of the
river, and whose hospitality we were enjoying, kindly proposed to show
us the different kinds of fish which frequent these waters, and to this
end furnished a large seine and the necessary force to draw it.
While examining the fish my attention was called to several cat, each
about 10 inches in length, which seemed to have a wonderful develop-
ment of the throat. On examination, the enlargement was found to be
caused by small catfish and eggs which were carried in the mouth. From
the mouth of one I took out eleven small fish, each about an inch in
length, and from another eight or nine eggs the size of a small marble, —
the eyes of the embryonic cat showing distinetly through the thin mem- —
brane enveloping the egg. |
On inquiry made of several old fishermen in the neighborhood, and of F
a large number elsewhere, I have failed to find one who knew anything
PROCEEDINUS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 279
whatever of this habit of the catfish. If the observation is new, and it
deserves to be placed on record, you are at liberty to use this in any
way you may deem proper.
Very respectfully,
N. T. LUPTON.
LZ
—
ON THE OCCURRENCE OF STICH ZUS PUNCTATUS, (FABR.) KROYER,
: AT ST. MICHAEL’S, ALASKA.
By TARLETON H. BEAN.
A single specimen of the species above named was collected June 29,
1874, at St. Michael’s, Alaska, by Mr. Lucien M. Turner, who sent it to
the United States National Museum. The species is now apparently for
the first time recorded from the coast of Northwestern North America.
The total length of the specimen is 145 millimetres (544 inches). It has
been compared with an individual of the same species from Greenland
(probably from the Danish Colonies, as it was presented to the Museum
by the Danish Academy), and another from Halifax, Nova Scotia, where
it was taken September 4, 1877, by the United States Fish Commission,
at the mouth of the harbor, in 20 fathoms of water. In order to show
at a glance how the St. Michael’s specimen differs from the other two,
the proportions of the different parts of the body of all the specimens. to
the total length without caudal are exhibited in tabular form. The.
average proportions of the three individuals are given in another table,
and they may serve as a basis of a description of the species. From this
average the specimen from St. Michael’s differs in the following par-
ticulars:
1. The maxillary is longer.
2. The mandible is longer.
3. The pectoral is longer.
4. The ventral is inserted somewhat nearer the snout.
In the number of anal rays, the Alaska specimen is intermediate be-
tween the other two. The differences indicated fall within the limits of
individual variation, and in the absence of sufficient’ material it is not
practicable to separate the St. Michael’s example from the other two,
even as a variety.
Sticheus punctatus is recorded from the coast of Greenland (Danish
Colonies?), Newfoundland, Halifax, Nova Scotia, and St. Michael’s,
Alaska.
280 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ef
Table of Measurements.
Current number of specimen....--.----- 21,718. 4,588. 21,068. |
TRMNEMT pon onsen age toca esane eee eneen ; Bt Ree gi Greenland. Halifax.
| Milli- |100thsof | Milli- |100thsof; Milli- | 100ths of
Reewis: length. | metres. | length. | metres. | length.
e
Extreme length (without caudal). -.....-. LOB he ees ee Wists cee 160. oe
Length to end of middle caudal rays-. -.. 145 | (512 in.) ay lists Sac 1824). ee eee
Body:
Greatest height . ..----.-----+---+--+--[----+--+-- 17 je-e--e ene 13. [sseaeveeee 16}
Height at ventrals.....--..--.-- Sane <iclo eee eeeees Tees aeteren er 12% |2 2c eee 13
Least height of tail ......-.-.-------|---------- T sle~caegenag (ee eer 6
Head:
Greatest length . .......2.052 - sas - sp [en----ee-s ys tal ee ee oe PARR aaa 2»
Gréatest width’. .6259-.\-2- 22-22 Se. Rapene te stern oe a a ae se Se 10") ee 94
Width of interorbital area ......----|.--------- ee ere 28 eta eee 2
Length of snout. ......-.2 22-05 --. seiewe nec tein Cpe yitratine stigise Oe |scnecaemer 6
Length of upper Jaw -.6 ee ws- se 5} rede BO SR ew nt a eee Di hares Spreng 7
Length of Mandible . 2. 2. .< op onsesein neon en ee A | ie Beer OF ja 0 atemenes 9
Distance from snout to centre of orbit; ..---..--. 8 decepkaaiep 78 icesewmale Je Tt
Diameter of Orbib:.. 2 22.2 ccs anemia eee sla ernie aie || Simnletamnrera tote aI is a + 43
Dorsal:
Distance from snout. .........ceeneus veloese nae ea +3 i Ge 22 -}cngeateene 204
Bength of ‘base .3..-.5..¢h- 25a bbaan «pp aes Thai <3 ses 80). cckee tree 80
Anal : ,
Distance from snout.:.-...5 ss ope sea] ee sveee oe OE te atuysk a2 46 |.....-.-- % 47
Length of base. ....... 00st nnsem= Shanes sme 13% A Sse OD * eae oh ree 54
Caudal : :
Length of middle rays ......----..0.|---s..+- Bf Bec araciniars x 15g: | - -.1¢ ae 14
Pectoral:
Distance,from snout. ...-.. .us=seaeaele es ab eemen pa Sh eer G24 -| anode sae 22
Bength osc... eo. op cea pm Sewn ae Cae 1 ab ES eae Se Sele 1G > twice Senet 164
Ventral
Phatance from enous, . 6:52.52 icv aehaec obwa ees BO) REIL MALY, |, ees, © Se 23
PsN, - in w/b nntlad vie don 4 > 2 oe a eee? a ee 64
Branchiostegals -.... 2-260 20.5 25..ste<s WE t-2eeen eet BE the: ares: VERE st
DG + 5: - See SCS Pee ooh a evens Sad Ma eee eee GDAL onto gpetel OT Mey pee
EE. os. s Capertee Seen team A eee ee BO Teka akan Re ose oe eree yi
| ee ee ae ees ee ee 4 as Se 2D |cm- svne.ennihidiblela« &geeeiein ee geno
POOUSTE occ cc et ce are Rene ade a eae Pe Vee aca as m5 | [a me WA TDA conttithes Staats
Venbrtel 5s sk pens BP nh week Mee ee | © idle iatiw gree Da eile
Number of specimen ........csessenseaueeee tebe bps eases pare 4,588. 21,718. 21,068.
LOGATAY....-.-..-- acon sheds on pane os ch ae ses oe ae Greenland. | St.Michael's.| Halifax.
Length of head in total length without caudal (times)...-...... 4.76
Interorbital area in total length without caudal (times)..-....... - 40
Snout in total length without caudal (times).....-.-.-.-..------- 17. 65
Upper jaw in total length without caudal (times) -...........-..-.. 15. 38
Mandible in total length without caudal (times) ......--......-. ~ 12
Distance of dorsal from snout in total length without caudal
WGIMOR) +. se Lo. bet cence seb uals be ke de ote enna nn 4. 55
Base of dorsal in total length without caudal (times)....-----.-- 1, 25
Distance of anal from snout in total length without caudal (times) 2.17
Base of anal in total length without caudal (times)....--.......-. 1,:82
Distance of pectoral from snout in total length without caudal
i ae, oe ere era Fe 4. 44
Length of pectoral in total length without caudal (times)....... 6. 25
Distance of ventral from snout in total length without caudal
PRMD) = ooo onan noc nend onesie nsioaeh babes an eee 4.76
Length of ventral in total length without caudal (times).....-.- 12. 50
Diramontimteras, ..- a. 6.2 os cnnds townb o0rchep einen soe cee VI
MAELO OS in os,» 20 diame nelle gall ite « Dias e wena 50
CS ee ey on on ey yA 37
Coe ERTR. .o.... 2.1, ds ery ao Be le pee 2 22
POOUSIEL TOG ...-...-- +... icpirapink tne Use mepe bawleke 15
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 281
AVERAGE OF THE SPECIMENS.
Length of head in total length without caudal (times) .......-.-..........---- 4. 62
Interorbital area in total length without caudal (times). ...-.....-...--------- 43
Snout in total length without caudal (times)-.-.-.......--.-.-.-..-------- ii.65 17
Upper jaw in total length without caudal (times) .... .... 2... ....-.--20--- ---- 14. 05
Mandible in total length without caudal (times)....-....... ------ .eeeee eoneee 11
Distance of dorsal from snout in total length without caudal (times).-.......--. 4.73
Base of dorsal in total length without caudal (times).....- eee taeda awe 2288 ae 1, 26
Distance of anal from snout in total length without caudal (times)-........---. 2.17
Base of anal in total length without caudal (times) ..--..-.---...---.-..-..--- 1. 84
Distance of pectoral from snout in total length without caudal (times)....-...- 4,51
Length of pectoral in total length without caudal (times).......---..-..----.. 5. 95
Distance of ventral from snout in total length without caudal (times)......-.-. 4.79
Length of ventral in total length without caudal (times) ..--....-.-..-- Hee 13.74
Pepe mine ale Selec? ee ths ace oT EE a2 i eased VI
eee Sn ee te es il ek Ss Sk ct eee eed gi dada Viens 48-50
ESS PE Ee ET EE Me ee et oe eee Se ee 33-37
tna a Aki a ian vp, Hin wR seed Sx aa nes «8% 21-22
aS wa Qian mma dows wake idee a Kean on eles oa 8 15
nn enn Rene ree. OL ae oan acud es Sos ck ete ae aeew bh iene Sul eole 3
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, Washington, December 4, 1878.
vy
BEPORT ON THE LIMPETS AND CHITONS OF THE ALASKAN AND
ARCTIC REGIONS, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF GENERA AND SPE-
CIES BELIEVED TO BE NEW.
By W. H. DALL.
The following report has been drawn up chiefly from material collected
in Alaska from 1865 to 1874 inclusive, but includes references to the
few Arctic or northern species which are not common to Alaskan waters.
The northwest coast of America, which I have already stated I have
reason to think is the original center of distribution for the group of Doco-
glossa, at least of the littoral forms, is unquestionably the richest field
where these animals may be found. This is true not only in regard to
the number of species, but also in regard to'the number of peculiar and
remarkable forms of genera and subgenera; in one sense, the develope-
ment and specialization of the soft parts, even at the expense of the
shelly envelope, is a test of relative rank in restricted groups. Hence
it may not be erroneous to regard the gigantic Cryptochiton as represent-
ing the highest developement of the group, though belonging in the
section of Irregular Chitons; especially as paleontological evidence
shows part of the section of Regular Chitons to represent the Chitons of
paleozoic times and embryonic structure. As was pointed out in my
previous paper on the phylogeny of the Docoglossa, the embryonic
types, represented by Lepeta and Cryptobranchia among the Limpets, are
represented on the N. W. coast by a larger number of species and by
larger individuals than in any other region; so the embryonic types of
Chitonide in the same district are here to be found more largely repre-
282 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. |
sented in species and by larger individual species than anywhere else in
the world. That this is also true of other groups of Mollusca, such as
the Fissurellide, Trochide, Haliotide, Buccinide, and others, I hope here-
after to be able to show conclusively. |
Since I have elsewhere* treated in considerable detail the Limpets of
the northwest coast of America, I shall here present only a list of the
species with such additional material as six years’ study and collections
have brought to hand, and reserve for the Chitons a more detailed ac-
count. This is the more desirable, since this group has been very gen-
erally neglected, and even the most modern descriptions often fail to
give those details by which a species can be assigned a place among its
proper associates. |
Had the late Dr. Carpenter survived, the report on this group would
have been delegated to his more able hands; the material passed for a
time into his possession, but his premature demise came to pass before
anything except the identification of the already known species and
some correspondence on the general subject had been accomplished.
For sufficient reasons, it is not to be hoped that his materials for a mono-
graph of the group, as a whole, will be published for some time, and I
have therefore been authorized to use some extracts from his MSS.
which have a direct bearing on the particular species here referred to.
I have in all cases followed him in framing descriptions of species, and
have quoted his original descriptions (giving due eredit) where it was
practicable. Research into several undecided questions has resulted in
decisions in several cases different from those he had anticipated; but
in which conclusions, from my intercourse with him, I have no doubt he
would have eventually coincided, had he lived to follow out the inyesti-
gations he began.
The caution, in assigning values to the higher divisions of this singu-
lar group, sian was exercised by Dr. Carpenter, has been fully justified,
and it does not seem that our knowledge of them is yet sufficiently com-
plete to authorize definite conclusions. Examination of the radula,
heretofore almost wholly neglected, emphasizes the necessity of con-
tinued caution. The numerous characters presented by the insertion-
plates, the characters of the girdle, branchie, sexual organs, develope-
ment, radula, and the presence or absence of pores on the upper sur-
face, are apparently interchangeable to a greater extent than would be
supposed. In this sense they present a remarkably homogeneous group.
In spite of numerous important and peculiar features, their position, as
a subdivision of the Gasteropodous Mollusca, appears to me to be defi-
nitely settled beyond any reasonable question. By very numerous
characters, their continued association in the neighborhood of the Lim-
pets as their nearest (if still somewhat distant) relatives appears to me
to be assured, and requires only some knowledge of the embryology of
Se
**“On the Limpets,” &c., Am. Journ. of Conchology, vi, pp. 228-282, pl. 14-17, April,
1871. .
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 283
Limpets to be placed on a definite footing. That any classification
founded on single characters, or a small proportion of characters, may
result unfavorably to this view, I am not prepared to deny; but what-
ever advantages such a method may present, it is not one which appears
worthy of the name of philosophical treatment, or likely to endure as
our knowledge becomes more definite and extended.
It is not yet certain how far the indications of the dentition may be
relied on in this group, as will presently be shown. Whether, as in the
implacental mammalia, the teeth will prove an insecure basis for gener-
alization beyond genera, or whether a classification based upon them
will present a more favorable aspect when a larger number of species
have been examined, it is yet impossible to say. What is known pre-
sents some anomalies to which the key is at present wanting. So far
as investigation has proceeded, greater weight seems due to the charac-
ter of the shelly plates than to any other single feature, and the tenta-
tive classification of Dr. Carpenter is in this way justified. Any division
of the group into families seems premature without more light. The
genera and subgenera are, in most cases, reasonably sure on their founda-
tions; but on an examination of the dentition, such as is contemplated by
Dr. Troschel, and is urgently needed, much will depend. But until this
has been made very full and thorough, it is to be hoped that generic
distinctions based on the teeth alone may be suspended, or at least left
without names.
A sketeh of the outlines of Dr. Carpenter’s classification will not be
out of place here, but is best preceded by an explanation of certain
terms used in description.
In all Chitons with exposed valves, the seven posterior valves are
divided more or less plainly by lines radiating from the apex to the
opposite anterior edge. The sculpture of the posterior triangular areas
(are laterales) thus cut off is almost uniformly like that of the whole
anterior valve and the part behind the apex (muero) of the posterior
valve. The central or anterior triangles (are centrales) are sculptured
alike, but generally in a different pattern from the sides. The arec la-
terales are usually raised a little above the rest. It is very rare that the
bounding diagonal lines cannot be traced, and they usually correspond
to the slit in the side-lamine of insertion, which project into the zone or
girdle, and are free from the peculiar porous superficial layer character-
istic of the exposed test in the whole group of Chitons. This super-
ficial layer usually projects over the anterior and posterior lamine of
insertion or teeth (dentes) in the first and last valves, forming what Dr.
Carpenter terms the ‘eaves’ (subgrunde). These may exhibit the spongy
character of the layer of which they are formed, or may be varnished
over at their edges with a thin layer of true shelly matter, as in the
Ischnoid group. In the typical Chitons they are short, leaving the
teeth projecting; in the Mopaloids they are hardly developed, and in
some groups they quite overshadow the teeth.
984 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
In many genera there is a small portion of peculiar sculpture marked
off along the ridge of the median line of the back. This is the area
jugali, and corresponds to the sinus or space between the inner termina-
tions of the two anterior sutural lamine which pass forward from each
of the posterior seven valves under the valve in front. The sutural
laminz are also destitute of the porous layer. The sinus is either open,
™ z a —
te Se
SS ML “eS
1
‘0%
Fic. A.—Chiton olivaceus Sowerby. A, anterior, B, middle, and C, posterior valve,
seen from outside; D, E, F, the same valves, from within; g, sinus jugali, between
the two anterior sutural laminew; h, h, denies, or teeth between the notches or slits in
the lamin of insertion; i, k, slits in lamina of insertion; 1, outer end of line separa-
ting the area lateralis of the middle valve from the area centralis; m, end of the line
separating the central area of the tail-plate from the posterior portion; the angulation —
of this line in the median line of the animal forms the mucro. _
Fic. B.—Enoplochiton niger Barnes.—A, anterior valve from above, showing the lam-
ine of insertion and notches; B, the middle valve, from above ; g, sinus jugali, in front
of the jugum, or area jugali, and between the two sutural lamina; i, 1, notches between
the sutural and insertional lamin, and forming the ends of the line forming the an-
terior border of the lateral and posterior border of the central areas; C, tail-plate;
g, sinus jugali; m, end of line separating the areas; D, anterior valve, from within,
showing teeth (h, h) and notches of lamina of insertion; 2, middle valve, from
within; g, jugal sinus, between the sutural lamin; i, notch, between sutural lamina
and side-lamina of insertion. .
or part of the jugular area projects forward between the sutural lamina,
forming a false apex; or a keystone-like piece, either solid, or fimbriated.
like the teeth of a comb, may exist between the laminzw and partly fill
the sinus. The sinus posticus is the wave, notch, or indentation which
in some genera is found in the posterior edge of the posterior valve. In
hs el ro
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 285
some of the Irregular Chitons, posterior sutural lamine are found, but
these are very exceptional.
In the vast majority of genera, the side-laminz of insertion have only
one slit on each side of the valve; occasionally a valve may be abnormal
in a regular species, and the number of slits in the anterior and posterior
valves may vary within moderate limits.
The girdle (zona), which is distinct from the true mantle, is variously
ornamented with scales, bristles, spines, down, or hairs, either singly or
combined, which exhibit most beautiful forms tolerably constant in
generic groups, and worthy of a special and exhaustive research.* These
may be solid or hollow, shelly or keratose, single or combined in bunches,
and in some forms are hollow and annulated, precisely like the sete of
Brachiopods. In certain genera they issue from pores, usually at the
sutures, and these pores have a certain value as a systematic character,
but much less than has been assigned to them by some authors.
The Chitons in the adult condition are destitute of eyes or tentacles,
and exhibit evidences of degradation anteriorly. The anus is always
median and posterior; on each side of if are the sexual openings or
Jenestre. These may open by several slits or pores directly into the
perivisceral cavity, or form the aperture of a sexual duct. The gills, as
pointed out by me in 1871, are composed of a row of branchiz, starting
from near the tail, extending a third (postica), half (medic), or all the
way (ambientes) toward the head, each leaflet of which corresponds to a
whole branchial plume, such as is found in Acmea. Each single gill is
conical, with the lamelle projecting inward, somewhat resembling in
outline the shell of Carinaria. The mantle, inside the coriaceous mar-
gin of the girdle, often forms a lamina or fringe. <A lappet called the
‘veil’ generally surrounds the front of the rostrum, which has some-
times a double veil. The muzzle is semicircular, usually plain, and ex-
hibits a tendency to form a lobe at the two posterior corners. The
radula is always present. Like the Limpets, Chitons possess a lami-
nated crop before the true stomach. The nervous system, beautifully
worked out by Brandt? in a paper singularly overlooked by most writ-
ers, is also comparable with that of Patella vulgata (simultaneously
examined and figured), though by no means identical.. The cephalic
ganglia appear to be suppressed, forming another evidence of the degen-
eration or want of developement of the cephalic region in this group.
A valuable paper by Dr. H. von thering of Erlangen, I have not yet
had access to, but understand that it contains a description of the ner-
vous system of Chitons. i
*Cf. Reincke, Beitr. zur Bildungsges. der Stacheln, u. s. w.; Zeitschr. fiir Wiss.
Zool. 1858.
_ tSt. Petersb. Imp. Acad. Sci. Mélanges Biolog. vii, p. 146, f. 2, 1868, Acanthochiton
JSascicularis.
+ Since this paper was written, I have been kindly furnished by Dr. v. Ihering with
copies of his extremely important work on the “ Anatomy of the Nervous System and
the Phylogeny of the Mollusca,” and two valuable papers concerning the Chitonida
286 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
’
Since differences exist between the results obtained, in working out
the nervous system of Chiton, by different naturalists, it is thought best
(from Gegenb. Morph. Zeitschr. iv, April, 1877), and their allies. In the first-men-
tioned work, the author comes to somewhat different conclusions from Brandt in regard
to the details of the nervous system, both in Chiton (cinereus) and Patella vulgata,
though the differences are not so fundamental as a first glance at the somewhat dia-
grammatic figures might suggest. In the ‘ Anatomy” the author considers as a sepa-.
rate phylum (Amphineura) the Chitons, together with Neomenia (Solenopus Sars) and
Chatederma, placing them under Vermes, while the Docoglossa and most of the Proso-
branchiate Mollusks form the third phylum (Arthrocochlides Thr.) of the Mollusea.
In the later paper on Neomenia, &c., Ihering seems disposed to concede a more intimate
relation between the Lissurellidw and Limpets on the one hand and the Chitonidw on
the other. His figures would indicate a more near relation between Sissurella ancl
Chiton than between the latter and Patella, so far as the nervous system goes. It
must be borne in mind, while considering his differences with Brandt in regard to
Chiton, that the species examined by Ihering, Trachydermon cinereus Lowe, is one of
the lower forms of Chitonida, closely related to the lowest existing genus, Leptochiton ;
while that dissected by Brandt belongs to the higher of the two great groups of Poly-
placiphora. It would be natural, therefore, that the nervous system of the former
should more nearly resemble the wormlike forms from which the Chitons may have
come out, and that the latter should be closer to the Limpets, which, though less
specialized, I can hardly doubt sprang from the same original stock. It is also within
the bounds of probability that in the details of the nervous system, as in all other
details, the characteristic variability (within certain limits) of the group of Chitonide
may assert itself.
I cannot refrain from expressing, here, my conviction that there are at least two
points of view from which the classification of these invertebrates may be regarded in
a scientific sense. The army of embryologists, to whom, in these later days, we owe
so much new light, with the enthusiastic self-confidence born of successful innova-
tions, as a general rule deny the existence of more than one scientific point of view.
More than one of them has dogmatically asserted that science in natural history now
consists in the study of embryology alone, and phylogenetic classifications deduced
therefrom. It has been said that careful and minute anatomical investigations and .
histological researches based upon adult animals no longer deserve the name of sci-
ence. It has even been averred that the only object of classification now is the rep-
resentation in words of phylogenetic diagrams, or the derivative relations of animals
according to the particular author’s hypotheses. It is therefore somewhat refreshing
to find that a school of naturalists is gradually forming, for whom anatomy as com-
pared with pure embryology has still some attractions.
No one denies that a classification may be grounded exclusively upon the embry-
onic developement, and may possess a high scientific character, nor that among the
higher animals such a basis must form a principal part of the foundanien of any scici-
tific classification which may be applied to them.
But what seems to be lost sight of by some of those who have upg from the
bonds of the Cuvierian system, is the fact that some of the derivatives from two par-
allel stocks may resemble one another more closely than specialized forms derived
from the same stock; that in the early stages of the developement of organisms before
well-defined lines of specialization for the adults had been fixed by natural selection
and other factors, variations were necessarily rather the rule than the exception
among the embryonic forms, even when of common origin; that the missing stages,
“abridged developement,” ete., reported by most later embryologtate, are, in all prob-
ability, the traces of the pleat vacillations and accelerations of primal evolution,
and that a truly Philosophical classification must take these things into account.
It must not be forgotten that we have to deal with results as well as methods, with
:
’
)
|
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 287
to reproduce here the accessible material, and wait for more information
before considering the subject as fully decided.
The figure here given, after Brandt’s researches on Acunthochiton fas-
cicularis, may be supposed to present the general features of the nervous
system in the higher members of the group.
The accompanying figure (C*) of part of the nervous system of Chiton
-—— =
et
Sp
spy
Acanthochiton
Fascicularts. AB
Trachydermon
cinerevs
LA Fig. C®
Fic. C.—PBC, pedo-branchial commissure; NB,nervi branchiales; NP, nervi pedales;
nl, nervi labiales, small filaments numerous and hardly traceable; ns, nervi pharyng.
superiores; gpv, ganglia pedo-visceralia seu pedo-branchialia; iape, inter-anterio-
pharyng. commissure; ippc, inter-pedo-pharyngial commissure; App, anterior inferior
pharyngial ganglia; aipe, anterior inferior pharyngial commissure; pipc, posterior
ditto; gv, ganglia vascularia, resting on bv, a blood-vessel (the small commissure sep-
arating these ganglia is called by Brandt the intervascular commissure); sp, anterior
superior pharyngial ganglia; Psp, posterior superior pharyngial ganglia; x, superior
posterior post-pharyngial ganglion; z, anterior superior pharyngial commissure; Isp,
inter superior pharyngial commissure; 00, anterior inferior pharyngial nerves; pp,’
posterior ditto.
termini as well as routes, with adults rather than embryos. We do not live in a world
of embryos alone, in any but the most metaphysical sense. We cannot learn the rela-
tions of animals, as they are, to each other from the embryological phylum alone, any
more than we could understand the nations of modern Europe and their political
boundaries from a map of the Aryan migrations.
To apply this reasoning to the matter in hand in detail would require much more
Space and time than are at present available. Yet it may be said that we have high
authority for considering that the mollusks and worms are derived from a common
origin, and that, in fact, the former derive their characteristic features from the ten-
dency to specialization and developement within the compass of a single segment, or 2
very small number of segments, while the worms are characterized rather by redupli-
cation of more simple segmental partsin great number, but small variety among them-
selves. Various groups of mollusks may owe their greater or less participation in fea-
988 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
(Trachydermon) cinereus is from Ihering. It will be seen that there are
comparatively few important differences between the two; the pedal
commissures (npc); the separation of the ganglia App from close con-
nection with the anterior (iapc) and posterior (pipe) loops; the larger
and more conspicuous buccal ganglia (Sp) and the less complete coales-
cence of the strands forming the pedo-branchial commissure (PBC) are
the most conspicuous features. Further research is required to deter-
mine how much of these differences is.due to the diagrammatic character
of the figures, and how much to the sy stematic difference between Tra-
chydermon and Acanthochiton.
The nervous system of Acanthochiton fascicularis chiefly consists of
two large angular ganglia bound together by a large flat commissure.
These two principal ganglia, which lie on the sides of the buccal mass,
may be taken as a consolidation of the ganglia pedalia and the ganglia
branchialia seu visceralia; thence springs out a nervus pedalis, which
supplies the foot and muscles with minute rami on each side of the
nerve; also a nervus branchialis, which passes along a furrow on the
inner edge of the mantle, giving out secondary rami to the branchi.
The cerebral ganglia are wanting, unless we consider with Middendorf
that they form part of the pedo-branchial commissure. Brandt objects
to this view on the ground that the commissure throughout its whole
breadth is similarly formed and gives out similar nerves; namely, nervi
labiales from in front, and a multitude of minute nerves to the pharynx
behind. As Chitons have in the adult condition neither eyes nor tenta-
cles, so the absence of these ganglia (from which in other forms nerves
are given out to those two organs only) seems very natural. This com-
missure may also be called the pedo-branchialis, and it may correspond
with the commissura cerebralis, from which similar nerves have been
demonstrated to spring. This commissure also presents resemblances
to the nerves and ganglia of the stomato-gastric system, common to
many gasteropods, in its intense yellow color. . A commissure binds each
pedo-branchial ganglion with a little inferior pharyngial ganglion, and
the same also connects these inferior pharyngial ganglia with one
another by an inferior interpharyngial commissure (as in Patella vulgata,
tures, generally more characteristic of Annulosa, from the different times at which
they started from the common stock on an independent career of specialization.
All this in no wise authorizes the combination in one group of worm-like mollusks
and molluscoid worms. The writer has persistently opposed such ill-considered con-
glomerations as wholly unphilosophical. Even were there embryological identity,
which no one has claimed, such a course seems to him to indicate au ignorance of the
meaning of terms in systematic nomenclature, or the confounding of the two starting
points for classification, to which allusion has been made. He will even venture to
predict that when the anatomy and developement of two hundred, instead of two,
species of Chitons and Limpets, are worked out, a single phylum will express their
relations to the worms, to each other, and to the other true gasteropods; and to assert
that, in his opinion, nothing is so likely to conduce to this simplification than the
continuation and amplification of the really admirable work upon whieh Dr. vy. Thering
and others have of late been engaged.
oi “a a
:
|
Ses
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 289
in which also it is bow-shaped, with the concavity forward), and through
still another commissure with the two upper pharyngial ganglia.
From each inferior pharyngial ganglion, a long, thin commissure ex-
tends, binding it with a large subovate ganglion, which may be called
the posterior inferior pharyngial ganglion; and the others must then
take the name of the anterior inferior pharyngial ganglia. The two
former are connected by a little arched commissure, and lie behind the
aorta. From the anterior inferior pharyngial ganglia three pairs of
nerves proceed before and one behind the buccal muscle. The anterior
superior pharyngial ganglia are connected by five commissures with
each other and other ganglia. From the superior anterior pharyngial
ganglia proceed two small nerves for the upper buccal muscles. The
posterior superior pharyngial ganglion sends out a small nerve to the
upper lateral buccal muscle, and from the superior posterior post-
pharyngial two small nerves are traceable to the radula.
Circulation.—Our knowledge of this is. due to Middendorf, to whose
ponderous and not very satisfactory monograph of Cryptochiton Stellert
the student is referred. More light is needed on this subject.
Sexual Organs.—The Chitonide are of two sexes, wherever they have
been examined by the writer, and the number of forms which has passed
under review is so large that there can be no doubt this is the rule
throughout the group.* The histological characters of the male and
female gland resemble those of the Limpets, at least in general appear-
ance. The most superficial observer can separate the sexes when the
characters have once been called to his notice. It is true that Midden-
dorf found, or believed he found, spermatozoa in the ovisac of Chiton
(Symmetrogephyrus) Pallasii, but this may be accounted for in another
way; and I may say, definitely, that I have examined both males and
females of that species. The glands of both sexes open on each side of
the anus, in some species quite close to the latter, in others much further
forward and in advance of the most posterior branchiz. The opening
may be a simple pore or small aperture forming the termination of a
sexual duct, or it may consist of what I have termed a fenestra, or
elongated slit, crossed by several bands of tissue, so that there may
seem to be from two to seven oblique slits, each extending partly behind
the front end of the slit behind it. In these cases, I have not been able
to determine the existence of a continuous oviduct, and am* inclined to.
believe that the ova may pass from the oviduct into the perivisceral
cavity, and from thence, through the fenestra, reach the exterior.
The ovisac and spermsac are more or less convoluted and asymme-
trical. They are probably the result of fusion of two original glands in
the median line, if, indeed, they are not partly separated in some spe-
cies, as seemed in one or two instances to be the case. The ducts, when
carefully examined, are seen to spring from the anterior abdominal side
of the sac, not from the posterior end.
* Dr. v. Ihering arrives at the same conclusion.
Proc. Nat. Mus. 78-——19 Feb. 13, 1879.
29() PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Clark observed the eggs being ejected in a sort of stream from the
openings into the water and settling in loose clusters on adjacent objects.
Verrill and Carpenter have confirmed these observations, and add that
the hinder part of the foot is so raised as to form a sort of funnel, out of
which the eggs emerge. But these eggs, in some cases at least, are
ready impregnated, and somewhat far advanced in developement before
they leave the oviduct. I have myself observed, in several individuals.
which had been some years in spirit, eggs developed as far as the first
stage figured (47a), which had never left the ovisae. In this connection
it may be observed that, if the sperma be ejected into the water, there
is nothing to prevent the spermatozoids from entering the wide aper-
tures of the fenestrae (in some species at least), and thus impregnating
the eggs in the ovary. In this way may be explained the presence of
spermatozoa in the female Chiton Pallas noted by Middendorf. In
some species with very small ovarian openings, this internal impregna.
tion would be attended with more difficulty. In some species, a large
so-called “slime gland” is present, lying under the middle line of the
ovisac. Gray states that in some Chitons the egg is enfolded in a thick,
vesicular, folded envelope, but I did not notice anything of the kind in
those I examined. I observed no micropyle, but having only specimens
hardened by long immersion in spirits these observations cannot be
deemed conclusive. In all the species specially examined to determine
the character of the ova, the eggs were spherical, with a rather tough
skin, quite smooth, with no trace of lime in it, and apparently in no
way attached to the walls of the ovary when ripe.*
Developement.—Nothing later than the brief but admirable researches”
of Lovén, now thirty years old, has come to hand. His figures are here
reproduced, with a summary of what has been observed, to stimulate
further enquiry in those favorably situated.
The Chitons differ from most Mollusks in that the shell does not appear
on the embryo until some time after they are hatched. In this eonnee-
tion, the observations of Krohn on Marseniide may be referred to.
The embryo of Chiton cinereus is oval, with no trace of shelly valves
or depressions for them, and is divided into two nearly equal parts by a
transverse depression, the margins of which are ciliated. On the middle
of the upper part is a tuft of filaments which move slightly. At each
end of the depression are two dark points, representing the eyes.
_ The young when hatched (Fig. 47 b, ce) become more elongated, the
front part is finely ciliated, and the tuft occasionally vibrates. The
hinder part extends more rapidly and becomes conic. The back is
marked by seven furrows; between these the first rudiments of the shelly
*Dr. v. Ihering describes the egg of C. squamosus as covered with peculiar thorns,
five-sided solid columns, expanding at the distal end into a cup whose edge is cut into”
five points. C. Cajetanus and fascicularis had eggs covered with a grooved and irregu-
larly furrowed membrane, as described by Gray, but without thorns. The vesicular —
membrane thus may be considered as a chorion. In the immature stages, the eggs are,
enclosed in follicles of the tissues of the ovisac.
<p
7
a
i
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 291
valves make their appearance in the form of fine granulations. Soon
after this, the animal can crawl as well as swim, and the mantle becomes
separated from the foot by an indentation. The eyes are placed on the
ventral side, and hardly visible from above. The upper anterior part of
the animal is marked with acute tubercles. The mouth is not yet visible.
The valves first appear in the form of seven narrow bands with irregular
margins; the tuft disappears. The head and mouth then develope
(Fig. 47 e). The eyes are on distinct lateral protuberances. No gills
have appeared. The mantle and front valve advance over the head
(Fig. 47 f) and eyes; the tuberculated area in front of the valves is
gradually diminished, and the tail-plate appears behind the seventh.
The valves are at first irregular, but increase from below, and deep
notches, persistent in the adult, are formed on the front edges, one on
each side. It will be seen that the valves are formed each in one piece,
and not by the coalescence of parts corresponding to the various areas
of the adult valve. There are eight valves in all Chitons, though mon-
sters with seven valves have been occasionally reported; they lack the
horny jaw possessed by Limpets.
Renal Organs.—Middendorf indicated the existence of a renal organ
in the delicate glandular structure which in some species covers the up-
per posterior surface of the foot below the viscera. This does not seem
to be uniformly present; at least, I did not detect it in some cases, and I
failed to find any excretory opening. It is probable that this exists, but
the contraction of the tissues of my specimens by alcohol may have
obliterated it.* Schiff in C. piceus did not detect any renal organ, and
unless in an abortive condition it seems probable that it is not always
present.
Dentition.—The dentition of the Chitons has received hardly any at-
tention. The only figures which have been given, so far as known to
me, are those of C. levis and C. cinereus by Lovént in his original paper,
the latter of which has been copied by Gray;{ a figure, tended to rep-
resent the radula of C. Stelleri, by Middendorf;§ of C. piceus by Schiif; |):
of “C. marmoratus” by Eberhard; ] and a figure of Chitonellus sp. by
Gray.t Of all these only the figure of Lovén possesses any value, the
others being more or less erroneous, or conveying an erroneous impres-
sion. Even the number of teeth is not correctly represented by any
one but Lovén. On the basis of the teeth, the Chitons were combined
with the Dentalia and Limpets in the order Docoglossa by Troschel, a
proceeding justified by that single character; for the characteristics of
* Dr. v. Ihering has succeeded in finding an orifice immediately below the anus, in
some species.
_tOfv. K. V. Akad. Forh. June 9, 1847, t. 6.
¢ Guide to Brit. Mus. 1857, pp. 182, 187.
§ Beitr. Mal. Ross, i, pl. iii, f. 11, 1847.
|| Zeitschr. Wiss. Zool. ix, pl. ii, Beitr. zur Anat. v. Chiton piceus.
{/ Programm Herz. Realschule zu Coburg, 1865, f.77. (Since the above was written,
Prof. Sars has figured the dentition of several species. )
292 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
the teeth in composition and general form (though not in number) are
somewhat similar to one another and differ from all other groups much
more than they differ among themselves. But other characters of
greater importance seem to turn the scale unequivocally in favor of a
somewhat wide separation of these groups, and the term Docoglossa was
adopted by the writer some years since for the order containing the
Limpets alone.
The teeth agree in number and in general character in all the genera
and subgenera of Chitons which I have been able to examine; compris-
ing about half of the groups recognized by the late Dr. Carpenter. No
large group of genera or subgenera remains of which some form has not
been studied. Hence we may reasonably infer, until the contrary is
proved, that all the genera agree in the most essential characters of the
dentition. Some doubt exists in my own mind as to the proper distri-
bution of the eight side-teeth into true laterals and uncinals, since the
fifth from the centre is constantly spatulate, yet separated from the
cuspid teeth by two boss-like or non-cuspidate teeth resembling uneini.
The formula therefore may be read either as |
1 1 1
SHI 242x2Qp 24143’ SHIR SS’ | esac
The most natural division is into six uncinal and two true laterals.
For convenience in description, I shall term the spatulate third uncinus
the major uncinus, the second lateral the major, and the first the minor
lateral. The “inner” side of a tooth is that toward the middle line of
the radula. In all Chitons examined, there is a simply cuspid rhachidian
tooth, and on each side a translucent minor lateral of varying form; a
major lateral larger than any of the other teeth with a conspicuous black
cusp, Which may have from one to four denticles; two boss-like or thick-
ened uncinal plates of irregular shape; a twisted spatulate uncinal and
three scale-like or slightly thickened external uncini. With the excep-
tion of the spatulate uncinus (which is abortive in a very few species),
none of the uncini are much raised above the plane of the odontophore,
and none present any characters of importance. The characters of the
other teeth, though preserving a tolerable uniformity within the partic-
ular subgenera, so far as observed are rather variable within a certain
narrow range, and on the whole it would be premature to say that ssid
offer more than specific distinctions.
The absence of any well-marked types by which the order might be
divided into families, or even subfamilies, is very remarkable, and in
this respect the variations of the dentition agree with the other charac- |
ters of shell-plates, girdle, and internal strueture. This has already been
remarked as regards the girdle and shell by Dr. Carpenter, who recog- qt
nized that even his chief divisions of the order into Regular and aie |
ular Chitons failed to posssess distinct family value.
The only other dental formula which recalls in any degree that of Chi- ‘
tonide is that of Triopa lacer as figured by Gray in his Guide.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 293
The teeth of the Chitons are excessively difficult objects to make out,
though some of the species are quite large. The teeth project strongly
from the odontophore, so that only a small portion of any one tooth can
be had in focus at one time. Moreover, they overlie one another to such
an extent that part of them, especially the two inner uncini, are hidden
_ from view. The radula has to be pulled to pieces, to get at the form of
the individual teeth. They will, like the teeth of Limpets, disintegrate
under prolonged -boiling in liquor potasse, so that it is difficult to clean
the radula from adherent mucus or remains of food. The teeth on the
anterior edge of the radula are always worn or broken by use; those at
its posterior termination are of course immature and pulpy; the scaly
- uncini differ slightly in form with age. The rhachidian tooth is usually
_ more or less embraced by the wings of the minor laterals, so that it ap-
pears as if set on a plate or in an open box, and must be disentangled
before its form can be made out.
In these descriptions, the front of a tooth is taken to be the side oppo-
site to that by which it is attached to the radula. The figures of denti-
tion do not pretend to represent the transverse rows as they appear on
the unbroken radula. On the contrary, the teeth are represented dia-
grammatically as they would appear if separated from one another, yet,
as nearly as practicable, in their relative positions. Only in this way
could any idea be given of their forms and number. A series of exquisite
drawings, made by one of the best zodlogical draughtsmen living, for Dr.
Carpenter, nearly led me into serious error, and have been totally re-
jected, because they represented only what could be seen without dis-
-membering the radula. The diagrams given, if somewhat rude, are, it
_is believed, tolerably reliable, and the result of a surprising amount of
work, considering their small number.
The rhachidian tooth, as has been stated, always has a simple cusp,
which may possess a somewhat sinuous edge or a tendency to a nedian
sinus. The points by which it is attached to the odontophore are darker
than the rest, and, seen through the translucent shaft, modify its appear-
ance. A side view of the tooth generally presents an S shape, and it
usually projects from the surface of the radula in a conspicuous manner.
The shaft and base have not been observed to present any ornamentation.
The minor laterals present many modifications of form which may be
_ referred to one type fundamentally. They consist of two parts, a shaft,
and wings bearing the same relation to the shaft that the sides of a leaf
do to its midrib. One or both of the wings may be almost abortive,
leaving only the shaft twisted into a cusp at its apex, or the edges of
the wings may be bent over into a cusp at the top of the tooth, and a
small process like a bud or button is thus sometimes formed on the outer
upper angle of the tooth. ‘The most common form is that where the teeth
are somewhat leaf-shaped, with both wings partly developed. The outer
wing aborts before the inner one. ‘These wings meet the midrib at au
angle with each other, and this angle is sometimes less than a right angle.
294 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Usually, the two inner wings nearly meet one another behind the rhachi-
dian tooth, while the two outer ones extend toward each other before the
rhachidian tooth. In the unbroken radula, the rhachidian teeth each
seem as if enclosed or fenced in by this arrangement of the two adjacent
laterals.
The major laterals show fewer modifications. They are always the
largest and most prominent teeth on the radula. They consist of a
recumbent shaft, which is partly hollow or excavated. behind, crowned
by a cusp whose opaque consistency contrasts strongly with the brown
translucent shaft and other teeth. This cusp is usually black, or yellow-
ish with a black margin. In some species, a peculiar sroolasal spot is
visible on the margin, and this may exist in some species in which I have
not figured it, as it is difficult to observe except with a very strong re-
flected light. It does not appear to mark a pore or indentation, but from _
its constant occurrence in some species must have a certain significance. —
The cusp may be rounded, or ovate, or elongated and simple, or it may —
be divided into two, three, or four denticles of uniform or varying size.
The value of these characters cannot yet be definitely stated; they can
hardly yet be said to present more than specific value, so far as the num-
ber of cusps is concerned, yet the general features agree, for the most
part, in the same or nearly related groups.
In Leptochiton, the cusp is greatly elongated, with a small secondary
denticle on the inner side, which is abruptly turned up, and, on an ordinary
view, resembles a spur or thorn set on the principal cusp. In general,
the northern species show a tendency to elongated cusps, simple or
divided; the tropical species, including the typical Chitons, a tendency
to a rounded, simple cusp. The majority of all species, however, have
a tridentate cusp.
The shaft and cusp are separated by a distinct line of demarcation
where the color changes from black or opaque to translucent. The shaft
tapers from the cusp to the lower extremity, which is usually a little |
expanded. Extending downward from the base of the cusp, the groove ©
or tube in the back part of the shaft is clearly visible. There are thin
expansions of the shaft on each side, and sometimes a median keel on
the front of the shaft, which in several species is produced into a slender,
translucent process, of lanceolate or varied form, extended somewhat
inward (toward the rhachidian tooth) and upward toward the cusp of the
tooth upon whose shaft it is borne. These processes are most strongly
marked in the teeth of the typical Chitons.
The two inner uncini, between the major lateral and the spatulate or
major uncinus, are very irregular in form, even on the same radula.
They lie prone on the radula and possess no true cusps, though thickened
and elevated into knobs of various form. The major uncinus rises from
avery Sinall base, which is twisted and bent under it (as if the tooth.
was kneeling), ona has a twisted, slender shaft, which is expanded :
its extremity into a spatulate or featidane formed cusp. The whole toot
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 295
is so twisted and bent that the distal ends of the major uncini, as a rule,
are protruded between the cusps of the major laterals. In a very few
species, chiefly of Cryptoidea, the shaft and cusp are abortive, leaving
only the small base or knob from which they spring in other species.
No very salient characters are afforded by the major uncini.
The outer uncini have essentially the same characters in nearly all
the species. They are flat and scale-like, their edges free and overlap-
ping slightly. The outer ones forming the edge of the radula are usually
more transverse than the others. In C. articulatus, they are remarkably
transversely extended.
It will be seen from this description that, except in their construction
and chemical character, the teeth of Chitons are quite dissimilar to those
of Limpets, or, indeed, any other described group.
While not affording grounds for generic distinction by itself alone,
the dentition of Chitons, as far as yet investigated, confirms, in many
- respects, the classification adopted on other grounds by Dr. Carpenter.
For instance, his separation of the northern Tonicelle from the tropical
Tonicie of Gray, with which they have usually been united, is fully
justified by differences in the dentition. It is possible that when the
dentition of the majority of species is determined, some reformation in
the limits of subordinate groups may be made practicable by its indiea-
tions, but this is not yet the case.
The following list of the chief groups recognized by Dr. Carpenter,
with the character of the dentition when known, will give a clue to the
extent of the work done, and that which is still a desideratum.
A.—REGULAR CHITONS.
LEPTOIDEA.
Leptochiton Gray. (Type L. asellus Lowe.)
L. cancellatus Sby. Minor lateral reduced by abortion of the wings nearly to a
simple shaft. Cusp of major lateral elongate bidentate; inner denticle much the
smallest, spur-like; shaft simple; other teeth quite simple. Fig. 1, 1 a, showing
major lateral from above. L. rugatus agrees.
Hanleyia Gray. (Type H. debilis Gray.) |
H. mendicaria M. & Ad. Minor lateral normal, bi-alate; major lateral triden-
tate; major uncinus short, other uncini with thickened edges. Fig. 2.
Deshayesiella, Microplax, and Hemiarthrum not examined.
ISCHNOIDEA.
Trachydermon Cpr. (Type T. cinereus Lowe.)
T. ruber Lowe. Minor lateral normal, leaf-shaped, with the upper edge of the
outer wing bent over into a sort of cusp; cusp of major lateral with one large and
one small denticle on the inner side, shaft normal; major uncinus short, with a
widely expanded apex with fine radiating grooves on the edge. Fig. 3; 3 a shows
the major uncinus from below.
T. albus L. Minor lateral with small wings bent backward; shaft cusped at the
top; major lateral bidentate, as in the case of T. ruber, but with the small denticle
on the outer side; major uncinus long, spatulate. Fig. 4.
Trachyradsia, Callochiton, and Stereochiton not.examined.
2996 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Tonicella Carpenter. (Type 7. marmorea Fabr.)
T. lineata Wood. Minor lateral with a long shaft, bi-alate, normal; major lateral
with two small denticles on the inner side of the cusp and one large outer denticle,
shaft normal; major uncinus spatulate, normal. Fig. 5.
T. marmorea Fabr. As in the last, but with only one small inner denticle on the
cusp of the major lateral. Fig. 6.
T. submarmorea Midd. Minor lateral shaped like a ploughshare; other teeth much
asin the last. Fig. 7.
Schizoplax Dall.
S. Brandtii Midd. (Type.) Minor lateral a broad shaft with a simple cusp, base
with a groove or sinus, no wings; major lateral tridentate. Fig. 8.
Leptoplax not examined.
Chetopleura Shuttleworth. (Type C. Peruwviana Lam.)
C. gemma Cpr. Rhachidian tooth broad and short; minor lateral normal, outer
wing inconspicuous; major lateral tridentate, shaft keeled, keel with a small elon-
gate cuspidate process. Fig. 9.
?C. Hartwegit Cpr. Minor lateral reduced to a broad cusped shaft with a remnant
of an inner wing and athickened base; major lateral paints ss with no keel or pro-
cess, shaft normal. Fig. 10.
Maugerella Cpr. |
M. conspicua Cpr. (Type.) Minor lateral bi-alate, top of inner wing and shaft bent
into a twisted cusp with a small process extending outward from the apex of the
shaft; major lateral tridentate, shaft with a keel and cuspidate process. Fig. 11.
Spoupeschiton not examined.
ISCHNOCHITONS.
Heterozona not examined.
Stenoradsia Cpr.
S. magdalenensis Hinds. (Type.) Shaft of minor lateral with a cusp and process,
inner wing normal, outer wing inconspicuous; major lateral tridentate, with a keel
and cuspidate process on the front of the shaft. Fig. 12.
Stenoplax Cpr.
S. limaciformis Sby. @fype.) Rhachidian tooth very small; minorlateral normal,
shaft with a minute hook at the apex; major lateral with a singe cusp, shaft bear-
ing a keel and cuspidate process; major uncinus very small, Fig. 13.
Ischnoplax Cpr.
I. pectinatus Shy. (Type.) Minor lateral with broad, stout, cusped shaft, inner
wing expanded, outer wing reduced to a rudiment, with a linguiform process; major
lateral with a simple rounded cusp, shaft with a triangular keel but no projecting
process. Fig. 23.
Ischnochiton Cpr. ex Gray. (Type I. longicymba Quoy.)
I. cooperi Cpr. Minor lateral with the outer wing reduced to'a button near the -
cusp of the shaft, inner wing small; major lateral with simple cusp, shaft with a
keel, bearing a cuspidate process; major uncinus broad, Kaien thicker near the
edges. Fig. 15.
I. interstinctus Gld. Minor lateral composed of a shaft with large, twisted, hooked
cusp, and possessing only slight rudiments of wings; major lateral tridentate, keeled
on the shaft, with a spatulate process on the keel; uncini rugose, major uncinus
sharply bent, strengthened by narrow ridges on the ‘spatulate cusp. Fig. 16.
I. regularis Cpr. Teeth closely resembling those of I. Cooperi, but minor lateral
with a small outer wing. Fig. 14. ee
aye m= oe
pieade ge SR
aes
—_
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er ea
"2
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 297
Ischnoradsia Cpr. non Shuttleworth.
I. trifida Cpr. Minor lateral with no outer wing, but a small process near the
apex of the shaft, which may represent it; inner wing normal; major lateral shaft
normal, cusp bidentate, with a spot behind the notch (Fig. 17a); uncini rugose,
normal, Jig. 17.
Lepidopleurus Cpr. non Risso.
L. Mertensii Midd. Minor lateral with no outer wing; shaft cusped at apex, inner
wing normal; major lateral with a simple cusp, shaft normal, deeply channelled
behind. Fig. 18. Fig. 18 a shows the appearance of the minor laterals and their
wings extending behind the rhachidian tooth as they do when in their natural posi-
tion.
Lepidoradsia Cpr. (Lophyrus pars Adams. )
LI. australis Sby. Minor lateral with a singular mushroom-like cusp with rudi-
ment of inner and no outer wing; major lateral bidentate, shaft keeled with spatu-
late process; major uncinus short, broad, other uncini rather small. Fig. 19.
Callistochiton Cpr.
C. palmulatus Cpr. Minor lateral with a narrow inner wing parallel with and no
wider than the shaft, cusped at the top, outer wing absent or represented by a
minute cuspidate process; major lateral with a simple cusp, shaft with an anterior
keel bearing a sublanceolate process. Fig. 20.
Callistoplax, Ceratophorus, and Newcombia not examined.
Pallochiton Dall (= Hemphillia Cpr. MSS. nom. przoc.).
P. lanuginosus Cpr. Minor lateral normal, bi-alate; major lateral tridentate, shaft
normal. Fig. 21.
LOPHYROIDEA.
Chiton Cpr. Lin. not Adams. Type C. tuberculatus Lin. (Lophyrus H. & A. Ad. not Poli).
C. articulatus Sby. Minor lateral with no outer wing, shaft small, narrow, prone,
from which extends the greatly elongated cusped inner wing external to the rha-
chidian tooth; major lateral with a simple rounded yellowish cusp with a black
margin marked by a peculiar spot; shaft normal, with an inner lateral expansion pro-
duced into a linguiform process; major uncinus broad, long, spatulate; outer unci-
nus transversely clongated. Fig. 22. Fig. 22a, side view of rhachidian tooth.
C. Stokesii Brod. Minor lateral with expanded inner wing, shaft cuspidate, cusp
twisted and outer wing reduced to a portion of this cusp or absent; major lateral
with an elongated simple cusp, shaft thick, strong, keeled in front, keel bearing a
blade-shaped process attached to the keel at two points, with a small foramen between
them; major uncinus short, broad, somewhat plumeyhaped. Fig. 24. Fig. 24a,
major uncinus, from below.
C. Cumingii Frembly. Minor lateral normal, with wings recurved above and on
each side; major lateral with simple elongate cusp, shaft with a strong keel bent
outward below and produced above into a strong spoon-shaped process; two inner
uncini nodulose; major uncinus with a slender and rather straight shaft. Fig. 25.
C. assimilis Rve. Minor lateral; shaft with small or nearly abortive wings, base
long and recurved; major lateral with a simple rounded cusp, a keel on the shaft
bearing a spatulate process; major uncinus feather-shaped, the vane on the inner
side. Fig. 26.
Tonicia Gray.
T. elegans Frembly. (Type.) Minor lateral leaf-shaped, normal, apex curved for-
ward; major lateral with an orange, black-edged, rounded, simple cusp with a spot
on the margin, shaft normal; major uncinus very much twisted and decurved,
spatulate. Fig. 27. ;
Radsia, Fannyia, Ludoxochiton, and Craspedochiton not examined,
298 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
ACANTHOIDEA.
Sclerochiton, I’rancisia, Dinoplax, Dawsonia, Beania, and Arthuria not examined.
.
Acanthopleura Cpr. ex Guilding.
A. spinigera Sby. (Type.) Minor lateral large, shaft long, cusped, wings long,
narrow, linguiform; major lateral with a simple rounded cusp, shaft keeled, keel
with a cuspidate process; inner uncini nodulose; major uncinus short, broad, thick.
Fig. 28.
Lucia Gld.
L. confossa Gld. (Type.) Minor lateral twisted, peculiar, outer wing broad, re-
curved at tip, inner wing small, strengthened by a branch from the shaft (Fig. 29a);
rhachidian- minute; major lateral with a quadridentate cusp, shaft with its inner
expansion terminating in a cuspidate process above; inner two uncini ridged; major
uncinus feather-shaped, vane on the inner edge (29b). Fig. 29.
Corephium Gray (not Brown).
C. echinatum Sby. (Type.) Minor lateral with the shaft expanded above, with a
cusp confluent with the upper edge of the small inner wing, outer wing small;
major lateral with a rounded tridentate black-margined cusp bearing a spot on the
middle denticle, shaft keeled in front, keel produced into a thin linguiform process;
major uncinus asymmetrical, somewhat spoon-shaped. Fig. 30.
Wuttallina Cpr.
N. scabra Rve. (Type.) Minor lateral normal, bi-alate; major lateral normal,
with plain shaft and tridentate cusp; major uncinus long, slender, with small ex-
pansion at the tip. Fig. 31.
Phacellopleura Cpr. ex Guilding.
P. porphyritica Rve. sp. unica. Minor lateral with an inner but no outer wing,
otherwise normal; major lateral normal, with plain shaft and tridentate cusp; inner’
uncini nodulose; major uncinus normal, spatulate.’ Fig. 32.
B.—IRREGULAR CHITONS.
SCHIZOIDEA,.
I have not been able to obtain the radula of any of the few species comprised in
the genera Lorica, Aulacochiton, Schizochiton, Enoplochiton, and Onithochiton.
PLACIPHOROIDEA.
Placiphora Cpr. ex Gray.
P. Carmichaelis Gray (=sC. setiger King and Premblyi Brod.). Type. Rhachidian
tooth with its edges folded inward. Minor lateral with a large narrow inner wing,
small outer wing, and a median keel on the slender shaft; major lateral with a large
tridentate cusp, shaft slender, normal; major uncinus with a small expansion ‘at
the tip. Fig. 33.
Luplaciphora, Fremblyia (= Streptochiton Cpr.), and Guildingia not examined.
MOPALOIDEA.
Mopalia Cpr. ex Gray.
M. ciliata Sby. (Type, = muscosa Gld. ++ Hindsii Gray.) Minor lateral normal,
bi-alate; major lateral normal, tridentate with a plain shaft; inner two uncini
ridged; major uncinus rather short, normal. Fig. 35, 35 a. .
M. Wossnessenskii Midd. (Kennerlyi Cpr.). Similar to the last with a longer major
uncinus. Fig. 34. ;
Placiphorella Cpr. ;
P.velata Cpr. (Type.) Rhachidian very large; minor Jateral unusually small, ‘
both normal; major lateral tridentate, normal. Fig. 36, 36 a.
Jaa fm
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 299
Eatherina Gray.
K. tunicata Wood. (Type.) Minor lateral thin and coalescent with the inner wing
above, outer wing small; major lateral normal, tridentate; uncini ridged or knobby,
except major uncinus, which is elongate and narrow. Fig. 37.
Acanthochiton Herrm. ex Leach. (Type A. fascicularis Auct.)
A. aviculaCpr. Minor lateral with the shaft branched at base, leaf-shaped; major
lateral with tridentate cusp; shaft with triangular keel, of which the tip is bent
outward; major uncinus short, normal. Fig. 38.
A, spiculosus Rve. Minor lateral normal, bi-alate; major lateral and other teeth
much as in the last. Fig. 39.
Macandrellus Cpr. (Type W. costatus, Ad. & Ang.)
M. costatus? Ad. & Angas. Like Acanthochiton avicula, but the shaft of the major
lateral normal without a keel. Fig. 40. Specimen from Port Jackson, Australia.
Stectoplax and Notoplax not examined.
CRYPTOIDEA.
Cryptoconchus Blainv.
C. monticularis Quoy. (Type.) Minor lateral normal, leaf-shaped, base geniculate ;
major lateral with tridentate cusp and plain normal shaft; a rugosity on the second
uncinus projecting inward over the first; major uncinus slender, short. Fig. 41.
Amicula Gray. (= Symmetrogephyrus Midd., Stimpsoniella Cpr.)
Az. vestita Sby. = EmersoniiCouth. Gld. (Type.) Minor lateral bi-alate, normal;
major lateral tridentate, with plain shaft, whose lateral expansions are bent back-
ward to the radula, forming a vaulted hollow arch beneath the upper part of the
shaft; major uncinus aborted. Fig. 43.
A. Pallasit Midd. (Type of Symmetrogephyrus.) As in the last, except that the
sides of the major lateral are bent forward, and the major uncinus is present and
normal. Fig. 42.
Chlamydochiton not examined.
Cryptochiton Midd. Gray.
C. Stelleri Midd. (Type.) Minor lateral normal, leaf-shaped; major lateral with
tridentate cusp and a small keel on the shaft; inner two uncini ridged, major un-
eimus aborted. Fig. 44.
Chitonellus Blainville.
C. fasciatus Quoy. (Type.) Minor lateral bi-alate, with a strongly curved shaft;
major lateral normal, tridentate with a plain shaft; uncini more or less ridged, major
uncinus nearly straight, long, slender, spatulate. Fig. 45, 45a.
It will be seen that Gray’s figure (here reproduced) is very erroneous, and seems
to have been taken from the immature end of the radula.
SAV RRNA AAR NL
ay, OR lame’ i U
SAN RASS (4 Fe) \)\U
Fic. D.—Teeth of Chitonellus, after Gray.
Choneplax, Chitoniscus, and Cryptoplax not examined.
Nomenclature.—The nomenclature of Chitons has suffered greatly from
neglect of various writers to specify or adopt types of the genera they
proposed or used. The neglect of internal characters in assorting spe-
cies into genera has also been fruitful of difficulty; the Messrs. H. and
300 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
A. Adams being among the greatest sinners in these respects. The re-
vision of the nomenclature by Dr. Carpenter with the co-operation of
the writer was incomplete at the time of his death, and is not yet per- -
fected. It would be out of place here, even if ready for publication; but
a few words on the genus Chiton as restricted by Carpenter may not be
superfluous.
1758.—Linné described the genus Chiton in the tenth edition of the Systema Natura,
according four species to it, of which only one, C. tuberculatus, is identifiable.
1766.—S. N. ed. xii. Nine species were described by Linné, of which the first is
unrecognizable and the second is C. tuberculatus.
1776.—Miiller (Prodr. Zool. Dan.) describes several species, but selects no type.
1784.—Spengler monographs the group; his first species is C. tuberculatus L.
1798.—Tabl. Elém. p. 391, ones gives an unrecognizable C. punctatus as his sole
example.
1799.—Lamarck (Prodr. An. s. Vert. p. 90) gives as his sole example C. tuberculatus
Lin.
1801.—Lamarck (Systéme An. s. Vert. p. 66) gives as an example C. gigas Chem-
nitz, not a Linnean species.
1815-18.—Wood (Gen. Conch. and Index Test.) gives as his first species in ie
cases C. tuberculatus L. These works antedate Lamarck’s Hist. An. s. Vert.
1854.—Messrs. Adams selected, as the type of Chiton, C. aculeatus Auct., an unfortu-
nate proceeding, since the C. aculeatus of Linné is unrecognizable. This arrangement
was properly rejected by Dr. Gray and Dr. Carpenter.
From the rules for zodlogical nomenclature it follows that a type ecan-
not be selected by any one for a genus proposed by any author which
type was not known to and included by that author in his original list
of species, if he himself omitted to specify a type.
C. tuberculatus, though described from an imperfect seven-valved spe-
cimen, iS recognized by Hanley as Chiton squamosus of Born. It is
figured by Reeve as C. squamosus L. var. 8 (Conch. Ie. pl. iv, f. 23), and
in the index is called “striatus Barnes.” It has not been generally
united with the C. squamosus of L. (S. N. ed. xii), but is not improbably
a variety of it, and belongs to the same restricted group. It comes from
the West Indies. Under the circumstances, there can be no doubt that
it should be considered as the type of the genus, not only because it is
the only recognizable species of those orginally described, but because
it was selected by Lamarck as his sole example of the genus in 1799, and
served as the first species in many of the earlier works in which the
Chitons were enumerated or described. The genus Chiton was called
Lophyrus by Adams, from the name applied to the animal by Poli, who
was a non-binomial writer. It was more correctly treated by Gray and
by Dr. Carpenter in his later writings, though at one time he had, with-
out investigation, followed the lead of Messrs. Adams.
The first authors to whom science is indebted for discriminating the —
different groups or genera of Chitons are chiefly Guilding, Lowe, Shuttle-
worth, and Gray. As all the characters were not perceived at the out- _
set, even these writers were not perfectly consistent in their grouping,
as has since become evident. But this was inevitable, and it only —
F
renee sean
Me be ts ae hy ns
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 301
remains to rectify the disorder by the light of present knowledge, a task
which may not long be delayed. If some modern authors, who have
instituted wholesale changes in nomenclature, had followed a consistent
and uniform plan, and not neglected or hurriedly decided on doubtful
points, the work of rectification might have been much more simple,
though perhaps not less urgently needed.
A few words may be added in regard to the names given by Midden-
dorf. In spite of the opportunities afforded by his study of the Russian
Chitons, this distinguished savant seemed to fail to catch the permanent
as distinguished from merely individual characters, and his classiica-
tion and nomenclature are not borne out by subsequent researches.
His chief characters were derived from the dimensions of the soft or
coriaceous girdle, dimensions which differ not only in the same species,
but in the same individual, respectively, if preserved in spirit (when it
may be broad) or dry (when it shrinks to a narrower compass). From
this cause it is not surprising to find the same species figuring in both
of his chief divisions of Chitons with exposed valves. In the attempt
to utilize this impracticable classification, and unwilling to admit that
the Chitonide contain more than one genus, he adopted a singular
nomenclature, in which the genus was divided.into a great number of
sections, subsections, sub-subsections, etc., so that his work can hardly be
classed as binomial in the Linnean sense. Fortunately, without excep-
tion, the groups indicated had previously been properly named by Gray,
and only by courtesy can the genus Cryptochiton, on which his industri-
ous research was largely expended, be assigned to him as authority,
since it was denominated by the same name by Dr. Gray but a short
time previously, the researches of each being unknown to the other.
To Blainville, in 1816, is due the credit of first recognizing the anom-
alous characters of the Chitonide, and their separation as an independent
group from other gasteropods. While the value of a class in view of
_ later researches may be held to be too high, yet few will be disposed to
deny them the ordinal value assigned by Gray in 1825. The name is
preferably spelled Polyplaciphora, though numerous other forms have
. been used.
The order Polyplaciphora can with certainty be asserted to contain but
_ one family, so far as our present knowledge is concerned. No groups of
subfamily value have yet been recognized, and it is a question whether
any exist. It would be out of place here to attempt any résumé of the
_ various systems of classification proposed by authors who have written
_ on Chitons, as that proposed by Dr. Carpenter has solely been followed,
and the process would occupy too much space.
Dr. Carpenter’s arrangement is founded upon the plan of structure in
the valves, the extent of the branchi, and the ornamentation or char-
acter of the girdle and its covering. He divides the Polyplaciphora into
i
two great divisions:
I. ReGuiar Currons.
Head and tail plates of similar character.
302 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. |
II. InREGULAR CHITONS.
Tail-plate with a sinus behind.
The Regular Chitons comprise—
t A. Leptoidea.
Destitute of teeth or slit insertion-plates.
B. Ischnoidea.
Insertion-plates slit, sharp, thin; protected by eaves.
|
This contains by far the largest number of species, and might be con-
sidered typical; but the organization is not as complete in all points as-
in the next group.
C. Lophyroidea.
Insertion-plates broad, pectinated ; jugular sinus broad, dentate.
D. Acanthoidea.
Insertion-plates sharp, grooved externally, eaves furrowed beneath, mucro
posteriorly extended.
This forms a passage toward II.
The Irregular Chitons comprise—
E. Schizoidea.
Mantle and tail-plate both slit, behind.
F. Placiphoroidea.
Posterior insertion-plates only represented by a pair of swollen ribs, Maitle.4
hairy.
G. Mopaloidea.
Tail-plate with one slit on each side and waved behind.
H. Cryptoidea.
Valves covered, or nearly so, with posterior as well as anterior sutural lamine®.
I. Chitonelloidea.
Tail-plate twisted into a funnel, body anteriorly extended.
Of these groups, Dr. Carpenter says: “I have purposely abstained —
from giving the usual terminations in id@ and inw because I am not sure: |
that the groups here proposed are entitled to rank even as subfamilies.”
It seems to the writer that these groups are by no means of equal value, 4
and that the Regular Chitons might well be reduced to two: Leptoids, —
and the remainder combined into one group; while the second section
might be assorted into Schizoids (including F and G), Cryptoids, and
Chitonelloids. ae
The opinions of Dr. Carpenter, the result of years of study, and ¢
examination of all the principal collections of these animals in the" world,
are, however, not to be lightly set aside. ie
The Ghana of Alaska forming the principal subject of this repo.
together with notes on allied or extra-limital forms, are now in orde
For the use of the figures illustrating this article, and many pi faves
and facilities for study, I am indebted to the Smithsonian Institution, |
charge of Prof. S. F. Baird. mt
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 303
CHITONES IRREGULARES.
MOPALOIDEA.
Genus MOPALIA Gray.
Mopalia Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, pp. 65, 69, 169.—H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. i, p. 478,
1854. (M. Hindsii Sby.)
Molpalia Gray, Guide, p. 184, 1857 (err. typ.).—Gould, Otia, p. 118.
Lorica regularis; lamin longiores, suffultze; v. ant. plurifissata, v.
cet. unifissate, ad caudam sinuate ; sinus angustus; mucro medianus,
depressus; suture indentatze; zona latior, setosd, interdum simplex,
interdum postice fissata, interdum antice projecta; branchize mediz.
y
Subg. Mopalia s. str.
Zone sete irregulariter obsite. (MM. Hindsii Sby.) ‘
Sect. zc, normales; Sect. 3, aberrantes.
Subg. Placiphorella Cpr.
Zone setz ad suturam fasciculate. (P.velata Cpr.)
Sect. a, zond antice dilatata. (DP. velata Cpr.)
Sect. G, zona et loricé normales. (P. sinuata Cpr.)
The genus Mopalia is the most regular in growth of all the Irregular
Chitons. It is characterized by a hairy or lanugate girdle extending on
or between the valves to some extent in all the species, thin insertion-
plates with one slit on each side of the hind valve, which is waved in-
ward from behind in the median line. There is generally a pronounced
wave or slit in the tail end of the girdle, but this is an inconstant char-
acter even in the same species. The anterior valve has six or more
slits in most cases. The typical subgenus is divided into normal and
aberrant forms, the latter having the anterior portion of the girdle much
produced, as in I. Blainvillet Brod.; both sections having the hairs irre-
gularly distributed. In Placiphorella the hairs or part of them issue in
fasciculi from pores at the sutures. These also are divided into two see-
tions, the first having the anteriorly expanded girdle as in the last see-
tion of Mopalia, while the second resumes the normal type of shell and
girdle. Many species have been described, but it becomes necessary,
ag will be seen, to reduce the number.
’ Mopalia ciliata.
ss Chiton ciliatus Sowerby, Conch. Il. p. 79, 1838.—Reeve, Conch. Icon. Mon. Chi-
ton, pl. xix, f. 124, 1847.
Mopalia ciliata H. & A. Adams, Gen. Ree. Moll. i, p. 478, 1854.
Chiton setosus Sowerby, Beechey’s Voy. Zool. p. 150, pl. 41, f. 17, 1839 (not of Sow.
1832).
Chiton vie Reeve, Conch. Icon. Mon. Chiton, p]. xxi, f. 136, 1848.
LTeptochiton Colliei H. & A. Adams, Gen. Ree. Moll. i, p. 473, 1854.
Chiton muscosus Gould, Proc. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist. ii, p. 145, July, 1846; Moll.
Expl. Exp. p. 313, f. 436, 1852.—H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec, Moll. i, p. 475,
1854.—Gould, Otia, p. 6, 1862.
304 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL’ MUSEUM.
Mopalia ciliata.
Chetopleura muscosa Gould, Otia, p. 242, 1862.
Mopalia muscosa Carpenter, Suppl. Rep. Br. As. 1863, p. 648.
Chiton Wossnessenskit Midd. Mal. Ross. i, p. 101, 1847; in part only; figure and
part of diagnosis excl.
Chiton armatus (Nutt.) Jay, Cat. 1839, No. 2678. No descr.
Chiton ornatus Nuttall, MS. Brit. Mus. Col. ete. and
Chiton consimilis Nuttall, MS. loc. cit. never described.
Subsp. Mopalia lignosa.
Chiton lignosus Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. ii, p. 142, July, 1846; Otia, p.
3, 1862; Exp. Sh. p. 330, f. 424, 1852.
Chatopleura lignosa Gould, Otia, p. 248, 1862.
Mopalia lignosa Carpenter, Suppl. Rep. Br. As. 1863, p. 648.
Chiton Merckii Midd. Bull. Imp. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. t. vi, p. 20,1846; Mal.
Ross. i, p. 115, pl. xi, f. 5-6, 1847.
Chiton Eschscholtzii Midd. Bull.1.c. p.118; Mal. Ross. 1. c. p. 114, pl. xi, f. 4 (4.
jun.). .
Chiton (Hamachiton, Stenosemus) Merckii Midd. 1. ¢. p. 34.
Chiton Montereyensis Cpr. P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 231.
Chiton vespertinus Gould, Moll. U. 8. Expl. Exp. p. 323, f. 426, 426 a, 1852.
Chetopleura vespertina Gould, Otia, pp. 230, 242, 1862.
Mopalia vespertina H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. i, p. 479, 1854,
Mopalia Simpsoni Gray, P. Z. 8. 1847, p. 69.—H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. i, p.
479, 1854; Brit. Mus. Coll. In all cases name only; never described.
(From type.)
Chiton californicus (Nutt. MS.) Reeve, Conch. Ic. Mon. Chiton, pl. xvi, f. 89, 1847.
Var. M. Hindsii.
Chiton Hindsit (Sowerby MS.) Reeve, Conch. Icon. Mon. Chiton, pl. xii, f. 67, a,
b, 1847.
Mopalia Hindsii Gray, P. Z. 8. 1847, pp. 69, 169.—H. & A. Adams, Gen, Rec. Moll.
i, p. 478, pl. liv, f. 7, 1854.—Cpr. Suppl. Rep. Br. As, 1863, p. 2138.
M. t. intus, v. postic&d ad caudam sinuata; v. centr. unifiss., v. ant.
octofissata; dent. longis, suffultis, sepe extus rugosis; subgrundis mini-
mis spongiosis; sinu minimo, acuto, lam. sutur. ab apice antico solum
separatis; zona setifera seu lanuginosa; valvis parum postice, antice
valde apicata; zona postice haud seu varius fissata.
Lon. 25-60, Lat. 15-40 mm. Div. 140°.
Hab.—Shumagin Islands (rare) to California; Dall! between tide-marks
and at lowest water. Many specimens (hundreds) examined.
Typical form: sculpture variable, but strong; girdle thickly set with
tubular hairs, varying from long, strong bristles to fine, soft pile. The
best distinguishing features are brown or blackish olive color outside;
inside, bluish green and lilac; jugular and caudal sinuses narrow, the
«latter often not visible eee |
‘ Subsp. lignosa: sculpture faint; inside greenish; sinus variable; hairs —
of the girdle variable, but always softer and shorter than in well-marked
ciliata, often hardly perceptible in dry specimens; external colors gray-
ish or greenish, with streaks and flammules of brown and white. |
Var. Hindsii: exterior uniform, smoothish; sculpture evanescent; colo
outside, light olive to nearly black; inside, whitish, carmine in the me-
Sst Sane
ie ie oa
iy é
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 305
dian line; tail notched in the young, but not in the adult; tail-sinus visi-
ble outside; girdle with few and short hairs.
This species can be distinguished from all varieties of Wossnessenskii
by its blackish and proportionately much narrower girdle, and by a sort
of prolongation of the external layer of the shell forward under the apex
of the next anterior valve in the median line, forming a sort of anterior
false apex, which is hidden until the valves are separated. In Woss-
nessenskii this part is squared off, the girdle is yellowish (when alive),
and the valves are much less transverse.
It will be surprising if those who have only observed these animals by
a few dry specimens in collections are willing to accept the synonymy
above given. I confess that not long since I would have been unwilling
to believe that the rough, bristly, typical muscosa and the dark, smooth
Hindsii could be ea danie combined under one name with each Tue or
with the finely reticulated and painted lignosa. But the study of a large
multitude of specimens has convinced me no arbitrary line can be drawn
anywhere in a fully representative series, beginning with coarsest ciliata
and ending with a practically smooth Hindsti. The characters of girdle,
- sculpture, and form are not only variable in themselves, but are found
variably combined, except that it is rarer to find coarsest sculpture with
a downy than with a bristly girdle. However, even this occurs. On
the other hand, out of such a series a dozen forms might be selected
which, if only the characters were constant, every one would acknowledge
as EE species.
In his description of Wossnessenskii, Middendorf, according to Dr. Car-
penter, had both species under his dheclr ade and did not observe it.
His figures, however, belong solely to the following species. Sowerby’s
setosus, in the Zoology of the Blossom’s Voyage, is not his species so
named in 1832, and the former was renamed Collici, by Reeve, in the
Conch. Iconica. The sculpture figured by Sowerby was not character-
istic; Reeve’s figure is better. From an examination of the type, Dr.
Carpenter became convinced that the undescribed M. Simpsoni Gray was
identical with lignosa. There is very little doubt that Middendorf’s
Chiton Eschscholtzii was merely a young ciliata. Dr. Gould’s original
types have been consulted during the preparation of this description.
Mopalia Wossnessenskii.
Chiton Wossnessenskii Midd. Bull. Imp. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. t. vi, p. 119,
1847 (pars); Mal. Ross. i, p. 101 (diagn. maj. pars), pl. xi, f. 1-2, 1847.
Chiton (Hamachiton, Platysemus) Wossnessenskii Midd. Mal. Ross, 1. ¢. p. 34,
1847.
Chiton coclatus Reeve, Conch. Icon. Mon. Chiton, pl. xvii, f. 101 “1847 (loe. err. ).—
H. & A. Adams, Gen. Ree. Moll. i, p. 475, 1854.
Mopalia Kennerleyi Carpenter, Suppl. an. Br. Assoc, 1863, p. 648; Proce. Phil.
Acad. Nat. Sci. April, 1865, p. 59.
Mopalia Grayi Carpenter, Suppl. Rep. 1. ¢. p. 603, name only.
M. Kennerleyi var. Swanii Cpr. Suppl. Rep. 1. ¢. p. 648, 1863.
M. t. valvis haud antice apicatis; v. post. extus valde sinuaté; intus
y. post. late ad caudam sinuata, et v. centr. 1-, v. ant. 8- (rarius 9-, 10-)
b Proc. Nat. Mus. 73——-20 Feb. 14, 1879.
2B
ae ne | q
306 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ?
fiss.; sinu latiore; zona postice fissata, setis tenuioribus, planatis, pal-
lidis, minus confertim obsita. Lon. 50, Lat. 25 mm.
Var. Swanii: t. omnino rufa, sculptura tenuiore.
Hab.—Unalashka, Aleutian Islands (rare and small) to Sitka, and
southeastward to Monterey, California; from low water to twenty fath- —
oms, adhering to solid objects, stones, and shells! Two hundred and —
fifty-four specimens examined.
This species may be recognized by its broad, yellowish, downy girdle,
when fresh, often encroaching far into the sutures; by the absence of
false apices, such as are found in ciliata; by its color, in which vermillion
and verdigris green are beautifully mingled (except in the var. Swani,
which is pure red); and by the softness of the flattened and less crowded
hairs. The girdle-fissure is not constant, though usual. It is nearly
white inside; the sinus is broader and the valves, as a whole, longer in
an axial direction, making them less transverse than in ciliata. . It is one
of the most beautiful of all Chitons, when closely examined.
An examination of the soft parts afforded the following notes on this
species:
The “fringe,” or true mantle-edge, is entire, extending around the whole
body within the edge of the girdle, and slightly notched at the posterior
sinus of the girdle. Veil short in front and broad at the sides, ending
behind in two broad, squarish lappets, the edge crenulate throughout.
Anus median, distinct. Ovary single, tortuous, overlying the viscera,
with no distinct oviduct, so far as could be observed. In texture, the
ovary resembles that of Acmawa. If there be an oviduct, it passes from
the under side of the sac, one-third of the way forward from the poste-
rior end of the ovary. Behind the ovary are two “slime glands” (Midd.),
one on each side, opening outward by a plain opening in a fold of the
integument, one on each side between the branchiz and the anus. They
are not present in all Chitons. Schiff did not find them in C. piceus.
Gills about thirty-eight in number on each side, extending forward about
two-thirds the length of the foot.
Extra-limital Species.
Subgenus PLACIPHORELLA Cpr. .
Placiphorella sinuata. :
Mopalia sinuata Cpr. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1865, p. 59.
P. t. lam. sutur. planatis, ab apice antico-externo separatis, sinu an- —
gustissimo; dent. valde suffultis.
_Hab.—Puget Sound and San Francisco Bay, Cal.
Placiphorella imporcata.
Mopalia imporcata Carpenter, 1. c. p. 59, 1865.
P. t. lam. sutur. et apice antico ut in P. sinuatd, sinu paullo minus —
angusta; dent. parum suffultis; v. ant. octofissata.
Hab.—Puget Sound; Santa Barbara Ids., Cal.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 307
These species are known to me only by the types; they may extend
their range into the Alexander Archipelago.
In Placiphorella velata Cpr., type of the subgenus, the gill-rows are as
long as the foot, branchie about twenty-five in number, widely separated
behind. Mantle-edge behind narrow and plain; in front produced and
fringed with long fleshy processes. No oviduct could be traced, though
the ovary was crowded with eggs, some of which were 0.25 mm. in length.
In them the embryo could be plainly distinguished. There were no fur-
rows for the shelly plates, but the eyes were quite prominent and the
cephalic lobe comprised nearly half the animal. There were no bands
of cilia, but the edge of the cephalic lobe was strongly ciliated.
CRYPTOIDEA.
Genus AMICULA Gray.
Gray, Syn. Brit. Mus. 1840, also ed. 1842 (no description); P. Z. 8. 1847, pp. 65, 69,
169.—H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. i, p. 480, pl. 55, f. 2, 1854.—Gray,
Guide, p. 187, 1857.
Type Chiton vestitus Sowerby. ;
Corpus regulare; loricd exposita parva, mucronata, seu subcordata;
laminz insertionis mopaloidex, lam. sut. post. magne; zona plus mi-
nusve pilosa, interdum porifera.
Subgenus Amicula 8, str. (Gray).
Branchie medix. A. vestita Sowerby.
Subgenus Chlamydochiton (Dall).
Branchiez ambientes. C. amiculata Pallas.
Both groups are provided with pores bearing fasciculi of bristles of a
soft or horny character, and which, while often irregularly disposed or
even almost entireiy absent (in particular individuals), have a tendency
to arrange themselves in two rows on each side of the median line, one
row behind the exposed point of the valve and another near its sub-
merged lateral posterior angle, on each side. The mantle is also pro-
vided with a eoating of fine, chaffy, deciduous scales.
Subgenus AMICULA (Gray) Dall.
Amicula Gray, l. ec. 1847. (C. vestitus Sow.)
Symmetrogephyrus Middendorf, Mal. Ross. i, p. 98, 1847. (C. Pallasiti Midd.)—-Chenu,
Man. i, 383, 1859.
Stimpsoniella Carpenter, Bull. Essex Inst. v, p. 155, 1873. (C. Pallasii Midd. and Em-
ersonii Couth. )
Middendorfia Carpenter, MS. 1871.
Amicula vestita.
Chiton vestitus Sowerby, Zool. Journ. iv, p. 368, 1829; Conch. Ill. f. 123, 1284
(from type-specimen), 1839; Zool. Beechey’s Voy. p. 150, pl. xli, f. 14,
1839.
? C. amiculatus Wood, Ind. Test. pl. 1, f. 12, 1828 (probably).—Reeve, Conch.
Icon. Mon. Chiton, pl. xi, f. 59, 1847,
8308 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. :
Amicula vestita.
Amicula vestita Gray, P. Z. 8. 1847, pp. 65, 69, 169.—H. & A. Adams, Gen. Ree.
Moll. i, p. 480, pl. 55, f. 2, 1854.—Gray, Guide, p. 187, 1857.
Amicula vestita Cpr. Bull. Essex Inst. 1873, p. 155.
(? Var. Bmersonii.)
Chiton Imersonii Couthouy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii, p. 83, pl. iii, f. 10, 1838.
Chiton Imersonianus Gould, Inv. Mass. p. 151, f, 19, 1841.—Reeve, Conch. Icon,
Mon. Chiton, pl. xi, f. 59, 1847.
Amicula Emersonti Gray, P. Z. 8. 1847, p. 69.—H. & A. Adams, Gen. Ree. Moll:
1, p. 481, 1854.—Gray, Guide, p. 185, 1857.—Stimpson, Smithsonian Checklist
of Kast Coast Shells, 1860.—Binney’s Gould, p. 254, f. 527 (bad), 1870.
Amicula vestita Stimpson, Shells of N. Engl. p. 29, 1851.
Stimpsoniella mersonii Cpr. Bull. Essex Inst. 1873, p. 155.
A. t. valvarum parte exposita (huic generi) majore, lata, subreni-
forme, antice acuta sed haud prolongata, lateribus rectangulatis, postice
bilobatis, sinu latiore; ar. jug. eentr. et lat. haud definitis; tota superficie
granulosa, supra jugum leviorl; circa marginem undique (nisi ad mu-
cronem in sinu postico) bicostata; intus, v. post. typice mopaloideo, utr.
lat. unifissata, sinu caudali lato, breviore; v. centr. 1-, ant. 6-fiss.;
laminis acutis, fissuris parvis, sulcis ex fissuris haud loricam tenus con-
tinuis; lam. sut. ant. haud separatis, sinu lato, brevi; post. minoribus
sed 4 sinu postico alto latiore omnino separatis; (Cpr.) Zona tenui,
leviore; setulis furfuraceis et fasciculis setarum plus minusve irregu-
°
Jaris supra zonam exposita. Lon. 50, Lat. 35 mm.
Hab.—Arctic Ocean, extending southward in the Pacific region to
Hagmeister and St. Paul Islands, Bering Sea; on the Atlantic south on
the New England coast to Cape Cod; in 5-30 fathoms, mud and stones.
‘Two young specimens, not certainly of this species, in 60 fathoms, Cap-
tain’s Bay, Unalashka. Thirteen specimens examined.
The “ovarian” openings, bilaterally symmetrical, are situated just be-
hind and, as it were, under the shadow of the posterior branchia on each
side. ‘They are not simple orifices, but fenestrae, compsoed of two open-
ings somewhat oblique and linear; the anterior a little nearer the girdle
and a little larger than the posterior one.
I have no doubt whatever that the original vestitus of Sowerby (from
Beechey’s original locality I have examples) is identical with the Hmer-
somit of Couthouy.
Much has been said about the presence or absence of ‘pores’ and
hair-tufts. I find from examination of a series that the young Wmersonit
is usually smooth, the large ones always setiferous. These setz are, as
deseribed by Dr. Gould, in two rows on each side, or rather six in all if
we count the pretty constant tufts behind the exposed apices of the
shell. These rows are (1) two behind the shell points as above; (2) two,
one on each side at the posterior angle of the submerged expansion of
the valve; (3) a series, more or less irregular, along the margin of the
girdle. Beside this, in old ones, there are irregular tufts all over the
girdle, and some of the regular tufts may be missing. j
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 309
Dr. Carpenter, seeing young specimens, could not recognize the pore-
tufts of Gould. Shortly before his death, however, he sent me speci-
mens which showed them plainly; it is evidently a character in this
group of very little importance.
As regards its identity with vestita; when dry, the New England form
precisely resembles the figures from Sowerby’s type-specimen in his
Conchological Illustrations, taken from a dried specimen. He consid-
ered Emersonit a synonym, and I fully agree with him, but have kept
the two separated in the foregoing synonymy for the convenience of
those who may doubt this.
This species is very close to A. Pallasii, but is distinguishable by the
larger and laterally much more expanded exposed portions of the valves,
by its flatter form, and proportionally sparser and longer sete. When
dry, the whole form of the valves is visible in vestita from above, like
the bones cf a Peruvian mummy; in Pallasii, however, the integument
is so much more coriaceous and thick, that in dry specimens hardly any-
thing of these outlines is visible. Middendorf’s figure, copied by
Chenu, well represents A. Pallasii when fresh. In cabinets it is rare,
and is not common in the field where collectors have searched for it.
Amicula Pallasii.
Chiton Pallasii Midd. Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. vi, p. 117, 1847.
Chiton (subg. Phenochiton, sect. Dichachiton, subs. Symimetrogephyrus) Pallasii
Midd. Mal. Ross. i, p. 98, 1847; Sib. Reise, p. 163, t. xiii, f. 1-9; t. xiv, f.
1-6, 1851.
Amicula Pallasii H. & A. Ad. Gen. i, p. 481, 1854.—Chenu, i, p. 383, 1859.
Stimpsoniella Pallasii Cpr. Bull. Essex Inst. 1873, p. 155.
A. t. valvarum mucrone cordiformi solum externe conspicua; intus
v. post. mopaloidea, utr. lat. unifissata, sinu caudali minore, lamina po-
sticé extus rugosa lato, brevi; v. centr. 1-, v. ant. 6-8-fissatis; lam.
acutis ex fissuris umbonem tenus sulcatis; lam. sutur. ant. modicis haud
separatis, sinu lato brevi; post. latis, regulariter arcuatis, a sinu postico
lato alto separatis, (Cpr.) Limbus (zona) luxurians in pallium extendi-
tur, totum animalis dorsum rotundatum obtegens, valvas obvolvens et
occultans, solis octo aperturis minutis, rotundatis, in linea mediana, qui-
bus aditus ad umbonem yvalvarum patet; color squalido lutescens; epi-
dermis dorsalis undique versum fasciculis pilorum crinita. Lon. 67, Lat.
48, Alt. 21mm. Div. 120°.
Hab.—Okhotsk Sea, Midd.; Pribiloff, Aleutian, and Shumagin Islands,
Dall! 3 to 10 fathoms, very rare. Seven specimens examined.
The rounded back, tough and hairy girdle with minute holes for the
tips of the valves, the valves themselves less transverse as a whole and
much less exposed than in vestita, are the characters by which this spe-
cies may be readily distinguished from the latter. My specimens have
only six fissures in the anterior valve against eight in a specimen of
vestita of the same size.
310 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
It is even rarer than the last species, and hardly known in collections.
The gills are median; mantle-edge broad and even; the veil is pecti-
nated and the anterior edge of the muzzle has a sort of rim or margin,
besides. .
Subgenus CHLAMYDOCHITON Dall.
Amicula Cpr. pars; non Gray, Adams, etc.
Chlamydochiton Dall, Proc. Nat. Mus. p. 1, Jan. 1878.
Chlamydochiton amiculatus.
Chlamydochiton amiculatus Dall, 1. ¢.
Chiton amiculatus Pallas, Nova Acta Petrop. ii, p. 241, pl. vii, f. 26-30, 1788.—
Gmelin, Syst. Nat. p. 3206, 1790.—Wood, Gen. Conch. p. 13, 1815.—Dill-
wyn, Cat. Rec. Shells, i, p. 6, 1817.—Blainville, Dict. Sci. Nat. xxxvi, p.
546, 1825.—Midd. Mal. Ross. i, p. 96, 1847.—H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec.
Moll. i, p. 480, 1854.
Not C. amiculatus Sowerby, Conch. Il. f. 80, 1839, nor of Gray, P. Z. S. 1847,
pp. 65, 69, 169, —=C. Stelleri Midd.
Not C. amiculatus Wood, Ind. Test. f. 12, 1828, = C. vestitus (probably).—? Reeve,
Conch. Icon. Chiton, f. 59, 1847.
C. t. extus Cr. Stelleri, jun. simili, sed apicibus valvarum rotundatis
extantibus ; intus, laminis v. post. mopaloideis, utr. lat. (et v. centr.)
unifissatis ; sinu caudali lato, altiore; lam. sut. anticis modicis junctis,
sinu lato; posticis majoribus, regulariter arcuatis, extus haud sinuatis,
postice sinu lato, alto, subapicem planato, haud laminato; fissuris usque
ad apices sulcatis; zona coriacea, leviore poris seriebus 2 circa suturas
et marginem, majoribus; seriebus inter valvas et irregulariter supra
zonam sparsis, minoribus; setis porarum paucis, longioribus, haud
spiculosis. Lon. 75, Lat. 40 mm. (Cpr.)
Hab.— Japan,” London dealer; Kuril Islands, Pallas and Steller;
Farallones Islands, California, Newcomb! Two specimens examined.
This species probably has about the same distribution as C. Stelleri,
though much rarer, and may by collectors have been taken for an im-
perfect or immature specimen of that mollusk; when dry, to a casual
glance they appear very similar, the minute apices of the valves being
hardly visible. The coating of the girdle is, however, of a wholly
different character. Dr. Carpenter would have reserved the name |
Amicula Gray for this species, but that name cannot legitimately be —
separated from its typical species (vestita), which belongs in the other
subgenus. The ambient gills are the only sound character. The pores, |
which gave Dr. Carpenter a great deal of unnecessary trouble, are in
this group not even of specifie importance. I have only seen specimens —
in Dr. Carpenter’s hands, and insert his description of the characters.
It is doubtless one of the very rarest of the Chitons. Its nearest allies —
are A. Pallasii and vestita.
The figures given by Pallas are sufficient to identify the species very
well, but in his remarks he quotes notes by Steller, which refer to the |
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 311
great Cryptochiton Stelleri of modern authors. Some specimens of Stel-
leri in the Berlin Museum are marked amiculatus on very ancient labels,
so there can be little doubt that the two species were confounded by the
earlier authors.
Genus CRYPTOCHITON Midd. and Gray.
Midd. Mal. Ross. i, pp. 1-96, pl. 1-9, 1847. Type C. stelleri Midd.—Gray, P. Z. S.
1847, pp. 65, 69, 169; Guide, p. 185, 1857.
Valve omnino in zond immerse; lamine insertionis rude mopa-
loidez; lam. sutur. tam postice quam antice juncte, postice trisinuatee ;
zonaé minutissime fasciculatim pilosa ; branchize ambientes.
This genus was simultaneously described under the same name by
Gray and Middendorf, apparently without knowledge of each other’s
‘labors, and both having the same species in view, though Gray errone-
ously supposed his type to be the C. amiculatus of Pallas, and called it
by that name; his diagnosis and synonymy, however, showing that he
really referred to C. Stelleri.
It appears probable, from some of Pallas’ specimens examined by me
in the Berlin Museum, that he included this species with the amiculatus
in his distribution, and, in fact, unless carefully examined, almost any
one might do the same.
Cryptcchiton Stelleri.
Chiton Stelleri Midd. Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersb. vi, p. 116, 1846.
Chiton (Cryptochiton) Stelleri Midd. Mal. Ross. i, p. 93, t. i-ix, 1847; Mém.
de Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Pétersb. 6me sér. vi, p. 101, 157, 1849.—Schrenck,
Amur-Land Moll. p. 271, 1867.
Chiton amiculatus Sowerby (not Pallas), Conch. Ill. f. 80, 80 bis, 1839.—Gray,
P. Z. S. 1847, pp. 65, 69, 169.
Chiton sitkensis Reeve, Conch. Icon. Chiton, pl. x, f. 55,55), 1847. (Not C.
sitkensis Midd.)
Chiton chlamys Reeve, 1. c. pl. xi, f. 60, 1847 (from type, Cpr.).
Cryptochiton Stelleri Gray, Guide, p. 185, 1857.—H. & A. Adams, Gen. Ree.
Moll. i, p. 479, iii, pl. iv, f. 1, 1a, 1854.—Carpenter, Suppl. Rep. Brit. As.
1863, p. 648.
(Patelle longew Rondeletii auf Kurilisch Kéru, Steller, Beschreib. Kamtsch.
p- 177, 1774.)
C. t. intus; v. post. mopaloideé, mucrone obtuso ad posticam trien-
tem; sinu caudali alto, lato; fissuris utr. lat. una, subposticis, con-
spicuis; lam. sut. anticis latioribus, junctis, sinu jugali alto, modico,
subplanato; v. ant. mucrone ad quartam partem posticam, normaliter
utr. lat. 1- et ant. 3- (id est omnino 5-, sed interdum 4—6-, seu 7-) fissata ;
lam. sut. posticis longis, lateraliter conspicue sinuatis, medio junctis,
sinu postico altissimo, pyramidali, frustrato; v. centr. muer, ad quintam
partem posticam; haud seu interdum 1-fiss.; lam. lat. et sutur. ant.
haud separatis, sinu jugali angustiore, altissimo, irregulariter arcuato,
312 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
haud planato; lam. post. super-suturalibus minoribus, longis, 4 sinibus
marginalibus conspicue separatis; sinu postico altissimo, irregulariter
gothico, lam. junctis; valvis omnibus mucronatis, mucrone seu umbili-
coideo seu punctato seu pustuloso; zond omnino faseiculis minutis
spicularum minimarum irregulariter conferte instructé. (Cpr.) Lon.
209, Lat. 73mm. Div. 130°.
Hab.—Japan Sea; Sakalin Id.; Kuril Ids.; Kamehatka (southern
extreme); the Aleutian Islands and the whole coast southward to
Monterey and the Santa Barbara Islands, California. Usually found
just below tide-marks, and often cast up on the beach in great numbers
by severe gales. Collected abundantly at Unalashka and Sitka, also at
Monterey; Dall!
This the largest and in many other respects the most remarkable of
all Chitons is readily recognized by its wholly covered valves, no indi-
cation of which is evident, even under the skin, in fresh examples. It is
covered with cells, each holding a fascicle of small spines, which, when
dry, have an urticating effect upon the skin of those who may handle
them. The foot and softer parts are used as food by the Aleuts and
Indians; they are eaten in the raw state. The back is of a fine ferru-
ginous red when fresh; dried specimens are usually more or less dis-
- torted and mauled; one of those figured by Reeve appears to have been
partly rotten.
There is a good deal of variation in the size and relative proportions
of the valves in different individuals, and the fissures are sometimes
partly abortive or abnormally multiplied.
The soft parts of this species have formed the subject of an extensive
monograph by Dr. Middendorf in his first part of the Beitr. Mal. Ros-
sica. To that work the student is referred for details.
Genus KATHERINA Gray.
Katherina Gray, P. Z. 8. 1847, p.65. Type K. tunicata Wood.
Lorica parva; zona levis, in suturas valde expansa; lamine valde
antice projects, v. post. sepe lobate; sinus altissimus, spongiosus;
branchiz ambientes.
This is an aberrant genus. In the smallness of the exposed portion
and smoothness of the girdle it resembles Phacelloplewra; in the extreme —
anterior projection of the plates, and in the deep spongy sinus, it is most
like Nuttallina, of which it might be regarded as an exaggeration with
a smooth girdle; but the tail-plate has most affinity with the Mopaloidea. —
Specimens may be found with many lobes like Phacellopleura; but on — |
comparison of many individuals it will be found that the normal ar- ©
rangement is a mopaloid slit on each side, with an angular sinus at the
tail, and that the extra slits are extremely irregular and secondary. In
Nutiallina, the plan, on the contrary, is perfectly regular, and Phacello-
a
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 313
pleura appears to be of the regular type. Middendorf’s figures of the
plates are inaccurate, and Gray’s description in the Guide differs from
his more correct account in the Proc. Zool. Soe. (Cpr. MS.).
In the sole species of this genus, the ovary is convoluted and single.
The ovarian openings are found on each side between the line of the
branchiz and the side of the foot. They are placed in the vicinity of
the fifth branchia from the posterior end of the row. There are no slime
glands. The organ of Bojanus appeared to be represented by a glandu-
lar deposit on the floor of the visceral cavity behind. The muzzle is
plain, drawn down to corners behind on each side, but without flaps.
Veil narrow, thin, plain, produced in a flap on each side of the muzzle.
Mantle-edge narrow, plain. Branchic about sixty on a side in a row as
long as the foot. Anus papillate, median, witha ridge extending each way
from it. Soft parts yellowish to deep orange, girdle shining blue black.
Katherina tunicata. .
Chiton tunicatus Wood, Gen. Conch. p. 11, fol. 2, f. 1, 1815; Ind. Test. Chiton,
pl. 1, f. 10, 1828; Ib. ed. Hanl. 1856.—Sowerby, Beechey’s Voy. Zool. p,
150, t. xli, f. 15, 1839.—Reeve, Conch. Icon. Mon. Chiton, f. 61 (good), 1847.
Chiton (Phenochiton, Hamachiton, Platysemus) tunicatus Midd.—Mal. Ross. i, p.
98, t. x, f. 1-2, 1847.
Katherina tunicata Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 69; Ib. Guide, p. 185, 1857.—Cpr.
Suppl. Rep. Br. As. 1863, p. 648.
Katherina Douglasie Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 69.
Katherina tunicata H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. i, p. 479, iii, pl. 54, f. 8,
1854.
K. t. extus, valvis postice fere rectangulatis; area jugali longissima,
antice inter lam. sutur. projecté, tenuissime punctulata; area centr.
rotundatis, quineuncialiter fortiore punctata; ar. lat. haud definitis, fere
obsoletis; mucrone subpostice mediano, elevato; intus, v. post. laminis
ad caudam angulatim sinuatis, precipue utr. lat. unifissatis, sed inter-
dum in lobas irregulares 4, 4, 2, 3, ¢ fiss.; v. centr. 1-, ant. 7-fissatis;
laminis prxlongis, antice valde projectis, acutis, extus striatis, fissuris
parvis, suffultis, ad subgrundas solidas, curtissimas valde spongiosas,
sulcis continuis; sinu altissimo, angusto, spongioso; lam. sutur. separa-
tis, prelongis; zon4 nigra, supra valvis tenui, omnino levi. Lon. 50,
Lat. 20 mm.
Hab.—Kamchatka (Cpr.); the entire Aleutian group; on the north
side of the peninsula of Aliaska to Pert Méller, and on the south side
east to Cook’s Inlet, and south to Catalina Island, California; low water
(chiefly), to 20 fathoms. Several hundred specimens examined.
This unmistakable shell, characterized, when fresh, by its broad shin-
- ing black girdle and almost covered valves, is eaten raw by the natives
of the northwest coast, and is said to act as an aphrodisiac. The sup-
posed second species of Gray is merely a result of an irregular drying
of the girdle. The soft parts are of a salmon color in northern spect-
314 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
mens. The less important details are very variable m different indi-
viduals.
In taking leave of the Irregular Chitons, a few notes on exotic species
of this section may be properly incorporated. :
In Chitonellus fasciatus, the representative of the most highly devel-
oped type of Chiton, the gill-rows are confined to the posterior quarter
of the foot, but the separate branchie of which they are composed are
very large, twenty-six or eight in number, and rather long. There was
no well-marked crop, asin ordinary Chitons. The muzzle was inconspic-
uous, angulated at the posterior corners, with no veil. Mantle hardly
visible. There seemed to be two oviducts leading from a single ovary
(compounded of two?) to small orifices, one on each side of the anus.
In Cryptoconchus monticularis Quoy, which much recalls the northern
Katherina, the girdle varied from black to light brown. A veil was
present, but narrow and simple, while the mantle-edge was hardly per-
ceptible. Gill-rows one-third as long as the foot, containing each about
eighteen branchize. Muzzle very transverse, with flaps at the posterior
corners. Ovisac single.
CHITONES REGULARES.
LEPTOIDEA.
Genus LEPTOCHITON Gray.
Leptochiton Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 127; Guide, p. 182, 1857.
< Leptochiton H. & A, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll.i, p. 473, 1854.—Chenu, Man. Conchyl. i,
p. 381, 1859, etc.
< Lepidopleurus Risso (ex Leach MS.), 1826.—Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norvegiz, p. 110,
1878.
Lam. insertionis nullis; zona minutissime sabulosa; sinus levis; hand
laminatus; branchie breves. Type L. asellus Lowe.
The diagnosis of Gray determines the genus, but he includes in the
examples cited C. albus L., which is a Trachydermon. Two out of twenty-
five species cited by the brothers Adams are real Leptochitons; the
example cited by them as typical is not a Leptochiton, neither is the
example cited by Chenu. The other Leptoid genera are as follows:
Hanleyia Gray, Guide, p. 186, 1857.
Anterior valve with an unslit insertion-plate; other valves without even the
plates. H. debilis Gray.
Hemiarthrum Carpenter, Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus. iii, p. 44, 1876.
Insertion-plates present on all the valves, but entire without slits. J. setulosum
Cpr. 1. c.
Deshayesiella Carpenter MS. J
Loric4 elongata; valve curvatz, antice tendentes; mucro planatus, zon spicu-
los’; lam. insert. nullis; lam. sut. triangulares, extantibus. D. (Leptochiton)
curvatus Cpr.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 315
Microplax H. Adams.
Resembling Chitonellus externally; submerged laminz unslit, entire, fused in an
undistinguishable manner ‘with the parts which usually constitute the sutural
lamine. AL. Grayi Ad. & Ang.
The paleozoic Helminthochiton Salter, Priscochiton Billings, Grypho-
chiton Gray, and several unpublished names of Dr. Carpenter, all belong
to the Leptoidea. <A large number of the fossils described as Chitons
(for instance Sulcochiton Grayi Ryckholt) are not mollusks; many of
them being valves of Balani or fragments of isopod crustaceans.
Leptochiton cancellatus.
Chiton cancellatus Sowerby (as ? of Leach MS.), Conch. Ill. f. 104-5, 1839.
Chiton albus Pulteney, non Lin. fide Hanley.
Chiton cancellatus Reeve, Conch. Ic. pl. lix, f. 152, 1847.
Chiton asellus Midd. Mal. Ross. i, p. 122, 1847, not of Lowe.
Chiton cancellatus Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll. ii, p. 410, pl. lix, f. 3, 1853
(outlines inverted in. figure).
Leptochiton cancellatus H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. i, p. 473, 1854.
Chiton cancellatus Jeffreys, Brit. Conch. ili, p. 217, 1865; v, p. 198, pl. lvi, f. 1,
1869.
Chiton alveolus Jeffreys, 1. c. iii, p. 218, 1865; not of Sars.
Chiton Rissoi auct. not of Payraudeau.
Lepidopleurus cancellatus Sars, Moll. Reg. Are. Norv. p. 111, t. 7, f. 6 a-h, 1878,
dentition t. I. f. 8, (imperfect).
? Lepidopleurus arcticus Sars, 1. c. p. 112, t. 7, f. 7 a-h.
? —Chiton islandicus Gmelin, S. N. 3206, 1788.—Schroter, Einl. iii, p. 509.—
Dillwyn, Rec. Shells, i, p. 10, 1817.
L. t. minima, elongata, valde elevata, regulariter arcuata; jugo nullo;
aurantiad plus minusve cinereo tincté, interdum albidi; valvis angus-
tioribus, haud rectangulatis, apicibus nullis; mucrone centrali, valde
elevato, sculptura ut in LZ. asello, sed granulis parum majoribus; areis
centr. parum divergentibus, areis lat. satis definitis, vix elevatis; intus,
Jaminis sut. minimis, triangularibus; sinu latissimo, marginibusque
‘
valvarum 4 sculptur4 externa paullulum crenulatis; zond, angusta,
squamuliis tenuibus, haud imbricatis, haud striulatis, dense obsita.
Lon. 6, Lat.3 mm. Diy. 80°.
Hab.—British seas; Norwegian coast in 50-100 fms.; Greenland;
Gulf of Lyons (Jeffr.); Lofoten, 300 fms. (Sars); Vigo, Spain (McAn-
drew); Dalmatia (Brusina); Alaska, at Unalashka, Shumagins, Port
Ktches, and Sitka Harbor, 6-100 fms. Dall! Ninety-four specimens ex-
amined.
This species without careful inspection will usually be confounded
with small specimens of Trachydermon albus, but a glance at the sculp-
ture is sufficient to separate it. From several other species of Leptochi-
ton it is less readily distinguished, and a magnifier is indispensable.
The differential characters are as follows:
The pustules which constitute most of the sculpture are arranged
like overlapping coins or a solid-linked chain in lines which in the dor-
316 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
sal area are nearly parallel with the longitudinal axis of the animal.
The lateral areas are distinct, and the pustules upon them are arranged
in rather indistinct lines radiating toward the lateral ends of the valves,
at nearly right angles to the lines on the dorsal area. The sculpture on
the mucro is more delicate than elsewhere. The apex of the posterior
valve is not sunken, and is not so sharp as in other species compared
with it here; the girdle is scaly, with also some small spinose transpa-
rent scales near the margin. There are five gill-plumes on each side,
prominent and near the vent. There appear tobe two fenestre on each
side. The lateral areas and other portions of the valves are nearly
always colored with blackish or ferruginous patches, but these, as with
Trachydermon albus, seem to be really composed of extraneous matter.
In L. fuliginatus Ad. & Rve., the pustules are much smaller, and while
having a general longitudinal arrangement on the dorsum, do not form
regularly defined rows or chains. The areas are not raised above the
dorsum. ‘The shell is much larger and more elévated, with a somewhat
sunken and quite sharp posterior mucro. The other mucrones are not
raised, but about them the sculpture is more regularly aligned than
elsewhere. I have compared the valves of a typical specimen from
Korea collected by Belcher. Reeve’s figure of the sculpture is very bad,
as are most of his details. J. alveolus Sars is a very distinct species,
though it has been confounded with this. Its sculpture is composed of
larger and rather more sparse, isolated pustules, absolutely irregular in
distribution and of the same size on the mucro and elsewhere. Nowhere
do they form lines. The arch of the back is peculiarly round, the lateral
areas not raised and barely distinguishable. The girdle seems similar.
I have compared typical examples. .
L. concinnus Gould, from the types, is of a different color, and has a
much stronger and different sculpture, like lines of rope.
LL. internexus Carpenter and var. rugatus Cpr. are more like concinnus,
but distinguished from either by the peculiar girdle covered with sub-
equal scales. ,
I. nexus Carpenter more nearly resembles cancellatus, but the sculp-
ture is of separate, not lapping, rounded-rhomboidal pustules; the mu-
crones are much more pronounced, and the white. ground is prettily
marbled with black and gray inherent coloration.
The name cancellatus is a misnomer, since it is only in certain lights
that any trace of reticulation can be observed faintly. The young are
flatter than the adults. It bears no resemblance to ZL. asellus, with which
Middendorf united it, probably without a comparison.
L. arcticus of Sars seems to be a finely grown variety of this species,
if one may judge from the figures; at least no differential characters are
given which seem to be of a permanent character, and not subject to
variation within the limits of a species.
The specimens of this species obtained by me in Alaska were at first,
referred to fuliginatus by Dr. Carpenter, and some specimens were dis-
tributed under that name, or the name of fuliginosus, before I had the
#) te
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 317
opportunity of making the correction, which, had Dr. Carpenter survived
to finish his work, he would undoubtedly have done himself.
In the hurry of field-work, the specimens were confounded with young
T. albus, and hence no observations on the living animal were made.
Had attention been drawn to it, it might, doubtless, have been obtained
throughout the Aleutian chain, but no specimens occurred in the collec-
tions from more northern localities. Jeffreys states that the under edge
of the girdle and the soft parts are yellowish white, tinged with flesh
color; also that littoral specimens from Herm are larger than those found
in deeper water. In Alaska it has been obtained only with the dredge.
The gills oceupy a space corresponding to the posterior quarter of the
foot; there are about eight or ten on each side. The mantle-edge is
plain and thick. Theveilis plain. The muzzle is rounded, with a little
papilla at the posterior corner on each side.
Leptochiton alveolus.
Leptochiton alveolus (Sars MS.) Lovén, Ind. Moll. Lit. Scand. p. 27, 1846.
Not of Jeffreys, ete. .
Lepidopleurus alveolus G. O. Sars, Moll. Reg. Arc. Nor. p. 110, t. 7, f. 3a-i; t.
I, f. 7 (good), 1878.
_ Hab.—Bergen, Lofoten, Finmark, 150-360 f. (Sars); Gulf of St. Law-
rence, in 220 fathoms, between Cape Rosier and the 8. W. point of Anti-
costiIsland, Whiteaves! St. George’s Bank, Gulf of Maine, 150 fathoms,
U.S. Fish Com., 1872!
- This extra-limital species is inserted here because of its possible rela-
tions with the next species, and also to call attention to the addition to
our Northeast American fauna made by Mr. Whiteaves. It is a remark-
ably distinct species, and if typical examples had been examined by the
authors who have referred it to L. cancellatus, it would seem unlikely
that it would have been so referred.
Leptochiton Belknapi.
Leptochiton Belknapi Dall, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. p. 1, Jan. 1878.
L. t. elongata, valde elevata, dorsaliter angulataé; albida plus minusve
cinereo et nigrotincté; valvis elevatis, apicibus distinctis ; mucrone cen-
trali conspicuo; sculptura ut in Z. alveolo, sed granulis in areis dorsalis
sparsim et quincuncialiter dispositis. Valva postica sub apice concava,
postic® sinuataé. Zona minima, spiculis tenuibus versus marginem mu-
nita. Lon. 10.0, Lat. 3.0mm. Div. 90°.
Hab.—North Pacific Ocean, in lat. 53° 08’ N., lon. 171° 19’ W., at
a depth of 1006 fathoms; black sand and shells. Brought up in the
sounding-cup by Capt. Geo. E. Belknap, U. 8. N., on the sounding ex-
pedition of U. S. S. Tuscarora in 1874, bottom temperature 359.5 I.
(Specimens obtained by H. M. 8. Challenger in Balfour Bay, Royal
Sound, Kerguelen Id., Southern Ocean, in 20-60 fms., for examination
of which I am indebted to the courtesy of Rey. R. J. Boog Watson, are
apparently identical with Capt. Belknap’s species.)
ne
i -
g ny,
318 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. -
This specimen much resembles L. alveolus, to which I at first referred’
it. A careful microscopical examination, however, shows differences
which I'am disposed to consider specific; but I have but one specimen,
and others might show modifications in these particulars.
The differential characters are as follows: In alveolus the pustules are
distributed evenly, closely, and in no pattern whatever, all over the sur-
face. In Belknapi, they are more widely separated, and arranged in quin-
cunx on the dorsum, the spaces seeming to radiate from the median
dorsal line. In alveolus, the lateral areas are barely perceptible; in Bel-
knapi, they are raised, concentrically rugose, and the pattern of the pus.
tular arrangement is different and more irregular than that on the dorsum.
In Belknapi, also, the girdle is very thin, narrow, and sparsely set with
small pellucid spicules near the margin. The posterior mucro, or apex of
the posterior plate, in Belknapi,is prominent, overhangs a shallow con-
cavity, and from its point there diverge anteriorly four depressed lines, ~
the outer two to the anterior lateral angles of the plate, the inner two
equidistant from each other and the outer. lines. Between these lines
the plate is swelled, forming three rounded ridges, extending forward
like the leaflets of a trefoil or clover. Nothing resembling this has been
observed on any of the other species which have come under my notice.
The soft parts, in spirits, appear to resemble the other species com-
pared with it. It is evidently adult.
It was certainly unexpected that a stone-clinging mollusk like a Ohiton
should reach such great depths as those from which this was obtained.
In the same region, and at about the same depth, a Cylichna and a
Natica, both apparently identical with certain Arctic species, were also.
obtained in the same way. Its enormous range in latitude, as indicated
by the Kerguelen specimens, reminds one of the range of species in
earlier geological times, and points out how relatively modern our littora
marine faunc may be. It is not the only form common to the southern
and northern oceans.
Eextra-limital Species.
Leptochiton asellus. .
Chiton asellus (Chemn. Spengl.) Lowe, Zoél. Journ. ii, p. 101, pl. v, f. 3, 4, 1825. -
Chiton cinereus Montague, Turton, and others, not of Linné.
? Lepidopleurus cinereus Sars, 1. c. p. 112, pl. 7, f. 8 a-h, 1878; as of Linné.
Hab.—Northern seas of Europe; Lofoten Ids.; Greenland? (Moreh);
not New England, as erroneously stated by authors. The cinereus of
Linné, from his type, was a Trachydermon.
Leptochiton fuliginatus.
Chiton fuliginatus Ad, & Rve. Conch. Icon. pl. xxvi, f. 174, 1847,
Hab.—Korea, Belcher.
Leptochiton concinnus.
Leptochiton concinnus Gld. Otia, p. 117, 1860,
Hab.—Hakodadi, Japan; Stimpson.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 319
Leptochiton nexus.
L. nexus Cpr. Suppl. Rep. Br. As. 1863, p. 650.
Hab.—California, Cooper.
Leptochiton internexus and var. rugatus.
L. internexus Cpr. MSS.
Hab.—California, Cooper, Canfield and Hemphill.
Hanleyia mendicaria.
Chiton mendicarius Mighels & Adams, Boston Journ. N. H. iv, p. 42, pl. iv,
f. 8, 1842.
Hanleyia mendicaria Cpr. N. Engl. Chitons, 1. ¢. p. 154, 1873.
Hab.—Casco Bay; Grand Manan, Stimpson; Portland Harbor, Me.,
U.S. Fish Commission. Deep-water specimens much larger than those
from shallow water.
Hanleyia debilis.
Hanleyia debilis Gray, Guide, p. 185, 1857.
Chiton Hanleyi Bean, Brit. Mar. Conch. p. 252, f. 57, 1844.—Sars, 1. ec. p. 109,
pl. 7, £.5 ai, 1878.
Hab.—British seas northward; Mageroe near North Cape, 25-300 f.,
Sars. Stellwagen Bank, Mass. Bay, 38 fathoms, gravel; U. 8S. Fish
Com., 1878. Type of the subgenus. A recent addition to our North-
east American fauna.
Hanleyia (2) abyssorum.
Chiton abyssorum M. Sars, MSS.—G. O. Sars, l. ec. p. 109, pl. 7, f. 4 a-c, pl. I,
f. 6 a-c, 1878.
Hab.—Bergen, Norway, 150-200 fathoms, Sars, l. ec.
The teeth of this species as figured by Sars agree pretty well with
those of H. mendicaria, but neither Prof. Sars’ figures nor his descrip-
tion afford means for determining its generic position. The valves of
the two specimens figured exhibit rather remarkable differences, and,
this variation admitted, the question arises, Is this more than a gigantic
form of the preceding ?
Hanleyia tropicalis.
A large and beautiful species from the deep waters of the Gulf of
Mexico is the only other recognized species of the genus, and will be
described by the writer in the Report on the Deep-sea Dredgings made
under the supervision of Prof. A. Agassiz, on the U.S. Coast Survey
steamer Blake, in 1878. |
ISCHNOIDEA.
Genus TRACHYDERMON Cpr.
Trachydermon Cpr. Suppl. Rep. Br. As. 1863, p. 649, as a subgenus of Ischnochiton, type
Chiton cinereus Lowe.
Lepidopleurus sp. auct.
_ > Craspedochilus G. O. Sars, 1. c. p. 114.
820 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Lophyrus sp. G. O. Sars, 1. e. p. 114, not of Poli.
< Boreochiton G. O. Sars, 1. c. p. 115,
Leptochiton sp. auct.
Char.—Lamine inserentes acutz, leves; valve extus et intus Isch-
nochitoni exacte simulans; zondi non porifera, squamulis minutissimis
leevibus confertissime granulaté; branchize breves. —
This name was originally proposed as a subgenus of Ischnochiton to
include Gray’s second section, *‘ mantle scales Pp granular VAY . Zante
1847, p. 147; Guide, p. 182 1857). In : ae,
all wie conchotepieal cbarietene the
group accords with that genus, but the
animal differs in having the gills either
entirely posterior or reaching forward
from the tail only to about the middle
of the foot, while in Ischnochiton and rai. 28¢> Peseta gelesen
Chiton they travel to its anterior ex- “Lowe; after Lovén.
tremity. These characters indicate a transition between the Ischnoid
and Leptoid Chitons by means of Trachydermon and Tonicella. Guilding
called the radula of Chitons “Trachyderma”; but as the name has not
been adopted, no inconvenience is likely to ensue. (Cpr. MSS.)
The genus is chiefly northern in its distribution. Chiton marginatus
of authors (Pennant’s species being indeterminable) and C. cinereus (Linn.)
Lowe, are identical, according to Dr. Carpenter, the best authority on
the subject, as well as Hanley and others. The “ Lepidoplewrus” cinereus
of Sars is not the Linnean species, which is the type of Trachydermon,
but a Leptochiton. His Craspedochilus marginatus (whether the Chiton
marginatus of Pennant or not) is a Trachydermon, and not improbably
the true cinereus of Linné, which has been recognized, not from the
insufficient description in the Syst. Nature, but from his typical speci-
inens, through the invaluable labors of Mr. Hanley.
Trachydermon ruber.
Chiton ruber Linn. S. N. ed. xii, p. 1107, 1766.—Lowe, Zool. Journ. ii, p. 101,
pl. 5, f. 2, 1825.—Gonld, Inv. Mass. p. 149, f. 24, 1841.—Forbes & Hanley,
Brit. Moll. ii, p. 399, pl. lix, f. 6; AA, f. 6, 1853.—Hanley, Shells of Lin.
p- 17, 1855.—Sowerby, Conch. Ill. Chiton, f. 103-4, 1839.—Reeve, Conch.
Icon. Mon. Chiton, pl. 25, f. 175, 1847.—Jeffreys, Brit. Conch. iii, p. 224,
1865; v, p. 199, pl. lvi, f. 4, 1869.—Binney’s Gould’s Inv. Mass. p. 260, f.
523, 1870.
Chiton cinereus O. Fabr. Faun. Gronl. p. 423, 1780; not of authors, nor of Linn. ;
Ib. Dillwyn, Cat. Rec. Sh. p. 12, 1817. .
Chiton minimus Spengler, Skrift. Nat. Selsk. iv, 1, 1797, fide Lovéun, not of
Gmelin and Chemnitz.
Chiton levis Lovén, Ind. Moll. Lit. Seand. p. 28, 1846; not of Montague,
Forbes and Hanley, ete.
Chiton levis Pennant (probably), Brit. Zool. ea: iv, vol. iv, p. 72, pl. 36, f. 3,
1777 (bad).
Chiton latus Leach, Moll. Brit. p. 231, 1852, Dee., fide Jeffreys; not of Lowe,
1825, > |
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 321
Trachydermon ruber.
Chiton puniceus Couthouy (MS.).—Gld. Otia Conch. p. 5, 1846 (probably).
Leptochiton ruber H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. i, p. 473, 1854.
Chiton (Lepidopleurus) ruber Jeffreys, Brit. Moll. iii, p. 210, 1865.
Trachydermon ruber Carpenter, Bull. Essex Inst. v, p. 153, 1873.
Boreochiton ruber G. O. Sars, Moll. Reg. Arc. Nory. p. 116, t. 8, f. 4 a-l, t. II, f.
3 a-c (imperfect), June, 1878.
‘Tr. t. mucrone mediano, satis elevato: intus, v. post. 9-11-, ant. 8-11-,
centr. 1-fiss. levi; dent. interdum solidioribus, interdum postice rugu-
losis; subgrundis modicis; sinu lato, planato; zoné normali; branchiis
submedianis. Lon. 25, Lat. 8 mm.
- Hab.—Northern seas, widely distributed; whole coast of Norway, low
water to 40 f. (Sars); Arctic and northern seas of Europe; Adriatic?
(Olivi!); Spitzbergen, Iceland and Greenland, New England, Gulf of St.
Lawrence and Labrador coasts; Tartary (Lischke); Kamchatka; and in
Alaska from the Pribiloff Islands westward to Attu and southward to
Sitka, low water to 80 fathoms, on stones and shells; probably also to
Bering Strait northward. Two hundred specimens examined. ? Orange
Harbor, Patagonia, as C. puniceus.
This shell is apparently smooth, as described by Forbes and Hanley,
but under a high power appears finely reticulated, as observed by Jef-
freys. Its color is very variable, being usually marbled red and whitish,
like Tonicella marmorea, but the valves may be uniform dark red or nearly
pure white. I have one specimen with the four central valves dark red
and the rest white; one valve in a specimen is often dark red, while all
the others are marbled. It is most likely to be confounded with Toni-
cella marmorea and some varieties of T. lineata, both of which have
leathery girdles, while this species can almost always be determined by
its farinaceous girdle, dusted with alternate red and whitish patches, the
latter nearly opposite the sutures.
_ The identity or locality of Dr. Gould’s specimen, described as C. puni-
ceus Couthouy, and supposed by Dr. Carpenter to be probably the same
_ as our northern species, seems questionable.
This species has been much confused by European authors, who have
- persisted in referring the Linnean name to 7. marmorea Fabr., and resur-
recting the indeterminate figure of Pennant for this species, though Mr.
Hanley has determined the identity of the Linnean specimen with this
species, and he did not possess the marmorea. The synonymy here quoted
is only such as certainly belongs to this species. |
_ Though not collected ina fresh state by me north of the Pribiloff Islands,
T have little doubt that broken valves found in bird-dung at Plover Bay,
near Bering Strait, are properly referable to this species. It is one of
the most abundant Alaskan Chitons, and grows to the length of an inch.
‘The gill-rows extend forward for three-quarters the length of the foot,
each row containing twenty to twenty-five branchiw. The mantle-edge
_ is very narrow and plain; there is no veil, and the muzzle is plain, some-
' Proc. Nat. Mus. 78 21 Feb. 14, 1879.
ae iia ahead q
¥
’
322 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. |
what produced behind into two corners. The eggs in part of the ovisac
were well developed, and resembled the figure of the youngest stage
given by Lovén. Anus median, inconspicuous, close to the mantle-edge.
On each side of it, midway between it and the posterior ends of the gill-
rows, is a fold containing the ovarian fenestrae. The number of openings
varies from three to six in different individuals. They are linear, oblique,
and close together. They are more strongly marked in this species than
in any other Chiton I have examined.
Trachydermon albus.
Chiton albus Lin. 8. N. ed. xii, p. 1107, No. 8, 1766.—Lowe, Zool. Journ. iii, p. 80,
1826.—F abricius, Faun. Groénl. p. 422, 1780.—Sowerby, Conch. Il. Chiton, f.
99, 100, 18389.—Gould, Inv, Mass. p. 150, f. 21, 1841.—Lovén, Ind. Moll. Lit.
Scand. p. 27, 1846.—Middendorf, Mal. Ross. i, p. 120, 1847.—Forbes & Han-
ley, Brit. Moll. ii, p. 405, pl. bxii, f. 2, 1853.—Hanley, Shells of Lin. p. 17,
1855.—Stimpson, Sh. of New Engl. p. 28, 1851; Ib. Mar. Inv. Grand Manan,
p. 22, 1853.— Jeffreys, British Conch. iii, p. 220, 1865; v, p. 199, pl. lvi, f. 3,
1869.—Binney’s Gould, p. 263, f. 525, 1870.
? Chiton oryza Spengler, Skrift. Nat. Selsk. Bd. iv, Hft. 1.1797 (fide Jeffreys).
Chiton aselloides Lowe, Zool. Journ. ii, p. 103, t. 5, f. 3, 1825.—Wood, Ind. Test.
Suppl. pl. 1, f. 9, 1828.
Chiton sagrinatus Couthouy, Am. Journ. Sci. xxxiv, p. 217, 1838; Ib. Bost.
Journ. Nat. Hist. ii, p. 82, 1838.
Leptochiton albus H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. i, p. 473, 1854,
C.. (Lepidopleurus) albus Jeftreys, Brit. Conch. iii, p. 210, 1865.
Trachydermon albus Carpenter, New Engl. Chitons, Bull, Essex Inst. v, p. 153,
1873. :
C. (Leptochiton) albus Mérch, Moll. Greenl. 147, 1875.
Lophyrus albus G. O. Sars, Moll. Reg. Arc. Norv. p. 114, t. 8, f.2 a-b (probably
not t. I, f. 9 a—b), June, 1878.
? Lophyrus exaratus G. O. Sars, l. ¢. p. 113, t. 8, f. 1 a-k, t. ii, f. 1 (bad). .
? C. minimus Gmel. 8, N. p. 3205, 1788. (Bergen.) .
Tr. t. mucrone mediano, parum elevato; intus, v. post. 10-, ant. 13-,
centr. 1-fiss.; dent. acutissimis, posticis interdum serratis; subgrundis
spongiosis; sinu modico, undulato, haud angulato, levi; zond squamu-
lis solidioribus; branchiis medianis. Lon. 10, Lat. 5-6 mm. Div. variable.
Hab.—Arctie and boreal seas, Atlantic and Pacific. British seas
south to the Isle of Man; Scandinavian seas, 10 to 100 fathoms (as ew-
aratus to 200 fathoms); Spitzbergen; Iceland; Greenland, White Sea;
Gulf of St. Lawrence; Massachusetts Bay; on the Pacific from the
Arctic Ocean south to the Shumagins and west to Kyska and probably
to Attu, low water to 80 fathoms, on stones and shells. Two hundred
and as -eight specimens examined.
The synonymy of this species might have been much ‘lasgod under —
the old name of Chiton albus, but to no particular purpose. It is a well-
known and characteristic Arctic shell. American and particularly deep-
water Alaskan specimens are larger, finer, and better display the scales _
of the girdle than European specimens. Sars’ exaratus would seem to
be probably of this description.
It seems also to be more common to the westward. Its chief pecu-
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 323
liarity is that the central plates of the tail-valve are broken by serra-
tions, and that the seales are large and gravelly.
_ The gills are twenty to twenty-five in number, the rows extending to
the head. Mantle-edge narrow, plain. There is no veil, and the semi-
circular muzzle is also plain. Anus terminal, papillate. Ovarian open-
ings single, on each side, the posterior end of the gill-row passing be-
hind them. The oviducts, as in some other species, could not clearly be
made out. The ovisac or ovary is irregularly shaped and single.
The figure (pl. I, f.9 a) strongly suggests that Prof. Sars, by inadvert-
ence in selecting a specimen for examination of the radula, got hold of
one of the extremely similar Leptochitons, since it does not resemble the
radula of T. albus, of which I have examined both American and Euro-
pean specimens. On the other hand, the not particularly commendable
figure of the radula of LZ. exaratus Sars looks more like albus than any-
thing else.
? Trachydermon lividus.
Chiton lividus Midd. Mal. Ross. i, p. 124, pl. xiii, f. 3 a-g, 4, 1847.
Hab.—Sitka, Alaska Territory.
This species (and C. scrobiculatus Midd. from California) probably be-
longs to this genus, but the descriptions and figures are not sufficiently
clear to have admitted of their identification up to the present time.
, The character most emphasized by Middendorf in C. lividus is a key-
stone-like projection filling the anterior sinus between the two sutural
lamine. The specimen on which the description was based was a very
small and perhaps immature creature, with faint sculpture, somewhat
recalling Mopalia Hindsii.
Extra-limital Species.
Trachydermon cinereus.
Chiton cinereus (Lin.) Lowe, Zo6l. Journ. ii, p. 99, 1825.—Forbes & Hanley,
Brit. Moll. ii, 402, pl. lviii, fig. 1, 1853 (not of Sars).
Trachydermon marginatus Cpr. New Engl. Chitons, 1. ¢. p. 153, 1873.
Craspedochilus marginatus Sars, 1. c. p. 115, t. 20, £16 a-h, t. II, f. 2, 1878.
Hab.—British and Scandinavian seas, north to Lofoten, south to Vigo
Bay, between tides and to the Laminarian zone. Type of the genus.
Trachydermon dentiens.
Chiton dentiens Gld. Otia, pp. 6, 242, 1862.
Ischnochiton ( Trachydermon) pseudodentiens Cpr. Suppl. Rep. 1. e. p. 649, 1863.
Hab.—Puget Sound and Vancouver Island.
The fact that the “teeth” are merely peculiar color-marks does not
render it necessary to dispense with the original name of Dr. Gould.
Subgenus TRACHYRADSIA Cpr. MSS. |
. Trachydermon, valvis centralibus bi- seu pluri-fissatis. Type Chiton
JSulgetrum Reeve.
Trachyradsia aleutica.
T. aleutica Dall, Proc. Nat. Mus. p. 1, Jan. 1878. ;
T. t. parva, rufocinered, oblonga, fornicata, jugo acutissimo; mucrone
324 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
submediano, apicibus prominentibus; ar. lat. inconspicuis; toté super-:
ficie quincuncialiter minute reticulata; intus, v. ant. 16, post. 11, centr.
2-fissataé; dent. parvis perspongiosis, late separatis; subgrundis spon-
giosis, curtis; sinu parvo; zond squamulis minutis obsité. Lon. 6, Lat.
3 mm. | :
Hab.—Kyska Harbor, Kyska Id. Constantine and Kiriloff Harbors,
Amcehitka Island, and Nazan Bay, Atka, in the Western Aleutians, at.
low-water mark, under stones on the beach, Dall! Fifteen examples.
This modest little species is of a dull livid purplish red, with an ashy
tinge, especially on the narrow girdle. Except for the well-marked
ridges of growth, it appears smooth, but possesses (like all Chitons) a
fiue reticulation, only visible under a magnifier. The lateral areas are
not distinct, the back is very much rounded, and the valves well hooked
in the median line. The substance of the valves from within appears :
remarkably spongy, as if rotten, or even like vesicular pumice, espe-
cially under the eaves. The anterior slits are marked by radiating lines :
of holes, though the teeth between them can hardly be made out. The
posterior valve, however, has not this aid to counting, and m the general
sponginess it is almost impossible to say how many teeth or denticles
exist. It bears no marked resemblance to any other species of the re-
gion.
Genus TONICELLA Cpr. «
Tonicella Cpr. Bull. Essex Inst. v, p. 154, 1873. Type T. marmorea Fabr,
Tonicia sp. Adams, Gray, Cpr. and others.
<_ Boreochiton G. O. Sars, Moll. Reg. Arc. Norv. p. 116, June, 1878,
Valve, mucro, lamine et sinus plerumque ut in Ischnochitone; zona
ut in Tonicid, coriacea, levis, seu sublevis: branehiz medize.
The genus Tonicia Adams and Gray, to which the species of Tonicella
have often been referred, has pectinated insertion-plates and ambient
gills like the typical Chitons, while Tonicella has sharp plates and short
rows of gills. The two groups also difter in their dentition. The major
lateral of Tonicella is strongly tridentate; in Tonicia the cusp of the
major lateral is scoop-shaped, rounded, with a plain edge, and the radula
recalls that of Chiton (typical) and Corephium. Prof. Sars appears to
have been unaware of Dr. Car penter’s publication on the New England
Chitons.
Tonicella marmorea.
Chiton marmoreus Fabricius, Faun. Groéni. 420, 1780.—Midd. Mal. Ross. i, p. 103,
1847; Sib. Reise, 182, 1851.—Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll. ii, p. 414, pl.
lviii, f. 2, pl. lis, f. 4, 1053.—Jeffreys, Brit. Conch, iii, p. 227, 1865, v, Prd
199, ot lvi, f. 7, 1869.
Chiton ruber Spaniglae. Skrift. Nat. Selsk. iv, p. 92, 1797.—Lovén, Ind. Moll.
Scand. p. 28, 1846; not of Linné.
Chiton levigatus Fleming, Edin. Encyel. p. 113, t. vii; Brit. An. p. 290, 1828.—
Reeve, Conch. Icon, Chiton, pl. 27, f. 179, 1847,
? Chiton punctatus Strém (Jeffreys) ?, Acta Nidy. iii, p. 433, t. vi, f. 14.
‘
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 325
Tonicelia marmorea.
Chiton latus Lowe, Zool. Journ. ii, p. 103, pl. 5, f. 6-7, 1825.—Sowerby, Conch.
Ill. Chiton, f. 113, 1839.
Chiton fulminatus Couthouy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii, p. 80, pl. 3, f. 19, 1838.—
Gould, Inv. Mass. i, p. 148, f. 3, 1841.
Chiton pictus Bean, Thorpe’s Brit. Mar. Conch. p. 264, pl. —, f. 56, 1844.
Chiton Flemingius Leach, Moll. Gt. Brit. p. 230, Dec. 1852.
Tonicia marmorea H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. i, p. 474, 1854.
Tonicella marmorea Carpenter, Bull. Essex Inst. v, p. 154, 1873.
Boreochiton marmoreus G. O. Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv. p. 116, t. 8, f. 3 a-I,
t. II, f. 4 (not good), 1878.
T. t. elongata, valvis ut in “Trachydermon ruber” picturata; zond
coriacea, expansa, levi; intus, v. post. 8-9, v. ant. 8-10, v. centr. 1-fis-
sata; sinu angusto, altiore, levi. Lon. 40, Lat. 24 mm.
Hab.—Aleutian Islands, 8-10 fms., rare; east coast of North America
from Massachusetts Bay northward to Greenland; every part of the
North Atlantic north of Great Britain, and as far south as Dublin Bay
on the west and the shores of Holland on the east; in 5-100 fathoms,
according to temperature.
This well-known species has almost exactly such a color-pattern as
Trachydermon ruber, and in dry specimens the pilose girdle of the latter
is the most convenient means of distinction. A comparison of European
with Greenland specimens shows that the latter are usually more ele-
‘vated, and the posterior valve has usually seven slits instead of eight or
nine. This form, of course, is the typical one; those from Europe may
perhaps retain the varietal name of 7. latus Lowe. The Alaskan speci-
mens, as is often the case with mollusca of this region, are more like
European than East American specimens, and in the fresh condition ex-
hibit a very broad, smooth, yellowish girdle, sometimes as wide on each
side of the valves as the whole width of the shelly part. Otherwise they
agree with Norwegian specimens. The measurements given above are
for the very largest; they average about an inchin length. It doubtless
extends to the Arctic Ocean on the shores of Alaska, though all our
specimens happened to come from the Aleutians.
_ Jeffreys states that this may be identical with C. punctatus Strém, but
the name would be an evident misnomer, as it is in no way punctate,
and the identification requires further confirmation.
Middendorf found a variation in the number of anterior slits, being
five to seven, and in posterior slits six to nine, in all, in the specimens
he examined, which came from the White Sea and Arctic coast of Russian
Lapland.
An attempt has been made to identify this species with C. ruber Lin.,
but the examination of the Linnean Chitons by Mr. Hanley has left this
theory no sound foundation, and it hardly requires further notice.
The gill-rows of this species extend forward three-quarters the length
of the foot, and each contains twenty to twenty-five branchie. Mantle-
edge plain, inconspicuous, very narrow. The margin of the muzzle is
326 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. '
puckered up in front, with the posterior corners produced into lappets.
There is no veil. Oviducts not clearly made out. The ovarian openings
are simple and close on each side of and a little behind the anus, from
which a ridge extends in front of them on each side. But there appear,
also, to be two openings in the vicinity of the fourth or fifth branchia
from the posterior end of the gill-rows, one on each side. The contracted
condition of the specimens, from the effect of the alechol in which they
were preserved, prevented a satisfactory confirmation of these appear-
ances.
Tonicella lineata.
Chiton lineatus Wood, Gen. Conch. p. 15, pl. 2, f. 4-5, 1815.—Midd. Mal. Ross.
i, p. 109, t. xii, f. 8-9, 1847.—Reeve, Conch. Icon. Mon. Chiton, pl. vii, f.
33, 1847.
Tonicia lineata H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. i, p. 474, 1854.
Chiton (Hamachiton, Stenosemus) lineata Midd. Mal. Ross. 1, p. 34.
Tonicella lineata Carpenter, MS.
T. t. mucrone antice mediano, satis elevato; intus, v. ant. 9-12-, v.
post. 8-10-, v. centr. 1-fissata; dent. obtusioribus (t. jun. acutis), posticis
curtioribus, vix interdum rugulosis; subgrundis curtis, spongiosis; sinu
angusto, alto, levi, angulato; branchiis medianis; testa externa subele-
vata, tegmentum lve, areis lateralibus vix distinctis; flavum aut fus-
cum, lineolis albis pictum, zona coriaced, oculo nudo levis. Lon. 30,
Lat.15 mm. Div. 120°.
Hab.—From Bering Strait south, on both coasts; westward to Japan
and the Okhotsk Sea; eastward to the Bay of Monterey, California, and
including the whole Aleutian chain; low water to 60 fathoms. Two
hundred and eighty specimens examined of the typical form.
The painting of this very characteristic species is very variable, even
on different valves of the same individual. Nothing can appear more
distinct than the coloration of typical specimens of some varieties, but
in a large series the differences do not hold equally good. The number
of slits is also somewhat variable, occasional abnormal or injured speci-
mens having only six or seven slits in the tail-valve. But fine and nor-
mal specimens of both varieties show no more than individual variations.
Middendorf, while pointing out the distinctions between the following |
species and 7. marmorea, appears to have overlooked the connection be-
tween the former and 7. lineata, and his description does not always
agree with his figures. | :
From Tonicia lineolata Sowerby, from South America, beside the in-
ternal generic characters, the exterior differs by the absence of punctures —
and raised granules at the sides. |
T. submarmorea is further distinguished from lineata by the somewhat
raised lateral areas, which are hardly perceptible in the present form.
It is one of the handsomest Alaskan Chitons. The southern specimens, |
especially those from Monterey, generally have the yellow and brown
lines marginated with blue, which produces a peculiar color-eftect.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 327
The gill-rows extend forward two-thirds the length of the foot. They
contain about twenty-seven branchiz on each side. The mantle-edge is
very narrow, hardly distinguishable around the head. There is no veil.
The edge of the muzzle is marginated all around, and drawn into flaps
at the posterior corners.
Tonicella submarmorea.
Chiton submarmoreus Midd. Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg, iv, No. 8, 1846;
Mal. Ross. i, p. 98, 1847; Ib. Sib. Reise, p. 178, pl. xiv, f. 7-10, xv, f. 7-8,
1851.
Chiton insignis Reeve, Conch. Icon. Mon. Chiton, pl. xxii, No. 149, f. 148, 1847.
T. t. ut in forma precedente, sed testa externa ex rosea flavoque alba,
maculis fammulisque sed rufis, sed albis picté; tegmentum zone levius-
culum, nitidulum, flavum aut fuscum pictum.
Hab.—Japan and the Okhotsk Sea, Aleutian Islands to Sitka and
Fuca Strait. It has not been found north of the Aleutians or south of
Washington Territory.
In the deseription of this form, Middendorf, in distinguishing it from
T. marmorea, seemed to overlook its relations to T. lineata, from which,
for some time, I was indisposed to specifically separate it. The peculiar
color of the valves is reproduced sporadically on some valves of 7. line-
ata in occasional specimens; though these may be due to hybridization.
The dentition, elsewhere figured, indicates, however, that the two forms
are specifically distinct. The soft parts are very similar to those of T.
marmorea in every respect except that the openings near the anus were
absent. The specimen was a male, and the structure of the spermsac
recalled that of Acmea. Some of these differences may be sexual; at
all events, the subject requires investigation from living specimens.
Tonicella saccharina.
Tonicella saccharina Dall, Proc. Nat. Mus. p. 2, Jan. 1878.
T. t. parva, oblonga, tota superficie saccharin rufo et albescente picta;
mucrone submediano, inconspicuo; ar. lat. inconspicue elevatis, ar. dors.
sanguinosis, eque quincuncialiter lente reticulata; v. ant. 10-11-, v.
post. 8-10-, v. centr. 1-fissatai; dent. parvis, spongiosis; sinu parvo; sub-
grundis spongiosis, mediocris; zon&i coriacea ut in Tonicellw aliis.
Branchiis mediis. Lon. 6.5, Lat. 4 mm.
Hab.—Aleutian and Shumagin Islands; Kyska, Unalashka, and Koni-
ushi, 3 to 13 fathoms on stones! St. Paul, Pribiloff Ids., 15 fathoms.
Seven specimens examined.
This interesting little species has the lustre of rock-candy, through
which the microscopic reticulation is barely perceptible. It is marked,
in all the specimens obtained, by the red wine colored dorsal areas con-
trasted with a waxy white color of the lateral areas, rendering its rec-
ognition easy. The girdle is dark, leathery, narrow, slightly pubescent,
ube *
~
is aah
328 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
and furnished at its extreme margin with a fringe of fine spiny hairs or
spicules, as in 7. marmorea. }
? Tonicella Sitkensis.
Chiton Sitkensis Midd. Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersb. vi, p. 121, 1846; Mal. Ross.
i, p. 112, t. xiii, f. 1-2, 1847.
Tonicia Sitkensis H. & A, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. i, p. 474, 1854. ;
Not Chiion Sitkensis Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 55, 1847. :
?T. t. externa depressa; tegmentum leviusculum, areis lateralibus
indistinectis, sub lente sparsim granulosum, rubicundum; limbi leevius-
culi epidermis zonalis submicroscopio stroma exhibet spinulis latenti-
bus erectis munitum; v. ant. 8-, v. post. 10-, v. centr. 1-fissata; branchie
postice, parce, no. cire. 24. Lon. 10, Lat.6mm. Div. 130°.
Hab.—Sitka, one specimen (Midd.).
The above species described by Middendorf, if not a variety of one of
the others, has not yet been identified or collected by any other natural-
ist. His description differs very much from his figures, while the ante-
rior teeth are figured as grooved outside; if correct, an unusual charac-
ter. It is said to be nearest to T. aubmatmorsiia and may well be a
young specimen of one of its numerous varieties.
Genus SCHIZOPLAX Dall.
Schizoplax Dall, Proc. Nat. Mus. p. 2, Jan. 1878,
Tonicia sp. H. & A. Adams.
Schizoplax Cpr. MS. (subgenus of Tonicella).
Testa et zona Tonicelle simulans; valve centrales suleo jugali medi-
ano, antico argute incise; branchiz subambientes.
For this remarkable form, which is distinguished from all other known
Chitons by the median slit in all the central valves, I propose to adopt
the MS. name suggested by Dr. Carpenter on Middendorf’s figures, rais-
ing its value, however, to the rank of a genus. The specimens obtained
by us appear to be the first obtained by any one since the original spe-
cimens of Middendorf.
Schizoplax Brandatii.
Chiton Brandtii Midd. Bull, Acad. Sci. St. Pétersb. vi, p. 117, 1846; Mal. Ross.
i, p. 128, 1847.
Chiton (Hamachiton, Stenosemus) Brandtit Midd. Sib. Reise, p. 174, t. xv, f.
1-6, 1851.
Tonicia Brandtii H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. i, p. 474, 1854,
Schizoplax Brandtii Dall, Proc. Nat. Mus. p. 2, Jan. 1878.
S. t. ovali, longiori, angustiori, satis elevata; jugo rotundato; oliva-
ceo-fusea, ceeruleo seu strigataé, seu maculaté seu nebulosa; sepe irregu-—
laviter castaneo; mucrone centr. irregulariter subplanato; v. post. om-
nino satis regulariter excurvataé; ar. jug. nonnisi colore definitis, ar. lat, .
vix definitis, tota superficie leeviore, sub lente conspicue quince. granu-
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 329
lata; zona angusta, olivaceo-cinereo maculata, confertim spinulis minutis
ornata, oculo nudo sublevis; submicroscopio epidermis dorsalis pubes-
cens, stroma spinulis rarioribus latentibus erectis; mucro indistinctis
in summa tamen linea mediana valvarum intermediarum superne sulcus
decurrit linearis, longitudinalis, argute incisus; sinu jugali modico, alto,
haud laminato, conspicue spongiosa, subgrundis minimis, maxime spon-
giosis; v. ant. 11-, post. 11-, centr. 1-fiss. Branchie cire. 22, subambi-
entes. Lon. 16, Lat.5 mm. Div. 140°. ;
Hab.—Shantar Bay, Okhotsk Sea, Midd.; Aleutian Islands eastward
to Sitka Harbor, low water to 12 fathoms on stones and shells; Dall!
Ninety-three specimens examined.
This very remarkable species is very prettily marbled with olive,
chestnut, and blue; the girdle generally dark olive, dashed with ashy
spots and in fine specimens having a pubescent appearance. The slit
is occupied by a cartilaginous substance of a dark brown color, most
visible from within. The branchiz appear to reach nearly to the head.
It is quite possible that it may reach as far south as Puget Sound.
The soft parts are yellowish white. The gill-rows extend three-fourths
of the length of the foot forward from their posterior termination, and
each contains about twenty-two branchiz. Mantle-edge thick, plain;
veil small, plain. Muzzle small, plain, with two large squarish lappets
at the posterior corners. The supposed oviducts open on each side
through a small rounded papilla in the vicinity of the third or fourth
dranchia counting forward, and between the line of the gill-row and
the side of the foot.
Genus CHA TOPLEURA Shuttleworth.
Chetopleura Shuttlew. Bern. Mitth. Juni 1853. Type Chiton Peruvianus Lam.
- <Chetopleura H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. i, p. 475, 1854.
<Acanthopleura Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 67.
Testa Ischnochitoni similis; zona plus minusve pilosé. Branchie
ambientes.
Cheetopleura Hartwegii.
Chiton Hartwegii Carpenter, P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 231.
Trachydermon Hartwegii Cpr. Suppl. Rep. Br. Assoc. 1863, p. 649.
C. t. colore olivaceo, cinereo seu rufo-fusco seu cupreo-viridi, spe
eleganter maculoso; intus, intense ceruleo-viridi; mucrone mediano
satis elevato; valvis singulis tumentibus, eleganter arcuatis, apicibus
conspicuis, suturis marg. distinctis; ar. diag. haud nisi costis tumenti-
bus subobsoletis discernendis; toté superficie super granulis minimis,
sub lente solum distinguendis, granis parvis ubique sparsis; super ar.
diag. et v. term. granis majoribus irregulariter verrucosis; intus vy. post.
9-12-, ant. 10-11-, centr. 1-fissatis; dent. solidis, obtusis, interdum subru-
330 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
gulosis, valde separatis; subgrundis spongiosis, parum extantibus; sinu
alto, lato, planato, spongioso, haud laminato; pagina interna callosa;
zona fusca, minutissime granulosa, inter granulas setis pellucidis mini-
mis hue et illue decurrentibus. Lon. 25, Lat. 16mm. (Cpr. MS.)
Hab.—Columbian Archipelago, probably reaching the southern bor-
ders of Alaska, and southward to Magdalena Bay, Lower California.
Forty specimens examined.
This species having been originally described from imperfect speci-
mens, I insert Dr. Carpenter’s amended diagnosis. It has not occurred
in our collections, but being abundant in the Vancouver region, doubt-
less oceurs in Southeastern Alaska. It is an aberrant species, and at
some time may require to be separated from the genus to which Dr. Car-
penter and myself have provisionally referred it.
Chetopleura Nuttallii.
Chiton Nuttallii Cpr. P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 231.
Trachydermon Nuttallii Cpr. Suppl. Rep. Br. Assoc. 1863, p. 649,
C. t. mucrone satis planato; intus v. post. 11-, ant. 8-, centr. 1-fissata;
aliter ut in OC. Hartwegii formata.
Hab.—With the last, also probably in Alaska.
All the specimens examined appear to differ from CO. Hartwegii in the
broad non-swelling valves, squared at the sides, and not beaked or waved. :
It may yet prove merely a variety. The characters of the mantle and
interior are aberrant, as in the last species.
Genus ISCHNOCHITON.
Ischnochiton Gray §*, P. Z. 8. 1847, pp. 126-7
Lepidopleurus Ad. Gen. Rec, Moll. i, 471, 1854.
Testa tenuior; lam. insert. regulares, acutze, nec pectinatz nec serra-
te; subgrunds majores; sinus plerumque levis; zona squamosa, squa-
mis plerumque striatis; branchiz elongate. (Cpr.) Type I. longicymba
Quoy.
The main character of this genus, which includes by far the largest
number of species of any single group of Chitons, consists in the row of
sharp smooth insertion-teeth, surrounded by more or less projecting
eaves, as first described by Dr. Carpenter in the Mazatlan Catalogue
(p. 194), and in the sealy girdle. Dr. Carpenter has divided the group
by its minor characters into the following subgenera:
Ly Bienoplda Cpr . pene semoscies Suny theays.sanden saa C. limaciformis Sowerby.
Body elongate. Scales elongate, chaffy, striated, irregular, and crowded.
2. Stenoradsia Cpr....-..c«cecacccnnccrees snopes copa ones esas) MAGGLEnenae hime
Like Stenoplaxz, with numerous side-slits.
3. Tsohnoplad Cpt... 2.6 cocesecane can otalee nin eben C. pectinatus Sowerby.
Like Stenoplaz, but with occasional large scales rising above the rest, and a mul-
titude of short striated bristles. Mucro raised, subposterior,
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 331
os 5h i ah ss deka gs ile etd el Nelo kd ese abie> ded di H, cariosa Cpr.
Body elongate; two kinds of rather solid, striated scales.
5. Ischnochiton (restricted) Cpr-..-.......... Ochna wise ee aatacie C. longicymba Quoy.
' Scales transverse, flattened, somewhat imbricated, generally striated.
6. Ischnoradsia Cpr. ex Shuttleworth .... 2... 2... ..cnde onee cc nees C. dispar Sowerby.
Seales striated. Central valves with many slits.
7. lS A 3 esp ly ie Ia ll Sl ap ea Ex C. Mertensi Midd.
Seales solid, imbricated, smooth.
NE ad aa Sia Ua inn gina Ew Oaee oe cews fanaee C. australis Sowerby.
Similar to the last, with many slits in central valves.
The only Alaskan species of the restricted subgenus, so far as known,
is the following form.
Ischnochiton interstinctus.
Chiton interstinctus Gould, Moll. U. S. Expl. Exp. p. 322, pl. 27, f. 423, a, b, 1852.
C. (Leptochiton) interstinctus Gould, Otia, p. 230, 242, 1862.
Callochiton interstinctus H. & A. Adams, Gen. Ree. Moll. i, p. 471, 1854.
Trachydermon interstinctus Cpr. Suppl. Rep. Br. As. 1863, p. 649.
Ischnochiton interstinctus Cpr. MS. 1871.
I. t. mucrone antice mediano, satis elevato; intus v. post. 12-, ant. 10-,
centr. 1-fiss.; dent. acutis; subgrundis modicis; sinu lato, planato; zond
squamulis subovalibus, tenuissime striatis. Lon. 17, Lat.7 mm. Div.
110°.
Hab.—Sitka Harbor, 12 fathoms, mud and gravel! south to Monterey
and the Santa Barbara Islands, California. Eighty-seven specimens
examined.
This is a modest little species of a dark red color, mottled with light
about the jugum. The riblets are somewhat broken into tubercles by
the lines of growth. It appeared to be very abundant at Sitka in the
locality where it was found. There are no other species likely to be con-
founded with it in this district.
- The gill-rows are nearly as long as the foot. The muzzle is produced
into lappets at the corners. No data in regard to the fenestre could be
obtained from the dry specimens.
Ischnoradsia trifida.
Trachydermon trifidus Cpr. Suppl. Rep. Br. As. 1853, p. 649; Proc. Phil. Acad.
Nat Sci. 1865, p. 60.
I. satis magn4, satis elevata, regulariter ovali; rufo-castanea, pallidiore
et intensiore maculati; jugo acutiore, gothico; mucrone mediano, pla-
nato; totd superficie vix minutissime granulata; ar. centrali lineis trans-
versis, jugo perpendicularibus cire. VIII altissime punctatis; ar. lat.
valde definitis, costis obsoletis I-IV, interdum ad interstitiis punctim-
depressis; intus, pagina interna albido-carnea, radiis IL rufo-purpureis
ab umbonibus planatis divergentibus; v. post. 13-, v. ant. 13-, centr. 2-
fissatis, dentibus acutis interdum ad margines serratis, interdum extus
-striatis sed interdum normaliter levibus; subgrundis conspicuis sub-
332 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,
spongiosis; sinu minore, laminato, lamina atroque latere et interdum
in medio fissata; zoné squamulis perparvis, solidioribus, irregulariter
instructis levibus, instructé; branchiis fere ambientibus, per valvas
VI posticus continuis.. Lon. 40, Lat. 26mm. Div. 135°.
Hab.—Sitka, Port Etches, 9-18 fms., gravel, rare; south to Puget
Sound. Six specimens examined. |
This rare and fine species is not particularly handsome, being of dull
and livid colors, but is peculiarly characterized by the straight trans-
verse ribs on the dorsal areas, with spongy interspaces, and by the
pretty regular division of the lateral areas into three well-marked radi-
ating coste, which are separated in the insertion-plate by two fissures.
No other species of the region resembles this in sculpture. Muzzle with
a pectinated margin in front produced into rounded lappets at the
corners. Gill-rows as long as the foot, containing each 28-35 branchie.
Veil absent. Mantle-edge plain, narrow. There is a small spherical
lump on each side of the girdle just behind the posterior ends of the
gill-rows, which are turned out toward the girdle and widely separated
behind. The anus is large, median, and crenate, opening on the upper.
part of the hinder end of the foot. No ovarian openings could be
detected, and the species presents some peculiarities which call for
further research with more material.
Subgenus LEPIDOPLEURUS s. s. Cpr.
Lepidopleurus Mertensii.
Chiton Mertensii Midd. Bull. Ac. Sci. St. Pétersb. vi, p. 118, 1846.
Chiton (Phenochiton, Hamachiton, Stenosémus) Mertensii Midd, Mal. Ross. p. 34,
125, pl. xiv, f. 1-3 a-h, 1847. .
Leptochiton Mertensii H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. i, p. 473, 1854.
L. t. colore rubido, interdum intensiore nebuloso; mucrone subcen- —
trali, haud elevato; intus v. term. 9-12-, centr. 1-fiss.; dent. acutis; sub-
erundis majoribus; sinu lato, planato, levi; zondé rubida seu pallidiore,
squamis ovoideis, nitentibus, levibus vix regulariter confertissime im-
bricata. Lon. 20, Lat.6 mm. Div. 100°. |
Hab.—Sitka and vicinity, south to Monterey, Cal. Many specimens —
examined. |
Middendorf’s description and figures of this shell do not agree well
together. Its fine red color, sharp and prominent sculpture, usually
free from erosion or nullipore, and beautifully shining and regular scales,
render this one of the most attractive and easily recognized of the
Alaskan Chitons, There are no others in that region likely to be con- |
founded with it. It rarely shows a white valve or a dash of white on |
some of the valves. 4
The soft parts of this species are whitish. The anus is on a papilla. |
Mantle-edge narrow, granulose, forming on each side behind the last |
branchia a rounded lump or tumor. Near this the ovarian openings
were thought to be detected. Muzzle semicircular, cornered behind on —
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 333
each side. No veil. Gill-rows three-quarters as long as the foot, each
containing about forty branchie.
_ (In Lepidoradsia australis, the gill-rows were found to extend the
whole length of the foot, and to contain forty-seven branchiz in each.
Mantle-edge plain, thin; muzzle plain, semicircular, without a veil;
the ovarian openings situated close on either margin of the anus.)
ACANTHOIDEA.
Genus NUTTALLINA Cpr. MS.
Lorica elongata, valvis antice projectis; mucro posticus, elevatus;
lamine acute, leves, (nisi v. post.) elongate; v. centrales bifissate;
sinus haud laminatus, planatus; zona spinosa.
_ From Acanthopleura this genus differs in the smoothness of the sharp
teeth, in their great length and Radsioid slitting; in the thrown-back
mucro, which often projects beyond the margin; in the throwing forward
of the rest of the shell, as in Katherina, and in the deep spongy flat
sinus which interrupts the sutural lamine. The name is given in honor
of the late Thomas Nuttall, Esq., once professor of natural history at
Harvard College, and the original discoverer of the typical species, as
well as many others of the shells and plants of California. (Cpr.)
Nuttaliina scabra. 1
Chiton scaber Reeve, Conch. Icon. Mon. Chiton, pl. xvii, f. 105, 1847.
Chiton californicus (Nutt. MS.) according to Carpenter.
Not Chiton californicus (Nutt. MS.) according to Reeve.
Acanthopleura scabra Cpr. Suppl. Rep. Br. Assoc. 1863, p. 649.
_ N.t. mucrone postico, sed haud terminali, maxime trans marginem
posticum elevato; v. post. 7-8-, v. ant. 10-11-, centr. 2-fissatis; dent.
acutis, levibus, (nisi postice) prelongis, antice valde projectis; valvis
centralibus dent. post. minoribus; subgrundis parvis, haud sulcatis;
sinu altissimo, lato, planato, spongioso, haud laminato; zona lata crassa;
Spinis testaceis curtioribus densissime obsita. Lon. 36, Lat. 10 mm.
Hab.—Vancouver district, south to California, probably in the south-
_ ern islands of Alaska; at and above high-water mark, in crevices of the
_ rocks; at Monterey abundant.
- This singular species, not yet obtained from Alaska, but which will
probably be found there, like some Litorinas, seems habitually to prefer
positions where it can at most be reached by the spray in storms, on ex-
posed headlands, where the breeze comes in damp and cool from the sea.
The pointed valves overlap each other so much that when the ereature is
curled up they project from the girdle, giving a pectinated outline, un-
usual in Chitons. The valves are almost always eroded, even the prom-
inent mucro is often hollowed out, and the sculpture can rarely be seen
except in young specimens. The color is grayish or brownish, with
_ whitish streaks; the girdle has the aspect of dead brownish-black moss,
sometimes with ashy spots at the sutures.
ny :
rat
¢
334 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
OrpEr DOCOGLOSSA.
Suborder ABRANCHIATA.
Family LEPETID&.
Genus LEPETA Gray.
Lepeta Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 168.—Dall, Am. J. Conch. v, 1869, p. 140.
Subgenus LEPETA Dall ex Gray. :
Lepeta Dall, Mon. Fam. Lepetide, Am. J. Conch. v, 1869, p. 141.
Lepeta c#ca.
Patella ceca O. F. Miiller, Prodr. Zodl. Dan. 1766, p. 237; Ib. Zodl. Dan. i,
ap
issih ceca Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 168.—Dall, 1. c. p. 141, pl. 15, f. 4. (Type.)
Hab.—In Alaska, in 23 fathoms, off the Sea Horse Islands, near
Point Barrow, Arctic Ocean north from Bering Strait (Smith! 3
specimens). Elsewhere, northern seas of Europe and Eastern North
America generally, 10-100 fathoms (Sars); Massachusetts Bay north-
ward, in America. In Europe northward from Danish waters; on the
Norwegian coast; the Hebrides, ete.
This species has not been found, though reported, erroneously, south
from Bering Strait on the Pacific side. Such references refer to L. (C.)
concentrica. Jeffreys found it in six hundred and ninety fathoms off
Holsteinborg in Greenland, and it ranges from that depth to a few
fathoms. That it has a curved, nearly spiral, deciduous nucleus when
very young, was announced by me in 1869, and is confirmed by Dr. Jef-
freys in his Report on the Mollusea of the Valorous Expedition. It is
the Patella candida of Couthouy, P. cerea of mice and probably the
Lepeta Franklini of Gray MSS.
Subgenus CRYPTOBRANCHIA Dall ex Midd.
Cryptobranchia Midd. (pars), Sib. Reise, p. 183, 1851.—Dall, Mon. Lepetide, 1. c. 1869,
p- 143.
The name Cryptobranchia was previously used by Gray, Fleming, and
Deshayes for different groups of mollusks of family or greater value, but —
has in none of these cases been used or adopted by other naturalists, and ~
hence was not preoccupied for the group of Middendorf.
Cryptobranchia concentrica.
Patella (Cryptobranchia) cawca, var. B concentrica, Midd. Sib. Reise, p. 183, ple
xvi, f. 6, 1851.
Cryptobranchia concentrica Dall, 1. c. p. 143, pl. 15, f. 2 a-f.
Lepeta cecoides Cpr. Suppl. Rep. Br. As, 1863, pp. 603, 651.
Hab.—North Japan, Stimpson! Schrenck!, eastward throughout the
Aleutians, along the southern coast of Alaska (Dall!), British Columbia
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 335 ©
(Fisher!) to Puget Sound, W. T. (Swan and Kennerly!). Abundant
from low water to eighty fathoms on stones and shells, sometimes attain-
ing the length of an inch, but usually about four-tenths of an inch long.
Five hundred and twenty-seven specimens examined.
‘This is the largest and most abundant species of the family. In it,
beside differences in dentition, the apex is simply pointed or blunt, not
deciduous, as in the typical Lepeta. The sculpture is usually faint, but
sometimes raised in beautiful concentric frills, from which the name was
derived. Small specimens from slight examination have been quoted as
LI. ceca by authors. It has not yet been found north of the Aleutians.
C. concentrica var. instabilis.
? Cryptobranchia instabilis Dall, 1. c. p. 145, pl. 15, f. 6.
I am now convinced that the provisional name which I applied to this
singular form is only of varietal value. It seems, from later specimens,
to be a form which, from living on the stalk of Nereocystis, has become
peculiarly arcuated and greatly thickened, much like Acmecea instabilis,
which has the same habit. It has only been found at Sitka in small
numbers, dead, in 10-15 fathoms.
Cryptobranchia alba. : «
C. alba Dall, 1. c. p. 145, pl. 15, f. 3 a-d, 1869.
Hab.—Plover Bay, E. Sib., Dall! Seniavine Straits, Stimpson!
Akutan Pass, Aleutian Islands, Dall! Dead on beach. Alive at six-
teen fathoms, gravel. Twenty-four specimens examined.
This species appears to fill the gap between the distribution of L.
ceca and C.concentrica. It is easily distinguished from the latter by its
smooth surface and rounded apex and back, beside anatomical charac-
ters. It rarely reaches nearly an inch in length, and is of the purest
_ whiteness.
Extra-limital Species.
Subgenus PiLip1umM Forbes.
Pilidium Forbes, Athenzeum, Oct. 6, 1849, p. 1018.—Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll. ii,
p. 440, 1849; not of Middendorf, Sib. Reise, p. 214, 1851.—Dall, 1. c. 1869
(synonymy, etc., in full).
Iothia Gray, not Forbes, 1854 (ef. Dall, 1. c. 1869).
Tectura Jeffreys, 1865, not of Gray (1847), nor of authors.
Scutellina Chenu (pars), Sars, not of Gray, 1847.
Pilidium fulvum.
Patella fulva O. F. Miiller, Prodr. Zool. Dan. p. 227, 1776.
Pilidium fulvwm Forbes, Atheneum, 1. c. Oct. 6, 1849.—Dall, 1. c. 1869.
Pilidium rubellum Stm. Checklist Sh. N. Am. E. Coast, No. 312, 1865.
Tectura fulva Jeffreys, Br. Conch. iii, p. 250, 1865.
. Patella forbesii J. Smith, Wern. Soc. Mem. viii, p. 107, pl. ii, f. 3.
Scutellina fulva G. O. Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv. p. 122, 1878.
Hab.—Northern and Arctic seas of Eastern America and Europe;
doubtfully reported from the Adriatic, where, if it be correctly identified,
s ek |
- 836 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. el
it is probably the remnant of a polar colony, like that in the Gulf of
Lyons. It ranges from five to one hundred and fifty fathoms.
This species, like Cryptobranchia, has a rounded non-spiral apex.
When the Arctic shores of Alaska are more carefully searched, it may
turn up there; but it does not seem to be a common species ange
The name Pilidium has been used for a stage in the larva of certain
invertebrates, but not as having an assured standing in systematic
nomenclature. J see no reason, therefore, why it should be replaced by
any other. It is hardly necessary to point out that it does not belong
even to the same family as the Tectura of most authors, though erro-
neously called Tectura by Adams and others. It was sent by Moreh,
under the name of Patella rubella Fabr., to Dr. Stimpson, which led him
and the writer to erroneously unite that species (which is an Acme@a)
with the present one in 1865 and 1869. To Prof. Sars is due the credit
of pointing out the true place of the P. rubella. Clark speaks of find-
ing the fry entangled in the mucus of the foot, but this can hardly be
more than an accident.
Suborder PROTEOBRANCHIATA.
Family ACMAZID Cpr.
Acmeide Dall, 1. c. p. 237, 1871.
Genus ACMASA Eschscholtz.
Acmea Esch. Appendix to Kotzebue’s New Voyage around the World (Dorpat, 1828),
London reprint, vol. ii, p. 350, 1830. —Dall, l. c. p. 237, 1871. Type 4.
mitra.
Having shown by evidence which cannot be successfully controverted,
that the name of Acemea has precedence in time of application over
Tecture Aud. (Tectura Gray), no apology is necessary for following the
lead of Forbes, Woodward, Hanley, Philippi, and Carpenter, in adopt-
ing the prior designation. Its very extensive synonymy will be found
in my paper above quoted.
Subgenus AcMazA Dall ex Eschscholtz.
Acmea Dall, Am. J. Conch. vi, p. 241, 1871. Type A. mitra Esch.
Erginus Jeffreys, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Mar. 1877, p. 231.
Tectura Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv, p. 121, 1878.
Acmza mitra.
A. mitra (Esch.) Rathke, Zool. Atlas, v, p. 18, No. 1, pl. xxiii, f. 4, 1833.— .
Dall, 1. ¢. p. 241, 1871, pl. 14, f. 1.
Hab.—Pribiloff Islands, Bering Sea, westward to Kyska in the Aleu-
tians, and eastward and southward to Sitka, Oregon, and the coast of
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 337
California as far south as the Santa Barbara Islands, from low-water
mark to eighty fathoms, Dall! Seventy-four specimens examined.
I showed in 1871 that this species has nothing in common with the
genus Scurria, to which it has often been referred, except a very super-
ficial resemblance of form of the ‘shell. It is not very abundant any-
where. The partially striated variety tenwisculpta Cpr. has not been
found in Alaska.. A. mitra varies from white to pink or green, and is
frequently covered with regular nodules or papille of nullipore, when
itis A. mammillata of Eschscholtz. It is the most unmistakable shell
of the genus, the members of the restricted subgenus Acmca presenting
a singular contrast with one another in respect to their shelly covering.
Acmea insessa.
Patella insessa Hinds, An. Nat. Hist. x, p. 82, pl. vi, f. 3.
Acmea insessa Dall, 1. c. p. 244, pl. 14, f. 3.
Hab.—Sitka Harbor (one specimen), southward to San Diego, Cali-.
fornia, Dall! Thirty specimens, mostly from the beaches. It seems
very rare in Alaska.
Acmea instabilis.
Patella instabilis Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. ii, p. 150, 1846.
Acmea (?) instabilis Dall, 1. c. p. 245.
Hab.—Sitka, Fort Wrangell, very rare; southward to Vancouver
(abundant), and Monterey, Cal. (rare); dead on beaches.
This species, like the last, lives on the stems of the giant fuci com-
mon to this coast, and I have never seen a fresh specimen with the soft
parts. But a radulaextracted trom one by Mr. H. Hemphill, and kindly
sent to me, enables me to say with confidence that it is a typical Aemea.
Extra-limital Species.
Acmea rubella.
Patella rubella Fabr. Fauna Gronl. p. 386, 1780.
Pilidium fulvum (pars) Dall, Am. J. Conch. v, part iii, 1869.
Tectura (Erginus) rubella Jeffreys, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. p. 231, Mar. 1877.
Tectura rubella G. O. Sars. 1. ¢. p. 121, pl. 8, f. 5 ab, pl. ii, f. 11, 1878.
Hab.—Greenland, Fabr., Moller, Jeffreys; Norway, in Finmark, Sars;
5 to 40 fathoms.
The shell is generally of a much more brilliant orange color than the
Pilidiwm, with which it has been confounded. I am not sure that some
very young and minute specimens of Limpets found in the Aleutian
Islands may not belong to this species, but they are too small to deter-
mine their relations with any certainty.
It is unfortunate that Prof. Sars, while recognizing in part the char-
acters which I used to separate this subgenus from Collisella in the
genus Acmea in 1871, should have applied the name Tectura to the true
Acmeas, and used Acmea for Collisella, in his very valuable work on the
Arctic Mollusks of Norway; thus exactly reversing the original arrange-
ment and inadvertently transgressing the laws of nomenclature.
Proc. Nat. Mus. 783——22 Feb. 14, 1879.
338 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Acmza virginea.
Patella virginea Miiller, Prodr. Zool. Dan. p. 237, 1776.
Acmea virginea Hanley, Br. Marine Conch. p. xxxii, 1844.
Tectura virginea of authors.
Acmea virginea Dall, Am. J. Conch, vi, p. 243, 1871, q. v.
This species extends from Iceland and Northern Norway south to the
Azores, but does not reach the shores of America. It ranges from low-
water mark to sixty fathoms. The Ancylus Gussoni of Costa, which has
been united with this species, belongs to:the Stiphonariide.
Subgenus COLLISELLA Dall.
Collisella Dall, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. Feb. 1871. (Acmea pelia Esch.)
Acmea Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv. p. 120, 1878. ‘
This group is distinguished by slight but constant external differences |
and by dental characters from the typical Acmzas. It comprises most
of the Alaskan species as well as many from other parts of the world. :
|
Acmea (Collisella) pelta.
A. pelta Esch. Rathke, Zool. Atlas, v, p. 19, 1833.—Dall, 1. c. p. 246, pl. 14, £
6, 1871.
Tectura cassis von Martens, Malak. Blitt. xix, p. 92, pl. 3, f. 9-10, 1872.
Hab.—Aleutian Islands and the southern coast of Alaska south and
east to the Santa Barbara Islands, Cal., between or near tide-marks.
Five hundred and ninety specimens examined from my own collection
and many thousands in the field. >
The numerous names which the variations of this species have re-
ceived, and some account of its varietal forms, have been given by me in
the paper alluded to. Only one of these forms, A. pelta var. nacelloides
D. (1. ¢.) seems sufficiently constant to deserve a separate name. In the
examination of hundreds of these most variable shells, one’s notions of
the characters sufficient among them to constitute a species or variety
become so enlarged as to receive little sympathy from those who know
the group in question from a few specimens on a museum tablet. Con-
stant field and museum experience for more than twelve years has
only confirmed my conviction of the propriety of the views of Dr. Car-
penter, on the west coast species, which have been expressed in his
various publications. It is true that in selecting from simultaneously
published names, if he had known at first all that we now know, perhaps
a different selection might have seemed more judicious; but Iagree with
Dr. v. Martens that any change, now that those selections have become
history, would be most objectionable, and not to be countenanced. s
The strongly ribbed variety of A. pelta, which Dr. v. Martens has so —
well figured, and has identified with the cassis of the Zool. Atlas, appears —
to be the same. However, the Martensian shell (which I have repre- —
sented by some magnificent examples) is so closely connected, specimen
by specimen, with others nearly smooth, that I cannot admit that it re- —
quires or should receive a separate name, even if the identity were —
. 2 eee
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 339
proven. Other varieties, almost without number, might be selected from
the series before me, which taken singly seem quite as distinct, and it
seems preferable to err, if at all, in the matter of naming mere varia-
tions, on the side of conservatism.
Acmea (Collisella) persona.
Acmea persona Eschscholtz, Rathke, |. ¢. p. 20, pl. xxiv, f. 1-2, 1833.—Dall,
1. ec. p.-250, pl. 14, f. 8.
Tectura digitalis von Martens, 1.
Tectura persona Ib. 1. ce. p. 95, £. 5
Hab.—Adakh Id., Aleutians (one specimen), Shumagins, Cook’s Inlet
(Martens), Port Etches, and southward to California as far as the Santa
Barbara Islands, between and sometimes above tide-marks. One hun-
dred and twenty-eight specimens collected.
The varieties of this shell are often very beautiful, and, taken by them-
selves, apparentiy well marked; but in a large series these differences
disappear in the general interchange of characters in a way which is
impossible to fully realize without a very large series. The synonymy
will be found in my paper above cited, and contains several variations
much more striking than those separated by von Martens.
Acmza (Collisella) testudinalis.
Patella testudinalis Mill. Prodr. Zool. Dan. p. 237, 1766.
Collisella t. Dall, 1. ce. p. 249, pl. 14, f. 18, 1871.
This well-known form was supposed by me to be pretty easily sepa-
rable from C. patina Esch. in 1871, but the result of several years’ addi-
tional study of the region about the Aleutian Islands has rudely shaken
that cherished belief. There is a pretty constant difference in the rela-
tive size and proportion of the teeth on the radula of large and fully
erown specimens; but of other characters (with seven hundred and thirty
specimens before me of all sizes, ages, and localities) I find it impossible
to formulate any. Dr. Carpenter at one time thought them distinct, but
a re-examination by him resulted in his confessing his inability to dis-
tinguish one species from the other by the shells, and I can confidently
assert that the exterior of the animals affords no characters whatever.
Indeed, some of the varieties of what we have called typical patina are
more different from the type than testudinalis can possibly claim to be.
Specimens of adult patina from Sitka and the Aleutian Islands are
indistinguishable from specimens of testudinalis of the same size from
_ Eastport, Maine. It has been found impossible to rightly assort a mixed
lot by every one who has tried it. Iam therefore forced to divide the
species as follows:
Hab.—In Alaska from the Arctic Ocean southward (on both sides of
_ Bering Sea) to Sitka. On the eastern coast of America from Long
Island Sound to the Arctic Ocean, Cumberland Gulf (Kumlein), and
- South Greenland. In Europe, it extends from the English Channel
.
Collisella testudinalis var. testudinalis.
| z a a
340 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. | :
northward to Finmark. In Asia, according to Schrenck, it reaches Yesso
and the Tartarian coast. ‘ Mexico” is quoted, ex B. M. tablet, by Jef-
freys; of course due to ballast or some mixture of specimens or labels.
North of the Pribiloff group, in Bering Sea, it appears to be the sole
form of the genus. .
C. testudinalis var. patina. :
Acmea patina Esch. Rathke, 1. c. p. 19, pl. xxiv, f. 7-8, 1833.
C. patina var. normalis sive pintadina (Gld.) Dall, 1. ce. p. 247, pl. 14, f. 4, 1871.
Tectura patina Martens, 1. c. p. 93, pl. 3, f. 7-8, 1872.
Hab.—Aleutian Islands, eastward and southward on the Alaskan side
to San Diego, California, Six fathoms to high-water mark; usually
between tides.
The characters assigned to patina by most naturalists are those of
southern specimens (which were described as Patella pintadina by
Gould), nineteen-twentieths of the specimens in museums having come
from California.
In northern waters these distinctions are more or less obsolete, but
on a comparison of Californian with Massachusetts Bay specimens it is
very easy to draw the line between them, and this holds good for indi-
viduals as far as the Aleutians, but not for the generality. |
C. testudinalis var. alveus.
Hab.—Sitka northward and elsewhere with the typical form in At-
lantic seas, a variety formed the residence of the individual on a narrow
frond of seaweed or Zostera. Tectura alveus of authors.
C. testudinalis var. Cumingii.
Patella Cumingii Reeve; Dall, 1. c. p. 248.
Hab.—F rom the Pribiloff Islands southward with var. patina. Com-
monest toward Cook’s Inlet, rare at the northern extreme of range and
southward of Vancouver Island. Usually near low-water mark, and
most frequently in isolated rocks washed by the surf.
C. testudinalis var. ochracea.
Dall, 1. c. as var. patina, p. 249, pl. 17, f. 35.
‘Hitherto found chiefly in California, but reported from Vancouver
Island by Hepburn; rare.
My largest specimen of var. patina is two and three-quarters inches
long; another is an inch high. Every imaginable fluctuation in color,
elevation, smoothness or striation, width in proportion to length, &c.,
may be found somewhere in the series before me. Yet, after uniting
patina to the older form, there is a certain facies which distinguishes the
species from any other with tolerable readiness. It is the :
of all the species in Alaska and over the whole northwest coast
America.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 34]
Acmeza (Collisella) peramabilis.
A. peramabilis Dall, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. iv, p. 302, Dec. 1872.
Hab.—Shumagin Islands, low water to six fathoms. Six specimens.
This most lovely species is most like some reddish varieties of patina,
but none of them approach it in color, while numerous other features
testify to its distinctness; which I have, as yet, seen no reason to doubt.
It appears to be exceedingly local and rare, but all the specimens pre-
sent a very uniform appearance.
Acmea (Collisella) sybaritica.
Collisella sybaritica Dall, Am. J. Conch. 1. ¢. vi, p. 257, pl. 17, f. 34 a—c, 1871.
Hab.—Pribiloff Islands southward on the west to Hakodadi, Japan
(Stm.!), throughout the Aleutians, and on the southeast to Chirikoff
Island, and perhaps Kadiak; from lowest water to twenty-five fathoms.
One hundred and ninety specimens examined.
This beautiful little species, of which only a few specimens were
known when it was described, has since been found over a very large
area, and usually in rather deep water for the genus. It seems to rep-
resent Acmea virginea on the Pacific side, though not very similar to it
in appearance. The largest specimen found is an inch in length, but
they are always very much flattened. :
Acmea (Collisella ?) triangularis.
Nacella (? paleacea var.) triangularis Cpr. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. iii, p. 213, 1866.
Collisella? triangularis Dall, 1. c. p. 254, 1871.
Hab.—Sitka to Monterey, Cal.; dead on beaches.
This species varies from narrow, high, and elongated to rounded and
rather flat, according to the place of its growth, as on a frond or leaf of
some marine plant like Zostera, or on a flat unlimited surface. It ap-
pears very rare in Alaska, only one specimen having been collected
there, but is tolerably common on the coast of California. I have never,
however, been able to get it in the living state, so as to definitely de
cide its generic place.
Acmeza (Collisella?) apicina n.s.
Testa parva, conica, tenui, rotundata, plus minusve elevata; albid&
seu isabellina, apice erecto, luteo; intus Iuteo, albido, seu fusco, levi ;
extus striulis incrementis subobsoletis munito. Lat. 5 mm., Lon. 6 mm.,
Alt. 4 mm.
Hab.—Pribiloff Islands on the north, the Aleutians from Amchitka
eastward, extending to the Shumagins; twenty-two specimens, all dead
except two, one of which was found at low water and the other dredged
in seventy fathoms.
. Among other small shells obtained from time to time on the beach or
in the dredge, occasional specimens occurred which at first were sup-
posed to be the young of A. mitra or pale specimens of A. sybaritica.
e) oT
5
ay
342 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES, NATIONAL MUSEUM.
After eliminating some of these, there remained, after careful study, a
residue, which do not appear to coincide in character with any described
species. They are small, thin, conical, with a blunt, erect apex marked
by a light yellow spot, the rest of the exterior white or faintly yellowish,
inarked by obsolete lines of growth, smooth, or nearly so, but not pol-
ished. Within, fresh specimens are yellowish, whitish, or orange-col-
ored, and quite polished. The outside is almost always covered with
nullipore. The chief characters are the rounded base, regularly conical
and yellow spotted apex, with a thinner shell than young A. mitra. !
Fam. PATELLID.
Genus NACELLA Schumacher.
Nacella (Schum.) Dall, 1. c. p. 274, 1871. Type WN. mytilina Gm.
Wacella? rosea.
Nacella? rosea Dall, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. iv, p. 270, pl. 1, f. 2, Oct. 1872.
Hab.—Dead on exposed ocean beaches at Kyska Island, Aleutians, ° _
and Simeonoff Island, Shumagins. Alive on fuci off shore? Forty-five
specimens obtained, all dead.
This exquisite little rose-leaf of a shell exactly resembles the type of
the genus Nacella in form, and is the only one of the so-called Nacelle of
the northwest coast which has not been proved to be an Acmeeid. It
is only provisionally referred to this family, and may prove, like the.
others, non-patelloid when the animal becomes known.
In this connection it may be of interest to quote the words of Esch-
scholtz in describing the genus Acmea,* words which at one time were
partially discredited, but which the march of science has proved literally
true:—‘ Here” (at Sitka) are found “ six species of a genus which from
its simple unwound shell would be immediately taken for a Patella; the
creature, however, closely resembles the Lisswrella, with the difference
that only one gill is visible in the fissure over the neck. It is remark-
able that on the whole northwest coast of America, down to California,
no Patella, only animals of the genus Acmaa were to be met with.”
It will be noticed from the preceding documents that in the Alaskan
region fourteen species of Limpets, not counting the innumerable varie-
ties, and twenty-six or seven species of Chitonida, are known, most of
which have rewarded our researches, and a part of which are absolutely
new. Additional species may be expected to recompense additional
and more minute research; but that the chief members of these groups
native to this region have been determined there is little reason to doubt. —
*From the English reprint, published in the spring of 1830, but dated by the aut.
at ‘‘Dorpat, Jan. 7, 1828.” I found the first edition in the Royal Library at Stock.
holm. It passed the censor in March, 1829, was issued in the winter of 1829-30,
is dated on the titlepage 1830. .
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 343
Extra-limital Species.
Genus PATELLA Linné,
Patella Lin. 8. N. ed. x, 1758.—Dall, 1. c. p. 266, 1871 (full synonymy). ~
Patella vulgata.
P. vulgata Lin. Syst. Nat. ed. xii, p. 1258.—Dall, 1. c. p. 268, pl. 15, f. 23, 1861.
British and North European seas from the Mediterranean to the
Northern Lofoten Islands, between tides. Type of the genus.
Genus PATINA Leach.
Patina Leach, MSS. 1819; Moll. Gt. Brit. 1852, p. 223.—Dall, 1. c. p. 279.
Helcion Jeffreys, not Montfort.
Nacella H. & A. Adams, Sars, not Schumacher.
Patina pellucida.
Patella pellucida Lin. S. N. ed. xii, p. 1260.
Patina pellucida Leach, |. c. p. 224, 1852.—Dall, }. e. p. 280, pl. 16, f. 20, 1871.
British and North European seas, northward to Lofoten; in most
cases living on the stalks and fronds of large fuci.
DECEMBER 16, 1878.
LIST OF THE FIGURES.
Prate I.
1. Leptochiton cancellatus Sby., Alaska: a, major lateral from above.
' 2. Hanleyia mendicaria Mighels & Adams, Casco Bay, Maine.
| 3. Trachydermon ruber Lowe, Greenland: a, major uncinus from below.
4. Trachydermon albus Lin., Alaska.
5. Tonicella lineata Wood, Alaska.
6. T. marmorea Fabr., Greenland.
7. T. submarmorea Midd., Alaska.
8. Schizoplax Brandtii Midd., Aleutian Islands.
9. Chetopleura gemma Cpr., California.
10. C. ? Hartwegii Cpr., California.
PLATE II.
. Maugerella conspicua Cpr., California.
. Stenoradsia magdalenensis Hinds, California.
Stenoplaz limaciformis Sby., west coast of Mexico.
. Ischnochiton regularis Cpr., California.
. Ischnochiton Cooperi Cpr., California.
. Ischnochiton interstinctus Gld., Alaska.
. Ischnoradsia trifida Cpr., Alaska: a, cusp of major lateral from above.
. Lepidopleurus Mertensit Midd., Alaska: a, rhachidian in situ.
. Lepidoradsia australis Sby., Port Jackson, Australia.
. Callistochiton palmulatus Cpr., California.
PLATE III.
. Pallochiton lanuginosus Cpr., California.
. Chiton articulatus Sby.: a, side view of rhachidian tooth.
. Ischnoplax pectinatus Sby., West Indies.
344 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
. Chiton Stokesii Brod., Peru: a, major uncinus from below.
. Chiton Cumingii Frembly, Chili.
. Chiton assimilis Reeve, West Indies.
. Tonicia elegans Frembly, Chili.
. Acanthopleura spinigera Sby., Aden.
. Lucia confossa Gld., Patagonia: a, minor lateral; b, major uncinus,
. Corephium echinatum Sby., South America.
SERNERS
PLATE IV.
31. Nuttallina scabra Reeve, California.
32. Phacellopleura porphyritica Reeve. ; é
33. Placiphora Carmichaelis Gray, South America.
34. Mopalia Wossnessenskii Midd., Alaska.
35. Mopalia ciliata Sby., Alaska: a, minor lateral.
36. Placiphorella velata Cpr., California: a, minor lateral from inner side,
37. Katherina tunicata Wood, Alaska.
38. Acanthochiton avicula Cpr., California.
39. Acanthochiton spiculosus Rve., West Indies.
40. Macandrellus (costatus? Ad. & Angas), Australia.
Prat 'V.
41. Cryptoconchus monticularis Quoy, New Zealand.
42. Amicula Pallasii Midd., Alaska.
43. Amicula vestita Sowerby, Massachusetts Bay. (Zmersonii Couth.)
44. Cryptochiton Stelleri Midd., Alaska.
45. Chitonellus fasciatus Quoy, Gaspar Straits: a, minor lateral from outer side.
46. View of the anterior end of a Chiton from below: a, muzzle; b, veil; ¢, fringe or true
mantle-edge; d, lower surface of girdle; e, end of row of ‘‘ambient” branchia;
J, lower surface of foot.
47. Developement of larval Chiton, Trachydermon cinereus Lowe (T. marginatus Jeffreys),
after Lovén: a, embryo, in the egg; b, dorsal view of larva, showing the com-
mencement of the grooves for the valves; c, lateral view of the same; d, larva
further advanced, the valves beginning to be formed; e, the same, from beneath,
showing the foot and eyes at the sides of the head; jf, dorsal view of an older
individual, showing the diminished size of the anterior tuberculate lobe or head.
Notre.—the figures of dentition are diagrams, not portraits, designed
to indicate the form of the individual teeth rather than the superficial
appearance of the undisturbed radula. While the photographic relief
process, by which these plates were obtained from the original drawings,
has not been as satisfactory in its results as was at first hoped, it is be-
lieved that, inartistic as they may appear, the figures are more charac-
teristic than if they had been redrawn and subjected to the artistic
modifications of a professional draughtsman unacquainted with the sub-
ject.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 345
ON THE IDENTITY OF EUCHALABODUS PUTNAME, GILL, WITH
PLEUBONECTES GLABER, (STORER) GILL, WITH NOTES ON THE
HABITS OF THE SPECIES.
‘By TARLETON H. BEAN.
In October, 1864, Prof. Gill described a remarkable new genus of
pleuronectoids under the name of Huchalarodus,* from specimens sent
to him from Salem, Massachusetts, by Prof. F. W. Putnam, which has
ever since been considered an anomaly among flat-fishes. Huchalarodus
Putnami is little known except through the excellent description of its
founder, the few specimens collected being shared by only two museums—
that of the Peabody Academy, Salem, and the U. 8. National Museum.
In contrasting Euchalarodus with other American_ genera of Pleuronec-
tinze, Prof. Gill says:t ‘“‘From the American genera Pseudopleuronectes,
Blkr., Liopsetta,{[{| Gill, Myzopsetta, Gill, and Limanda, Gottsche, it is at
least distinguished by its squamation, oculo-scapular ridge, nostrils,
dentition and structure of the dorsal and anal fins. It is most nearly
related to Pleuronectes,[§] with which it agrees in the free tongue, but
the more perfect union and the triangular form of the wholly united
lower pharyngeal bones, the want of an anal spine, and, above all, the
movable teeth and scarcely perforate anterior nasal tubes will especially
distinguish it, not only from that genus, but from any other known one.
So anomalous indeed are the characters of dentition and nostrils, that
only after I had felt each tooth could I be convinced that they were
really normally movable, and that the condition was not the efiect of
disease, an idea which, improbable as it was, occurred to me. The re-
maining genera of the subfamily of Pleuronectinse—Platichthys, Grd.,
Parophrys, Grd., Lepidopsetta, Gill, Glyptocephalus, Gottsche, Microsto-
mus, Gottsche, Plewronichthys, Grd., Hypsopsetta, Gill, Heteroprosopon,
Bikr., and Clidoderma, Blkr.—are equally or still more distinct than
those already mentioned.” :
From the above and from an examination of the types it is evident
that we should compare Euchalarodus with Pleuronectes. This I have
done, employing for the purpose the types of the description of Hucha-
larodus Putnami, Gill, and specimens of Pleuronectes glaber, (Storer) Gill,
and Pleuronectes platessa, Linn. My investigations force me to the con-
clusion that these are all members of one and the same genus, Pleuro-
_mectes, since they possess in common the characters of that genus as
defined by Bleeker, as well as those by which Huchalarodus was differ-
“entiated from Pleuronectes. Euchalarodus, by the way, has an anal spine.
~ * Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1864, pp. 221 and 222.
- tOp. cit. p. 222.
[t] The Platessa glabra of Storer, for the accommodation of which this genus was
proposed, has since been referred to the genus Pleuronectes (Art.) Bleeker, by Prof. Gill.
[§ ] Pleuronectes (Art.) Bleeker, Verslagen en Mededeelingen der koninklijke Akademie
van Wetenschappen, Deel xiii, Amsterdam, 1852, pp. 427, 423.
e a
346 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Take the most salient characters of the genus Huchalarodus—the mov-
able teeth and scarcely perforate anterior nasal tubes—the same condi-
tions may be observed in Pleuronectes glaber and P. platessa. Huchala-
rodus Putnami, in fact, is the male of Pleuronectes glaber, and differs from
it only in having more of its seales ciliated. The young are like the
adult male in this respect. Had all the examples of Pleuronectes platessa
exhibited movable teeth, it would have led to the belief that Huchalarodus
after all might be applied to the species of Plewronectes with movable
teeth, but one of them has the teeth firmly fixed, another has some in
the upper jaw movable, and a third has all the teeth reclining and freely
movable. The explanation of this condition is yet to be sought.
The materials used in this examination are as follows:
5368. Types (2) of Euchalarodus Putnami. Salem, Mass. Putnam. (Teeth of larger
; movable. )
20910. Pleuronectes glaber, $. Portland, Me. Tarleton H. Bean. (Teeth movable.)
20920. 7 » ¢@andQ. Salem, Mass. C.F.Putnam. (Teeth movable.)
20954. em »» (7 young*). Bucksport, Me. C.G. Atkins. (Teeth fixed.)
14657. ‘i » (half-grown). Portland,Me. Summer, 1872. (Teeth fixed.)
14659. ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ”
14662. ” ” ”? ” ” ” ” ” ” ”
14666. ” ”? ” ” ”? ” ” ” ” ”
14667. ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ”
14669. ? ”? ? ) ”? ” ” ”? ) ”
14673. ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ”
14677. ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ”
14678. ” ” ” ” 2° ” ” ” ” ”
14679. ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” :
14681. ”? ” ” ” ” ” ”? ” ” ” /
14682. ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ”
14683. ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” |
14684, ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ”
14685. ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ”
14658. 7" ” (adult Q ). ” ” ” ” ” ”
14661. ” ” Ce | ” ” ” ” ” ”
14663. ” ” 95 ” ” ” ” ” ”
14664, ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ”
14665. ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ”
14671. ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ”
14672. ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ”
14674. 9 ” ” oo” ” ” ” ” ” ” ,
20873. sf » (1g and29). » », Dec, 15, 1877. (Teeth mov- |
able.) |
20954. PA », -(3spent?). Bucksport,Me. Mar. 4, 1878. (Teeth transi-
tional.)
It will be seen that the teeth of the adult male and female are freely
movable only during the breeding season, and that those of the young
are fixed. :
10029. Pleuronectes platessa. Kiel. Dr. Mobius. (Teeth fixed.) :
10061. 5 - Christiania, Norway. R. Collett. (Teeth movable.) —
21175. uy ‘ France. Mus, d’Hist. Nat. Paris. (Some teeth of uppe
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 347
As before remarked, Euchalarodus Putnami is not even specifically
distinct from Plewronectes glaber, a species well distinguished from Pleu-
ronectes platessa by its more continuous and pronounced oculo-scapular
ridge, its radial formula, and other characters. The synonymy of Plew-
ronectes glaber is as follows: :
Pleuronectes glaber, (Storer) Gill.
Platessa glabra, STORER, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. i, 1843, p. 130; Mem. Amer.
Acad. viii, 393, pl. xxxi, fig. 1; Hist. Fishes Mass. 1867, p. 199, pl. xxxi, fig. 1.
—PUTNAM, Bull. Essex Inst. vi, 1874, p. 12.
Liopsetta glabra, GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, p. 217.
Pleuronectes glaber, GILL, in Rep. U. 8. Com. Fish and Fisheries, 1873, p. 794.—
GooDE & BEAN, Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, xiv, 1877, p. 476; xvii, Jan.
1879, p. 40.
Euchalarodus Putnami, GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, pp. 216 and 221;
in Rep. U. 8. Com. Fish and Fisheries, 1873, p. 794.—PutTnam, in Storer,
Hist. Fish. Mass. 1867, p. 279.—GoopE & BEAN, Amer. Jour. Sci. and
Arts, xiv, Dec. 1877.
The smooth plaice, Pleuronectes glaber, (Storer) Gill, was described by
Storer from the coast of Massachusetts. Specimens from Salem Harbor,
November 15, 1872, are in the Museum of Peabody Academy. The
U.S. Fish Commission found it very abundant, during the summer of
1872, in Bluelight Cove, Casco Bay, Maine, and they seined the young at
Salem in August, 1877. Mr. C. A. Putnam of Salem took specimens
at Beverly Bridge in January, 1858,—the specimens which formed the
types of Euchalarodus Putnami. I add the following from my notes:
December 15, 1877, ten specimens were found among the flat-fishes
(Pseudopleuronectes americanus) in Washington Market, which had come
from Portland, Me., by way of Fulton Market, New York. Nine of these
were gravid females, and one was a male, which was smaller than the
average of the females, and had rougher scales.
December 18, 1877, thirteen specimens were again taken ees among
the flat-fishes, poacly all of them from one stand. All were fomaléa,
most of them gravid. The weight of the largest was 23 ounces avoirdu-
pois; of its spawn, 7 ounces. The ovary of the blind side extended from
the origin of the ventral to the end of anal (74 inches). The ovary of
the eyed side was 6,2; inches long. The eggs were one-thirtieth of an
inch in diameter. The length of the fish was 134 inches. The smallest
of the thirteen weighed 3? ounces, and contained eggs about as large as
those of the preceding. There is considerable variation in the extent of
the ventrals.
* January 10, 1878, two fresh specimens were received through Mr. C.
F. Putnam, from Salem, Mass., a male and a gravid female. The weight
of the male is 5 ounces; of the female, 21. They are called “ fool-fish”
in Salem, because they will bite even at a rag. It is said that they ap-
_ pear about Christmas in numbers, and remain only a short time. They
_ probably come into the harbor to spawn. There is no record of the oc-
vw
-
* s
’
348 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
currence of the species farther south than Salem, though from the exter-
nal resemblance of the male and the young to Pseudopleuronectes amert-
canus, it might easily be overlooked. ‘Christmas-fish” is another name
for the smooth plaice at Salem.
U. S. NATIONAL MuseuM, December 31, 1878.
THE IDENTITY OF RHINONEMUS CAUDACUTA (STORER) GILL WITH
GADUS CIMBRIUS, LINN.
By G BROWN GOODE and TARLETON H. BEAN.
In 1848, Dr. David Humphreys Storer described a gadoid fish from
Massachusetts Bay, to which he gave the name Motella caudacuta.* In
1863, a special genus, Rhinonemus,t was framed for it by Professor Gill,
and the species has since been called Rhinonemus caudacuta (Storer) Gill.
After a critical examination of European and American specimens, we are
convinced that this species is separated by no valid characters from that
described by Linnzeus under the name Gadus cimbrius.t A specimen
of the latter in the National Museum from Christiania, Norway (No.
10058, RK. Collett), agrees precisely with specimens of I. caudacuta, se-
called, from Massachusetts Bay (collected in 1877 and 1878 by the U.
S. Fish Commission), in proportions of body and fins, shape of head,
numbers of fin-rays, and coloration. The radial formula is misstated by
Storer, who gives it D. 53, A. 48, and this evidently misled Professor
Gill, who noted that Rhinonemus caudacuta was “very closely related to |
the Motella cimbria of Europe,” but who evidently had at the time of |
naming the genus never seen a specimen of the species from either side —
of the Atlantic. Storer’s description of color, cited by Gill as separating |
his species from that of Linnzus, applies very well to the latter: “the |
posterior margin of the second dorsal and anal fins, as well as the edge ff
of the caudal fin of a dark slate color.” ies
The radial formulz of four specimens studied stand as follows:
10058 (Christiania). D.50, A. 44. Pole. We,
21918 (Massachusetts Bay). D.49. A.43. P.16. V.5.
21919 (Massachusetts Bay). D.51. A.44. P.16. V.5.
21919 a (Massachusetts Bay). D.52. A.45. P.16. V.5.
The genus Motella was not proposed in proper form until the publica- |
tion of the second edition of Cuvier’s Régne Animal in 1829, although
in its French form—Les Mustéles—it was applied by Cuvier to the genus |
in 1817. The name of Risso, published in his “ Europe Meridionale” in—
1827, must therefore be used as Professor Gill has indicated.§
*Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. iii, 1848, p. 5.
t Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Phil&. 1863 (Sept. ), p. 230.
tSystema Nature, ed. 12, 1766, p. 440. | i
§ L. c. p. 241. ia
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 349
The sole character which separates Rhinonemus from Onos is the pres-
ence of a nasal cirrus, a character to which we are unwilling to allow
more than a subgeneric value. We believe that the species should be
called Onos cimbrius (Linn.), but are willing to accept provisionally the
name Rhinonemus cimbrius. We have examined numerous specimens
which purported to belong to Ciliata argentata (Reinh.) Gill, and have
found them in every case to be the young of this species, for small indi-
viduals of R. cimbrius are found swimming at the surface, although the
adult fishes inhabit only the deeper parts of Massachusetts Bay. Eng-
lish ichthyologists now regard Ciliata as the larval form of “ Motella,”
and if this be not the case, we doubt if this genus has ever been ob-
served in the Western Atlantic. The National Museum has specimens
of Onos mustela (Linn.), Onos tricirratus (Bloch), and Onos maculatus
(Risso); the specific individuality of the latter two seems very doubtful,
as well as that they are distinct from Onos ensis (Reinh.) Gill, described
from the coast of Greenland.
The synonymy of Onos cimbrius is given below.
Onos (Rhinonemus) cimbrius (Linnzeus) Goode & Bean.
Gadus cimbrius, LINN&ZUS, Syst. Nat. ed. xii, 1766, p. 440.—LacéPmEpE, Hist.
Nat. Poiss. ii, 1801, p. 442.
Motella cimbria, BELL, Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, iv, 1859, p. 209.—
GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. iv, 1862, p. 367.—GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila. 1853, p. 241.
Enchelyopus cimbricus, SCHNEIDER, Bloch’s Systema Ichthyologiz, 1801, p. 50,
pl. ix.
Motella cimbrica, Nitsson, Prodr. Ichth. Scand. p. 48; Skand. Fauna, iv, 1855, p.
587.—YARRELL, Hist. Brit. Fishes, 2d ed. 1841, ii, p. 274.
Motella caudacuta, StoRER, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. iii, 1848, p. 5; Mem.
Amer. Acad. Sci. 1867, p. 411; Hist. Fishes Mass. 1867, p. 183.
Rhinonemus caudacuta, G1iLu, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, p. 241; Cat.
Fishes E. Coast N. Am. 1873, p.18.—GoopDE & BEAN, Am. Journ. Sci. and
Arts, xiv, Dec. 1877, p. 476.
WASHINGTON, December 31, 1878.
CATALOGUE OF THE BIRDS COLLECTED IN MARTINIQUE BY MR.
FRED. A. OBER FOR THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.
By GEORGE N. LAWRENCE.
After completing the exploration of Grenada, Mr. Ober left there the
fore part of April and visited the island of Tobago, where he remained
for more than two months, and did not arrive in Martinique until the
beginning of July, remaining there until the latter part of August. His
collection was made “from July 9th to August 20th.” It consists of
ninety-one specimens.
He gives an interesting account of the island, which, with his other
observations, are indicated by quotation-marks.
ot. a *
; leak >
- a.
350 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
“ Sketch of Martinique.
“Martinique is the largest of the Lesser Antilles, being about 50
miles in length and containing, it is estimated, about 380 square miles.
“The surface is very uneven, the interior being one grand region of
hills and mountains. The highest of these is Mount Pelée, northwest of
the principal town, St. Pierre, and in the northwestern part of the island. -
It is over 4,600 feet in height; it is a volcano, and has emitted smoke ©
and ashes within thirty years; now, however, there are no signs of an —
eruption. There are in all 5 or 6 extinct volcanoes. Here may be seen
in great perfection those picturesque pitons, or peaked mountains—coni-
cal peaks. One group in the interior shows itself in great beauty from
Fort de France. Mineral and warm springs occur in various parts of —
the island, and some of the rivers are of good size, {
“To one glancing at a map of the island—with its high mountains,
dark ravines, gloomy gorges, tracts of elevated table land, numerous
bays and streams—this would seem the promised land for birds. Situ- ~
ated, too, midway the volcanic chain, it should possess birds that no a
other island could boast. Yet I have found it otherwise, and in Domin- i;
ica, only 30 miles of latitude further north, I obtained more species and —
found birds in greater profusion. This is owing to at least two causes—
the hand of man being manifest in both—1st, the dense population (the
island having a population of not less than 130 000); 2nd, to the thorough —
cultivation of all cultivable land. From the coast to the hills, and even —
up the mountain sides, cane is grown; and when that is not practicable,
are the provision bonds of the negroes. The rest is pasture land,
trees, and rocks. I found great difficulty in getting a place of abode _ |
outside the city, and it was a week or two after my arrival before I could —
get even a floor to sleep upon. There are no hotels outside of St. Pierre —
and Tort de France, save at the two warm springs, and no inns or hos- rf
telries. i
“Had it been practicable, I would have made a camp in the mountains; |
but this I could not do, as I did in Dominica and St. Vincent. Notwith- —
standing all this, I secured a roof and a room in a little hamlet in the z!
mountains called Morne Ronge, and from there made excursions to —
Morne Calebasse, Morne Balisier, Mountain Pelée, and Champ Flore.
Birds were unusually scarce from the incessant persecution they are
subject to from boys and men; later on, after returning to St. Pierre, [
went to Fort de France. After losing several days there, I crossed the
bay of Fort Royal to Trois Islets—where I had great difficulty in getting
shelter. Fortunately I found a host in the proprietor of an estate near
Trois Islets; the estate was none other than ‘L’habitation de la Pages
rie’, where the Empress Josephine was born and passed her earlier years
“Binding lodgings in the negro barracks, and procuring sustenane
at the house of my friend the proprietor, I passed some time, iene
there nearly all the birds that I secured at allin the island. ii “3 ,
“Trois Islets i is about 20 miles south of St. Pierre, on the ( »be
BPM Bre meta
, PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 351
side. From there I scoured the hills and valleys to ‘Ance du Diamant’
on the southern point, near the famous Diamond Rock, and thoroughly
canvassed that historic ground, trodden 100 years ago by the feet of the
beautiful Empress of the French. In the Jardin des Plantes, in the sub-
urbs of St. Pierre, I had permission to shoot, through the courtesy of
the directewr, Monsieur Chs. Belanger. But though these gardens are
extensive and beautiful, crowded with trees and shrubs‘of the Tropies,
secluded and forbidden to the ordinary chasseur, I found very few spe-
cies and no great numbers of any one species. 3
“Throughout the island there exists such a dread of the ‘serpent’,
the Iron lance (Trigonocephalus lanceolatus), that I found it impossible to *
obtain a good boy, to assist me in finding the haunts of birds. More
than once I have been startled by the cry of ‘serpent’ and found that
my coloured brother had absconded.
“Though at first inclined to believe in the oft-repeated stories of deaths
from snakebites, I soon found that the number of serpents was either
grossly exaggerated, or they took good care to keep out of my way, for
in all my tramps I saw but two large ones.
“There are, however, pea nesas eas from these noxious reptiles
during the cane season. The serpent prefers the cane fields, where he
hunts the numerous rats; and, as my ground fer hunting is any but the
cane, for birds, this may be the reason we met Idom. I cannot say
that I was anxious to find one, however; thou \
ble presence interfere with my regular work.
‘My thanks and those of the Institution are due to Capt. W. A. Gar-
field, U. S. Consul; Monsieur Chs. Belanger, directeur du Jardin des
Piantes, and Monsieur Louis Hartmann.”
Fam. TURDIDZ.
1. Margarops herminieri (Lafr.).
“<Grive a pieds jaunes.’
“Rare, owing to the persecution of hunters.”
not let the possi-
2. Margarops densirostris (Vieill.).
“¢Gros Grive,’
“Not common, being the chief bird sought by the hunters in the hunt-
_ ing season, consequently shy.”
S. Margarops montanus ( Vieill.).
“¢Grivette.” Iris yellow.
“Length, ¢,10in.; alar extent, 14; wing, 44.
_ ““Yike the same species of Dominica, it prefers the higher hills and
_ mountains, the deep woods and their borders, and detached wood with
_ deep shade. As numerous apparently as in Dominica.”
_ 4. Cinclocerthia gutturalis (Lafr.).
_ “<Trembleur’ Resident.
“Length, ¢, 95 in.; alar extent, 13; wing, 44.
352 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
“This Trembleur, known also as the ‘Grive trembleuse’, is not found
so easily and frequently as in Dominica. ‘This I attribute wholly to the
fact that it is pursued here with greater vigor than in the other island.
So dense is the population of Martinique, that nearly every bird is con:
sidered as fit for food, and anything above a sparrow is classed as game.
Iiven the sparrows, the ‘peres noires’, are caught with snares and shot
with blowguns, by the little negroes of the country. In fact, they would
always await my return from an excursion to obtain the mutilated birds
that I would discard as useless.
“Tt is not strange that ‘Le Trembleur’, with all his queer ways and
- familiar habits, should now commence to disappear; not many years —
hence he will not be found in Martinique.”
5. Ramphocinclus brachyurus (Vieill.).
““¢Gorge blanc” Iris hazel, in some red.
“Length, ¢, 82 in.; alar extent, 12; wing, 4.
“Length, 2, 8; in.; alar extent, 12; wing, 4.
‘Obtained several specimens at Trois Islets in August. I saw one
also in the Jardin des Plantes, at»St. Pierre. Mr. Semper found it in
St. Lucia. Not found in the other islands. The first I have seen I shot
in this island. It seems fined to Martinique and St. Lucia. Loves
deep woods and the b of streams; is easily attracted by an imita- |
tion of itsnote. T Ss the reason I am able to record the capture of |
s0 many speci |
Fam. SYLVITD.
6. Myiadestes genibarbis, Sw.
‘“¢Siffleur Montagne.’
“Length, ¢, 74 in.; alar extent, 103; wing, 33.
“Length, 2,74 in.; alar extent, 11; wing, 33.
“The fittest place in which I could have discovered my old favorite
of Dominica, was in a charming ravine through which flowed a limpid —
stream, at ‘Champ Flore’. He was clinging to a liane on which grew —
numerous wild pines, and whistling exactly the same as his Dominica —
congene”. . '
‘from the appearance of the female and from my observations in ©
Dominica I think they breed late.” .
Fam. TROGLODYTID.
7. Thryot'iorus martinicensis, Scl.
“Wren. ‘Rossignol.’
“Length, ¢, 55 in.; alar extent, 74; wing, 22.
“An inhabitant of the woods; I.have not seen it near houses or sugai
mills, only in the forests of the hills, and along the borders of streams
where the bushes are thick.” |
Mr. Ober sent but a single specimen of this species: its dimensions ar
eens, the bill is longer; the color above is duller, being brownish; the
under surface is very much paler; in rufescens the bands on the tail are
; more numerous and better defined.
es
: Fam. SYLVICOLID&.
8. Dendreeca rufigula, Baird.
— «Yellow Bird. ‘L’Oiseau Jaune.’
“Length, ¢,5in.; alar extent, 74; wing, 24.
“Ts generally distributed throughout the island. In the old fields
4 once cultivated for cane, and now suffered to return to pasturage, where
z generally the guavas are abundant, this bird will be found, searching
- about the stems and leaves of the shrub for insects. These same guava
: bushes are also the chosen hiding places of the venomous spiders—the
- Tarantula, and many a hairy monster came to grief, while myself and
little black assistants were beating the bushes for birds. It is a most
thorough exterminator of the small insects of the island.”
_ This species is surely the one referred to Sylvia ruficapilla, Lath.
| (Motacilla ruficapilla, Gm.), by Vieillot (Nouv. Dict. xi, 1817, 228), sup-
posing it to be the same. They differ very materially, the entire head
and throat being rufous in the Martinique bird, and so described by
- Vieillot; whereas in D. rujicapiila, the crown only is stated to be rufous.
Martinique is the locality given, also, for D. rujicapilia, which prob-
- ably was the cause of Vieillot being misled.
' As the name of ruficapilla belongs to another species, Prof. Baird
_ (Rev. of Amer. Birds, p. 204) applied to Vieillot’s species that of rujfi-
gula. He then speaks of a specimen in the Museum of the Philadelphia
» Academy of Sciences, labelled “8. ruficapilla,” without indication of
' locality. He says: “ It agrees very well, especially in the greater exten:
‘sion of the rufous of the throat, with the Sylvia ruficapilla of Vieillot.
from Martinique; and it may be really a West Indian species.”
Since then, in “ North American Birds,” p. 217, under D. rufigula,
‘there being under examination a bird from Panama, which 1t was
; hought might be the species described by Vicillot, he has in a footnote
‘the following remark: “Should Vieillot’s species be really from Mar-
> tinique, in all probability the present bird will be found to be different,
and therefore not entitled to the name here given.”
It now being established that Martinique is the true patria of this
form, Prof. Baird’s name of D. rufiguia must be used for it. The
male agrees with the description given by hin of Vieillot’s species, viz,
in having “the rufous of eritire head extending down the neck to jugu-
lum.” The measurements of the wing and tail are just the same as
given by Prof. Baird, i. ¢., wing, 2.25; tail, 2.
_ There is but one specimen of the female in Mr. Ober’s collection, in
- Proc. Nat. Mus. 73-—23 Mar. 10,1879.
very poor condition; it has the upper plumage olivaceous, and o )
crown is of a rather deeper shade. ‘.
9. Setophaga ruticilla (Linn.).
“<< Le Gobe-mouche aurore’
‘¢ Not often seen.”
Fam. VIREONID.
10. Vireosylvia calidris var. dominicana, Lawr.
oe 6 Carpe,’
Fam. HIRUNDINIDA.
11. Progne dominicensis (Gm.). 7
‘‘ Flying above the sea near the cliffs between St. Pierre and Fort de
France.” aS
Fam. CCQHREBID AS. ‘3
12. Certhiola martinicana, Reich.
‘ts Guerier.”
“Length, 3, 42 in.; alar extent, 72; wing, 23.
“Not so abundant as in Dominica, but in greater numbers than in
St. Vincent and Grenada. The Jardin des Plantes, near the city of St.
Pierre, is the only place in which I have seen it plentiful. In the trees
overhanging the suburbs of the city it is not an infrequent visitor, espe-
cially to the tamarind tree.
“ As it lives for a while contentedly in a cage, many are caught by the
negro and colored boys, with bird lime, and by the use of the blowgun.
Hence their scarcity ; I have walked some days for several miles with-
out seeing this or any other bird, along the shore of the west coast.”
Fam. TANAGRIDA.
13. Euphonia flavifrons (Sparm.).
6 ¢ Perrouche.’
“Length, ¢, 5 in. ; alar extent, 3; wing, 23. }
‘* Nowhere is this bird RY On I have already chronicled its dis- .
covery in Dominica, St. Vincent, and Grenada, but in no island is it |
numerous. I might set it down as rare, did I not think it possible shat
it may occur in greater numbers than my researches have led me to sup-
pose, from the fact that its secluded habits and its peculiar food cause
it to betake itself to the tops of the highest trees, where it might be —
passed a hundred times without discovery. Though undoubtedly gen-—
erally associating in small flocks, I have not as yet (with one exception), —
found it otherwise than alone. Its stomach always contains a stab ar
viscid green flat seed, the name of which I cannot at this time recall.”
14. Saltator guadeloupensis, Lafr. 3 St ae ~
“6 Gros-bec. oi
“Length, ¢, 84 in.; alar extent, 12; wing, 4.
“Length, ?, 8 in.; ‘ae extent, ‘12; wing, 3%.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 355
*‘ Prefers the skirts of woods and open fields, utters a sharp whistle,
not very loud, and flits from bush to tree in low tight. Rather abun-
dant at Trois Islets on the hillsides. More numerous than -I found it in
~ Dominica; even plentiful in the low serub, or second growth, that cov-
ered the hillsides upon old plantations.”
Fam. FRINGILLID.
.
|
, 15. Loxigilla noctis (Linn.).
6 Pere noir’ + Moisson.
“Length, ¢, 54 in.; alar extent, 9; wing, 3.
=“Length, 9,5 in.; alar extent, 53; wing, 23.
_ Jn the French islands and in those in which the patois is spoken,
_ the names of this bird are the same; the male is called the ‘ Pere noir’,
_ the female the ‘ moisson’.
} ‘They are as abundant here as any species and confined to the open
fields and cultivated districts without regard to altitude.”
_ 16. Phonipara bicolor (Linn.).
_ «*Mangeur des herbes. Seed-eater. 2»
‘‘ Length, ?, 43 in.; alar extent, 64; wing, 2.
“The most common species, I think, in the island. Feeds principally
upon the seeds of grass and noxious weeds, and hence cannot be other-
_ wise than of great benefit to the island.”
Fam. ICTERID AL.
17. Icterus bonana (Linn. ).
“Carouge.
“Length, $, 8 in.; alar extent, 10$; wing, 3é.
“Length, 2, 74 in.; alar extent, 10; wing, 33.
“TY saw iny first specimen of this bird at Morne Ronge, another half-
Way up the voleano of Montagne Pelée; but did not obtain one until
my visit to Trois Islets, south of Fort de France. It is not in abun-
dance that one sees it; separately and in pairs. I found it chiefly in
clearings on the hills and elevated plains. It prefers the vicinity of
gardens and hedges, and shuns thick woods; though I have found it in
ay in August, looking out over the beautiful bay of Port Royal, when
L was suddenly brought to my feet by the shock of an earthquake,
which, repeated twice, startled the birds as well as myself. Then I
noted for the first time this bird in the serub beneath the trees.”
18. Quiscalus inflexirostris, Sw.
“‘Le Merle. Iris, $, hazel; ¢, pale yellow.
“Length, $, 104 in.; alar extent, 15; wing, 5.
“Length, 2, 9 in.; alar extent, 132; wing, 45.
Fr,
” ci \ } * P
che: al.
356 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL } LUSEUY
3 si
“This is the first island in which I saw this bird, unless ‘eae |
bird of Grenada and the Grenadines be the same. It is abundant i
the Jardin des Plantes and very numerous at Morne Ronge. Its note
are entirely different from the ‘Bequia sweet’ of the Grenadines; bu
that may be owing to the difference in season. The savannas of this
high region contain many in parties of from 3 to 5.
“At Trois Islets they were in abundance and there I got many, show-
ing the different changes in plumage from young to adult. There they
built their nests in a tall silk-cotton tree. They love the fronds of the
palm as a retreat, doubtless feeding upon the berries that hang beneath
the overarching boat-shaped spathes in large bunches. Their cry is not
like those of the Grenadines, nor like that of the north, the Q. versi-
color—but has notes in it remimding me of both. Gregarious.”
I have followed My. Sclater in referring this bird to Mr. Swainson’s
species; he says (P. Z. 8. for 1874, p. 175): “In order to avoid giving It
a fresh name I call it Q + biog osten is, Sw., though the bill certainly does
not quite agree with Se aeaes figure (An. in Menag. p. 300).”. The
specimens before me differ from Swainson’s figure of the bill spoken of
above in being apparently shorter and stouter. Swainson says, 1. ¢.:
‘Size and colour precisely like Q. lugubris; but the great difference in
their bills induces me to consider them quite distinct. In this the bill
is longer and much more slender,” We.
A comparison with Q. lugubris shows the present bird to closely re-
semble it in coloration: it is, however, somewhat larger, the bill longer
and more curved, but proportionately not more slender.
Mr. Cassin in his Study of the Icteride (Proc. of Acad. Nat. Sci. of
Phila. 1866, p. 407) refers a specimen in the Museum of the Academy to
(). inflecirostris, Sw.; he says: ‘‘One specimen only in the Acad. Mus.
seems to be this ageie but which is, unfortunately, without label
stating locality. The bill is exactly the length and otherwise very
nearly as given by Mr. Swainson as cited above, though somewhat
thicker. It is the only specimen that I have ever seen in which the com-
missure is an uninterrupted curve or are of a circle,—not straight : BOE
sinuated as in all other species known to me (exaane Q. niger of St
Domingo) and described in this memoir.”
The dimensions given by Mr. Cassin are about the same as tiowe
specimens from Martinique, but the bills differ; he gives, “chord of 1
per mandible about one and four fifth inches.” In the present bind
measures but one and a quarter inches.
A specimen of Q. niger from St. Domingo, presented by Prof. Gabby:
of about the same size, and differs in color A only in having the bre |
and abdomen without lustre—the bills though are very different, t
of (. wiger is Wicer at the base, longer, straighter, and narrower at t :
end; the commissure is nearly straight, and the ridge of the upper 1
dible is perceptibly flattened. The Loealligg of Mx. Swainson’s
unknown, and possibly it may not be the Antilhan species referre
eS
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 357
it; but for the present, it is doubtless best to let it remain as Mr. Swain-
son’s species.
On looking at my Q. lwninosus from Grenada, I find it has a longer
and more curved bill than the Martinique bird; the chord of the upper
mandible measures one and a half inches. But with its highly lustrous
and more violaceous plumage, together with the decided bright green
color of the wings, it does not agree with the description given of Q.
inflexirostris.
In the account of QY. luminosus I stated that it was the only West
Indian species of Quiscalus I knew of in which both sexes were not
black; but the female of the present bird is brown also. Of that sex,
Mr. Ober sent but one adult example; the upper plumage is of a smoky-
brown, the feathers of the crown edged with fulvous; the tail-feathers
have their inner webs black, the outer webs are brown; sides of the
head and the throat light ashy-gray; the breast and upper part of the
abdomen are brownish-ash; lower part of abdomen, flanks, and under
tail-coverts dark smoky-brown; thighs dull fukyous-brown; bill and feet
black.
Fam. TYRANNIDE.
19. Elainea martinica (Linn.).
“Flycatcher. ‘Gobe mouche.’
“Length, 3, 7 1in.; alar extent, 94; wing, 34.
“Length, 9, 64 in.; alar extent, 10; wing, 34.
‘Very few of this species to be seen; frequents the high hills, espe-
cially the wooded hollows and ravines.”
20. Myiarchus sclateri, Lawr.
‘¢ Flycatcher.”
The upper plumage is deep dark olive, the head above blackish-brown.
Unfortunately, the only feathers left in the tail are the outer four on one
side; the outermost two are dark brown and without rufous edgings on
the inner webs; the other two feathers are brownish-black, with their
inner webs edged with light rufous for about one-quarter their width;
quills dark brown, thei inner webs bordered with pale salmon-color;
_ wing-coverts edged with dull white; under wing-coverts light ash, with
just a tinge of yellow; throat and breast of a clear cinereous gray; ab-
~ domen and under tail-coverts dul! pale yellow; sides cinereous; bill and
feet black. | 3
Length (fresh), 74 in.; wing; 33; tail, 34; tarsus, 1; middle toe and
- claw, +3; hind toe to end of claw, 3.
| The single specimen sent is of about the size of A. erythrocereus, Sel.,
but the plumage of the new species above is dark, with no approach to
_ the earthy-brown color of the other; below they do not differ so much,
but in M. selateri the yellow is duller and more restricted; they differ
- materially in the rufous markings.on the inner webs of the tail-teathers;
in M. erythrocercus this color occupies about one-half the web on the
outermost two feathers, and on the others two-thirds or more; the ie 7
species differs conspicuously in its much longer and stronger tarsi and —
toes.
Named in compliment to Mr. P. L. Sclater.
21. Tyrannus rostratus, Scl.
““¢Piperee.”’ Resident.
“Length, 3, 94 in.; alar extent, 143; wing, 43.
“Length, ¢, 10in.; alar extent, 154; wing, 43.
‘“These two specimens are the one ones I have seen. Though un-
common in Dominica, it may be considered rare here. Its local name, —
‘Piperee,’ is in use throughout the islands, and is derived from its ery.” ;
Fam. TROCHILIDA.
22. Eulampis jugularis (Linn.).
“¢Colibri gorge rouge.’
“Length, 3,54 in.; alar extent, 74; wing, 3.
“Length, 9, 54 ye alar scans 7; wing, 3.
“The most abundant of the humming-birds in the mountain districts,
but of rare occurrence in the lower portions of the island. Not so abun-
dant, however, as in Dominica.”
23. Eulampis holosericeus (Linn.).
“Length, g, 42 in.; alar extent, 6; wing, 2 oe
“Length, 9, 42 in.; alar x. Gt 4; wing, 24
“This species is found in the sonteaiee as well as in the valleys of
the lowlands. It is found in the Jardin des Plantes, and on the elevated
plateau of Morne Ronge and Champs Flores. In the elevated districts.
it is not in the numbers of H. jugularis.”
24. Orthorhynchus exilis (Gm. ).
‘“¢ Rou fou.’
“Length, g, 35 in.; alar extent, 43; wing, 2.
“Length, 9, 34 in.; alar éntonts 43; wing, 14. q
“This little gem is found all over the island, though not in such profu-—
sion as I found it in Dominica. In the Jardin des Plantes it is the most —
numerous species, perhaps. At Morne Ronge and at Trois Islets, I found —
it occasionally.
“As in the other islands where the French and French patois is spoken,
this little bird is known to the common people as ‘fou fou’, or crazy crazy, |
from its eccentric motions while in flight.
hal have also a superstition that if you eat its _ it will nee
‘slands of ‘ Devt Bind’?
: PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 359
Fam. CYPSELIDZ.
25. “Chetura. Seen.
‘‘ Apparently the same as my Dominica specimens.”
Fam. ALCEDINIDE.
26. Ceryle alcyon (Linn.).
‘Seen; rare and shy.”
Fam. CUCULID.
27. Coccyzus minor (Gm.).
*“Coucou manioe.’
“Length, ¢, 14 in.; alar extent, 17; wing, 6.
‘Length, 2, 135 in.; alar extent, 164; wing, 6.
‘“T found this species abundant, if one can say that any species is
abundant in an island so barren of birds as this. At least I could find
~ one almost any day, by beating the scraggy bushes upon the hillsides
of Trois Islets. The same in habits and notes as the ‘Coucou’ of the
other islands.”
Fam. FALCONIDZE.
28. Tinnunculus sparverius var. antillarum (Gm.).
“Seen; uncommon.”
q Fam. FREGATID.
29. Fregata aquila (Linn.).
‘¢ Seen.”
: Fam. PHA THONIDZE.
30. Phethon flavirostris Brandt.
“Tt undoubtedly has its haunt in the cliffs near St. Pierre, south, as
I have seen it near there and the cliff wall is honeycombed with holes,
just such as the Tropic bird chooses for itself.”
Fam. PELECANID.
31. Pelecanus fuscus (Linn.).
‘“Seen.”
Fam. ARDEIDZ.
32. Ardea herodias (Linn. ).
‘Seen flying high above Champs Flores from the mountain forest to
the ocean.”
33. Plorida czrulea (Linn.).
“Seen; in-blue and white plumage.”
34. Butorides virescens (Linn.).
“The most common, though not plentiful.”
a eR lies ~ v7 <i La
ha
~ ; >
rey Al is +)
> b
360 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. —
Fam. COLUMBID. oe
35. Columba corensis (Gm.).
‘“¢Ramier.’ Iris yellow.
“Though persistently hunted, this bird still inhabits the mountains,
making its home especially upon the voleano of Mountain Pelée. In
all the highest hills and mountains it may be found in sparse numbers.
Several attempts that I made to secure this species, on the sides of the
volcano, were fruitless owing to its wildness.”
36. Zenaida martinicana, Bp.
‘¢¢Tourterelle.’
‘‘Rarely seen, but inhabits the dry slopes near the sea.”
37. Chameepelia passerina (Linn.).
“¢Ortolan.’ Resident.
‘“‘As the extent of cultivated and pasture land is greater than in Do-
minica, so is this bird found in greater numbers, though not abundant
in either island.”
38. Geotrygon montana (Linn.).
“¢Perdix.” Iris gold; resident.
‘Length, ¢, 114 in.; alar extent, 19; wing, 64.
“Though this species is far from abundant, the natives occasionally
bring the birds in for sale. The ‘Ramier’ is, perhaps, more plentiful,
but from its more secluded habits and from its keeping itself in the air
and on the tallest trees, never touching the ground, is less subject to
persecution than the ‘Perdix’. As in the United States, the snare and
trap kill two to one killed by the gun; and the springes of the natives
will soon exterminate this bird from the island and add it to the already
growing list of animals that were and now are not.”
Fam. SCOLOPACID Ai.
39. Tringoides macularius (Linn.).
““¢ Becasse.’
‘Length, 3, 74 in.; alar extent, 134; wing, 44. %
“A resident, but merely a straggling one, left from the flocks that —
visit here in the winter months.” |
Fam. LARIDA.
40. Sterna dougalli, Mont.
“¢¢ Firondelle de Mer.’
‘““Yhe sea birds are mostly found on the Atlantic side of the island,
which I did not visit. This species is common, now (August), about the |
shores of Port Royal Bay.” ete 5.
New York, December 31, 1878. .
4 _ PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 361
NOTE ON PLATESSA FERRUGINEA, D. EH. STOBER, AND PLATESSA
ROSTRATA, H. R. STORER.
By G. BROWN GOODE and TARLETON H. BEAN.
In a paper on the Fishes of Nova Scotia and Labrador, published in
1857,* Mr. H. R. Storer described a species of flounder under the name
Platessa rostrata. This speciés has been a puzzle to ichthyologists. Dr.
Giinther, in 1862, ventured the remark, that it ‘‘appears to be allied to
Pleuronectes limanda.”+ Professor Gill, in 1861, referred it to his nominal
genus Myzopsetta, and in 1864 to Limanda.t While investigating the
fauna of the Nova Scotia coast in 1877, the naturalists of the United
States Fish Commission made especial efforts to find this species, but with-
out success, which was a matter of some surprise, since nearly all the spe-
cies recorded from the Gulf of St. Lawrence were observed in the course
of the summer.§ In 1878, several specimens were trawled in Massachu-
setts Bay, which were strongly suggestive of Storer’s Platessa rostrata,
and which, upon comparison with his description, were found to agree
‘with it in every particular except that in relation to the relative size of
the scales on the superior portion of the operculum and the neighborhood
, of the lateral line, a matter apparently of individual variation. A more
extended study of the subject has convinced us that the individuals at
first studied, as well as the ones described by H. R. Storer, should be
B identified with Platessa ferruginea, D. H. Storer, a species which should
- undoubtedly be referred to the genus Limanda of Gottsche. Limanda
was established by Gottsche in 1835 in Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir Natur-
- geschichte (p. 160), and is synonymous with Myzopsetta, described by
Professor Gill in 1864, || distinguished by him from Limanda by the fol-
lowing characters: ‘*snout retuse” (instead of “‘conic”); “mouth very
oblique” (instead of ‘* moderately oblique”).
* Observations on the Fishes of Nova Scotia and Labrador, with Descriptions of New
Species. By Horatio R. Storer. p. 263, pl. viii, fig. 2. <( Boston Journ. of Nat. Hist.,
vi, 1857, pp. 247-270, pl. vii, viii.
t Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum, iv,'1862, p. 447,
¢ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1864, p. 217.
§ Regarding the habitat of Platessa rostrata, Storer wrote as follows: ‘‘With the
exception of one specimen at Red Bay, this species was met with only at Bras d’Or,
_ where it is very abundant, inhabiting however a far different region from the
_ {Platessa) pluna just mentioned. Instead of sheltered bays and harbors, it delights in
the surf of the ocean beaches exposed to the waves of the whole Gulf, and is here
taken in great numbers at the drawing of the herring seines.”—Op. cit. p. 269.
|| Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, p. 216 (in synopsis).
362 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUS
Be) a a
The following enumeration of the radial formule of eleven specimens
of Limanda ferruginea should be placed on record: s
-_-_--— Sine ionael
\
ta
a of
Pectoral rays. ;
) é , Dorsal Anal ; Ventral | Candal
Cat. No. Locality. rays. rays. rays. rays.
| Right. | Left.
21020 | | Halifax, BES uses eee eee 85 65 12> eee 6 18
SAL Nee ciate do. beens allele ere, Sy ae nents ee 81 59 11 10 6 18
eee epee = Lay Se rebns See enero ere 79 57 11 10 6 18
oils. pea LO e eiate eae eis ee oe Ene 85 63 ay 10 6 18
21902 inicaster: IVNASS\ 5-5 fechas Merten ot 83 63 10 10 6 18
2103 Tl peo so Osa os Jeo Beara ee ae oe 87 66 12 11 6° Si aeeetene
Seeniiec< son 1G nit Pid hake ee 80 60 13 12 6. ssc
Pe amie Pat See Oo tect Cee CRORE 82 61 11 it 6.224) oe
pak ede rae 1 pe ming fren abt. Silt de Pi. 83 61 11 bl 6: eee
aS RACES Gate 5 OR ae i ee ee 73 58 11 10 6 \ ieee
Sa) hes CO. ge ee See 76 59 11 10 6. +" Sosa
|
Certain individuals exhibit black spots instead of the ordinary mark-
ings of yellowish red; this may be sexual, but is more probably due to
the color of the bottom on which they live. Adult individuals almost
invariably exhibit markings of a lemon-yellow hue on the white under —
side of the body, contiguous to the tail. -
The synonymy of the species stands as follows:
Limanda ferruginea, (Storer) Goode & Bean.
Platessa ferruginea, STORER, Report on the Ichthyology and Herpetology of
Massachusetts, 1839, p. 41, pl. 2.—DEKay, Zoology of New York, Fishes,
1842, p. 297, pl. xlvili, fig. 155. #
Pleuronectes ferrugineus, GUNTHER, Catalogue of the Fishes in the British —
Museum, iv, 1862, p. 447. 5
Myzopsetta ferruginea, Gri, Catalogue Fishes of Eastern Coast N. A. 1861, ~
p.51; Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci. Phila, 1864, p. 217. .
Platessa rostrata, H. R. StorER, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. vi, 1850, p. 268,
pl. viii, fig. 2.—-GUNTHER, op. cit. p. 447 (considers it to be allied to Pleu- |
ronectes limanda).
Myzopsetta rostrata, GILL, Catalogue Fishes of Eastern Coast N. A. 1861, p. 51. —
Limanda rostrata, GIL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, p. 217.
Limanda ferruginea is closely related to Limanda vulgaris, Gottsche, —
from which it is distinguished by its shorter pectorals, smaller scales,
lower dorsal and anal fins, and the greater average number of rays in ~
those fins. It is certainly a strongly marked geographical subspecies,
and must for the present be regarded as a distinct species.
DECEMBER, 1878.
«
ON THE IDENTITY OF BROSMIUS AMERICANUS, GILL, WITT
BROSMIUS BROSME, (MULLER) WHITE.
By G. BROWN GOODE and TARLETON H. BEAN.
Dr. D. H. Storer, in his Report on the Ichthyology and Herpetology
of Massachusetts, published in 1839, catalogued the common cusk of
the New England coast under the name Brosmius vulgaris, considerin;
Sl ; / i
Page
3%:
Ao een
e >
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 363
it to be identical with the European species of the same genus. In this
he was followed by Dr. DeKay, in his Fishes of New York, published
in 1842. In 1845, in his Synopsis of the Fishes of North America, Dr.
Storer adopted for the American cusk the name Brosmius flavescens,
which had been given in 1819 by Le Sueur to a supposed new species
from Marblehead, Mass., characterized in his figures and descriptions by
a prolonged lower jaw and a double barbel.*
We believe that the specimen described by Le Sueur was a deformed
individual of the common species, but this is a mere matter of opinion,
and in any event the name cannot be used. In 1863, Professor Gill
substituted the specific name americanus for the name flavescens adopted
by Storer.
After a careful examination and comparison of two specimens from
Europe (No. 17,366, Norway, Bergen Museum) with specimens from Mas-
sachusetts Bay, we are compelled to believe that the common cusk of
New England is identical with that of Europe. In the proportions of
their bodies they agree exactly, and the Norwegian specimens agree in
every respect with Storer’s description of Brosmius flavescens in his His-
tory of the Fishes of Massachusetts. The radial formule of three speci-
mens are given below:
No. 17366 A. Bergen. DEOL Ay Ft
No. 21813. Gloucester. D. 97. <A. 75.
No. 17366 B. Bergen. Dovey ATS.
DECEMBER, 1878
ON THE MORTALITY OF FISHES IN THE GULE OF MEXICO IN 1878.
By Lieut. J. P. JEFFERSON, U.S.A.
KEY WEST, FLORIDA.
Prof. SPENCER F. BAIRD,
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.:
PROFESSOR: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your
valued favor of October 30th, which reached me after a delay, I being
absent from Fort Jefferson. This absence, coupled with my wish to get
all possible facts in regard to the destruction of fish in these and ncigh-
boring waters, will account for my apparent tardiness.
Since my communication in October another large body of the dark-
colored water described therein made its way down the coast, across
Florida Bay, striking Tortugas about the 20th of November, and extend-
ing up the reet as far as Key West, probably further. At Key West its
approach could be seen distinctly; at first, belts of it, some narrow,
others broad, came into the harbor, following the various channels lead-
ing to the northward, and only in these belts were the fish affected; in
the course of twenty-four hours, however, all the water in the harbor was
Similarly colored, and the Bats Be was covered with dead and dying fish.
* Mémoires du Muséum, VV, 4019, ‘p. rT 58, pl. XVi,
They seemed to be affected very much as I have seen them when “fish
berries” were thrown into a pond—coming to the surface, swimming
around in circles, sometimes on the side or back, the movements growing
weaker rapidly and ceasing altogether in 20 or 30 minutes. I noticed —
one fact which may or may not be of importance: I took a small fish,
known here as a cow-fish, from the water when just about dead, and,
having examined it for a minute or two, cast it back, when, to my sur-
prise, it swam off briskly, going down at once.
As in the previous instance, the shores at Fort Jefferson and neigh-
boring keys were covered with fish, and here, at Key West, the north
side of the island was in similar condition. From correspondence and
conversation I have gathered, in addition to the above, the following
facts, some, and possibly all, of which may be of interest.
A fishing-smack sailed some 70 or 80 miles to the westward from Fort
Jefferson without getting clear of the water. Another smack found the
surface of the water out some 15 miles in the Gulf Stream covered with
dead fish—large sharks, turtles, king-fish, &e., but no porpoises, and, as
far as I have heard, no dead porpoises have been seen. An officer
coming over from New Orleans by steamer was more than 12 hours
passing through a field of dead fish. Oysters in Tampa Bay were killed
by the water. In October the Caloosahatchee River overflowed its banks
along its entire length except at a bluff at Fort Meyers, and the whole
country in that section was under water, reported to be the result of the
overflow of Lake Okeechobee. A gentleman who knows that part of
the State well tells me that the swampy land bordering on Okeecho-
bee is grown up largely with dogwood; the water in the lake gradually
rising and spreading over the surrounding marshes or swamps probably
kept these dogwood trees wholly or partly submerged for weeks, until
the divide between Okeechobee and the headwaters of Caloosahatchee
River gave way. In the possible poisonous effect of water impregnated
with dogwood, &c., a theory of the cause of the loss of fish-life may be
found. I understand from Dr. Joseph Y. Porter, U. 8. A., that he for-
warded to your address a bottle of water. I am in hopes that an analysis
of it will enable you to settle the question; if so, I would be indebted —
greatly to you if you would inform me.
In regard to my former letter, you can make any use of it you desire,
as well also as this. I am happy to know that you consider the subject
of some importance. I feared that I might be imposing upon your valu-
able time.
If there are any of the small fish of this vicinity which you desire I
will be glad to do what I can towards obtaining them, either preserved —
in spirits or the skins. Please give me common names, if possible; forts |
have no books and no technical knowledge.
I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
A ee er EFFERSON,
Lieutenant Fifth Legian Artillery.
DECEMBER, 1878. ta
= a te nat oe ne ee Tr ae
ee mvt CS en pol. 5
nl a comple pier ete
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 365
é
“NOTES ON THE FISHES OF BEAUFORT HAREOR, NORTH CAROLINA.
5 By DAVID S. JORDAN and CHARLES H. GILBERT.
. In the Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences
for 1877, pp. 203-218, is a paper entitled ‘‘ Notes on the Natural History
of Fort Macon, N. C., and Vicinity (No. 3),” by Dr. H. C. Yarrow, which
treats of the species of fishes obtained by Drs. Coues and Yarrow in
Beaufort Harbor and neighboring waters during the period of their
residence at Fort Macon.
During the past summer (1878), the writers, accompanied by Prof. A.
W. Brayton and a party of students from Butler University, spent three
weeks in the month of August at Beaufort, the chief business of the
party being the collection of fishes. We obtained, in all, about seventy-
five species, many of which are not included in Dr. Yarrow’s list.
For the purpose of making as complete a showing of the Ichthyology
of the North Carolina coast.as possible, we here include not only the
species which we have ourselves observed, but also those taken by
- Drs. Coues and Yarrow. Brief notes on the local habits or distribu-
tion of each species are given, as well as occasional critical remarks on
- the nomenclature. The sequence and nomenclature are essentially as in
Professor Gill’s Catalogue of the Fishes of the East Coast of North
America, 1873. The vernacular names here given are only those used
by the Beaufort fishermen.
Family LOPHITD.
Genus LOPHIUS Linn.
}
4
4
1. Lophius piscatorius L.—All-mouth.
(Lophius americanus Gill, 1. ¢.)
Not seen alive; two sets of jaw-bones picked up on the beach below
Cape Lookout. Said to be occasionally taken by the fishermen. Until
Some evidence other than the difference of habitat is offered to show
that the American “ Angler,” Lophius americanus Delay, is distinct trom
the European Lophius piscatorius L., it seems to us that the burden of
proof is on the side of the doubtful species. It seems better to consider
the two forms on opposite sides of the Atlantic as identical until proved
to be distinct, rather than distinct until proved to be identical. In the
case of this and numerous other northern fishes of wide range, Dr. Gill
(1. c.), on the contrary, has “preferred to retain the names given to the
American forms as distinct species, although he is inelined to believe
that they will eventually be found to be co-specific with other forms.”
ain eh MAN ee de VL,
366 PROCEEDINGS CF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
DIODONTIDA..
Genus CHILOMYCTERUS Bibron.
2. Chilomycterus geometricus (L.) Kaup.—Swell-toad.
Very abundant; taken in every seine; sold by small boys as curiosi-
ties, at from one to five cents each.
TETRODON TIDE.
Genus LAGOCEPHALUS Swainson (Gill).
sod pape eg
(Tetrodon Gill, 1. c. The genus Tetrodon, as first restricted by Swainson, is essen-
tially equivalent to Arothron Miiller, which differs from Lagocephalus in its closed nasal
tentacles. The name Lagocephalus is therefore accepted by Professor Gill for the pres-
ent genus. )
3. Lagocephalus levigatus (L.) Gill.
Found by De; Yarrow “in small streams running through salt marshes.
But few seen.’
Genus CIRRISOMUS Swainson.
(Chilichthys Miiller, Gill, lc. The genus Cirrhisomus of Swainson (1839) is based on
. Crilichthys spengleri ( Tetrodon spengleri Bloch), and therefore antedates and must super-
sede Chilichthys Miiller (1841).)
The name is given in allusion to the short, fleshy appendages or bar-
bels along the sides in the typical species. These are not found in the —
other species of the genus, but the name cannot be set aside on that
account. Chilichthys may perhaps be retained as a subgeneric name for
those species without fleshy slips.
Cirrisomus differs from Lagocephalus chiefly in the form of the fins.
In the latter genus, the dorsal and anal are faleate, of 11 to 14 rays each,
and the caudal fin is forked. In Cirrisomus, these fins are all more or
less rounded, and the dorsal and anal contain but 6 to 8 rays each. In
Lagocephalus, the body is elongate, the caudal peduncle especially so, the
skin comparatively smooth, except on the inflated part of the abdomen.
There is a fold of skin along each side of the tail below (usually well
marked, but nearly obsolete in L. levigatus). The coloration is peculiar,
the skin having a metallie lustre. In Cirrisomus, the body is compara-
tively short and broad, with short caudal peduncle. There is usually no
fold along the lower side of the tail. The coloration is usually variegated,
and without metallic lustre, and the prickles are variously arranged.
Four species of Cirrisomus are found on our Atlantic coast: C. turgidus
(L.), C. testudineus L., CO. trichocephalus (Cope), and C. spengleri (Bloch).
The first is common; the others are rare, or occasional visitants.
4. Cirrisomus turgidus (L.) Jor. & Gilb.—Swell-toad; Puffer.
Very common everywhere about Beaufort; taken in the wiki with —
Chilomycterus geometricus. ev
’ PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 367
‘ OSTRACID AE.
Genus LACTOPHRYS Swainson.
_§. Lactophrys trigonus (L.) Poey.
<A specimen in the State Museum at Raleigh, from Beaufort. Two
_ specimens were found on the beach at Fort Macon by Dr. Yarrow. Nu-
' mnerous specimens of another species (Lactophrys quadricornis (L.)), from
_ the coast of South Carolina, are in the U.S. National Museum. This is
~ acommon West Indian species, not before recorded from our coast.
BALISTIDZ.
Genus ALUTERA Cuvier.
6. Alutera cuspicauda DeKay.—Fool-fish.
Rather common in Beaufort Harbor. Numerous specimens obtained.
_ 7. Alutera aurantiaca (Mitchill) Jor. & Gilb.—Fvol-fish.
‘ (Ceratacanthus aurantiacus Gill, 1. c.) a0
Rather common; with the preceding. We find no warrant for the genus
_ Ceratacanthus Gill, based on this species. It is certainly very closely
related to the preceding.
Genus STEPHANOLEPIS Gill.
_ The genus Stephanolepis of Gill is essentially equivalent to JMonacan-
_ thus as properly restricted by Bleeker and others. In this large genus
there are two types, which may be called genera, each represented on
our coast by one species. One of these, which contains the most of
the species, and for which the name of Stephanolepis may be retained,
has the abdominal flap small, and not exceeding the ventralspine. Mon-
_ acanthus proper has the abdominal flap greatly developed, much exceed-
ing the spine. Monacanthus setifer Bennett, of the former group, is
very common on our coast. Monacanthus occidentalis Giinther, of the
latter group, is probably a straggler from the West Indies. Canthorhinus
Swainson, occasionally used for this latter group, is apparently synony-
mous with Liomonacanthus Bleeker, over which name it has priority.
Canthorhinus, thus defined, differs from Monacanthus in having the ven-
tral spine immovable, and the dorsal spine without barbs.
8. Stephanolepis setifer (Bennett) Gill.—Common Fool-fish.
One of the commonest fishes in Beaufort Harbor, swarming every-
_ where about the wharves.
HIPPOCAMPID:.
Genus HIPPOCAMPUS Cuvier.
‘9. Hippocampus antiquorum Leach.
Not common. Preserved wy fishermen as a curiosity, and sold to
sitors at about twenty-five cents each.
Bi ag 28. oe = pile , by
"hy ' st NES
368 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL
SYNGNATHIDE. .
Genus SIPHONOSTOMA Rafinesque (Gill).
10. Siphonostoma fuscum (Storer) Jor. & Gilb.
(Syngnathus fuscus et peckianus Storer. ) ae
Very common among weeds along the Beaufort shore. The specimens
taken were all small. Drs. Coues and Yarrow found this species and
others of which we obtained many specimens, ‘‘rare,” and vice versa. —
The chief reason of this diserepancy is found in the fact that our head- —
quarters were in the village of Beaufort on the mainland, and our chief —
collections of small fishes were made among the wharves. Their head-
quarters were at Fort Macon, on one of the long sand islands or sand-
spits which make such a characteristic feature of the North Carolina
coast. On this outer island, ‘“ Fool-fish,” “Pipe-fish,” Blennies, and the
like, are not found. ;
FISTULARITD&.
Genus FISTULARIA Linn.
ne ee ee
11. Fistularia tabaccaria L.
Two specimens observed by Dr. Yarrow.
SOLEID.
Genus APHORISTIA Kap.
12. Aphoristia plagiusa (L.) Jor. & Gilb.
Abundant. Many young specimens taken on the sand-shoals, This —
species belongs to Aphoristia, and not to Plagusia, as the latter genus is |
restricted by Kaup and Giinther. The proper orthography of the specific —
name is apparently plagia, not plagiusa, unless the latter was originally
a misprint for plagusia. -
Genus ACHIRUS Lacépeéde.
13. Achirus lineatus (L.) Cuv.
But one specimen seen by us at Beaufort. We obtained this Sole in
the Neuse River, at Goldsboro’, in completely fresh water, with Belone ~
longirostris, Toa vitrea, Alvordius crassus, Noturus eleutherus, Boleosoma
maculaticeps, Luxilus chlorocephalus, Zygonectes atrilatus, Hybognathus
nuchalis, Micropterus pallidus, ete. |
PLEURONECTID/.
Genus PSEUDOPLEURONECTES Bleeker.
14. Pseudopleuronectes americanus (Walb.) Gill. 4 inhi
Rare (Yarrow). Not seen by us. te ae
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 369
Genus PSEUDORHOMBUS Bleeker.
(Chenopsetta and Ancylopsetta Gill. )
In Professor Gill’s Catalogue of the Fishes of the East Coast of North
America, from Greenland to Georgia (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1861),
many new genera are proposed without description or remark, most of
them being defined at a later period. Two of the genera of Flounders
there noted, Chenopsetta and Reinhardtius (proposed in 1861; defined in
1864), are apparently identical with Pseudorhombus and Platysomatichthys
of Bleeker, proposed and defined in 1862. It is necessary, therefore, to
substitute the latter ill-chosen names for the preferable names of Dr. Gill,
if we hold with the present writers (and most others,—see Dall, Nomen-
clature of Zodlogy and Botany, 1877, pp. 17, 35) that a generic name
without a diagnosis, placed before the names of one or more species, has
no more claim on our recognition than an unpublished manuscript name.
The adoption of either is a matter of courtesy or convenience, not of duty.
If the Pacific coast genus Paralichthys is truly sinistral, as supposed
by Dr. Gill (Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 197), it is probably identi-
eal with Pseudorhombus, and as the prior name it should supersede the
latter.
The genera of North American Flounders which seem to be worthy
of retention may be thus compared:
* Pectoral fins well developed. (PLEURONECTID. )
+t Mouth large, the broad, flat maxillary extending to below the eye; teeth nearly
equal on the two sides of the jaws.
{ Ventral fins both lateral, neither of them on the ridge of the abdomen. (Hippo-
glossine. )
a. Body dextral.
b. Caudal fin emarginate; teeth strong.
7 eteral line dephed tah Tots is. Pine oo sc eee wee Ses HIPPOGLOSSUS.
cc. Lateral line not arched..-.--. EA nt eee Ee oe PLATYSOMATICHTHYS.
bb. Caudal fin entire, its middle rays produced; teeth moderate; lateral line
not arched.
d. Dorsal beginning over eye; scales moderate, mostly ctenoid.
HIPPOGLOSSOIDES.
dd. Dorsal beginning in front of eye; scales very small, cycloid.
PSETTICHTHYS.
aa. Body sinistral; lateral line arched in front.
e. Caudal fin entire. (Pseudorhombus or) ...-..- whos ‘ais PARALICHTHYS.
ce, Caudal mm eniarpinates 2 oa 2. ssw ec cee. nce se. 25a 5. UROPSETTA.
tt Ventral fin of the colored side on the ridge of the abdomen; body sinistral;
teeth small. (Rhombine.)—
f. Lateral line nearly straight; no vomerine teeth: dorsal rays all
SEIS <2 dtais e's cee ea ates CITHARICHTHYS.
Jf. Lateral line arched in front; vomer with teeth; anterior rays of dor-
sal branched; scales cycloid.. LOPHOPSETTA.
tt Mouth smail, the short, narrow maxillary scarcely reaching beyond the front of
the eye; teeth mostly on the blind side.
( Pleuronectine. )
g. Teeth slender, acute, in several series; body dextral ; lateral
line nearly straight, with a dorsal branch,
Proc. Nat. Mus. 78——24. Mar. 11,1879.
au
370 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL -museou
h. Lips plicate; dorsal fin anteriorly twisted over to the blind
Bide.... .e.ssc neces coc ace» PLEURONICH TERE
hh. Lips simple ; dorsal fin anteriorly on the dorsal ridge. .
HYPSOPSETTA.
gg. Teeth blunt, usually compressed, in one series, forming a cutting
edge.
i. Body dextral.
j. Lateral line with a recurrent dorsal branch.
k. Lateral line nearly straight; scales cycloid, those on
the cheeks similar... .. .2-.esee" PAROPHRYS.
kk, Lateral line arched in front; scales ctenoid; those on
the cheeks stellate or tuberculate.
LEPIDOPSETTA. ~
jj. Lateral line simple. i
I. Lateral line arched in front; scales ctenoid.. LIMANDA. _
Wl. Lateral line nearly straight. °:
m. Dorsal rays less than 80. 1
n. Scales ctenoid, closely imbricated.
PSEUDOPLEURONECTES.
an. Scales small, smooth or rough, scarcely imbri-
catetlic. 22. .0-52.ce eee PLEURONECTES.
mm. Dorsal rays more than 100; body elongate; scales
Snooth. - 2s Taseeeee ee GLYPTOCEPHALUS.
vi. Body sinistral, covered with scattered stellated tubercles;
lateral line nearly straight.... PLATICHTHYS.
** Pectoral fins wanting (in our species); mouth twisted toward the colored side.
(SOLEIDZ. ) |
o. Vertical fins free from the rounded caudal; body
dextral; ventral of the colored side con-
tinnous with the anal. (Soleine.)
». Scales very rough; lateral line straight; teeth .
villiform, on blind side only. ..-... ACHIRUS.
oo. Vertical fins confluent around the pointed tail;
body sinistral; ventrals free from the anal. —
(Plagusiine. ) -
q. No lateral line; teeth minute, on blind side —
only; ventral fin of blind side only present;
lips not fringed; snout not hooked; scales —
CtONOIM _ 2... 1s sock penaeen ee APHORISTIA. |
15. Pseudorhombus ocellaris (DeKay) Lyman.—Flounder.
(Chenopsetta ocellaris Gill, 1. ¢.)
Very common.
16. Pseudorhombus dentatus (L.) Jor. & Gilb.
Tolerably abundant (Coues and Yarrow).
17. Pseudorhombus quadroceliatus (Gill) Jor. & Gilb.
Brownish olive, with four large ocellated spots, round or elliptical ir
‘shape; the first above the arch of the lateral line; the three posterioi
forming an isosceles triangle; the posterior one in the apex on the latere
line; body oval, compressed and much elevated, highest at middle 01
tinies ; profile oe an abrupt angle at anterior margin of orbit;
¢
i PROGEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 371
‘
{
'
eye beginning in front of the upper; mouth rather small, maxillary
reaching to below middle of orbit; teeth comparatively small, about 14
on each side in the lower jaw, the canines of upper jaw little developed ;
dorsal fin beginning in front of pupil; its anterior rays long, filiform,
and with free tips; anal fin beginning well forwards, but little behind
the insertion of the ventrals; ventral fin of colored side much the longer;
gill-openings comparatively narrow; branchiostegal membranes broadly
connected at base; gill-rakers short and strong, few in number, less than
10 below the angle of the arch; head 32 in length to base of caudal;
depth 13. D.70. A.55. Lat. 1. about 90.
Two specimens were obtained in Beaufort Harbor, from one of which
the above description was taken. This is probably the species noticed
by Dr. Yarrow as Chenopsetta oblonga. It is a rare and little known
species, noticed but once before on our Atlantic coast. Professor Gill’s
original type came from Pensacola, Fla.
Genus LOPHOPSETTA Gill.
18. Lophopsetta maculata (Mitch.) Gill.—Plaice.
Common on the sand bars.
GADIDA.
Genus PHYCIS Bloch & Schneider.
19. Phycis regius (Walb.) Jor. & Gilb.
( Urophycis regius Gill, 1. ec.)
One specimen taken by Dr. Coues. Another Gadoid was described
to us as being sometimes taken.
OPHIDITDAL.
Genus OPHIDIUM Linn.
20. Ophidium marginatum Dek.
One specimen observed by Dr. Coues.
ZOARCIDZE.
Genus ZOARCES Cuvier.
21. Zoarces anguillaris (Peck) Storer.
Two specimens taken by Dr. Yarrow from the wharf at Fort Macon.
BLENNIID 2.
Genus BLENNIUS Linneus.
s 22. Blennius geminatus Wood.
Very abundant, especially about Dunean’s wharf in Beaufort. Most
_ of our specimens were taken from clusters of Ascidians. The specimen
1 Fela Te) Ce he are J all a
¢
<<. o-
a oe
372 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEU UM
referred to by Dr. Yarrow as Blennius fucorum is probably of this s spe pe-
cies.
Genus HYPLEUROCHILUS Gill.
23. Hypleurochilus punctatus (Wood) Gill.
Abundant with the preceding and the next along the Beaufort shore.
Genus CHASMODES Valenciennes.
24. Chasmodes bosquianus (Lac.) C. & V.
Tolerably abundant along the Beaufort shore. Specimens of both the ~
nominal species C. bosquianus and C. novemlineatus were taken. They |
differ only in coloration, and we have no doubt that the latteris the male
and the former the female of the same species. We have received speci-
mens of both forms, taken in Chesapeake Bay, from Prof. P. R. Uhler. —
This is the species called Chasmodes quadrifasciatus by Uhler and Lug-
ger. The true quadrifasciatus, which may not be American, has never —
been recognized. The coloration in the male (?), or “‘ C. novemlineatus,”
is in life as follows: Olive-green, with about nine horizontal narrow blue
lines, these somewhat irregular and interrupted, and converging towards
the lateral line; opercular membrane and a broad stripe through the ~
middle of the spinous dorsal deep orange-yellow; anal fin dark, the fins
with white membranaceous tips; head with fine black dots.
The female (?), or C. bosquianus, is dark olive-green, reticulated with
narrow pale green lines and with several broad dark vertical bars, which —
are more distinct posteriorly; vertical fins similarly marked.
BATRACHID.
Genus BATRACHUS Linneus.
25. Batrachus tau L.—Toad-fish.
Everywhere extremely abundant near the shore.
URANOSCOPIDZ.
Genus ASTROSCOPUS Brevoort.
26. Astroscopus anoplus (C. & V.) Brev.
One specimen taken by Dr. Coues.
TRIGLIDA.
Genus DACTYLOPTERUS Lacépeéde.
27. Dactylopterus volitans (L.) Lac.—/lying- fish
Rather common. Some ten specimens obtained from fishermen sei D
ing in the harbor abotit Beaufort. The%rilliant coloration in life is e:
tremely variable. ae
ms
hige -
9
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 373
Genus PRIONOTUS Lacépeéde.
28. Prionotus punctatus (Bloch) Cuv.—Slim Flying Toad.
Two specimens taken.
29. Prionotus tribulus C. & V.—Common Flying Toad.
Very abundant in Beaufort Harbor. This is doubtless the species
mentioned as Prionotus carolinus by Dr. Yarrow. Dr. Gill omits this
_ strongly marked species from his Catalogue, apparently confounding it
— with P. carolinus (palmipes Storer), which it resembles in color, although
its real relations are entirely with P.evolans. We have seen no specimens
of “P. carolinus” from the coast of Carolina, and we do not see how, from
j the Linnzan description, P. carolinus could be distinguished from P. tri-
dbulus. It becomes, therefore, perhaps an open question whether Lin-
— neus’s Trigla carolina was P. tribulus, or “P. carolinus,” or both. Lin-
neus’s Trigla evolans is apparently equally uncertain, so that the present
nomenclature of the species must be accepted as provisional only.
30. Prionotus evolans (L.) Gill.—Striped Flying Toad.
- Abundant in the harbor with the preceding species.
The following is an analysis of the characters of the species of Priono-
tus found in the United States. P. pilatus Storer is not included, it being
probably identical with P. carolinus.
*Mouth small: the mandible not reaching the vertical from the front of the orbit: a
distinct transverse groove connecting the upper posterior angles of the orbit:
preopercular spine simple, without basal cusp: head short, the spines on its
upper part comparatively weak: blotches on spinous dorsal well defined,
ocellated. (Subgenus Prionotus.)
t Body very slender: sides with numerous roundish brown or bronze spots.
P. punctatus (Bloch) C. & V.
Coloration dark olive above: back and sides covered with numerous round
spots of different sizes, and not arranged in series: these spots bronze color in
life, becoming brownish after death: spinous dorsal dusky, with lighter streaks:
a distinct black spot on upper half of spinous dorsal, between the fourth and
fifth spine, this spot being ocellated below and behind: a second black blotch
on upper half of first spine and membrane, also ocellated behind: second
dorsal and caudal spotted and finely blotched with black: anal largely black,
with a pinkish border: pectorals blackish: ventrals pale: branchiostegals
pinkish: first dorsal rather high: head 3} times in length to base of caudal:
maxillary one-third length of head. D.X—13, A. 11., lat. 1. about 75.
++ Body rather robust: sides with conspicuous round spots.
P. carolinus (L.) C. & V.
Coloration brownish above, clouded with darker: throat and branchiostegal
membrane dark: a distinct black blotch on upper half of spinous dorsal, this
ocellated below: second dorsal with oblique whitish streaks: preopercular
spine strong: pectoral appendages strong, always (?) dilated at their tips:
maxillary bone one-third the length of head: head 3 in body. D. X—13, A. 12,
lat. 1. ca. 55.
i
374 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. _
A :
**Mouth large, the mandible reaching beyond the vertical from the front of the
no distinct transverse groove between and behind orbits: preopercular sp "
with a smaller one at base: dark blotches cn spinous dorsal diffuse, not ocel- —
lated. (Subgenus Chriolax* nobis. ) =
t Sides of body with one or more distinct dark longitudinal bands: spines on Hie ’
moderate, compressed.
P. evolans (L.) Gill.
Coloration olive-brown above, mottled and spotted with darker and lighter,
whitish below: a narrow dark streak along the lateral line, with a broader
one below it, which terminates behind in a series of spots and blotches: lower
parts of head sometimes bright orange-yellow: pectorals blackish, surrounded
by olivaceous and edged with orange, sometimes with numerous transverse
dark lines: a black blotch on membrane of dorsal fin between the third and
sixth spines: soft dorsal plain or with two black blotches at base: ventrals
and anal deep orange: pectoral appendages slender, dark-colored: spine at
upper posterior angle of orbit but little developed: body robust: head 2} in
length. D. X—12, A. 11, lat. 1. about 55.
ttSides without longitudinal bands: spines on head all well developed, those
above closely compressed.
P. tribulus C. & V.
Dark brown on sides and above, blotched with darker: a black blotch om
membrane of dorsal between the third and sixth spines: second dorsal with
several series of brownish spots, these forming oblique bars: soft dorsal with.
two dark blotches at base, the posterior of which is continued obliquely
downwards and forwards to below the lateral line: pectorals olive-brown,
with dark bands, which are more distinct towards the tip of the fin: pectoral
appendages strong, tapering, marked with series of dark spots: body heavy ~
forwards, short and thick: occipital and supraorbital spines strong and |
‘flattened like sword-blades”: head 24 in length to base of caudal. D, X—12, —
A. 11, lat. 1. about 50. :
LABRIDE.
Genus TAUTOGA Mitchill.
31. Tautoga onitis (L.) Gthr.—Oyster-fish. :
Rather common. The young abundant about the wharves at Beau-
fort. }
Genus PUSA Scopoli (fide Gill).
(Cherojulis Gill; Halichores Rupp.)
32. Pusa grandisquamis Gill.
The original type of this species came from Beaufort. Another was
secured by Dr. Yarrow.
33. Pusa sp. (? radiata L.).
A young specimen which we supposed to belong to this species, but
which was mislaid or lost before we had a full opportunity for com
parison, was taken near Captain Dunean’s wharf at Beaufort. a
coloration was as follows:
Bright green: a dark brown lateral band covering two rows of s sei
* vypeia, want: oda’, furrow. —
ve Sake
ies
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 375
above this, three bronze bands with green interspaces; below it, a band
of crimson; these bands running forwards, and meeting on the snout:
dorsal fin bright vermillion, with a large blue spot ocellated with yellow
near its middle, a smaller dark-blue spot at base of last dorsal ray, and
_ another at base of caudal: anal red, with a yellowish streak: caudal
nearly plain: iris red. Length 14 inches.
Professor Gill informs me that the name Pusa Scopoli was first applied
to a species of this most beautiful genus. If this be true, it has many
years’ priority over Cherojulis, Halicheres, ete.
XIPHIDE.
Genus XIPHIAS Linn.
34. Xiphias gledius L.—Sword-jish.
‘Heard from’ off Cape Lookout by Dr. Yarrow.
TRICHIURID&.
Genus TRICHIURUS Linn.
35. Trichiurus lepturus L.
Several seen by Cope and Yarrow; none by us.
SCOMBRID AK.
Genus SARDA Cuvier.
36. Sarda pelamys (L.) Cuv.
Taken off Shackleford Banks (Yarrow). Not seen by us.
Genus ORCYNUS Cuvier.
37. Orcynus thynnus (L.) Goode.—Bonito.
(Orcynus secundodorsalis Gill, 1. ¢.)
Frequently heard of, but not seen by us.
Genus CYBIUM Cuvier.
_ 38. Cybium maculatum (Mitch.) Cuv.—Spanish Mackerel.
A highly valued food-fish, taken in great numbers in the fall, on the
_ banks. No extensive fishing is done in August, and we did not see this
_ Species at Beaufort. A large one leaped on board our steamer in Albe-
~ marle Sound on our return northward.
39. Cybium regale (Bloch) Cuv.
— One specimen seen by Dr. Yarrow.
Bae | ge Le ee re i‘ ‘ .
* & rl =
; - » i
; F
- J Ye; >
’ ee. a4
= AS neal" 4
’ uF +
.
376 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MU!
CARANGIDA.
Genus VOMER Cuvier.
40. Vomer setipinnis (Mitch.) Ayres.—Moon-fish ; Sunfish.
Taken on the outer beach in the fall; not seen by us.
Genus SELENE Lacépéde.
41. Selene argentea Lac.—Moon-fish. t
Taken on the outer beach in the fall; not common; one specimen
obtained by us.
Genus ARGYRIOSUS.
42. Argyriosus vomer Lac.—Moon-fish.
Less common (Yarrow). Not seen by us. There seems to be no good
evidence that Argyriosus capillaris is a species distinct from this.
Genus ALECTRIS Rafinesque.
(Blepharis, etc., Cuvier; Blepharichthys, etc., Gill.)
43. Alectris crinitus (Akerly) Jor.
A few individuals taken by Dr. Yarrow; none seen by us at Beaufort.
Most of the Scombroid fishes about Beaufort are taken by the fishermen
on the outer banks in the fall, and hence escaped our notice.
The genus Blepharichthys Gill seems unnecessary, as the prior use of
Blepharis in Botany does not, in accordance with the general custom of
naturalists, prevent its use in Zoédlogy. The distinctions between ble-
pharis and Alectris, being merely in the degree of obsolescence of the spi-
nous dorsal, do not seem to us important.
Genus CARANGUS Girard.
44. Carangus chrysus (Mitch.) Gill.—Sunfish.
Rather common in Beaufort Harbor. Several young specimens taken
among the wharves.
45. Carangus hippus (L.) Gill.
In Dr. Yarrow’s list; not seen by us.
46. Carangus pisquetos (C. & V.) Gill.
(Paratractus pisquetos Gill, 1. c.)
One specimen seen by Coues and Yarrow.
Genus TRACHYNOTUS Lacépede.
47. Trachynotus ovatus (L. ) Gthr.—Allovericore (Albicore?). "Lwtee ; Na
One young specimen taken at Beaufort.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 377
48. Trachynotus carolinus (L.) Gili.i—Pampano; Sunfish.
Very abundant on the outer banks. The young goin great schools ©
in the surf, and may be readily taken in a net, and sometimes by hand
when thrown on shore by the waves.
Genus SERIOLA Cuvier.
(Halatractus and Zonichithys Gill.)
49. Seriola zonata (Mitch.) Cuv.
One specimen observed by Dr. Yarrow; not seen by us. Nauerates
ductor, included in Dr. Yarrow’s list on the strength of information de-
rived from fishermen, we here omit: the species is too easily confounded
with the present.
STROMATEIDZE.
Genus PORONOTUS Gill.
50. Poronotus triacanthus (Peck) Gill.
Rare; seen by Coues and Yarrow—not by us.
SCLAINIDE.
Genus CYNOSCION Gill.
_ 51. Cynoscion carolinensis (C. & V.) Gill.—Speckled Trout.
An abundant food-fish.
| §2. Cynoscion regalis (Bloch) Gill.—Sea Trout.
A common food-fish, although less abundant than the preceding.
‘' Genus POGONIAS Lacépéde.
53. Pogonias chromis Lacép.—Sea Drum.
Very. common.
Genus LIOSTOMUS.
54. Liostomus xanthurus Lacép.
Abundant in the fall (Yarrow); not seen by us.
1 55. Liostomus obliquus (Mitch.) DeKay.—Spot.
_ Next to the Mullet, this is the most abundant food-fish about Beau-
fort, the young swarming everywhere in the harbor. It is universally
known as Spot, the Robin or Pin-fish being Lagodon, and the Hog-fish
_Orthopristis. These vernacular names have been transposed by Dr.
Yarrow.
Genus BAIRDIELLA Gill.
56. Bairdiella punctata (L.) Gill.—Perch.
- Rather common among the wharves.
378 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL -
Genus SCLAANOPS Gill.
57: Scizenops ocellatus (L.) Gill.—Drum.
A rather common food-fish; numerous specimens obtained from thal
fishermen. One specimen seeker, had two ocellated spots on the cau-
dal peduncle. "
Genus MENTICIRRUS Gill.
58. Menticirrus littoralis (Holbr.) Gill.—Sea Mullet.
Rather common. The young abundant in the surf on the outer beach,
with Trachynotus carolinus.
59. Menticirrus alburnus (L.) Gill.
Not seen by us.
60. Menticirrus nebulosus (Mitch.) Gill. si
Not seen. Dr. Yarrow says that this species and the two preceding —
are “all more or less abundant in the fall, when they are found i im com-
pany with the Mullet on the sea-beach.”
wf
a) a er
Genus MICROPOGON Cuvier.
61. Micropogon undulatus (L.) C. & V.—Croaker.
Very abundant; next to Mullet, Spot, and Hog-fish, the commonest —
food-fish in Beaufort Harbor.
GERRID A.
Genus EUCINOSTOMUS Baird & Girard.
62. Eucinostomus argenteus B. & G.
Common in the harbor, along the Beaufort shore. Only very young ~
Specimens seen.
PIMELEPTERIDZ.
Genus PIMELEPTERUS Lacépéde.
~" aad > 4 2. Mt - 4
Assn a ee or ee,
63. Pimelepterus bosci Lac.
A single specimen taken near Duncan’s wharf in Beaufort.
SPARID.
Genus LAGODON Holbrook.
64. Lagodon rhomboides (L.) Holbr.—Mobin ; Pin-fish. ;
Excessively abundant everywhere in the harbor. Taken by the thou-
sand by boys with hook and line, from the wharves. This species does
not attain a large size, and is seldom used as food in Beaufort, where
larger fishes are so plenty. Its value there is about one-tenth of a cent, ie
and it is thrown away by the fishermen. As elsewhere notioca 9 the
“Spot,” ** Robin,” and “ Hog-fish” of the fishermen have been ina ome
way cuinioritood or confused by Dr. Yarrow. ie
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 379
Genus ARCHOSARGUS Gill.
65. Archosargus probatocephalus (Walb.) Gill.—Sheepshead.
Abundant; we saw but few specimens, however, the proper Sheeps-
head season being passed.
Genus SARGUS Cuvier.
66. Sargus holbrooki Bean.—Spot-tailed Pin-fish.
Extremely abundant everywhere along the Beaufort shore. This
species was first described by Dr. Bean during the past year. That so
strongly marked and so abundant a species should have so long escaped
notice is very remarkable. Dr. Yarrow does not seem to have noticed
it and Dr. Coues obtained but one specimen, the generic characters of
which seem to have escaped Professor Putnam’s notice, as he speaks
of it as “an individual resembling S. argyrops,” but differing in color.
This species has broad incisors and wants the recumbent dorsal spine.
Its color is bright silvery, with a large black biotch on the upper part
of the caudal peduncle, which is very conspicuous while the fish is in
the water. It reaches but a small size, and is not at Beaufort used as
food. The fishermen call it Pin-fish, and as such it is beneath their
notice. Most of the fishermen, indeed, did not distinguish it from La-
godon rhomboides.
Genus STENOTOMUS Gill.
67. Stenotomus argyrops (L.) Gill.
Not very common; hardly noticed by the fishermen.
PRISTIPOMATID AE.
Genus HAAMULUM Cuvier.
68. ? Hemulum arcuatum C. & V.
Not seen by us; given in Dr. Yarrow’s list, but evidently confused
with the next species, so that its occurrence at Beaufort is questionable.
The proper orthography of the generic name (aiua, blood; odio», gums)
is Hemulum, not Hemylum, nor Hemulon.
Genus ORTHOPRISTIS Girard.
69. Orthopristis fulvomaculatus (Mitch.) Gill.—Hog-fish.
Extremely common everywhere in the harbor.
SERRANID.
Genus EPINEPHELUS Bloch.
70. Epinephelus morio (Cuvy.) Gill.
One specimen noted by Dr. Yarrow.
ee yer
880 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Genus CENTROPRISTIS Cuvier. 1 on hae
71. Centropristis atrarius (L.) Barn.—Black-fish.
Common, the young abounding about the wharves. —
PERCID~.
Genus ROCCUS Mitchill.
72. Roccus lineatus (Mitch.) Gill.—Rock.
Not seen in Beaufort Harbor, but abundant in all river-mouths, as
in New and Neuse Rivers. Dr. Yarrow states that the ‘“‘young are
abundant” in the harbor. As the striped female of Hydrargyra majalis
is called by all Beaufort fishermen ‘“ Rock,” and as it is there usually
supposed to be the young of the Striped Bass, Dr. Yarrow’s statement
may perhaps be an error.
Genus MORONE Mitchill.
73. Morone americana (Gmel.) Gill.— White Perch.
Not found about Beaufort, but said by Dr. Yarrow to abound in the
New and Neuse Rivers.
EPHIPPIDA.
Genus PAREPHIPPUS Gill.
74. Parephippus faber (Cuv.) Gill.—Porgee; Pogy.
Common; used as a food-fish.
POMATOMID.
Genus POMATOMUS Lae.
75. Pomatomus saltatrix (L.) Gill.—Bluwe-fish.
Extremely common. The taking of this fish is the favorite amuse-
ment of the higher grades of summer boarders in this delightful port.
ECHENEIDIDZE.
Genus ECHENEIS Linneeus.
(Leptecheneis Gill.)
In 1862 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 239), Prof. Gill divided the ©
Linnean genus Echeneis into two genera, Echeneis (the slender species:
type E. naucrates L.) and Remora (the stout-bodied species: type ZL.
remora). Subsequently (op. cit. 1863, 88), Remoropsis (which has not
been sufficiently distinguished from Remora) and Rhombochirus were 5
added. Still later (op. cit. 1864, 60), Prof. Gill found, “on examining
the works of Linnzeus and Artedi, that EH. remora was ‘the only Lh
referred to that genus by Linnzeus in the a editions of the Sys
af A
/ Yee ot
| eel ee P ir .¥
tae He
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 381
- Nature, and by Artedi, and that in the later editions, Linnzus placed
that species at the head of the genus.” For that reason, the name Lche-
neis was retained for L. remora, and a new name, Leptecheneis, conferred
on FL. naucrates and its allies.
: As, however, according to the custom now prevalent in Ichthyology,
__—-we are not to go behind the tenth edition of the Systema Nature, and
as the placing of a species “at the head of the genus” had no signifi-
cance with Linneus, we think that Dr. Gill’s first restriction of Eche-
neis Should have precedence over the second. ‘
The genera of Echeneidide thus far known are, then, the following:
. REMORA Gill: type Echeneis remora L.; Echeneis jacobea Lowe.
. REMILEGIA Gill: type Echeneis australis Bennett.
RHOMBOCHIRUS Gill: type Echeneis osteochir Cuvier.
ECHENEIS Linn.: type Echeneis naucrates L.
PHTHEIRICHTHYS Gill: type Echeneis lineatus Menzies.
m oO bo
OU
76. Echeneis naucrates L.
Two specimens seen by Coues and Yarrow.
Genus REMORA Gill.
77. Remora jacobeea (Lowe) Gill.
(Echeneis remora L.)
Specimens seen by Dr. Yarrow, taken off Shackleford Banks.
SPHYRANIDAE.
Genus SPHYRZNA Bloch.
78. Sphyreena spet (Haiiy) Goode.
Young specimens common in Beaufort Harbor. Our species is usually
called Sphyrena borealis DeKay, without comparison with allied forms.
What fish DeKay had in mind is not clearly known. We identify our
Beaufort specimens with Sphyrena spet (Esox sphyrena L., Sphyrena
vulgaris Auct.), the common species of Europe and the Middle Atlantic.
Whether the West Indian 8S. ptcuda also occurs northward, to help
form the dubious Sphyrena borealis, is still uncertain.
MUGILID~.
’ Genus MUGIL Linneus.
79. Mugil brasiliensis Agassiz.— White Mullet.
Very common in the harbor.
80. Mugil plumieri Bloch.—Striped Mullet.
The commonest food-fish of the North Carolina coast; everywhere
_ very abundant on the shoals in the harbor.
Two species of Mugil certainly occur on our Atlantic coast, but they
_ have been confounded or misunderstood by nearly all writers except
Dr. Giinther, who correctly describes them under the names Mugit ine-
;
cs
see ba
* 5 +5
382 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MU:
ee
Le
,
nee
atus and Mugil brasiliensis. The nomenclature of both is uncertain.
The oldest specific name, Mugil albula L., is apparently not available, a S
its description applies equally to either, and is in some respects incorrect.
It is, however, perhaps as applicable to WM. brasiliensis as that of Trigla
evolans is to our striped Prionotus. The following is Linnzus’s descrip-
tion:
“Mugil Albula. M. pinna dorsali anteriore quadriradiata. D. 4,9. P.17.. V. 4. ;
A. C.20, xxx. Habitat in America. D.Garden. Simillimus JW. cephalo.”—(Syst.
Nat. xii, i, 520, 1766).
The diagnostic characters and the apparent synonymy of the two
species are the following:
Mugil brasiliensis Agassiz.
White Mullet.
? Cateshy, ii, pl. 5.
? Curema Macegr. 181, Pison 70.
? Mugil albula Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. xii, i, 520, 1766.
Mugil brasiliensis Agassiz, Spix, Pisce. Bras. 234, tab. 72 (fide Giinther).—Giinther, Cat.
Fishes Brit. Mus. iii, 431.
? Mugil incilis, Hancock, Lond. Quart. Journ. Se. 1830, 127 (fide Giinther).
Mugil curema Cuy. et Val. xi, 87, and of authors.
Mugil petrosus Cuv. et Val. xi, 89, and of authors.
ugil lineatus Storer, Hist. Fishes Mass. 89, pl. 16, f. 4 (good).
Body somewhat compressed: angle made by the dentary bones about a right angle:
space at the chin between the dentary bones somewhat club-shaped: scales larger,
running up on the soft dorsal and anal fins: coloration bluish above, the sides silvery
without conspicuous dark stripes, but with shining streaks, produced by the striation
of the scales: a dusky blotch at base of pectorals: tips of caudal and soft dorsal
blackish. Anal rays III,9. Scales 38—12. Size less than the next. -
Mugil plumieri Bloch.
Striped Mullet.
Mugil plumieri Bloch, t. 296, and of authors. -
Mugil lincatus Mitchill, Cuy. et Val. xi, 96, and of nearly all authors.
Mugil albula DeKay, New York Fauna, Fishes, 146. |
Mugil berlandieri Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Ichth. p. 20, pl. x, fig. 1 (not fig. 4, whicls
represents the young of MW. brasiliensis),
Body little compressed: angle of mandible obtuse: space between dentary bones
broad and short, rounded anteriorly: scales smaller, not running up on the dorsal and —
anal fins. Coloration dark bluish above; sides silvery, with series of darker spots,
one on each scale, forming conspicuous lateral stripes: a dusky spot at base of pecto-
rals. AnalraysIII,8. Scales 42—13. The common “Mullet,” so extensively split and
salted as a food-fish.
The two species seem to occur on the same shores, and both range
from Massachusetts to South Carolina at least.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 383
ATHERINID A.
Genus CHIROSTOMA Swainson.
81. Chirostoma menidium (Linn. ) Gill.—Sardines.
We fail to find any evidence that Chirostoma notatum (Mitch.) Gill and
C. menidium are distinct species. Very abundant in the harbor, where it
is found generally in company with ELngraulis vittata, both being known
by the fishermen indiscriminately as Sardines.
Genus ATHERINA Linnzeus.
$2. Atherina carolina Val.
e
A few specimens noted by Drs. Coues and Yarrow.
BELONIDZE.
Genus BELONE Cuvier.
83. Belone longirostris ( Mitch.) Gill.
Very abundant in Beaufort Harbor.
84. Belone hians C. & V.
One specimen obtained. This is a West Indian species, not recorded
from our coast until this summer, when Prof. Goode received a number
of specimens from the coast of North Carolina. It is probably a resident
on our coast, as the specimen taken was quite young.
SCOMBERESOCID/E.
Genus EXOCCETUS Linneus.
85. Exoccetus melanurus Val.—Flying-fish.
‘Occasionally seen” (Dr. Yarrow).
~ Genus HALOCYPSELUS Weinland.
_ 86. Halocypselus evolans (Linn.) Gill.
One young specimen taken in Beaufort Harbor.
Genus HEMIRHAMPHUS Cuvier.
87. Hemirhamphus unifasciatus Ranzani.
Very abundant in the harbor, along the edges of shoals.
Genus SCOMBERESOX Lacépéde.
88. Scomberesoz scutellatus Le Sueur.
Recorded by Dr. Yarrow.
9 ot ia tas aaa a li eR Bi + nal
Aneto a =o! ' See eee
0
- , . ae = : - *
384 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
CYPRINODONTIDA.
Genus CYPRINODON Lacépede.
89. Cyprinodon variegatus Lac.—‘‘ Sheep’s Head.”
One specimen seen by us.
Genus FUNDULUS Lacépéde.
90. Fundulus heteroclitus (Linn.) Gill.
Very common. The species called F. pisculentus \Mitch.) Val. and F.
heteroclitus are unquestionably identical.
, Genus HYDRARGYRA Lacépéde.
91. Hydrargyra majalis (Walb.) Val.—Rock Fish (9).
Very abundant.
92. Hydrargyra swampina Lac.
Reported as exceedingly abundant by Drs. Coues and Yarrow.
SYNODONTID.
Genus SYNODUS Bloch.
93. Synodus fcetens (Linn.) Gill.—Pike.
Abundant in the harbor.
ALBULIDAL.
Genus ALBULA Gronovius.
94. Albula vulpes (Linn. ) Goode.—Lady Fish.
(Albula conorhynchus Gill, op. cit.)
Reported by Dr. Yarrow on the authority of a fisherman.
ELOPID.
Genus ELOPS Linn:zeus.
95. Elops saurus Linn.—‘‘ Horse Mackerel.”
One very large specimen seen. ;
Genus MEGALOPS Lacépéde.
96. Megalops thrissoides (B]. & Schn.) Giinther.
Reported by Dr. Yarrow as very rare, on the authority of fishermen. |
CLUPEIDZ.
Genus BREVOORTIA Gill.
97. Brevoortia tyrannus (Latrobe) Goode.—Fat Back; Yellow Tail } Bug
iv
Ay
>
2
Very abundant. : Re:
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 385
Genus ALOSA Cuvier.
98. Alosa sapidissima (Wilson) Storer.
Probably not found in Beaufort Harbor. Reported by Drs. Coues
and Yarrow as excessively abundant in the Neuse River.
Genus OPISTHONEMA Gill.
99. Opisthonema thrissa Gill.
Several specimens obtained.
Genus POMOLOBUS Rafinesque.
- 100. Pomolobus pseudoharengus (Wilson) Gill.
Recorded by Dr. Yarrow as not abundant.
101. Pomolobus mediccris (Mitch.) Gill.
Recorded by Dr. Yarrow as abundant.
ENGRAULIDIDA.
Genus ENGRAULIS Cuvier.
102. Engraulis vittatus (Mitch.) Bd. & Girard.—Sardine.
Extremely common, occurring in large schools. There is no good
evidence that the West Indian #. browni (Gmel.) Val. occurs on our
coast, or that we have more than one Atlantic species.
SILURID &.
Genus ZZ LURICHTHYS Baird & Girard.
103. @lurichthys marinus (Mitch.) Bd. & Grd.
Several specimens obtained.
Genus ARIOPSIS Gill.
104. Ariopsis felis (Linn.) Gill & Jordan.
: - (Ariopsis milberti Gill, op. cit.) *
Several specimens seen.
ANGUILLIDZ.
= Genus ANGUILLA Thunberg.
105. Anguilla vulgaris Turton.—£el.
(Anguilla bostoniensis Gill, op. cit.)
Common.
Proc. Nat. Mus. 78——25 March 20, i879.
386 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
ACIPENSERIDA.
Genus ACIPENSER Linnezus.
106. Acipenser sturio Linn.—Sturgeon.
A large skin found in the harbor near Cape Lookout.
CEPHALOPTERID.
Genus CERATOPTERA Miiller & Henle.
107. Ceratoptera vampirus (Mitch.) Gill.—Devil-fish.
Fishermen state that they are occasionally found in the harbor.
MYLIOBATIDE.
Genus AETOBATIS Miiller & Henle.
108. Aétobatis narinari Miill. & Henle.
One large specimen seen.
Genus MYLIOBATIS Duméril.
109. Myliobatis fremenvillei (Les.) Storer.
Tail of one specimen observed.
DASYBATID.
(Trygonide Gill, op. cit.)
Genus DASYBATIS Rafinesque (fide Gill).
(Trygon Gill, op. cit.)
110. Dasybatis centrurus (Mitch.) Gill, MSS.—Sting Ray ; Stingaree.
Very common. .
Genus PTEROPLATEA Miiller & Henle.
_11l. ? Pteroplatea maclura (Le Sueur) M. & H.—Skate.
Several specimens about one foot long, the young of some broad species.
They do not answer Le Sueur’s account of the present species, and there _
is no trace of a caudal spine, which on a Sting Ray of the same size is —
fully developed. If not the young of Pteroplatea, they will constitute a —
new genus. | 2
The following are the characters shown by our specimens:
Disk very broad and short, its width nearly twice its length without ~
the tail; tail short, slender and small, its length about one-third that of —
the disk; a dermal fold above and below; whole disk and tail covered —
with smooth skin, without spine or roughness of any kind; snout pro- |
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 387
_ jecting and pointed; the pectorals broadly expanded on each side, leav-
: ing a marked concavity in the outline of the body along their anterior
- margins on each side, in front of which is a convexity which terminates
in the mucronate snout.
Mouth small; teeth triangular, rather pointed; nostrils well apart,
confluent with the mouth; a broad flap behind and between = which
seems to form an upper By,
Color brownish olive, beautifully iidv bled with grayish, and marked
with roundish stellate spots and finer markings of dark brown; edge of
disk with rounded pale spots, forming semicireles on the border; tail
with four dark blotches above, forming half-rings.
TORPEDINID-.
Genus TORPEDO Duméril.
112. Torpedo occidentalis Storer.
Recorded as rare, by Dr. Yarrow, on the authority of fishermen.
RAITD AK.
Genus RAIA Linneus.
113. Raia levis Mitch. |
Recorded by Dr. Yarrow as common.
CARCHARITD.
Genus CARCHARIAS Rafinesque.
Mies Se
(Odontaspis Agassiz; Eugomphodus Gill.)
114. Carcharias americanus (Mitch.) Jor. & Gilb.
: (Lugomphodus littoralis Gill, op. cit.)
One pair of jaws seen. The name Carcharias has priority over Odont-
_ aspis, as Dr. Gill has shown, and our species seems hardly generically
SPHY RNID.
Genus SPHYRNA Rafinesque.
fi 115. Sphyrna zygeena (Linn.) Miill. & Henle.
A single specimen recorded by Dr. Yarrow.
Genus RENICEPS Gill.
. 116. Reniceps tiburo (Linn.) Gill.—Shovel-headed Shark; Bonnet-head.
Abundant.
re
‘. ee
GALEORHINIDA.
Genus SCOLIODON Miiller & Henle.
117. Scoliodon terrz-nove (Rich.) Gill.—Sharp-nosed Shark.
Very abundant in the harbor.
AMPHIOXIDA.
Genus AMPHIOXUS: Yarrell.
118. Amphioxus caribzeus (Sundevall) Jor. & Gilb.
Abundant in the harbor, on Bird Shoal; not, however, obtained —
by us.
DECEMBER, 1878.
A PARTIAL LIST OF THE BIRDS OF CENTRAL CALIFORNIA.
By L. BELDING, of Stockton.
Edited by R. RIDGWAY.
The present paper is based upon observations extending through —
about twenty years’ residence in California, and collections made chiefly —
during the last two years, which have, from time to time, been forwarded
by Mr. Belding to the National Museum.* The list is believed to be a
tolerably complete one, Mr. Belding’s long residence in the State and —
his active interest in ornithology having enabled him to become quite —
familiar with the bird-fauna of most parts of the interior of California. —
Still, observations made at a few outlying points, or extended for alonger
period at localities already investigated, would, no doubt, add consider- —
ably to the number of the species. The editor’s remarks are either en- ©
closed in brackets or followed by his initials (“R. R.”). Heis responsible |
for the nomenclature adopted, and the determination of the species— —
although, as to the latter, Mr. Belding had correctly identified them all,
with a very few exceptions among the difficult forms, whose correct de- —
termination is hardly possible in the field. .
The asterisk before the number indicates that the species has been —
found breeding in Central California; and only those actually ascertained —
to do so are thus marked. In the list of specimens, the asterisk before
the locality shows that the species breeds at that particular place. The ~
number in these lists is that of the National Museum Register, in which
the specimens sent by Mr. Belding are entered. Notes upon a few of —
the species collected by Mr. Belding have been published by the writer
in the Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club for April, 1878, pp. |
64-68, to which those interested are referred.—R. KR.
*The collections thys.far received from Mr. Belding amount to about 180 spocies
(not including races) and 600 specimens. Notes were sent on 38 additional spec es
making a total of 217 treated in this paper.—R. R. ee)
|
|
|
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 389
CENTRAL CALIFORNIA, where the collections and observations upon
which this paper is based were made, is divided naturally into three
quite distinct parts: (1) the valleys near sea-level; (2) the chaparral belt,
familiarly known to Californians as the “foot-hills”; and (3) the ever-
green coniferous forests above the chaparral belt. The periods during
which the collections were made are as follows:—At Stockton (valley
region), March 6 to June 9, 1878, and during the succeeding autumn.
At Marysville (valley region), from December 24, 1877, to March 5, 1878,
and, incidentally, in June, 1878. At Murphy’s (lower edge of pine region),
from November 20, 1876, to May 3, 1877, November 22 to December
22, 1877, and August 27 to September 6, 1878. At the Calaveras
Big Trees (pine region), from May 3 to June 8, and from July 4 to
August 27, 1878. At Soda Springs.(upper part of pine region), from
August 25 to October 6, 1877, about a week of this time being spent
at the Summit Meadows, near the summit of the Donner Lake Pass of
the Sierra Nevada.
STOCKTON, SAN JOAQUIN Co. (lat. about 38°, alt. 30 ft.), is on the
eastern margin of the extensive tule swamp through which the San
Joaquin River flows. Many of the birds peculiar to the inland waters
of the Pacific coast frequent this swamp in summer or winter, while
others, among which are some of the water birds of the neighboring
tule marshes, breed in the willows on the banks or natural levees of the
river. During the spring migration, birds are truly abundant in the
thickets by the river, and any one who has heard their songs at this time
would not accuse California birds of being deficient in melody.
The valley east of Stockton is very level, and sparsely timbered,
though the principal water-courses are marked by a narrow strip of oaks
and willows. In ordinary winters, water is plentiful, but in summer only
the waters of the principal rivers reach the ocean. Owing to this
searcity of water in the breeding season, birds are not numerous in this
portion of the valley, while for this and other reasons few species are
abundant in Central California.
The climate is genial and quite uniform, the heat of summer being
usually agreeably tempered by the sea breeze. The winters are mild
and the fields are green with short grass.
MARYSVILLE, YUBA Co., is in latitude 39° 8/, the altitude being about
150 feet above tide-level. It is situated at the junction of the Yuba
and Feather Rivers, surrounded by an extensive tract of level plains,
most of which are under cultivation. Over the uplands are scattered a
few oaks, both evergreen and deciduous, while in the river-bottoms are
dense thickets of poplars and willows, with an undergrowth of grape-
‘vines, briers, weeds, and grass. These thickets afford shelter for the
birds of the district, and in the breeding season nearly all the species
are congregated in or near them.
The summers are warm and dry, and, as elsewhere in the interior of
California, the annual plants are either ripe or blighted by the first of
390 PROCEEDINGS UF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
June. The winters are mild; snow rarely falls, the plains after the first —
rains being covered with grass, which, however, does not grow much ~
until March. Some of the species found at Marysville in winter are —
the following:—Turdus nevius, T. migratorius (var. propinquus), T. gut-
tatus, Harporhynchus redivivus, Mimus polyglottus, Dendreca coronata, D.
auduboni, Helminthophaga celata (var. lutescens), Geothlypis trichas, Vireo
huttoni, Chrysomitris pinus, C. lawrencii, Eremophila alpestris (both the
typical form and var. chrysolema), Sayornis nigricans, S. sayus, Picus
pubescens,* P. nuttalli, Sphyropicus ruber, Melanerpes formicivorus, Asio
accipitrinus, Speotyto “hypogea,” Lanius borealis, L. ludovicianus, Melo-
spiza “fallax,” and Pipilo chlorurus. In June, the following, among
others, were noticed :—Turdus ustulatus, Thryomanes bewicki (var. spilu-
rus), Lanivireo “cassini,” Vireo pusilius, Coccyzus americanus, Polioptila
coerulea, Picus “ gairdneri,” P.. nuttalli, Trochilus alexandri, and Chamea
fa ee.
MURPHY’S, CALAVERAS Co. (lat. 38° 7’, alt. about 2,400 ft.), is simeen
at the line of junction of the chaparral belt and the pine region; that
is, between the upper edge of the former and the lower limit of the
latter, the line between these two districts being sharply drawn by the
abrupt rise of the mountains on the east.
The climate of Murphy’s is nearly the same as that of Stockton, not-
withstanding the great difference of altitude (over 2,300 feet). The
days are rather warmer, even in winter, if the sky is unclouded: it is
more subject to cold storms, however; but if snow falls, it soon melts,
and the hills are invariably covered with green grass after the fall rains.
It is above the winter fogs of the valley. The average rainfall at Mur-
phy’s averages nearly twice ‘as much as that at Stockton, the rajny
season being longer, while the precipitation is more copious.
The following species may be said to find the upper limit to their
breeding range in the vicinity of Murphy’s :—Harporhynchus redivivus,
Chamaa fasciata, Polioptila caerulea, Lophophanes inornatus, Salpinctes
obsoletus, Icteria longicauda, Phainopepla nitens, Carpodacus frontalis (var.
rhodocolpus), Chrysomitris lawrencii, Cyanospiza amena, Pipilo “crissa-
lis,” Icterus bullocki, Tyrannus verticalis, Myiarchus cinerascens, Picus nut-
tall, Melanerpes formicivorus, Lanius ludovicianus (var. excubitoroides),
Gencooous californianus, and some others. This restriction, though not
absolute, is nearly so, and is due mainly to the abrupt change in the
character of the forest.
About a mile east of Murphy’s, the road makes an unbroken ascent —
of ten or twelve hundred feet in two miles. For the next thirteen miles
there is no material change in the altitude; but at this point there is
another rise of about eight hundred feet. At the top of this rise is the
‘Big Tree” Grove.
re 5 ee
*Typical specimen sent from this locality!—R. R.
j PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 391
The following is a list of the birds observed at various times in the
immediate vicinity of Murphy’s:—
1. Turdus guttatus. 50. Passerella ‘‘megarhyncha.”
2. Turdus nevius. 51. Passerella ‘‘ townsendi.”*
*3, Harporhynchus redivivus. *52. Hedymeles melanocephalus.
*4, Sialia mexicana. *53. Cyanospiza amena.
5. Sialia arctica. *54. Pipilo ‘‘megalonyz.”
6. Cinclus mexicanus. 55. Pipilo chlorurus.
7. Regulus satrapa. *56. Pipilo “ crissalis.”
8. Regulus calendula. *57. Sturnella “neglecta.”
*9. Polioptila cerulea. *58. Icterus bullocki.
*10. Lophophanes inornatus. *59. Scolecophagus cyanocephalus.
*11. Psaltriparus minimus, 60. Corvus americanus.
*12. Sitta ‘‘aculeata.” 61. Cyanocitta “ frontalis.”
13. Sitta canadensis, *62. Aphelocoma californica. '
14. Certhia “ americana.” *63. Tyrannus verticalis.
15. Salpinctes obsoletus. *64. Myiarchus cinerascens.
16. Catherpes ‘‘conspersus.” *65. Sayornis nigricans.
17. Thryomanes ‘‘spilurus.” 66. Sayornis sayus.
18. Anthus ludovicianus. 7. Contopus borealis.
19. Helminthophaga ruficapilla. *68. Conlopus richardsoni.
20. Helminthophaga ‘‘ lutescens.” *69. Hmpidonax pusillus.
*21. Dendreca estiva. 70. Empidonax obscurus.
22. Dendraca auduboni. 71. Empidonax hammondi.
23. Dendreca coronata. | 72. Ceryle alcyon.
24. Dendreca nigrescens. | *73. Trochilus alexandri.
25. Myiodioctes ‘‘pileolatus.” | *74. Calypte anne.
*26. Icteria “longicauda.” | 75. Selasphorus rufus.t
*27. Progne subis. | 76. Stellula calliope.
*28. Petrochelidon lunifrons. | 77. Picus “harrisi.”
*29. Hirundo ‘ horreorum.” | 78. Picus ‘‘ gairdneri.”
30. Stelgidopteryx serripennis. *79. Picus nuitalli.
| *31. Vireosylvia ‘‘ swainsoni.” 80. Sphyropicus “ruber.”
: *32. Phainopepla nitens. 81. Sphyropicus thyroideus.
*33. Lanius ‘‘ excubitoroides.” *82. Melanerpes formicivorus.
34, Pyranga ludoviciana. 83. Melanerpes torquatus.
35. Carpodacus *‘ californicus.”” *84. Colaptes ‘‘mexicanus.”
*36. Carpodacus ‘rhodocolpus.” *85. Scops asio.
. Chrysomitris psaltria. 86. Glaucidium gnoma.
*38. Chrysomitris lawrencii. 87. Aisalon columbarius.
39. Chrysomitris pinus. *88. Tinnunculus sparverius.
40. Passerculus ‘ alaudinus.” 89. Accipiter fuscus.
. Chondestes grammica. | *90. Buteo ‘‘calurus.”
42. Zonotrichia intermedia. 91. Rhinogryphus aura.
43. Zonotrichia coronata. | 92. Columba fasciata.
44. Junco oregonus. *93. Zenedura carolinensis,
. Amphispiza belli. | 94. Oreortyx picta.
*46. Spizella “arizone.” | "95. Lophortyx californica.
47. Melospiza ‘‘ guttata.” | *96. Algialitis vocifera.
. Melospiza lincolni. | 97. Ardea herodias.t
49. Peucea ruficeps. ' 98. Herodias ‘‘ egretta.”
* In winter only. t In spring only. :
¢ This and the succeeding water birds visit us only in winter and spring. Probably
none breed here.
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392 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
99, Butorides virescens. 104. Tringoides macularius. —
100. Nyctiardea ‘‘nevia.” 105. Anas boschas.
101. Botaurus lentiginosus. 105. Mareca americana.
102. Ardetta exilis. 107. Dytes ‘‘californicus. ”
103. Gallinago wilsoni. 108. Podilymbus podiceps.
From August 27 to September 5, 1878, forty-two species .were ob-
served. Many of the summer residents had gone. Those remaining —
were— »
1. Turdus migratorius (var. propinguus). 22. Pipilo ‘‘megalonyx,” common.
2. Harporhynchus redivivus, few. 23. Pipilo ‘ crissalis,” very common.
3. Sialia mexicana, common. 24, Sturnclla neglecta, common.
4. Polioptila carulea (only one). 25. Scolecophagus cyanocephalus, rare.
5. Chamea fasciata, common. 26. Aphelocoma californica, common.
6. Lophophanes inornatus, common. 27. Cyanocitta ‘‘frontalis” (one).
7. Psaltriparus minimus, common. 28. Tyrannus verticalis (four).
&. Salpinctes obsoletus, common. 29. Myiarchus cinerascens (one).
9. Sitta ‘‘aculeata,” rare. 30. Sayornis nigricans, common.
10. Troglodytes ‘‘parkmanni,” rare. 31. Contopus borealis (two).
11. Dendraca estiva, rare. 32. Contopus richardsoni, rare.
12. Hirundo ‘‘ horreorum,” common. 33. Lmpidonax pusillus, rare.
13. Petrochelidon lunifrons, very rare. 34, Calypte anne, common.
14. Vireosylvia ‘‘ swainsoni,” rare. 30. Coccyzus americanus (heard one).
15, Phainopepla nitens, rather rare. 36. Picus nuttalli, common.
16. Lanius ‘‘ excubitorides.” _| 37, Melanerpes formicivorus, common.
17. Pyranga ludoviciana. 38. Colaptes “mexicanus,” common,
18. Carpedacus ‘‘rhodocolpus,” very com- | 39. Ihinogryphus aura, few.
mon. 40. Zenedura carolinensis, common.
19. Chrysomitris psaltria, very common. 41. Oreortyx picta (one seen).*
20. Chondestes grammica, very common. 42, Lophortyx californica, abundant.
21. Spizella ‘‘arizone,” common.
Bia TREES, CALAVERAS Co. (lat. 38° 15’, alt. 4,500 ft.), is in the heart
of the coniferous forest of the Sierra Nevada. In this locality the pines,
firs, cedars, and other conifers attain their largest size and most perfect
growth. Deciduous oaks constitute a very small part of the forest, but
they are mostly confined to the more barren spots. The climate at Big
Trees is agreeably temperate during a portion of May, and throughout
June, July, August, and September. The winters are mild, considering
the altitude; but snow, to a depth of one to four or five feet, usually
covers the ground, although some seasons the surface is bare for the
greater portion of the time. .
The summer avifauna of this locality resembles, to a considerable
extent, that of Soda Springs and Summit Meadows, the more notable
absentees being Pinicola “ canadensis,” Hesperiphona vespertina, Zonotri-
chia intermedia, Picicorvus columbianus, and Picoides arcticus, all of which,
however, probably visit Big Trees at some time of the year.
*More were probably present, as a gentleman told me a flock had bred there the
past season, on a level with Murphy’s. .
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 393
Birds seen at Big Tree Grove, Calaveras County, from July 4 to August
27, 1878.
;
f *1. Turdus migratorius (var. propinquus), | *33. Hedymeles nelanoccphalus, common.
abundant. | *34. Pipilo ‘‘megalonyz,” common.
k 2. Mimus polyglottus, very rare. | *35. Pipilo chlorurus, common.
5 *3. Cinclus mericanus, common. | 36. Icterus bullocki, very rare.
__-*4, *Sialia mexicana, common. | 387. Scolecophagus cyanocephalus, rare.
; 5. Sialia arctica, rare. | $38. Cyanocitta *‘ frontalis,” abundant.
? x6
4
~
. Parus montanus, common.
8. Psaltriparus minimus, rather rare.
*9, Sitta ‘‘aculeata,” common.
—-*10. ~S. canadensis, decidedly abundant. *43. Contopus borealis, common.
‘ 11. S. pygmea, rare. *44, Contopus richardsoni, common.
*12. Certhia “americana,” abundant. | 45. Empidonarx pusillus, rare.
*13. Troglodytes “‘parkmanni,” rather rare. 46. Empidonaz obscurus, probably not rare.
*14. Helminthophaga rujicapilla, common. | *47. Empidonax hammondi, common.
= *15. Helminthophaga “ lutescens,” common. 48. Empidonaz “‘ difficilis,” very rare.
40. Tyrannus verticalis, very rare.
41. Myiarchus cinerascens, very rare.
. Regulus satrapa, rare. 39. Aphelocoma californica, common.
42. Sayornis nigricans, rather common.
| *16. Dendreca estiva, common. ~ | 49. Calypte anne, rare.
= : . Q
_ *17, Dendreca occidentalis, very common. | 50. Trochilus alexandri, rare.
_ *18. Dendreca nigrescens, in July, rare.
p ‘
> 19. Dendreca auduboni, rare. _ 52. Selasphorus rufus, common.
*20. Geothlypis macgillirrayi, common. *53. Picus “‘harrisi,” common.
J
| SL. Stellula calliope, rare.
|
21. Myiodioctes ‘‘pileolatus,” common in | *54. Picus “gairdneri,” rather rare.
: August. | *55. Picus albolarvatus, abundant.
_—«-*22. _Hirundo “‘horreorum,” common. *56. Sphyropicus ‘‘ ruber,” quite abundant.
23. Petrochelidon lunifrons, rare. _ *57. Hylotomus pileatus, not rare.
24. Tachycineta thalassina, abundant.
ae Vireosylvia “swainsoni,” common.
*26. Lanivireo “‘ cassini,” common.
7. Pyranga ludoviciana, common. 61. Glaucidium gnoma, rare.
*28. Carpodacus “‘californicus,” very com- | 62. Tinnunculus sparverius, rather rare.
| 58. Melanerpes formicivorus, very rare.
;
mon. | *63. Zenedura carolinensis, common.
t
| *59. Colaptes ‘‘mexicanus,” common.
*60. Bubo ‘‘subarcticus,” common.
29. Chrysomitris psaliria, rare. *64. Canace obscura, rather rare.
30. Chrysomitris pinus, rare. *65. Oreortyz picta, common.
*31. Spizella “arizone,” abundant. ' | *66. Lophortyz californica, common.
*32. Passerella ‘“‘megarhyncha,” common.
From May 3 to June 8, 1877, I found, in addition to most of those
found in July and August, the following species :—
1. Lanius ‘‘excubitorides,” rare. 4. Sturnella neglecta, rare.
2. Carpodacus cassini, common. “ 5. Corvus americanus, irregular visitants.
3. Melospiza lincolni, rare. - | 6. Thryomanes “ spilurus,” rare.
. The Hawks and Owls peculiar to the mountains of California are prob-
_ ably as numerous here as in other parts of the Sierras, but the density
and height of the forest make their capture difficult.
At Moran’s and Dunbar’s Meadows, two or three miles west, and
about 800 feet lower, I found the following in July and August, 1878 :—
1. Chondestes grammica, common. 3. Sturnella neglecta, common.
2. Xanthocephalus icterocephalus (one juv. | 4. Ceryle alcyon, rare.
August 27). | 5. Tringoides macularius (one), very Tare.
a
N
394 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
I arrived at Big Trees May 3, 1877, and by May 10 nearly all the
summer residents had arrived. Some of them had preceded me. Many
of them, especially the Warblers, were seen on the route from Murphy’s
to this place. |
The spring of 1877 was earlier than that of 1878, the winter of the
former year having been very dry and mild. This probably accounts
for the difference in the arrivals of some of the birds, as shown by the
following figures. Probably I did not see some of them until some time
after their arrival, especially if rare.
Arrival of birds at—
5) Name ot species. ah
S Murphy’s,| Stockton,
= 1877. 1878.
Zi
1 | Helminthophaga rufieapilla, .. 22. o0c-nnan con cocncnes sunset qenes* snatnvee=s| AL ) Lec eee
2 | Helminthophage “‘lutesceng”” 2.00 odetedgp'- saiqh tkasant poms h ee eee 20} April 22
3 | Dendrocea nigreseens.... 20.2.6 ede eatwcnsh onan me wan lgawa we bee Se Renee 15 17
4 | Dendrecce, @s8tita« 4 vesie ss colsh patee= dese soe eae 26 15
5 | Meyiodioctes " pilenlatl” | v5 J... 558 in once boekane +e one eeee aeeeeee 18 | May 6
6 | Vireosylvia ‘‘swainsont” ......---.- PRs tke seul Se aston womieee », idence Mae eee 26 1
7 | Hirundo ‘‘horreorum” ......-. “aickag oleae Misia! one’s ieee eatin asia ee March 15] March 20
8 | Petrochelidon umfrone.... <2 52-22 geen dees geeair cane gageaean=kaes aaeeeen To°/'G i7
9 | Stelgtdoptery2 SerTiMents x65. 08a cp aes bh aaes cae un pp eeeeeanels eo bweee poe ees ees
10: |. Progne subies 2 5 a2. we des bases aeclacen. ce eee ee epee oer teiele cars eee 13 | March 16
11 | Icterus bullockt-.. . 6.5523 SA AS get ou kS bbe ie bedea cu eeele are Bee 24 | April i
12 | Hedymeles melanonepbhalae - bd on acide o> + Seon @ a= pean iee oe May 1 | May 6
3 | Pyrangit WaaviciGne. . 256. eee da ed ee ane oe ae in awe ss po eaeaie April. “G4... acesmeccs
14 | Phainopepla nitens (arrived at Jenny Lind, March 12, 1874) .............-. March, 33> |-2 429s eee
15 | Spizella “ arizomee” cng- inch tant: deena bee deed eee Sdewngs April 17 | May i
16.| Tyrannus verticntig --—ncccad ee. othe aoe we Doe eo eee 12 | March 20
LT | Malarchus nA gebOe odo. 225 ip cin Sander aghsicac bean «ee peteenidls +e 17| April 27
18 | Empidenas obscure te babe wate an Oud Coban at eee. ee yo Ma Ee pp BEL,
19 | Empifionaz ‘‘hammende™ » <6. Do 2. lang cu sac cme Gn ae eo Suen den avekes aeeeeeas 25 | May 9
20 | Pipilo chloruriie . 2 ak0 ess. cwk tee teak cpa Ue cena eee eee Wis ode Se scams
21 | Poteptila crude .... wes batts Robe e mas iden noid dda ee eee 5 | March 23
SoDA SPRINGS, PLACER Co.—This place is on the North Fork of the
American River, ten miles south of the Central Pacific Railroad, on the
west side of the “divide,” or crest-line, of the Sierra Nevada; Lake
Tahoe being on the east side, ten or fifteen miles distant. Altitude of
the springs, 6,009 feet; the latitude, 39° 11’. The mountains between
this place and Lake Tahoe rise 2,500 or 3,000 feet higher. This is above
the region of deciduous oaks, the trees being all evergreens, except a.
species of dwarf maple and a few alders, willows, and aspens, which
grow along the river. It is a rugged, almost desolate, region, though |
an interesting one. Grouse and Mountain Quails are comparatively
plentiful, and trout-fishing is quite good. The Warblers are well repre-
sented here: I have found here the young of Dendraca auduboni, D.
occidentalis, D. nigrescens, Helminthophaga rujficapilla, H. celata, and other
species.
On frosty mornings in September, birds were exceptionally numerous
in a few of the more sunny glades along the river, consisting chiefly of
Junco oregonus, Spizella breweri, S. socialis,* Zonotrichia intermedia, Pas-
serella megarhyncha, Pipilo chlorurus, Parus montanus, Dendroeca audu-
boni, ete., etc. The Humming-birds fled when the first frost killed the
flowers. . .
* Certainly both species.—L. B.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 395
[The following species, all of which are known to occur in some part
of California, have not been met with by Mr. Belding in the central
portion of the State. Many of them are very local, while others occur
only in certain districts, at particular seasons.—k. R.]
Polioptila melanura,* Lawr. | Nephacetes borealis, Kennerly.
Polioptila plumbea,* Baird. | Calypte coste,* (Boare. ).
Parus occidentalis,t Baird. | Selasphorus alleni,t Henshaw.
Parus rufescens,t Towns. _ Pandion carolinensis, Gmel.
Cotyle riparia, (Linn.). | Astur atricapillus,§ (Wils.).
Vireo vicinior,* Coues. | Squatarola helvetica, (Linn.).
?Loxia leucoptera,§ Gmel. | Charadrius virginicus, Borck.
Aigiothus linaria,§ (Linn.). Agialitis semipalmata, Bonap.
Leucosticte littoralis,§ Baird. | Agialitis nivosa, Cass.
?Centrophanes lapponicus,§ (Linn. ). | Phalaropus fulicarius, (Linn.).
Passerculus anthinus,} Bonap. | Ereunetes pusillus.
Passerculus rostratus,|| (Cass. ). | Tringa bairdi, Coues.
Coturniculus perpallidus,§ Ridgw. Tringa maculata, Vieill.
Molothrus ater, (Bodd.). | Colymbus torquatus, Briinn.
Corvus carnivorus, Bartr. | Colymbus pecificus, Lawr.
Corvus caurinus,t Baird. | Colymbus septentrionalis, Linn.
Chetura vauxi, (Towns. ). Podiceps hélbolli, Reinh.
Family TURDIDA: The THRUSHES.
*1. Turdus migratorius, 3. propinquus, Ridgw.—/Vestern [obin.
This bird visits the valleys only in winter, when it is sometimes
abundant, especially during the coldest weather. In summer it is rarely
seen out of the pine forests, though about the first of September, 1878,
twenty-five or thirty were observed in an orchard at Murphy’s
-It was first seen** at Stockton, October 21, 1878.
73866 | fie) MAb ye. se hee hea ose: Apr. —, 1877
2. Turdus nevius, Gm.—Varied Thrush.
This bird arrives at Stockton about the middle of November and
leaves in March or April, according to the season. It arrived at Soda
Springs, October 1, 1877.
It is usually a common winter sojourner of the foot-hills, and also of
* Probably confined to the southern portion of the State.
tFound among the oaks of the plains east of Sacramento, in June, 1867, by the
writer; common.
t Probably confined to the coast district.
§ Undoubtedly occur on the high Sierras in winter.
|| Found by Mr. Belding at Santa Cruz, September, 1870.
§] Common at Sacramento, in June, 1867.
** Sometimes, for the sake of variety, the word ‘‘arrived” isused. This, in all cases,
must necessarily be but a substitute for the word ‘‘seen,” or ‘‘first seen.” Though, when
constantly in the field, as was the case at Murphy’s in the spring of 1877, and at Stock-
ton in the spring of 1878, if common, a species was probably seen soon after its arrival.
‘Was seen,’ means by myself. The birds were all shot by me, unless credited to others.
396 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
the valley, in suitable localities, but I did not find it at Murphy’s from
the middle of November, 1876, to May, 1877, though the following No-
vember and December it was abundant there.
Its alarm-note is a short “chook,” its call a prolonged, nearly
monotonous “chee,” or ‘‘ yee,” and I hee heard it sing sweetly about
March 1. I once snake its call for the bleating of a distant lamb,
although the bird was not far from me.
7|¢ ad| Soda Speited.. is) von cee | Oct. 1, 1877
73867 |
73868 | ¢ ad. | GS. kt pefe sehen eae eee Oct. 1,1877
73869 | of aes} Murphy’ “Ae Beas 2 w« | Och? VTi
(0533.| 9. -ad.| Stockhons..é.. 2. 2-20. Re 4a oo Nov. 8, 1878
76534 fe 22 di..-2t5~ aide ponte ‘Nov. 8, 1878
*3. Turdus ustulatus, Nutt.—fusset-backed Thrush.
About a dozen of this species were seen in the willows at Marysville
in June, 1878, and there were probably many more, as their songs were
heard on several occasions in different parts of a thicket of willows,
briers, etc. iam not aware of meeting it elsewhere. Its delicious song
is not likely to be forgotten by one who has heard it.
SMALYSVEUO.: oon e een as cee t noes June 22, 1878
eer ey CQ) oe ute os BE a Se Soe al ed Le es
4. Turdus guttatus, (Pall.).—Dwarf Thrush.
The Dwarf Thrush is probably a constant resident at Stockton, as it
is common in winter and as late as June 8, 1878, at this time being
confined to thickets near water. In winter it is more generally dis-
tributed, being often seen in gardens. It, or a near relative, is abuh-
dant at Murphy’s in winter, and leaves that place in April.*
It seems to be very rare in the Sierras in summer, during which I
have not been able to find it at Big Trees. Two or three were noticed
at Soda Springs, all of them on and after September 22, 1877.
73870 | — ad.| Marysville?.........-------.-.--- Winter, 1877
70585 | —~ ‘af. | MGrpay tes scccccrce=tetken tee Winter, 1877
76586 | 9. ad:| Steekton- js 0s25 59 spsewssnaded ae May 30,1878
*5. Mimus polyglottus, (Linn. ).—Mocking-bird.
A single bird of this species, in first plumage, was shot July 24, at
‘‘Big Tree Grove.” It appears to be a constant resident of Marysville,
where it has long been known to breed. A pair were often seen by a
friend in Stockton during the past winter, and there are several young
birds here that were taken from their nests at Hornitos, Mariposa Co.
Still, it is by no means a common bird in this region.
A specimen was seen in a garden at Stockton on the 24th of Decem-
ber, 1878.
Nearly any citizen of the valley will, on being asked, say he knows the
——
* Quite certainly the present species.—R. R.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 397
Mocking-bird, but when asked to describe it, gives the description of
the Sickle-bill Thrush or the Black-headed Grosbeak, or, occasionally,
the Long-tailed Chat.*
73609 | — ad.| *Marysville...........-......... | Dec. 26,1877
76361 | — ‘ae og on ee pag eat | July 22,1878
;
6. Oreoscoptes montanus, (Towns. ).—Sage Thrasher.
About October 1, 1877, at Soda Springs, I saw a strange Thrush, -
which may have belonged to this species, as I do not know what else it
could have been. I had a good view of it, but did not shoot, because too
near. I began to walk away from it, when it went into the bushes by
the river. It had been sitting six or eight feet from the ground ona
dead limb of a tree. When it flew, its course was downward, toward
the thicket, a few feet distant.
*7. Harporhynchus redivivus, (Gamb.).—Sickle-bill Thrasher.
The Sickle-bill Thrasher is a constant resident at Stockton, Murphy’s,
and Marysville, and is very common in the chaparral belt. It is rare
at Stockton, for want of suitable ground.
73786 | § ad.| *Marysville.......:......----.-. Jan. —, 1878
74268 | ¢ ad.| *North American ............-.- Mar. 15,1878
73871 | — ad. | SHAT IEY Boe oe awk deo ss oe Se ey Mar. 15, 1878
Family CINCLID4: The WATER OUZELS.
*8. Cinclus mexicanus, Swains.—American Water Ouzel; Dipper.
This bird is in summer abundant in the clear streams of Calaveras
Co., shunning those which have been muddied by mining operations.
I have several times seen it swim across the surface of one of the
abandoned mining claims at Murphy’s, and, while fishing for trout in the
streams of the Upper Sierras, have often seen it swim on the surface—
at times floating with the rapid current; but it is proper to mention that
this is not.its usual habit. It sometimes swims a distance of twenty or
thirty yards in still water. It is an occasional winter visitant to Mur-
piy’s, below which I have never seen it.
73531 | — ad. |*Soda Springs. .................-- Sept. —, 1877
73874 | — ad.| Murphy’s. ...............2.....- Winter, 1877
Family PTILOGONATID 2: The PTILOGONIES.
*9. Myiadestes townsendi, (Aud.).—Townsend’s Solitaire.
This appears to be a habitual visitant to Soda Springs in the fall, if
not a summer resident, as | have found it common during each of several
* A similar confusion of names prevails to a considerable extent in many parts of
the Eastern States, where, however, the bird most commonly confounded with the
Mocking-bird is the Loggerhead Shrike, Lanius ludovicianus.—R. R.
398 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
visits I have made to the place in different years, and once shot a young
one there as early as August 1. |
It is a rather rare summer resident at Big Trees, owing, probably, to
the absence of its favorite food, the juniper-berry. Once, while calling
a companion with a policeman’s whistle, I heard a shrill note in the small
oak-tree under which I stood. Looking up, I discovered the author of
the note, a male of this species, which had evidently been attracted by
the whistle, and was answering my call.
Tael0 | ff ad. Rie Eres. 2. 6. 22. ceneap eee May 4,1877
73872 | — ad.! Soda Springs. .u/si Aes Se Autumn, 1877
73873 | — ad.|-.....- OD aja wrath dc ail Autumn, 1877
75312 Ba i Big Trées:. . 933. skoda hae ae July 13, 1875
*10. Phainopepla nitens, (Sw.).—Black Ptilogony.
This is a rather common summer resident of the chaparral belt, out
of which I have not seen it. It was observed several times on July 4,
between Milton and Murphy’s. I shot a male near Jenny Lind, toward
the close of the hunting season of 1574, not later than March 12. Early
in April I have found it mated at Copperopolis, Calaveras Co. 7
Its manners are well described by Dr. Cooper in the Ornithology of
California. The young in this collection was gorged with berries of the
‘wild coffee” of Murphy’s, which differs slightly from that of Big Trees.
This berry is about half an inch in diameter, very round, red just before
ripe, black when ripe.
SD a, WIGAN MO Te Eee Pie go
73584 | fad. *Murphy’s..-.++-00seeeseeeeeee Mar. 13, 1877
75313 | —juv.|.----- US. Aas dinre ate a eee eae tae Aug. 29, 1878
t |
Family SAXICOLID Zi: The SAXICOLAS.
*11. Sialia mexicana, Sw.—Californian Bluebird. .
The Californian Bluebird is acommon constant resident of the valleys
and foot-hills, and is also common as high at least as Big Trees in sum-
mer. It arrives at Big Trees about the middle of May. There it is
principally confined to the fields or meadows and their borders.
73879 | go ad. iruner “its Sept even sawen wowetaeibe|| > Ves ein
73880 |. Bhlelt-s-2 GO! Pine 26/asise geben Winter, 1877
73881 | Co BO. |-~2228 C0 oeeclee a aE eee Winter, 1877
13882 | \oh OOb le eens GO 2. Shc eee Winter, 1877
76362 | of fav. |: *Ble Tepes: 2. .ccense eeu as eens Aug. 20, 1878
716363: \-O.JUVelsaen ae GO scusad Heatee eee as eee Aug. 20, 1878
76038 | d' ad.| Morphy’a.c.s<sucdeunsvesuyene | Winter, 1877
nn
*12. Sialia arctica, Sw.—ocky Mountain Bluebird.
This bird is an irregular winter visitant to the foot-hills and valleys.
It was first noticed at Stockton in the fall of 1878, on October 28. It
was common in the following November, showing a partiality for fences —
along roads, sometimes perching on telegraph wires, seldom being seen
on trees. A flock was seen March 12, 1878, thirty miles east of Stock- —
i ae
~
a
4
+
a
c
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 399
ton, and a few, principaily young of the year, visited Big Trees, August
20 of this year (1878). It was abundant in the middle of September
at Summit Meadows, and was quite common during the same month at
Soda Springs. I did not see it at Marysville in the winter of 1877-78.
[Respecting the.two species of Bluebirds, Mr. Belding writes, under date of Jan-
uary 15, as follows :—‘“‘Is it not remarkable that S. mexicana is now in the mountains
-and S. arctica in the lowlands? The former more common than the latter, at least
when I left the valley. As snow is now two feet deep at Big Trees, S. mexicana has
probably left.”—R. R.]
Ce Se ee | Feb. 15,1877
aia! 2 | me RLS Re pe ee Sa Oct. 28,1878
Family SYLVIIDZ: The TRUE WARBLERS.
13. Regulus calendula, (Linn. ).—Ruby-crowned Kinglet.
This is a very common winter sojourner in the foot-hills and valleys.
I have not seen it at Big Trees in summer, though abundant at Soda
Springs the last of August and afterward.
By the middle of April, 1878, it was very rare at Stockton. The first
seen the following fall was on the 3d of October.
*14. Regulus satrapa, Licht.—Golden-crowned Kinglet.
This bird was seen on several occasions at and near Big Trees in July
and August, though not more than eight or nine in all. I had seen tive
or six at Soda Springs about October 1, 1877, and about the same
number at Murphy’s in December of the same year, but nowhere was it
so numerous as at Stockton.
On the 15th of November, 1877, I found a flock of thirty or forty as-
sociated with a smaller number of R. calendula, and three days after-
ward saw a flock about as large about four miles from the spot where I
had seen those on the 15th. These were also associated with a smaller
number of R. calendula.
73535 | ¢ at | ULL ea ee ee eg / — — 1877
75298 | — juv.| * Moran’s (altitude 3,800) --.-...--. July 26, 1878
Tegee: | abs ai; |, PAMOMNER 5d se 2A Oct. 28, i878
BR ol FS “eee Ea aaa ee Nov. —, 1878
*15. Polioptila ccerulea, (Linn. ).—Blue-gray Gnateatcher.
This is a rather common summer resident of Murphy’s, and it was
quite numerous at Marysville in June; at the former place frequenting
the chaparral, at the latter, the willows. It was first seen at Murphy’s
April 5, 1878; at Stockton, March 23. It is rare at Stockton, and was
not seen there during the breeding season. Several were seen here in
August, 1877, but one was seen at Murphy’s in parts of August and
September.
40() PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. —
Last spring I heard a pair uttering cries of distress, and found upon
proceeding to the spot a Blue Jay about to rob their nest. I shot the
Jay, which was only about fifteen or twenty yards from me, when the
male Gnatcatcher immediately came and perched on a bush not more
than five or six feet distant, a little above my head, and poured forth
a loud, cheery, musical strain of thankfulness (as it seamed to me), such
as I did not think the little bird capable of producing. :
A nest found at Murphy’s was in the forks of a small pine-tree about
fifteen feet from the ground, or less.
73878 | od’ Bd.) *“Miarphiy’s: 2.s0o. oN oaeee eee Apr. 5,1877
73884 | ~ ad. WN oo. s Ase sane eee Apr. 5, 1877
T69AG. | icf axl.) ShOG KOT os ola x ms pane Mar. 23, 1878
TC547 | co’. ad.) Marysvallecc 8 pacts chee June —, 1878
Family PARIDA: The TITMICcE.
*16. Lophophanes inornatus, (Gamb.).—Plain Titmouse.
This bird is a common constant resident of the valleys and foot-hills.
I have not seen it in the pine forests. A nest found at Stockton, May
29, was in the cavity of an elongated oak knot, eight feet from the
ground. In drawing the nest out with a stick, the eggs were broken— _ |
the number was four, the color white.* The bird had beensitting about
a week. While the nest was being taken, the occupant, having retreated
to the central hollow of the trunk of the large oak of which the knot
formed a part, appeared a few feet above me, and silently watched the
proceedings.
T8886.1 — ad,|-Riarphoy' go. 8 does sgl ake ees Apr. 5, 1877
74266 | g* ad." Shoektoni.a.c cou soso eee euaeee Apr. 17, 1878
TE207> \ ist BOS oS oa Gy. ta USS AK, ah ae ee ah eee Apr. 9, 1878
*17. Parus montanus, Gamb.—MMountain Chickadee.
This is a very common summer resident of Big Trees, and I have
found it abundant at Soda Springs and Summit in the fall. big Trees
is nearly the lower limit of its breeding range.
I have found three nests, all in low, decayed stumps, two of them in
a clearing, one in open forest. All were composed of wool, a consider-
able quantity of which had been used in their construction. The eggs
are pure white.t Seven appears to be about the usual number. The
young birds, when nearly ready to leave the nest, hiss, as their parents
do, when disturbed on the nest.
In December, 1878, I saw a flock of this species at Copperopolis (alt.
about 1,200 ft.), the first I have seen in the chaparral belt.
73886 | — ad.| Big Trees...5.. 0550) .ctessesueee May —, 1877
*The eggs of this species, usually plain white, are sometimes, though rarely, spot-
ted, like those of L. bicolor..-—R. R. |
tA curious fact; in all other American species of this genus, so far as known, they
are heavily stegkled with reddish brown.—R. R.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 401
_ *18. Psaltriparus minimus, (Towns. ).—Least Tit.
| The Least Titmouse is a common constant resident of the valleys and
foot-hills. A few flocks were seen at Big Trees in July and August,
though only at rare intervals.* I have not seen it above Big Trees.
73887 | — ad. *Murphy’s...... Saag be ae | Apr. —, 1877
73888 | — juv. | SC DY Seen Ree Ree ee oS Apr. 20, 1877
74433 | 9° ad.| aS Be SI aay dace May 8, 1878
GN el ae ae See July 13, 1878
Family SITTID 4: The NUTHATCHES.
*19. Sitta carolinensis, 3. aculeata, Cass.—Slender-billed Nuthatch.
This Nuthatch has not been abundant at any place where I have made.
collections, though often seen at all of them, especially in the pine forests.
It was quite common in the groves of deciduous oaks near Stockton in
May and the first week of June, 1878, and I supposed they had nests,
but was unable to find them.
|
73608 | ee |) Marysville 2c 25s Sone atit Jan. 5,1878
?
73889 | o ad.| Calaveras County........-...--. — —,1877
13890 ' |p ad ].:.-.. BO © uk alana gowtesaaetaeies 2 — -, , 1877
73891 | Q ad] ---.. do J ene aber se ——— — los
76258 | & ad. “Stockton . Cpr eee ets Apr. 9, 1878
*20. Sitta canadensis, Linn.—Red-bellied Nuthatch. |
This bird is abundant at Big Trees in summer, probably outnumber-
-_ ing the Robins or Jays. I found it rather rare at Soda Springs in the
fall of 1877. It is occasionally seen at Murphy’s in winter, and is a very
rare winter visitant to the valleys.
: SOS SS 7 ERR RO De 2
ae /
a 73034 | ¢ ad. i> od Be ns es Pea | May 19, 1878
’ 73892 | Q ad. Murphy’ et ws waar onan oe wae / Mar. 3, 1877
; 73893: | 9 ad.|..-..- BB SeCOSL LS cg Sete wa Mar. 3, 1877
ieee O eal. ) StCkpomts Dio CS. 6 oo sed ood Saw ae Nov. 5, 1878
*21. Sitta pygmea, Vig.—Pigmy Nuthatch. ;
This bird seems to be very rare in Central California. I first met with
it at Big Trees in July, having been drawn to it by its notes. It was
_ then associated with S. canadensis.
I saw it only on two occasions, in July and August, the total number
seen being only about a » dozen.
75300 | — juv.
SEle Peekseeos «auc. nee ws July 25,1878
Family CERTHIIDA: The CREEPERS.
#22. Certhia familiaris, 3. americana, Bonap.—American Brown Creeper.
: This bird is an abundant summer resident at Big Trees, and is rather
- common in the fall at Soda Springs. It is a rare winter visitant to the
*Probably this and other species after breeding in the foot-hills, seeking to escape
_ from the heat and drouth of midsummer, enter the cool shades of the caiions and
streams which lead eastward and upward.
Proce. Nat. Mus. 73——26 March 21, 1879.
ae «te
402 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES ‘NATIONAL } MUS! UN = a
valleys. I saw two of these birds at Marysville in January and F
ary, 1878, and a pair was seen at Stockton October 27 , 1878.
73899 | — ad.|' Murphy’...... 2 <i. 00 qeeew see Spring, 1877
73900 | — ‘ad. |" “ig "tees... 5. saeweasae ones Spring, 1877
Family CHAMAIDA: The Grounp Trrs.
*23. Chamea fasciata, Gamb.—Ground Tit.
This bird is a constant resident at Murphy’s, Stockton, and Marys-
ville. At the two latter places it inhabits the willow thickets, where,
however, it is not numerous. It is very common at Murphy’s in the
chaparral thickets.
Its perfect spring song consists of three loud, high, staccato notes,
immediately followed by a trill, starting in the same key, gradually de-
scending about a minor third, the whole song occupying six or eight
seconds of time.
73876 | — ad.| *Murphy’s......-..--- se eee al Apr. —, 1877
7425310 nd PPR b0okt0m. - <6) ecnk teaee nee oes Apr. 138, 1878
74254 | ff ad CONS oe tite aeorio teas Sete eta Apr. 2,1878
74255 | o ad.| .-... g.= > ene gales ee elady eget Mar. 30, 1878
Family TROGLODYTIDAi: The WRENS.
*24. Salpinctes obsoletus, (Say).—/ock Wren.
The Rock Wren is a common constant resident at Murphy’s. I have
also seen it at Copperopolis, Calaveras Co., in April and December, I
have not seen it in the pine forests.
Bea teh Bis aun eo kay debs asie de Dec. —, 1877
73895 | — ad.
25. Catherpes mexicanus, 3. conspersus, Ridgw.—Canon Wren.
This Wren was quite common at Murphy’s in February and the first
half of March, 1877. It was much given to penetrating the piles of
broken rocks in the abandoned mining claims, and was with difficulty
shot, and then at close range only. I have not seen it on the dry hills
frequented by Salpinctes obsoletus. I have observed it only at Murphy’s,
at the time stated, and not elsewhere, though there is but little suitable
ground where I have been. There are many places on the Calaveras
tiver, in the chaparral belt, where it should be found, but these locali- —
ties I have not visited in many years. an
73085 | — ad.| Morphy. .-ss: osvere eeeeseeee Feb. 7, 1877
*26. Thryomanes bewicki, 3. spilurus, (Vig.).—Californian Bewick’s Wren. |
This Wren is an abundant constant resident at Marysville, where it —
inhabits the willow thickets along the streams. I have not found i
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 403
abundant elsewhere, though it is rather common in spring at Murphy’s,
where it is occasionally seen in winter also.
At Marysville, in the summer of 1878, a pair of these birds raised a
brood of young in a seam of one of the’ timbers of a railroad trestling,
notwithstanding frequent jars from passing trains. The nest was about
two feet below the rails.
ad.| Calaveras Sn ee | Jan. 5, 1878
73602 | —
Wicd —— BAL. | = arya yes. o2 Wn a 22 he 24 Winter, 1877-8
73896 | — ad.|.-..-. PS Se: eet eee ee Winter, 1877-8
Woon | —. ads | case: Het Boot gah) oo eae cows Winter, 1877-8
73898 | — ad.|...--- LE 2s ee a eee ee Winter, 1877-8
2h?) — cae. || SaOGktONn.* 5225 eens oe May 8, 1877
{
*27. Troglodytes aédon, 3. parkmanni, Aud.—Parkmann’s Wren.
I have not seen more than a dozen of these birds while making this
collection. Most of these were at Big Trees.
dee av.) “Dig Trees: ...-. 24-55-0506 55 July —, 1878
RG 4) — [ave | DtOCKON |. --.22.-- 2. sei zoos - eos a es June 3, 1878
76544 | — juv.|..-.-.--. CTR Se Ps 2 pa ee Oct. 28, 1878
28. Troglodytes hyemalis, 3. pacificus, Baird.—Californian Winter Wren.
77078 | pate. |p MEE nY S62 2a Sek Sse ot Jan. 6,1879
77079 | — ad. |-..---- OG ein nb eh oe aden k aaa Jan. 6, 1879
*29. Telmatodytes palustris, 3. paiudicola, Baird.— lVestern Long-billed Marsh Wren.
This Wren is an abundant constant resident of the tule marshes near
Stockton. In the breeding season I have examined more than twenty
nests without finding an egg, though the anxious or angry owner or
owners would follow me closely, constantly scolding, as I examined each
nest, as though having an equal interest in all.
73839 | — ad.| Marysville ................-..-. Dec. —, 1877
Mae —. BS SORROW LG 0's Stew ee~ once cess June —, 1878
76545 | —juy.|..---- NRE ee RS ee el es ae Sept. 29, 1878
Family MOTACILLID A: The WAGTAILS and TITLARKS.
30. Anthus ludovicianus, Gmel.—American Titlark.
The Titlark is a common winter sojourner of the valleys and foot-hills.
I saw a flock of these birds near Murphy’s, 3,400 feet above the sea, on
the 10th of December, 1877. It left Stockton about May 1, 1878, and re-
turned September 18 of the same year, at which time it was only found
in the edge of the tule swamp, but soon became distributed through the
surrounding country. It has not, up to the present time (November
_ 27), appeared in the streets, as is its usual custom in winter.
ee ee!) Pee "s"
Family MNIOTILTID: The AMERICAN WARBLERS.
*31. Melminthophaga ruficapiila, (Wils.).—Nashville Warbler.
This Warbler arrived at Murphy’s April 11, 1877, and was rather
common the remaining portion of the month, frequenting the deciduous
oaks on sunny hillsides, outnumbering at that time any of the Warblers
except D. auduboni. In the pine forests it frequents low bushes.
A nest found at Big Trees in May was built on the ground in a thick
growth of an evergreen shrub. It was formed of pine-root fibres, and
contained five eggs, white, thickly spotted with reddish brown, mostly
concentrated on the large end, forming a prominent ring. |
It does not breed much below Big Trees—I have not seen it in the
valley, its range extending from 2,500 feet upward.
73036 | 3S ad.! \Nteaepity? Sind db banse ep dees See ane | Apr. 1, 18t7
73037 | of. ad. [)o--.- 0. Js\s se wnat Ose eee’ Ee Apr. 1, 1877
73038; | “f° ad.) * Bie Trees _ 50S 2S eee ee May —, 1877
73624 | Q ad. | Soda Springs. --..--.---.----e--- Autumn, 1877
3086 ||. di, add. |) Mam plny Se. iaaied ova Segal seen te —_— +
75308 | — juv. | Bigy DECGS «sa 2 d.cana's la etenete oe -| July 16,1878
75309 | —juv.|...... AG i ot tg eae eee ee July 16,1878
|
*32. Helminthophaga celata, 6. lutescens, Ridgw.—Californian Orange-crowned
Warbler.
This bird was first noticed at Murphy’s on the 20th of April, 1877, and
was rather common until about May 1. A few were seen at Stockton
April 22, 1878, after which time it was rarely seen—in no instance after
May 10.*
A few were seen on different occasions in January and February, 1878,
in the wild-grape and brier patches of the bottom-lands near Marysville.
In spring it feeds among the deciduous oaks. Later in the season, in
the pine forest, it is confined to low shrubbery.
It is acommon summer resident of Big Trees,t and is abundant at
Soda Springs in fall.
-_—_—_———_—_———————
73613 | — juv. | *Big*Trees ...... cede sscccerens May —, 1877
73614 | — ad.| Marysville. .....5..--.0s--0.se=s| Jam,” 8, 1878
73925 | —. ad. | Soda Springs... 2.6 dcvasnevs suey Autumn, 1877
73920.| —jwy..|) 23. 0... ca.nascue ee meneh aati’ Autumn) 1877
74006 | —juv.| Big Trees .i....s-050cecessscenns| MOY == 1B77
73791 || o& ad. |\ Marvaville.c. scans tedeneeeoess Feb. 12, 1878
76550 | 9 ad.| Stockton... ...ncnsccee-ssecens=| Ai prs 22, 1878
*33. Dendreeca estiva, (Gmel.).— Yellow Warbler.
This well-known species is common in the valleys and foot-hills i in
summer, and is often met in the pine forests during the same time, where
it is principally confined to the willows and aspens in and around
meadows. It arrived at Murphy’s April 26, 1877, and at Stockton April
15, 1878, at which time Mt. Diablo and the “Coast Range” were white
*Under date of December 28, 1878, Mr. Belding writes that it was “then found at
Stockton, but was rare.—R. R. ;
_+Its breeding range scarcely extends below this altitude.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 405
with an unusually late fall of snow. It left Stockton previous to Sep-
tember 7, 1878.
73908 | — ad.| | *Big RE ee Sey ee Spring, 1877
73909 | — ad. pone de-5-=. We ae ae dete Sa gees | Spring, 1877
34. Dendrceca coronata, (Linn.).—Yellow-rump Warbler.
This species appeared to be quite abundant at Murphy’s in December,
1877. D. auduboni was also present, but less numerous than this species,
though their similarity at this season rendered their positive identifica-
tion dificult. It was also found at Marysville in January and February,
1878, but it appeared to be less numerous than DP. auduboni. In Febru-
ary it and many other small birds wore yellow throats and breasts,
which they acquired by feeding among the willows, which had just
blossomed.
73790 oe Tg, Seo epee Sue oe A Feb. —, 1878
73912 | — ad.|....-- oe Sey ye (ee Feb. 15, 1878
pote) a ae) MR RW A. 5-25.26 5025 nee sss 5 | Dee. —, 1877
73914 | —
C7 on ae GG:2 20 32 eee kOe / Dec. —, 1877
*35. Dendreca auduboni, (Towns. ).—Audubon’s Warbler.
This bird is a very common winter sojourner in the valleys and foot-
hills. It undoubtedly breeds at Big Trees, where I have seen its young
scarcely able to fly, though at this time rather rare. It was abundant
at Soda Springs and Summit about October 1, 1877. It left Stockton
during the first week of May, 1878, in very warm weather, and returned
September 18. By October 6 it was common.
It appears to be unable to endure very cold weather, as during a
freezing spell at Marysville, in January of this year (1878), it was often
found unable to fly. One that I found in the streets in this condition
was soon restored by being warmed. Several dead ones were found in
the city.
73910 | ¢ ad. | Mercredi SA ale Spring, 1877
73911 | cf ad} OE BE inet Be ee ed ; Spring, 1877
Tat 1 ef. A hE ee ee Se te Pe | Apr. 25, 1878
Mista \iet) ae. | Mame Pewee oot: el i s20 | July 7, 1878
*36. Dendrceca occidentalis, (Towns. ).— Yellow-headed Gray Warbler.
This species was more numerous at Big Trees in July, 1878, than all the
other Dendrwee combined, and was rather common at Soda Springs in
_ August and September, 1877. In July and August, at Big Trees, it was
/ usually in the evergreens, though it was often, at all hours of the day,
in a thin strip of willows in the meadow, having apparently been drawn
there as much by the abundance of insects which swarmed in the willows
as by the water that flowed through them. There they would allow
me to go within a few yards of them, and were slow in learning to fear
a gun.
At Big Trees, in May, 1877, this species frequented the deciduous oaks,
and I rarely saw it anywhere else: one was observed on the bare ground, —
moving deliberately about the end of a decayed log. In its movements
it somewhat resembles the Nashville Warbler, and it is not shy, com-
pared with most birds. At Soda Springs it was quite common, keeping
generally under forty or fifty feet from the ground, though they some-
times go from the lower to the upper limbs of tall trees by short flights,
especially if the sun is shining only on the tree-tops.
I recognized but two at Stockton: these were in the willows on the -
natural levee of the San Joaquin River.
Fa039 | of : ads |'* Bie Treesy:. 22. coke seme May 20, 1877
73040 | 9 ad.|...... GO-.0e sche dae en tame aaeee May 20, 1877
72920 || td. banners ee eee oe om | May 20, 1877
daoes 19 . WG hese dO oss t. 2 aye coat ees May 20, 1877
73922 | — ad.| Soda Springs..........------..-. Autumn, 1877
74439 | gf ad] Stoektom sty Ac2: 2 eae May 9,1878
74440 | 2 ad.|.....- OO 2205 Dsk.ne peed ose aee May 18, 1878
BOOUE | ae = tes Bir Trees. 55 3.2 enn etccn da vies July 8,1878
75804. | DS FOV. agai Gi joan s «thc ee eons Aug. 24,1878
75305 | —juv.|...-.. 0. = Sank weno ool ee ee July 17,1878
75306 | —juv.|.-.... GO Lectscame we RIES S SS ee July 5,1878
75307 | —juv.|.....- 0 oe aie dk aot seagate July 25,1878
Re Pret earl g ys dO. fon. neccce n2d see eadb ae case ee eee
37. Dendrceca townsendi, (Nutt.).—Townsend’s Warbler.
I have not noticed anything peculiarin the habits of this bird. Those
I have seen were unsuspecting, and rather slow in their movements,
being much like D. nigrescens in this respect.
I shot what I supposed was a female of this species near Stockton,
June 35, 1878, but did not find it.
The specimens in the collection are all I positively identified at Stock-
ton in the spring of 1878.
73919 jee ad. | Soda Sprimge:s os. .b- Go iieciinse hi Autumn, 1877
T42505|) ‘ct Wade tOCktOn cia eee oe res 29, 1878
74437 | of ad.|.....- GOs Lichen seid eee eee eee My 29, 1878
74438 | Q ms, eae OO dew ran acne v eres tan Saas ay 17, 1878
*38. Dendroeca nigrescens, (Towns. ).—Black-throated Gray Warbler.
This bird arrived at Murphy’s April 15, 1877; at Stockton April 17,
1878. It is a summer resident of Big Trees, though far from abundant
there or at any of the places where I have found it. It was more nume-
rous in August than in July, though it seemed to be constantly present
during both months. It disappeared from Soda Springs about the mid-
dle of September, 1877, or rather it was not seen after my return from
the Summit, September 22, and was rare when I left on the 15th.
73915 | — ad. Soda debian vejatvemiies S midgyere es Fall, 1877
73016 | — ad.| .....G0 sasseeclocec eee Sept. —, 1877
73917 | — ad. | ee Re + obvcekh bees quewenee® Apr. 15, 1877
73918 | — ad. | “Big Trées..2 52. saceeuvewass eaee June —, 1877
75301 | — ad.|.....- GO ..:s«ssaessebemeneeeeiee Aug. —, 187
75302 | — ad | bay wm 2 CO : ecamon sane ni keene ee Aug. —, 187
76551 | 9 ad.| Stockton......-..s0.ssveewereeee May 1,1878
i a ap oe
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 407
Jj *39. Geothlypis trichas, (Linn.).—Maryland Yellow-throat.
| Two or more of these birds were seen at Marysville January 2, 1878,
and occasionally thereafter until about the middle of the month, when
their favorite cover was flooded by the Yuba River. It was not seen at
Stockton during the following March, nor until April 12, soon after
which it became abundant in the thickets near water and in the edges
of tule swamps near sloughs. It was also found there in December,
1878, but was rare. I have not seen it in the mountains.
It became rare at Stockton after about November 1, 1878.
|
SHOOK OM Sa nes ee ao ene aa 5 | Apr. 13, 1878
oe OT NS EE Cape SS By seep eh 8 Ts es all Py po
74263
76552
do ad.
do juv.
*40. Geothlypis macgillivrayi, (Aud.).—Macgillivray’s Warbler.
I have not seen this bird below an altitude of about 3,800 feet. It is
rather common at Big Trees in the summer months, but was rare at
Soda Springs in September. It is seldom, if ever, found out of low
shrubbery in the Sierras.
date 1 —— Mb | ie SPOON. - 5 oes ese. sadness | June 3, 1877
75310 | —juv. |..---- EO sid ~ xapsued tebSech nae July 22, 1878
75311 | —juv.|..--.- lo’ 5. ceueeesegace iss) pany aa BPS
* 41. Icteria virens, 3. longicauda, Lawr.— Western Yellow-breasied Chat.
This is a very Common summer resident at Stockton, especially in the
thickets along the rivers, which it follows into the mountains as high
as Murphy’s. I first noticed it at Stockton on May 9. It left previ-
ous to September 7.
eS ee et Os: er | June 9, 1877
Taek cy Gehl “OURONTON so. oc fea ot ec eC oae sos | May 9, 1878
May 13, 1878
74435 / of ad. | ame WME Doras Ss a5 a oc
42. Myiodioctes pusillus, 3. pileolata, (Pall.).—Californian Black-capped Green
Warbler.
Arrived at Murphy’s April 18, 1877. It was first seen at Stockton
May 6, 1878. The last seen during the spring migration was on May
27. Between the dates given it had been abundant in the willows along
the San Joaquin River.
At Big Trees it was common from about the middle of May to June 8,
1878, while at Soda Springs it was abundant in fall. I did not find it at
Big Trees from July 4 to August 4, though after this it was common.
It is usually found among low bushes in the pine forests, but, like
many other birds, frequents deciduous oaks when the leaves are young.
73906 | — ad.| Murphy’s................-..-..- Apr. —, 1877
ac do
73907 | — ad.|..-.--. Eee Se Apr. —, 1877
Wane 1S Ad.) DteckOn iss ice cee cise... May 9, 1878
SO ag han Apr. —, 1877
Family HIRUNDINIDZ!: The SWALLows.
*43. Progne subis, (Linn.).—Purple Martin.
Though common or even abundant in Stockten in the spring of 1878,
it was seldom seen in the surrounding country, and then only when birds
domiciled in town had wandered a short distance from home.
It arrived at Murphy’s in 1877 on March 13; in 1878, at Stockton
March 16. It left Murphy’s previous to August 27, 1878, and Stockton
previous to September 6, 1878. I have not seen it in the pine forests.
oe 1 gene thbighd: «
73973 | g ad.
|
Marphy’ 8.22 Sin neds qos eee ee Mar. 15, 1877
*44, Petrochelidon lunifrons, (Say).—Cliff Swallow.
A few of these birds were occasionally seen at Big Trees in July. It
wasrare at Murphy’s about September 1, and I did not find it at Stock-
ton on or after September 6. Itis abundant at both the latter places
during the breeding season.
At Stockton it builds under the eaves of buildings; at Murphy’s, in
the limestone boulders exposed by mining.
It arrived at Murphy’s March 15, 1877; at Stockton March 17, 1878;
and at North American Hotel March 12, 1878. On the morning of the
13th, at the latter place, four or five of them occupied a solitary old nest
under the gable of the hotel, and forty or fifty of their fellows were fly-
ing and twittering around as though trying to dislodge them.
73974 | — ad.
*Marpby’s '.2s2-o ties | Mar. 15, 1877
*45. Hirundo erythrogastra, 3. horreorum, Barton.—Barn Swallow.
The Barn Swallow is common at Stockton, Murphy’s, and Big Trees
in summer, many of them breeding at these places, and was the only
Swallow seen at Stockton from September 6 until October 7, when a
tlock of Tachycineta bicolor was observed.
Tt arrived at Murphy’s March 15, 1877, and at North American Hotel,
30 miles east of Stockton, March 12, 1878, while it was first noticed at
Stockton, March 20, 1878. It disappeared from the latter place about
October 15, 1878. |
At Big Trees, Dunbar’s, and Moran’s Meadows, it frequented barns —
and other buildings, and did not seem to be generally distributed through _
the forest.
nT
*46. Tachycineta bicolor, (Vicill.).— White-bellied Swallow.
This bird was seen at Marysville February 1, 1878, and nearly every —
day thereafter until March 5. During the following March and April —
it was very abundant at Stockton, flying over the country in all diree-—
i
ay ee Pee Pe ete
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 409
tions, especially over the tuleswamps. In May, whenit was less abund-
ant, I noticed two nests in casings over doors of private dwellings.
I have not recognized it at Murphy’s or Big Trees. A large scattered
flock was seen at Stockton as late as December 5, 1878.
73976 | as) GML PM SPYVING cc. ted s b230-3haio2 Feb. —, 1878
Peal tt Mal CHOICE sas ood Lae Ss 5. Oct. 15,1878
76555 | 9 juy. |.-..-- Tp SESE aS eS eee Oct. 15, 1878
76556 | — ad.|.--..- Gee ee, pee ee Oct. 15,1878
76567 >| —. ad.|:-=.-- OL AGE ES ge tae Oct. 15,1878
Toone: jes Ae. | sa. 22 Le Oe eee ee Oct. 12,1878
*47. Tachycineta thalassina, (Swains.).—Violet-green Swallow.
This beautiful bird was first recognized August 7, at Dunbar’s Mill,
where at least a hundred were in sight. Three days afterward it was
seen flying over the meadows at Big Trees, and thereafter nearly every
day until August 27, 1878.
They chose as a resting place the top branches of a tall dead pine near
the hotel, out of shooting range, and often when flying were so high as
to be seen with difficulty ; occasionally, however, they mingled with the
Barn Swallows near the ground.
S juv. | *Dunbar’s Mill (alt. 3,800 ft.) - - - | Aug. 7, 1878
— juv. do | Au g. 7, 1878
gad. | Fig Trea 20 TTOITTITIIT Aug. 10, 1878
75314 |
75315
76559
48. Stelgidopteryx serripennis, (Aud.).—Rough-winged Bank Swallow.
This bird arrived at Murphy’s March 15, 1877, and remained until
May 3, and probably later. They constituted only a fraction of the
multitude of Swallows of the place, and were, perhaps, altogether not
more than two dozen in number. I have not seen it elsewhere.
73975 | — na. EUG at eRe ine da eho So Mar, 15, 1877
Family VIREONIDAi: The VIREOS, or GREENLETS.
*49. Vireosylyia gilva, 3. swainsoni, Baird.—/Vestern Warbling Vireo.
This bird I have found at all places whére I have collected in summer,
but nowhere abundant. It arrived at Murphy’s April 26, rite and at
Stockton May 1, 1878.
It was rare at Murphy’s about September 1, and was not seen at
Stockton on or after the 7th of that month.
TOO8E Fm Sh |) Ae RS on el inc oe. on. May —, 1877
73901 | — ad.| *Mu OPS, 0 apa Ss aaeeee Spring, 1877
73902 | — ad.|...... MERGES 2 i de td ips nin, oe Spring, 1877
73903 | — ad.|...... DO aoe alli oid Sess » i - spring, 1877
73904 | — ad.|...-.- Sore ae ee a ring, 1877
74442 Memes PDUOOKROM ce. ef2-0555-2..2.... | Sr ay 1,1878
ja ae
fa oe Las
pie a
a *
410 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL ‘MUSEUM. | on
*50. Lanivireo solitarius, 3. cassini, Baird.*—Cassin’s Vireo. is ye
This bird is a common and generally distributed summer resident at
Big Trees. I have here found it more abundant than at any other place.
I often saw it at Soda Springs in the last of August and the first half
of September, and it was quite common in the willows near Marysville
in June. At Stockton, it was seen in the willows along the San Joaquin -
River, about the middle of May only, the entire number being but four —
or five. In May and June, 1877, at Big Trees, its sweetly expressive song ~
was more attractive to me than the song of any bird of that locality.
About the first of June I found a nest of this species at the Big
Trees. The bird remained on it until my eye was within three feet of
her head, so that I had a good view of her. I think large numbers breed
at the Big Trees and vicinity, as they were very numerous June 8, when
I left there.
SS ee ©
72041)| of ad. *Big “Treps-c. .aveaset eae eaeeeee | May 10, 1877
73042 | of ad.|..... BG ui daja ad cies Seed ee | May 10, 1877
73537 | — ad. | Big ‘Treeg .. ...- 5.2200 taaweeaeee: May —, 1877
74445 | of ad *Mary oars ~ dedi s Hiees eared June 13, 1878
74446 Ve) dda) oP Odin Stato sere eee eee June 14, 1878
74447 | — ad Stockton PP rr rs ey May 9,1878
51. Vireo huttoni, Cass.—Hutton’s Vireo.
This bird appears to be very rare in Central California. I found five
or six of them in the willows at Marysville, January 20, 1878, and a few
days later saw two or three others.
73838 | = Bde} Mabrvyavillie. ue. is iiaulewerarnee. Jan. 20, 1878
76368 | = ‘pd. | Big Trees, .tyas- vemes teehn cet! Jan, 20, 1878
*52. Vireo pusillus, Coues.—Least Vireo.
This very interesting little bird is common in summer in willow thick-
ets at Stockton and Marysville. It arrived at Stockton about April 15,
1878, and left before September 7. It is active, restless, noisy or musi-
cal, and does not fail to make its presence known, occasionally giving
its tail a side jerk, reminding one, in this respect, of the small Fly-
catchers. When a nest is being built, the male does all the singing
and the female all the work, though the former encourages the latter
with its presence as well as song.
A nest taken May 28 had three eggs in it; on the 24th or 25th it had
two. I think this pair had a nest deuarorad by cattle, though there
could not have been more than one or two eggs in it; but those eges
7 “
enthdheesi toca
-* Havi ing rece utly, in con njunction with Mr. Henshaw, carefully studied the Western
specimens heretofore called by us and others L. solitarius, I have been unavoidably
led to adopt Mr. Henshaw’s conclusion that L. solitarius proper does not occur at allin —
the West, being replaced in the Pacific Province by L. cassini, and in the Middle Pro- —
vince by L. plumbeus. My note in the Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club —
(vol. iii, No. 2, pp. 65, 66), regarding the asserted occurrence of solitarius in California, —
based upon Mr. Belding’s specimens, therefore refers solely to cassini. Mr. Senta as
views, shortly to be published, will explain the matter more fally. —R. R. :
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 411
should be added to these if my surmises are correct. When the lining
of cattle hair had been placed in the nest I supposed the nest complete;
the lining of down was added and finished in about an hour. They lin-
gered near the spot long after the nest was taken.
ll SStneteie £.3o° ic ees ky eke Apr. —, 1878
74259 | ¢
74260 | @ ad.}...... MER ccc ccle aratn aE oot - Sb Apr.—, 1878
TA2G19 | we a | ae Wes eet Oe ee Se ee Apr. —, 1878
CARBS x NG eee AP Seca rans tee ohne oe | Apr. —, 1878
Tatas) OMe |. MPPs es... Le, sos ccin oo ae ~s June 12, 1878
aa | ct EL Stee GOn oo ae wcce So wes nin May 18, 1878
76562 | 9 -ad.| Marysville... scien ted.. se. June 13, 1878
GOs) Akl UO ODORES oe Pease Se oe oa May 11, 1878
Family LANITD Ai: The SHRIKEs.
53. Lanius borealis, (Vieill.).—Great Northern Shrike.
This Shrike was comparatively common at Marysville in the winter of
1878. It was generally confined to willow thickets.
73615 | — ad.| Marysville.......-.:--::....:--- Jan. 2, 1878
73616 | — ad.|...... G0 Ftd Baha cide <~twns Se Jan. 8, 1878
76564 | — ad.| ----. OO Ses 2.oees eu dese Lsteuds Feb. 5, 1878
*54. Collurio ludovicianus, (Linn. ).—Loggerhead Shrike.
This Shrike was rather common at Marysville in January and Feb-
ruary, and appeared to be the prevailing type of the species at that
time and place. |
The only Shrike seen at Summit Meadows (fall of 1877) was the juv. in
this collection.
Notr.—The Loggerhead Shrikes collected by Mr. Belding include two forms: a
dark-colored style, like true ludovicianus of the Gulf States, only, in some specimens,
even darker, and one with lighter colors generally, and nearly white upper tail-coverts.
None of the latter, however, are the true ‘‘ excubitorides type.”—R. R.
73617} — ad.| Marysville......s.s0ss..2.-02-0- Jan. —, 1878
73618 | — ad.|...... Te Se ee ee Jan. —, 1878
73972 | —juv.| *Summit Meadows.....-..-. .-- | Sept. 16, 1877
54a. Collurio ludovicianus, 3. excubitorides, (Swains. ).— White-rumped Shrike.
This appears to be the form which is resident at Stockton and Mur-
phy’s, and is very common in the intervening country.
In May, 1877, two White-rumped Shrikes were seen at Big Trees.
Ve se) Reet WA. sb 2s ek so. Dec. —, 1877
16918| of OG.) Marysville: <2. 22.22. s5.<<-02tes. Feb. 20, 1878
(E076 |) oY Ge |. . 22 - Ciera Meee ee a See a a Feb. 22, 1878
(Galt) —< ade) teckton: 2. ..-< 2-222. ---.-.--- Apr. 1,1878
(6518) Pro Os ace wx WO eras, & Steen ops ceri re cook Apr. 9, 1878
76579 | — ad.|..--.-- PPE TEE et ae ae) Nov. 8,1878
Family AMPELIDZ: The WAx-WINGS.
55. Ampelis cedrorum, (Vieill.).—Cedar Wax-wing. '
The Cedar-bird is sometimes found in the extensive orchards of Marys-
ville, and may also visit those of Stockton, but I have not seen it at the
latter place.
Dr. Davenport, of Stockton, has ten specimens, which he 6h abe ou:
June 1 at Camp Seco, Calaveras County. a §
The people of ings Seco say that these birds visit that place « on! ly
76560
76561
Last of
gf ad. 13
| tees ys eR ES Aen MAS Shas oS 6 May, 1878*
Q ad
Family TANAGRIDZ: The TANAGERS.
*56. Pyranga ludoviciana, (Wils.).— Western Tanager.
This handsome bird is a common summer resident of Big Trees, where
it is generally distributed through the forest. It is quite common at
Soda Springs in August and September, less common in the latter than
in the former month. About September 1, I noticed several flocks or
families of three or four, all of them females or young of the year, at
Murphy’s. ‘These were in the scattered oaks in the chaparral, feeding
on the “ wild coffee.” It breeds but little below Big Trees.
T3082: | Ss ad} Mipeplyie 55.222 - hace eee Apr. 30, 1877
73983 | of? ad.)°* Bie Trees.: 22: .- 22h a5 eee June —, 1877
73984 | gf ad.|...--- re ey ee June —, 1877
O bas 222 OO: 62 nit od peed Seema June —, 1877
73985
Family FRINGILLIDZ!: The FINCHEs.
57. Loxia curvirostra, [. americana, Wils.—American Red Crossbill.
October 7, 1877, I saw at Summit Meadows what I am tolerably cer-
tain was a flock of these birds, and shot one, which I did not get, as it
lodged in a tree; do not think I have seen it at any other time.
58. Hesperiphona vespertina, (Cooper).—vening Grosbeak.
A flock of these birds was observed at Soda Springs, August 25, 1877,
and flocks were occasionally seen in September, though they were not
numerous. A few years since I saw a fine adult male at Lake Tahoe
previous to August 1. Except upon these occasions, I do not remem-
ber having met with it.
tSept. —, 1877
fe 10, 1877
73538
73792
J ad.
Pan
*59. Pinicola enucleator, 3. canadensis, (Briss.).—Pine Grosbeak.
A few of these birds were at Soda Springs in September, 1877. This
is the only place where I have seen them.
Soda Springs... .2:0i406250 33500) Sept. 22, 1877
D39 | J juv.
* These specimens, shot from a flock of 16, were collected by Dr. E. C. Davenport. —
tThe latter part of the month.
e
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 413
*60. Carpodacus cassini, Baird.—Cassin’s Purple Finch.
This bird probably sometimes breeds at Big Trees, as I found it there
from May 3, 1877, to June 8, though it was apparently not there in July
or August of 1878. It was abundant at Summit Meadows, August 25
and September 21, 1877, and was often seen at Soda Springs in August
and September of the same year. I have not seen it below Big Trees.
73048 | oy ai * Big Drees: 22: --2<2-2,----=-22- | June 8, 1877
*61. Carpodacus purpureus, ~. californicus, Baird.—Californian Purple Finch.
This is an abundant species at Murphy’s in winter, and at Big Trees
in summer. I did not see it at Soda Springs nor at Summit Meadows
in the fall of 1877. It rarely visits the valleys in winter. A flock of
thirty or forty visited Marysville in February, 1878, snow at that time
lying unusually low on the mountains.
It left Murphy’s about the last of March, 1877; but a few returned
April 17, during a slight fall of snow. At Murphy’s it frequents cha-
parral in the pine forest—the evergreens usually—though sometimes it is
on the ground feeding on seeds of plants.
dat Masyaville .<. 25 a=, 150445505 Feb. —, 1878
73829 | —
Teed | ome. } Murpity’s . 2). -2. soonest Apr. —, 1877
mee | SY ed te LOGS. 2. occ 2s okws «wax ee May —, 1877
73929 | 9 ad.|.-..--.- SS es Se May —, 1877
es a er fee Ree ae May —, 1877
fin t PSv E) ee G22 le ee ee. Bie ae ee May —, 1877
70300 |. Gupd:| Stockton. ....05.-.025.2.4<2-0i4} May 1, 1878
feed to an. | Big Trees - 3: 22. 30-3 «< Sets cee July —, 1878
*62. Carpodacus frontalis, y. rhodocolpus, Caban.—Californian House Finch.
This is an abundant constant resident of the valleys and foot-hills of
this region. i “ave seen a large flock in December during very mild
weather, nearly a thousand feet above Murphy’s, al very few
breed aaove that place.
73902 | ce Seek. | ARN Se 8 Sle ers ot 2 Spring, 1877
73933.| ¢ ad.|.-...- le PS SPE ae Bitar ae Spring, 1877
73934 | 9. ad.|....-- Die oan eins Btn TES te Spring, 1877
GASES" Cy BE AOC UO ae oe See ce Te June 8,1878
kone (okt. Hi eee COCe 2S ea 2 Oct. 9,1878
{
*63. Chrysomitris tristis, (Linn. ).—American Goldfinch.
The Thistle-bird is a common constant resident of Stockton and Marys-
ville, being quite abundant at the latter place in winter. I have not
seen it above Murphy’s.
73630 | — aa. DERI ING Be, can oe db UG os Jan. —, 1878
*64. Chrysomitris psaltria, (Say).—Green-backed Goldfinch.
_ ‘This bird is an abundant constant resident of Murphy’s. It was con-
_ Stantly present at Big Trees in July and August, though not numerous.
_ It was also seen at Dunbar’s and Moran’s Meadows (altitude 3,800 feet)
Ee aa a ee eS ee
= Ps ar ee
during the same time. In the pine forest I have seen it only in and near
cultivated fields.
It seems to be a rather rare winter sojourner of the valleys and an
accidental summer visitant to them. A small flock was observed in
Stockton May 16, 1878. |
ad. | -* Murphy's... ooeuce see ee eee Feb. 6, 1877
|
73987 | ¢
13794 | oad. | Marysvilletes2.,8io0, e-.ceeee — —, 1878
FBIS:| “of ads |2.-2 6 re aE D eT MPEIN Ce “Le,) ee
eae o ad 0 20 es Sg oe ee — —, 1878
* 65. Chrysomitris lawrencii, Cass.—Lawrence’s Goldfinch.
This does not seem to be an abundant species in any part of this
region. It was first noticed at Murphy’s March 21, 1877, from which
time until May 3 flocks of three or four were occasionally seen, but the
total number was not more than fifty.
At Marysville, winter of 1877-78, only a dozen or less were seen. I
have not seen it above Murphy’s, ieee it was generally found in the
chaparral, sometimes in low trees (pines or oaks), occasionally on the
ground.
73629 | — ad. *Marysville.......---..--------- Jan. 9,1878
VageD | Co" ad. SF itgrphg sd eee ce cee Mar. 12, 1877
73936 of a erase 1D poo se 5 Shi ee eeeaee Mar. 12, 1877
*66. Chrysomitris pinus, (Wils.).—Pine Goldfinch.
A few of these birds were probably breeding at Big Trees in July and
August, 1878, and I noticed it at Soda Springs August 28, 1877.
At Murphy’s, in December, 1877, I found a flock of a dozen or more
familiarly associated with a larger number of C. psaltria, feeding on the
ground on a rocky hill. They were seen for six or seven consecutive
days, or as long as I remained at Murphy’s, and appeared to associate in
perfect harmony. At Marysville I found, a few weeks later, both species
again as familiarly associated. In this case there were but three C.
pinus, with about twice their number of C. psaltria, all sitting on a tele-
graph wire along the railroad track. They soon alighted on the track
near me, four of them forming a group by themselves not covering more
than a square foot of ground. Twoof this group were C. pinus, which I
shot, leaving a single survivor of this species among those remaining.
A few days after this, near the same spot, on February 23, I saw a
single specimen of C. pinus familiarly associated with a flock of C. tristis,
feeding among the short grass in a pasture about two hundred yards
from a willow thicket; perhaps this was the surviving OC. pinus above
mentioned.
Iam pretty certain they were breeding there, for many times I saw
single birds come to a spring, and depart in the direction from which
they came.
73540 | — OG oe. 2nd bub ceed eee — —, 1877
73798 | — juv.| Marysville.......-.--.---+.-----| —— =, 1898
76366 | 9 dd.| *Big‘Trees....--. cc. cee eee Aug. 10, 1878
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STAFES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 415
67. Passerculus sandvichensis, y. alaudinus, (Bonap.).— Western Savannah Sparrow.
This appears to be the only Passerculus found in this region. At
Stockton its first and last resorts appear to be the margins of the tule
swamps, though nearly all the time while remaining it is distributed
throughout the country, in stubble-fields, closely grazed pastures, on
fences, often in trees—in fact, everywhere.
It left Stockton about May 1, 1878, and returned September 18. It is
a common winter sojourner at Murphy’s.
|
73625 | — ad.| Summit of Sierra Nevada, lat. 39°) ........--..--
73626 | — ad.| Marysville?....................- Pee
73627 ' — ad.|-----s Le ASE Bye ae cee, we |; —— —, 1878
7a0St |e ae) Muarpny s.c2* 22 55-4-2.5-s222-.-| Apr —, 1877
T2260 ict GA.) weteGhoen:. 222) cs cee ee | Apr. 27,1878
‘ 74265 |. 9 ad.}.....- Ot Js es Se ee eS ape. 27 1s
Taiaa | —- ad.) Marysville . 22....222 8ss-L. a: _— —, 1878
73800 | — ad.|.---.-- BOY spre A he ON Se Ly —- —, 1878
(ye ee a ne in Sept. 18, 1878
76573 | — ad.|.--..-- BS e Som ghee gale oe | Sept. 24, 1878
68. Pccecetes gramineus, 3. confinis, Baird.— Western Grass Bunting. .
This appears to be a rare species in Central California. A few indi-
viduals were scattered in the pastures at Summit Meadows in Septem-
ber, 1877. I have not recognized it elsewhere.
73542 | — ad.| Summit Meadows..--..---------- | Sept. —, 1877
*69. Chondestes grammica, (Say).—Lark Bunting.
This bird is a common constant resident of the valleys and foot-hills,
as high as Murphy’s. It was seen in the meadows near Big Trees (alti-
tude 3,800 feet) in July and August, 1878.
’
:
73541 | — ey IE hen bocce ce ees aa ae Feb. —, 1877
70. Zonotrichia leucophrys, (Forst.).— White-crowned Sparrow.
While collecting near Summit Meadows in September, 1877, I found a
flock of fifteen or twenty of these birds. Something in their movements,
perhaps their tameness (for Z. intermedia was unaccountably wild),
induced me to survey them through a field-glass, which resulted in their
_ identification. I saw them nearly every day of the following week, at
- nearly the same spot, at times associated with Z. intermedia, but usually
separated from them.
73543 | — ad.| Summit Ice Lakes ............--. Sept. 16, 1877
73928 | — ad.| Summit Ice Lakes, 1 mile south | Sept. 16, 1877
of Summit Meadows.
73929 | — ad.|....-- OE ea” The) a a oe | Sept. 16, 1877
71. Zonotrichia intermedia, Ridgw.—Vhite-lored White-crowned Sparrow.
This bird was very abundant at Summit Meadows and Soda Springs
in the fall of 1877. I have not seen it at Big Trees in summer.
eae ea” Ue eo ao i
Pepe linda hs ocoee yt on tila eat Ba a nr tr TT na
£
Br?
416 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEU} :
This appears to be the form of the White-crowned Sparrow v ¢)
abundant at Murphy’s in winter. It left there about the middle of 4
in 1877.
73926 | — ae | adage ae eee a AE AS HS JS bsp eld
73927 +} ==" ads |4-9--- do. tee eee ae inter, 1877
76585 |°— ad, | Stockton’... . 2. s<.- leew Apr. 138, 1878
76586 | — ad.|...--- OO: 226 263 bags aa eee Apr. 26,1878
76587 | — ad.|..---- do 2.20 od 63a eee Apr. 26, 1878
|
72. Zonotrichia corenata, (Pall.).—Golden-crowned Sparrow.
This bird is an abundant winter sojourner of the valleys and foot- hills.
It left Stockton about May 1, 1878, and returned about October 21,
soon after which it was abundant. It departed from Murphy’s ahouen
* the 15th of April in 1877.* I have not seen it in the pine forests, though —
it probably migrates eee them.
dae oO 2 ad, | Murphy's 232. Ss 2s eee r Winter,
73951 | ry ae Pee dg oak ee ae
\
*73. Junco oregonus, (Towns. ).—Oregon Snowbird.
This bird is very common at Stockton, Murphy’s, and Marysville in ©
winter, and breeds at Big Trees, but not much below that point. It was |
first noticed at Stockton on the 25th of October in 1877. It was last seen
at the latter place April 25, 1878, but during this month it was rare.
1 |
73952 | oS a, | ROCKO T fe. ore bambi code Nov. —, 18772
73953 | 2 ad. | Marphy'e 4: 2522. <i2e aah pees Spring, 1877
74. Amphispiza belli, (Cass. ).—Dell’s Sparrow. 4
The specimen in the contribution of February 11, 1879, is one of a |
pair of these birds, shot at Murphy’s February 1, 1879. They were on
a high, steep hill, which was thickly covered with a stunted growth of-
cedar chaparral, or chemisal, the same hill where I found the specimen
of Peucea ruficeps. As soon as I saw them I knew they were strangers —
to me, and thought they were A. belli. This species is a good singer.
75. Spizella socialis, 3. arizone, Coues.— Western Chipping Sparrow. |
This bird arrived at Murphy’s April 11, 1877, soon after this time
becoming very common. I first found it foodinzs} in the deciduous oak
on the hillsides, but a few days later it was seen in gardens, a |
Many breed at Big Trees, where, in 1877, they arrived preionem )
May 15.
It was unexpectedly rare at Bisakioe in the sprixg and summer of
1878. The first seen at this place in the spring of this year was on Mey 9
None were seen in the fall after September 6.
73344 | — ad.| Soda Springs ................... Sept. — , 1877
73628 | — ad.| *Calaveras County..............- ji "1877
74449 | op ad. | "Stockton. ....5..sdes. sen =e 30, 1878
73938 | — ad.| Calaveras County............... ‘1878
76589 | —juv. | Marysville.........0.cceeseeene 5 Sing
_ 7 , id -.
ee ie a ’ gre
;
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 417
. 76. Spizella breweri,.Cass.—Brewer’s Sparrow.
Brewer’s Sparrow is undoubtedly abundant in the higher Sierras in
summer, though I did not find it at Big Trees in July and August.
I saw but two specimens at Stockton during the spring of 1878.
OUR CE INNS 6. ae non ke Sept. —, 1877
73939 | me
77. Melospiza fasciata, y. guttata, (Nutt.).—Rusty Song Sparrow.
This was an abundant species at Marysville in the winter and spring
of 1878, as late as March 5, and probably later. It was quite generally
distributed among the weeds and grass of corn-fields in the bottom-lands,.
as well as along sloughs, being strikingly different from J. heermanni in
this respect. It is a winter sojourner of Murphy’s, where it is restricted.
to edges of ponds.
It was first seen at Stockton (in the fall of 1878) on November 14.
Here I saw no more than one specimen of this species in the spring (1578),
and three or four in the fall of the same year (to November 28)., The
latter appeared to be migrating, and one of them was found in wheat-
_ stubble two or more miles from a slough.
Toute.) — ai}. Marysville......-. -..22.s5--22. | Jan. —, 1878
OO BR ge AB ee eae | Mar. 20, 1877
qao74;) — ad.) Maryaville ..-..- -..<..-22-2-2-- | Feb. —, 1878
76975 | — ad.|....-- fe TES ES | Winter, 1878
| 77a. Melospiza fasciata, J. fallax, Baird.—Rocky Mountain Song Sparrow.
While collecting at Marysville in winter, I often at first glance mis-.
— took for M. lincolni what may have been this species. This confusion.
lasted but two or three weeks, however. Later in the season I tried to:
_ duplicate the specimens I had shot, but was unable to do so.
0.) MESEVRNINO (oo ~ 525 See | Jan. —, 1878
73621 | =
76576 | — ad.|...... SE Oi tek Yor 9 i | Jan. —; 1878
76577 | — ad.].-..-. rk eee eae ena eae y oe | Jan. —, 1878
a ie Pe Sai Oe ne ne a ee | Feb. —, 1878
76579 | — ad.| Stockton...........-..-......-.. Mar. 22, 1878
76580 | — ad.|.....- 2 ES Bead ae ee eae Nov. 17, 1878
_*77b. Melospiza fasciata, ¢. hzermanni, Baird.—Californian Song Sparrow:
_ This is an abundant resident of Stockton, and appears to be equally
abundant in summer and winter. I have seen two nests in the tule
mnade of grass or weeds, lined with fine grass.
It is the only Melospiza found here in summer, and almost the only one
in winter. :
72620 |.—. ad} Stockton... .-.....2.-22.2:..-.... July —, 1877
74271 | Sf ad.}-.--.- ip eli Seen AE See Apr. 27, 1878
74272 | — ad.|}.....- to a RE Nae aE Mer. 29, 1878
74273 | — ad.|.....- cE fie Sy ei fe aslpa SEapaee Nov. —, 1877
74274 | ¢ ad.|..:-.- We ahs it sett AS oe Sc 3s - Apr. 20,1878
73797 | — ad.|....-- 0 ROE eS Se eee ee SRS
73798 | — ad.|..----. PE es ee er eee
76581 | — ad.).....- RS TS Sea | Nov. 17, 1878
76582 | — ad.| Murphy’s...-....- oh PAS Cee ee ; Dec. 18, 1877
76583 | —juv.| Stockton. .............-..--..... | Sept. 19, 1878
78. "Meinapin lincolni, (Aud. ).—Lincoln’s Sparrow.
This bird was common at Marysville in the winter and spring of 1878.
It frequented the thick dead grass at the edge of sloughs.
The first I had seen the previous fall at Soda Springs was on the 2d
of October. It was found at Summit Meadows October 7,1877. At Big
Trees I have seen itin May. At Stockton it has not been seen up to
November 28, this year.
This is the only Melospiza I have found in the pine forests.
73545 | — ad. : ;
-— Soda Springs. ~...2.<a sc ocee eee Oct. 2,1877
73622 | — ad. | ey gvillo?../.-+.cceehs4cese) ae ee
73623 | — ad. | ee eee rE! hat te 4
73624 | — ad.|.....- GO ba ie woe n saie } hae eat oe ere ;
73940 | —. ad. |, Murphy's... -- co. ceseasaee eee Mar. 2,1877 5
¥
79. Peuczea ruficeps, (Cass. ).—Rufous-headed Sparrow.
Only a single specimen of this species has been recognized while mak-
ing this collection. It was shot while drinking from a spring in a growth
of our largest species of fern, on a ‘cedar-chaparral” hill.
73941 | == Adley Uae p iy 6. . sone se eee oe «-| Dee. - 13, 1877
80. Passerella iliaca, 3. townsendi, (Aud.).— Townsend's Sparrow.
A few of these birds were found in the willow thickets at Marysville
in the winter of 1877-78. Only one was seen at Stockton after March
6. This was in the edge of the tules, and was evidently migrating.
73942 | — ad.| Murphy’ 8? Lenses Sek oh Sete ae whe Spring, 1877
73923 | —. o0.|' Margavilles:)pi.0.ttasen sack on een Mar. 2, 1878
74266 | 2 ad. Stavicton. dob eieee ove Odes Apr. 8, 1878
73943 Ss ad. | Maryavilld... "cise sakes ewes Mar. 2,1877
{
‘80d. Passerella iliaca, y. schistacea, Baird.—Slatc-colored Sparrow.
77081 - ad.| Morphiy’s. 7. a2 mates Mune eats Jan. 4,1879
“80b. Passerella iliaca, ). megarhyncha, Baird.—Thick-billed Sparrow.
‘This bird is a very common summer resident at Big Trees, below
which but few are seen in the breeding season. I found it abundant at
Soda Springs and Summit Meadows in the fall of 1877. This or the ~
preceding species, perhaps both, is common at Murphy’s in winter. 4
73049 | So G4 Big Trees... 2. sade ane eee May —, 1877
73944 | — ad.|.....- HO. ... »'+'\avnip'en athe ee Spring, 1877
73945 4 =) O46. |at--dO. 2.2...) deen Spring, 1877
’
*81. Hedymeles melanocephalus, (Swains.).—Black-headed Grosbeak.
This bird is a common summer resident of all parts of this regiots it
arrived at Murphy’s about May 1, 1877, and was first seen at Stockt on
May 6, 1878. aa
| PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 419
; A few were still at Big Trees August 27, but it was not seen in the
; ten succeeding days at Murphy’s, nor did I find it at Stockton Septem-
ber 7 and later.
| It was abundant in the willows by the San Joaquin River in May.
— Qn the 21st of the latter month I found a nest containing two young
and an egg, and on June 3 full-fledged young were seen.
oh mie
cd ad.
ps ays be ee ROR 5 tetas May 10,1877
a)
73955 | g ad.|.....- ‘IRA PISS aaa May 10,1877
;
73954
:
*82. Guiraca ccerulea, (Linn.).—Blue Grosbeak.
The males of this species arrived at Stockton May 6, 1878, the first
7
females being seen on the 13th of that month. It was very common in
_ the willows by the San Joaquin River, and was unexpectedly tame. A
nest found there May 18 was in the forks of a willow, fourteen or fifteen
_ feet from the ground. It left Stockton before September 7.
; :
feta tot ale) ASLOGKLOR: ~ 224 225.25 sas seine os May 9,1878
74451 | f juv.|...... Ge. Tish et se May 23, 1878
74452 | Q ad.|.-...-- WY He 0e4203 2s te Set May 23, 1878
76588 | ff ad.|.-..-.- Gone os) 8 eee se ree ae May 9, 1878
76589 |
ES ee aaa epee vt, Benes ee Yer | May 14, 1878
.*83. Cyanospiza ameena, (Say).—Lazuli Bunting.
The “Blue Linnet” was rarely seen ai Stockton in May and June, 1878,
though it is sometimes a common summer resident of this place. It was
first seen here May 8, 1878, and departed before September 7. I have
found it common at Murphy’s in June; it left there previous to August 28.
76591 | Ch. OREN, ee re bee cae oe June 3,1878
*84. Pipilo maculatus, J. megalonyx, Baird.—Long-clawed Towhee.
This is a common constant resident of the valleys and foot-hills as
high as Murphy’s, and is a common summer resident of the pine forest
up to the summit of the Sierras.
73962 cory * tc Tie LS 2 eee Feb. —, 1878
76590
rot _ad.
— juv.
FB5. Pipilo chlorurus, (Towns. ).—Green-‘ailed Towhee.
This bird is a common summer resident at Big Trees, Soda Springs,
and Summit Meadows. It does not breed much below Big Trees. A
few were seen at Murphy’s April 17, 1878, after a slight fall of snow. I
have seen but one in the valleys; this was at Marysville on February
12,1878. It was in a burr-patch near the Yuba River, which was at
this time flooding the thickets on its banks, and had perhaps driven the
bird from its winter home.
42() PROCKEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,
One specimen was seen at Murphy’s on the. 12th of February: this, ‘
also, was in a burr- iii in the corner of a hog-corral. :
»| *Big Trets.-i<s-<keweet eee eee May 19,1877
*86. Pipilo fuscus, 3. crissalis, (Vig.).—Brown Towhee.
This is a common or abundant constant resident of the foot-hills, and
is found in the valleys in suitable localities. It does not breed much
above Murphy’s.
73956 | — ad:| *Marysville. .0.07:55-45-.n5e ee Mar. 2,1878
(3057 *|\ — ‘ad-j==. >. 10 i cm ad baie Sa Ome Mar. 2,1878
73958 | — ‘adie. MON ALS Sie ose ee Be ee Mar. 4,1878
73959 | So ad. 00122 2 ee Soe eee Mar. 4,1878
(8960s) Baal. Adee OO. 2+ 22-2 See eee ee Mar. 2,1878
TBI | Pas lon eee G0... Sse. ts aoe ee ee Mar. 1, 1878
14275 | > ad.|. North, American~ 52252252552 Mar. 12, 1878
Family ICTERIDAi: The AMERICAN STARLINGS.
*87. Xanthocephalus icterocephalus, (Bonap.).—Yellow-headed Blackbird.
This is an abundant summer resident of the tule marshes of the val-
leys: a few may remain in winter, but I do not remember seeing any at
that time.
It arrived at Stockton April 6, 1575, and was rather rare until May.
But few have been seen since October 15, those mostly young of the
year, mixed with Red-wings (Agelai). The only one seen after the first
of November of this year (1878) was on the 19th instant, when a young
bird was noticed in a flock of Red-wings.
Late in the summer and fall it daily visits the grain-fields east of
Stockton, returning at evening to the tules.
74276 | o ad. *BLNOKUOD. wo «.ineiowec: siditin tx eniecee Apr. 17,1878
88. Agelceus phoeniceus, (Linn. ).—ed-and-buff-shouldered Blackbird.t
This form of the Red-wing was very abundant at Stockton in the
spring of 1878 up to about May 10, when it disappeared during sum-
mer-like weather that followed. I have not seen any of the Red-wings
in the mountains.
73885 | 9 ad: | Marysville..c.s5.iusees eee eee Feb. 14, 1878
73836 | Q ad.|...... GO . cantik dees one vane Feb. 14, 1878
73887 | 9 ad.|...... db... intone indi gi Raa Feb. 14,1878
aes co! of ad. | Stockton ....ssi-tawaas aes eae Apr. 4, 1878
*88a. Agelzeus pheeniceus, 3. gubernator, (Wagl.).—Red-and-black-shouldered Bldck- ;
bird. ‘ |
This is an abundant constant resident of Stockton. The unmistak-
able adults mated early, while the immature of this species and A. phoe-— .
‘s ~ * Thirty miles east of Stockton. n
tThe specimens sent by Mr. Belding are perfectly typical of the species, and no t
distinguishable from examples from more eastern portions of the country.—R. R.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 421
niceus kept in flocks. Young birds able to fly were observed May 20,
1878.
PeS20 och sad |. Mawyavalle «22.2 ccge nice wicdis we te | Feb. 14, 1878
occ] We ie ging: 2s eee IAMS Sis ec net bea lane base Feb. 14, 1878
73832 | df add.|.<..-. Bienes athe ww La ER ee Sok Feb. 14, 1878
73833 | of ad.|...... Wire damien dedi nate tawaes Feb. 14, 1878
73834 | ¢ ad.|....-.. BS Se ioweshs Ue ual eb ecu Feb. 14, 1878
feed | Pa aa UOC KOON = on ccrowcomseanan =e eetls Mar. 29, 1878
FS278 NOL also. 332 MO eet ee ead peetads Apr. 17, 1878
76592 | oh ad.|...... a ites Sie ee See tS eee Apr. 4, 1878
ra a’ We eons NG rosso 0) Sie behd-neeoneGs Spring, 1878
76593
89. Ageleeus tricolor, (Nutt.).—ed-and-white-shouldered Blackbird.
The A. tricolor appeared to avoid Stockton in the spring of 1878. I
recognized but four during the spring and summer. Two of these were
seen March 22 and two on April 5.
73987 | So ad
PORNO noi uie dina s ae hm Anata © Spring, 1875
*90. Sturnella neglecta, Aud.— Western Meadow fait:
This bird is an abundant constant resident of the valleys and foot-
hills as high as Murphy’s. It is also a summer resident of some of the
more suitable localities of the Upper Sierras.
wo
73989 | ¢ aa.| *Miraplay sb: Sy xtesc ek: | Spring, 1877
*91. Scolecophagus cyanocephalus, (Wagl.).—Brewer’s Blackbird.
This is an abundant constant resident at Stockton, probably equal-
ling, possibly exceeding, in numbers the Red-wings, especially in autumn.
It is also a constant resident at Murphy’s, and in summer is found in
suitable localities in the pine forests. It was very common at Summit
Meadows in September, 1877. At Stockton many breed in closely-
trimmed ornamental evergreens.
73988 | f ad.| *Murphy’s..........-..--------- | Spring, 1877
76595 | ¢ ad.| Stockton............2s.....20-- | Sept. 30, 1878
0
76596 | 9 ad,|...... Wier dene ot | Sept. 30, 1878
*92. Icterus bullocki, (Swains.).—Bullock’s Oriole.
This Oriole is a common summer resident of the valleys and foot-hills.
An adult male was shot at Big Trees July 13,1878. This is the only
one I have seen in the pine forests.
The males arrived at Murphy’s March 24, 1877; at Stockton April 1,
1878. On April 6, 1878, the first female was seen. The species left
_ Murphy’s previous to August 27 and Stockton previous to September 7.
A nest found May 11 in a willow, eight feet from the ground, contained
two eggs.
peg Se RG Mar. 24, 1877
ot es Re ee ere Apr. 1,1878
73986
ad.
74453 ad.
oy
ro
os.
422 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Family CORVIDAL: The RAVENS, CRows, and JAYS.
*93. Corvus americanus, (Aud.).—Common Crow.
[Mr. Belding states that this species (which, however, he mistakes for
CO. caurinus) is “an abundant resident of Central California.” The
specimen he sends is true americanus, and not C. caurinus. The Crows
which the writer observed in the Sacramento Valley, in June, 1867, were
certainly C. americanus, their notes and habits in no wise differing from
those of the Kastern birds of this species. It is probable that C. cawrinus
is, like the Eastern C. ossifragus, a strictly littoral species, never found
away from tide-water.—R. R.|
Se f
76597 | = ad, | Stockton... oes Beene eeoee Nov. —, 1878
*94, Picicorvus columbianus, (Wils.).—Clarke’s Nutcracker.
This species is very common at Soda Springs and Summit Meadows
in the fall, and is said to be a rare winter visitor to the Big Trees.
*95,. Pica nuitalli, Aud.— Yellow-billed Magpie.
This Magpie is a common constant resident of Marysville, and, during
some years, at Stockton also, but I did not see it at the latter place from
April 1, 1878, to October 18 of the same year, though it was seen in
June at many places on the route between Stockton and Marysville.
On December 22, 1877, I saw it at Salt Spring Valley, between Milton
and Murphy’s (altitude about 1,200 feet). It probably occasionally
breeds at Murphy’s.*
73818 | oo ad.
“Maryaville: i.e ade emp =n abn 24 Feb. —, 1878
*96. Cyanocitta stelleri, 3. frontalis, Ridgw.—Californian Mountain Jay.
This Jay is very common in the pine forests in summer, and is a win-
ter sojourner of the chaparral belt, especially that part nearest the pine
forest. A few breed down to an altitude of 3,000 feet or a little less.
It is an occasional winter visitant to the live-oak groves in the Sacra- —
mento Valley, ten or twelve miles north of Marysville.
73800 | — ad.| *Murphy’s........---.-0------- ‘Apr. 12, 1877
| |
*97. Aphelocoma californica, (Vig.).—Californian Valley Jay.
This-is a common constant resident of the valleys and foot-hills, and —
appears to be quite numerous in the pine forests in summer, as high as ~
big Trees, where I found it in July and August, 1878; also at Gardiner’s
Meadow, three miles east of Big Trees, the altitude the same as that of
Big Trees ; and at Dunbar’s and Moran’s Meadows (altitude 3,800 feet).
have seen it there formerly, but not recently.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 423
and around meadows. It is more abundant in the valleys in winter
than in summer.
Once, having shot a Quail which fluttered violently, one of these birds
pounced upon it and began to tear it.
. } . aS | a ae SS
Ears RUSE 2 anc a5 ok ol abee bel Feb. —, 1878
== yy.) Seg reese. s 22524 --3 3252.12 F July —, 1878
73829
76598
98. Perisoreus canadensis (y. obscurus, Ridgw. ?).*—Oregon Gray Jay.
On October 7, I saw at Summit Meadows what I supposed to be this
bird. It is said to breed in the high parks of Castle Peak, a few miles
north of the Summit Meadows.
“Family ALAUDID: The TRUE LARKs.
99. Eremophila alpestris, (Forst.).—Horned Lark.
The Horned Lark was common at Marysville in the winter of 1877-78,
in flocks of not more than twenty-five or thirty, generally less. A small
flock was seen at Summit Meadows in the fall of 1877.
Tates |es | ad. | Marysville. ......-:.-.-...222-2! Feb. —, 1878
qatee |g aa.t---... | fee ape Meee reer ah eet Df Feb. —, 1878
73970 | — ad.| Summit Meadows....-...-....--- Oct. 6, 1877
*99a. Eremophila alpestris, 3. chrysolema, (Wagl.).—Southern Horned Lark.
_ This form of the Horned Lark is an abundant resident at Marysville,
in summer frequenting the dry plains, especially those near the low,
rolling hills on the eastern margin of the valley, where the growth of
vegetation is meagre. In December, 1878, it was abundant on the low,
rolling hills east of Stockton, on the road a Copperopolis.
The difference in appearance between a flock of these while on a
field of short, green grass in bright sunshine, and that of a flock of the
northern a cok is SO great that any collector could not fail to observe it.t
Ce il ae gi ee py || FA 9 ' Feb. —, 1878
73964 | — ad.| *Calaveras County (at Milton) --| Spring, 1877
73965 | — ad.|..---. , ESN AE SR ee | Spring, 1877
foun i Gi ad.) Marysville 22405 2. nw css. Feb. —. 187
i ia ee a Re | Feb. —, 1878
73968 | gf ad.|.-...-- Qe ere oe Se hs. os | Feb. —, 1878
Tao0e |) Go. Bb | .- 2. i ee SCO Feb. —, 1878
76599 | ¢ ad ges tas, o ees cs , Feb. —, 187.
76600 | Q ad.|....-. ie i ty ee | Feb. —, 1878
!
*It is somewhat uncertain whether the birds alluded to above are of the Oregon
form (obscurus) or the Rocky Mountain race ((. capitalis, Baird). Judging from an-
alogy, however, in the cases of Cyanocitta and Aphelocoma, they should be the former,
_ a probability strengthened by the fact that Mr. Henshaw obtained specimens of 0)-
- scurus at Camp Bidwell, in the northern Sierra Nevada.—R. R.
tThe fine series of this very strongly marked race, sent by Mr. Belding, shows
unusual uniformity of characters for birds of this genus, there being little variation
among individuals. The light pinkish gray tints of the more northern and eastern
forms (alpestris and leucolema) are replaced by a very deep cinnamon color, or rusty
brown, while the size is decidedly smaller. They agree quite closely with Mexican
examples, as described in History of North American aKrde (vol. ii, p. 144).—R. R.
a i inl ee
et ae
424 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEU 1
Family TYRANNIDA): The Tyrant FLYCATCHERS.
*100. Tyrannus verticalis, (Say).—Western Kingbird. i”
This pe d arrived at Murphy’s April 12, 1877, and at Stockton Marek 1
20,1878. It is an abundant summer resident at Stockton, Murphy’s,
and Marysville. Two were seen at Big Trees in May, 1877, and one at
the same place August 10, 1878. It was very rare at Murphy's August
27, 1878, and had left there before September 7.
*101. Myiarchus cinerascens, Lawr.—Ash-throated Flycatcher.
The Ash-throated Flycatcher was first seen at Murphy’s apart KG
1877; at Stockton April 27, 1878, where it was abundant in the thicket
by the San Joaquin River during the first half of May. A few were ~
seen there afterward, and these may have had nests, although I have —
generally found them during the breeding season in oak groves.
It is quite a common summer resident at Stockton and Murphy’s, and —
a young one was shot at Big Trees August 10, 1878. It was very rare
at Murphy’s August 27, 1878. It was not seen at Stockton on or after
September 7.
73546 | ¢ ad.| *Murphy’s..-..-....------.-+-+- Apr. 17, 1877
73992 | — ad. ; NG See ao ee cea oe oe ees Apr. 17, 1877
74281 | | oad. 43 “Stockton Sen et PA ee ee Apr. 27, 1878
7
*102. Sayornis nigricans, (Swains.).—Black Pewee.
This bird is a common constant resident of Stockton, Murphy’s, and
Marysville. It frequented the willows by the streams in the meadows
at and near Big Trees in July and August, 1878. Since il was oftener —
seen in August than in July, it may have made a short vertical migra-
tion from lower down after the breeding season.
Pty
Moextiag cadastral PR et aan agen asseees d= snr:
73611 | — juv.| *Stockton. - 45-69 frases eee *July —, 1877
74000 | — ad.| *Murphy’s.......-----.-----.-- Winter, 1877
TA2TO: | ici’ ad. | Stockton: . >. Psiw,<oGar. caren Apr. 9, 1878
74280 | f ad.|...... dor). 5i3,c eke Apr. 1, 1878
|
Ve ae eee re a rage ae
103. Sayornis sayus, Bonap.—Say’s Pewee.
This Pewee is a winter sojourner at Stockton, Murphy’s, and Marys- |
ville, where, however, it is rarely, if ever, common. It was first noticed —
at Stockton in the fall of 1878, on October 17. S|
73999. | —+:' ads | Stoolcbon se: /ccks Ldewdaee eee Nov. —, 1877
76601 | — ad.|...... do...) Oct. 17, 1878
*104. Contopus borealis, (Swains.).—Olive-sided Flycatcher.
This is a very common and generally distributed summer resident at
Big Trees. I shot one July 7, 1878, which had materials for a nest im
* Albinescent | gest
J
, we
+ PS)
| Y Janey
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 425
its bill. About a week later I found a young bird which could scarcely
fly, and which, on being caught, proved very pugnacious. Its song is a
loud prolonged “ three deer,” the last syllable being much shorter than
the first. Both are occasionally prefaced with a short note in a lower
key. Its other very common, not unmusical notes, I once copied with
the syllables “ chu-chu-chu”; again, “pu-pu-pu”; again, * pip-pip”, the
notes apparently varying with the individual. These notes follow each
other rapidly, sometimes consisting of groups of two, usually of three,
occasionally of four, a call almost invariably ending with groups of the
same number as that with which it began. It is usually uttered from
the top of a dead tree, often two hundred feet from the ground. It
appears to prefer the tops of the tallest dead trees as a foraging centre.
They utter notes while chasing one another, which I once described as
resembling those of Flickers, but I am not now satisfied with that de-
scription. |
73998 | — ad.| *Big Troes.........-----.------ ‘ May 25, 1877
75316 | Q ad.!....-. DUR ctclisined bgt ity te aati ste July 7,1878
Woott| co ad.|...... oe eee ee ee ee July 16, 1878
|
*105. Contopus richardsoni, (Swains.).— Western Wood Pewee.
This species was first noticed at Stockton during the spring of 1878,
_ on May 9, soon after which it became common in all suitable localities.
_ Itis common in the pine forests in summer. It was rare at Murphy’s
_ August 27, and was not seen at Stockton in Suietescaa or later.
Ce ae Po OTT ES ee Oe ek We Ie
a CS re pal PR ES ae So | May 25, 1877
4 See tee age allies pe ae vee ae | Spring. 1877
3 74454 |....... | dec Ee it hiee Re a | May 15, 1878
x 46B02: |'-s0=54- Murphy’s.....-. lta S tawrata ste / Sept. —, 1878
. Prt Cae ik im Wee
> *106. Empidonaz difficilis, Baird.*—JVestern Yellow-bellied I’lycatcher.
E Only two of these birds were recognized at Stockton in the spring of
_ 1878, the first being noticed on May 1. Two or three were seen at Big
Trees in July and August. These were in willows at the head of ravines,
near springs. Those seen at Stockton were in opent oak groves.
iota) GG ait) Big Frees. 2. s204-2244 22-4. 20s: July 27, 1878
*107. Empidonax pusillus, (Swains.).—Litlle Flycatcher.
This is a common summer resident at Stockton and Marysville. It
seems invariably confined to willow thickets, and to occur wherever they
do, whether in valleys or mountains.
*In my report.on the Ornithology of the U. S. Geological. Exploration of the 40th
Parallel (Clarence King), p. 544, I considered this bird as specifically distinct from £.
flaviventris, chiefly on account of supposed great differences in the location*and charac-
erof the nest and eggs. Facts subsequently brought to light, however, by Messrs.
_H. A. Purdie and §. D. Osborne (see Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Oct. 1878, pp. 166, 187), show
_ that the two do not differ in these particulars. Notwithstanding this, the difference be-
tween the two forms in coloration and proportions is so marked that there should
never be any difficulty in easily distinguishing them.—R. R. :
t That is, not darkly shaded, the trees scattering, and with no undergrowth.
426
It was first noticed at Stockton April 30, 1878, and was not seen here
in September or October.
73044 | of .ad.| AStoektomia.: toyice suchen see July —, 1877
73996 |) — ado... AO 2 ideale pol eee July —, 1877
ee. CO} QGh A. 48: dG»: S455. os Sele ala een ‘May Li, 1878
75321 | —
ad.| *Big TreEs..c, ek eee | Aug. 3, 1878
*108. Empidonax obscurus, (Swains.).—JVright’s Flycatcher.
This bird was first seen at Murphy’s on April 28, 1877, at which time
it was rather common. It perched on the lower dead limbs of small
trees which grew on hillsides, from which it would make short flights
over the valley below, and return to the same perch. I have not recog-
nized it in the valleys.
75319 | fg ad. k * Diigd EPCS sie) i akip ee Bais Mase | July 8, 1878
73047 | ¢ ad. Murphy’ BL. = ein ao hee eae a manne | Apr. 28, 1877
TOOT 2) ——eada "sO he a es Sie ee ere aera
75320 | —juv.| Big Trees... | July —, 1878
*109. Empidonax hammondi, Xantus.—Hammond’s Flycatcher.
This small Flycatcher is a common summer resident of the pine forests,
out of which I have not seen it except when migrating. It arrived at
Murphy’s April 25, 1877, and at Stockton May 9, 1878. |
At the latter place it was rare, and confined to the willow thickets on
the river-banks. . ;
| :
73045 | ad. | MES Gos Jes ESS eo teay eae Apr. —, 1877 |
73046 | g ad. | ime. vO A ee LAA cL ae Apr. 28, 1877 |
73998 | — ad.| Soda Springs -.<.0.5 ...n.e elles | Sept. —, 1877 - |
76603 | g ad. Rin gaara catia deter oie akties GBI Mary 9, 1878
Family TROCHILIDA!: The HUMMING-BIRDS.
*110. Stellula calliope, Gould.—Calliope Humming-bird.
While making this collection I have seen but two of these birds in
spring plumage: these were at Murphy’s, in April. It was very rare at
Big Trees in July and August. I have never seen it in the valleys.
At Soda Springs, in the fall of 1877, Humming-birds were abundant.
I shot a number of them. They were young or moulting, and so did not
preserve them. They were principally Selasphorus rufus, but perhaps
the present species was among them. | :
74005 | gf ad.| | Murphy's....,2 tyss-bsbemee¥tnas Apr. —, 1877 +
75325 | ? ad. | Big TVCOG.. +s carceckasaeee see Aug. 1, 1878
*111. Trochilus alexandri, Boure. & Muls.—Black-chinned Humming-bird.,
This bird was common in the open parts of the willow thickets at —
Marysville in June, 1878. It was not observed at Stockton from March —
6 to June 8, though not more than five Humming-birds were seen during —
that time, end five or six are all I have seen at Stockton during the pres- —
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 427
ent season. I do not know whether this is usually the case or not, as
this was my first spring and summer collecting here. Nearly every one
seems to know the Anna Humming-bird, but I did not see it here last
“spring.
T. alexandri must have been rare at Big Trees, as I did not see an
adult male in spring plumage, and was not certain of the species to
which the one which I.shot there belonged.
; ;
T4462 | fel ad. | FMCEEURV MiG. bos. oe et eT June 21, 1878
(4468 |i — jav. |. =... RAO See ee June 22, 1878
75323 | ¢ juv.| Moran’s Meadow ..---.-..-.----- | July 24, 1878
75324 | —juv.| Big Trees.-.-...- aed a yo eee July —, 1878
~*112. Calypte anne, (Less.).— Anna Humming-bird.
This Hummer is abundant at Murphy’s and in the hills below during
a large portion of the year. It was seen at Copperopolis* on the 12th
of December of the present year. There were no wild flowers, except-
ing those of the “Manzanita.” Specimens shot there were very fat, and
had been feeding on a sweet gummy substance exuding from perfora-
tions made by Woodpeckers in the bark of an evergreen oak.
T2008 | ch) ad.) *Marphy’s ..----..-6..435.-23 62 Jan. 30, 1877
72008. 1-cy 2 ae. [== 2. =. Ci een eek SP at eet Pe 5 eae Spring, 1877
74003 | co ad.|.----- Gb ok ee eee Spring, 1877
74004 | 2 ad.|..-.-..- G6 .. it oss bee oe Spring, 1877
Goes, Ce es | Bie ‘Trees. 5... 2. oc peste. | Aug. 1, 1878
*113. Selasphorus rufus, (Gmel.).—Rufous-backed Humming-bird.
This species is common at Big Trees in summer, and abundant at
Soda Springs in the fall. I have seen a few at Stockton and Murphy’s
in spring. 3 wus
amerr Ti eek beebtktet 22s oe. ee Apr. 30, 1878
75326 | — vo See PORE a Ses = ae ink July 25, 1878
Family CAPRIMULGID A: The GOATSUCKERS.
114. “Antrostomus” nuttalli, (Aud. ).— Poor-will.
The specimen in the collection is the only one I have seen in two years.
'
73978 | == Oe POOCEGOR. - . gs Seek. --- July —, 1877
*115. Chordeiles popetue (Vieill.) (3. henryi, Cass. ?).— Night Hawk.
The Night Hawk is abundant at Soda Springs in July and August
‘ and during the first part of September.
I suppose a few occur at Big Trees in July or August, as (in 1878) I
heard of “* Whippoorwills” there which roosted on trees, but I could not
find any.
* Copperopolis is in the pine belt, about 1,200 feet above sea-level.
428 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL eee ”
Family PICIDAi: The WOODPECKERS. | “2 4
*116. Picus villosus, «. harrisi, Aud.—Harris’s Woodpecker.
This is a common summer resident of Big Trees. It is also numerous
at Soda Springs and Summit Meadows in the fall. I have seen it at
Murphy’s in winter, but not in summer. It breeds but little below Big
Trees. JI have not seen it in summer below an, altitude of 3,500 feet,
nor have I ever seen it at Stockton or Marysville.
TIBSG | ff ad. }occslsi aii yee *1877
TBRGT | od! Od. |e c.ae./ccwecec ies ee 1877
73858 | OA oon cass nace noted adap hee 1877
73850.) 0 sad lic da tecu Seboena ion eee eee 1877
117. Picus pubescens, Linn.—Downy Woodpecker.
A single individual of this species was shot at Marysville, as below
recorded. .
73606 | SJ ad. | Marysville. 2. ions san-s been ceme <3 Dec. 27, 1877
*117 a. Picus pubescens, /. gairdneri, Aud.—Gairdner’s Woodpecker.
This bird was abundant in the willows at Marysville in the winter of
1877-78, and was often seen at the same place the following June.
It appears to be generally distributed in the pine forest, but I have
not found it abundant nor even scarcely Common.
73607 | Q- ads |) *Marysvilles ica sveesa ees <8 Dec. 27, 1877
73806 | gf ad. Raa pe Fr aon Feb. —, 1878
73807 | fi ad.|...... Wake Peet ate eee Feb. —, 1878
'73808 | 9 ad.|..-.... BO <p nihtl s werk deen baath & bog Ate Feb. —, 1878
73809 | Q ad Oe Aso. A obau Piudeny tate Feb. —, 1878
73900 | of. RO). MiB YS 5s ids ce ntes Peepers ee ds Feb. —, 1877
FECL. |. . Bil scke< OSE AE Bete Ot Fe 2 Feb. —, 1877
74259 | 2 ad. Mary SUING. a as cern ily ones hehe June 14, 1878
76360, } ~=juv. | “Big Trees. pon: «nwadn ccaenenh July 26, 1878
*118. Picus nuttalli, Gamb.—Nuttall’s Woodpecker.
This is a common constant resident at Stockton, Murphy’s, and
Marysville. I have not recognized it in the pine forests. One seen at
Marysville in June was red from bill tonape. It was too near to shoot.t
The iris of all I shot at Marysville was dark blood-red.
73033 | ° af MMorpliy'’s. «<2 2.4 Soom kee eee Apr. —, 1877
73801 | Jo ad. *Marysville od me 5 ae em Feb. —, 1878
73802 | do SP ands it . <3: akersts ideas Feb. —, 1878
73803 BO BAL 2s dO. canewvcnee sckyevenwnhame Feb. —, 1878
73804 | 9 adh) |... 6 :€@..6, oie ce ceeh once eee nee Feb. —, 1878
73805 | Q ad. WO J suthey mats npd vbvbee een Feb. —, 1878
73855 | fi ad. Murphy’ @ voces dsweceleeauenvele Apr. 20, 1877
78605 | ot ad.| BStéektob cs... .sten adenine pee Nov. 13, 1878
*119. Picus albolarvatus, (Cass. ).— White-headed Woodpecker.
I have found this bird abundant at Big Trees in summer, and com- —
mon at Soda Springs and Summit Meadows in fall. In December, 1877 9 1
* Mr. Belding writes in regard to these specimens that one was from Big Trees, one
from Murphy’s, and two from Summit Meadows.—R. R.
+ Probably a young male.—R. R.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 429
one was seen near Murphy’s at an elevation.of about 3,000 feet, the low-
est point at which I have observed it.
It breeds in low stumps, fallen and standing trees, rarely more than
fifteen feet from the ground, often but three or four. When chasing
one another around the trunks or through the branches of trees, their
ery is “wick-wick-wick-wick-wick-wick,” syllable rapidly following syl-
lable. However, they do not often indulge in play.
F
poi is 22 ee See aioe Ae pal | May —, 1877
75854 | oc ad.
120. Picoides arcticus, (Swains.).—Black-backed Three-toed Woodpecker.
In the fall of 1877 I shot one of these birds at Soda Springs and one
at Summit Meadows. It was very rare at both places. I have not seen
it at Big Trees, nor below that altitude.
73862 | 9 ad.| Soda Springs...................- | Sept. —, 1877
76706 | 9 ad.) | Summit Meadows.........-...-- Sept. —, 1877
*121. Sphyropicus varius, 3. ruber, (Gmel.).—Red-breasted Woodpecker.
Next to P. albolarvatus, this is the most common Woodpecker at Big
Trees in summer. I also found it common at Soda Springs in fall, and
shot two young birds, which were probably hatched there. It is a
rather rare winter “Hag ce at Marysville and Murphy’s.
73851 | — ad. | Murphy's..--.22++0-0-250+2200
| ( Winter and
are SRP nn eR ee, tg eke ee ee ee * =
on Gotan] ips aba toate emia poate |¢ spring, 1877
qeoe | — jow.| Big: Trees. 5222+ 24.2025. - <5 | July —, 1878
122. Sphyropicus thyroideus, (Cass. ).—Black-breasted Woodpecker.
I saw five or six of these birds at Soda Springs in the fall of 1877, and
in December of the same year shot one at Murphy’s (altitude about 2,400
feet). These are all I have recognized.
t _ 73849 | Q ad.| Murphy’s.........--.....------. | Dec. —, 1877
rs 73850 | Q ad. Soda mee Se a ere Sept. —, 1877
iy one COPY RON Reali ak Ne Se | Sept. —, 1877
4 ree MP, agi ae So Bn 2 Ck a, RNS Seed | Sept. —, 1877
|
Ys *123. Hylotomus pileatus, (Linn.).—Pileated Woodpecker.
‘ This bird is often seen at Big Trees in summer, and some years azuv I
observed that it was quite common in‘the Coast Range of mountains on
the North Fork of Eel River in Mendocino County. It does not appear
to be abundant in any part of Central California.
7ae4s | 9 | aa. | *Big Treeg.c..2..5.-..-...---- Spring, 1877
76359 | fad. | cam tod th BON SE ae: July 28, 1878
*124, Melanerpes torquatus, (Wils.).—Lewis’s Woodpecker. | :
This is a common resident of Stockton and Marysville, and appears to
be more numerous in the valleys than in the foot-hills or the Upper
Sierras, where, however, it occasionally occurs.
Those I have seen in the pine forests were apparently traveling in
straggling scattered flocks. I have not found it at Big Trees in breeding
Season.
73823 | = aod. | *Marvaville..2...s tease aes Feb. —, 1878
3824 | — ad.|...--. G04. .122 ape cect bee ees Feb. —, 1878
74282 | 3 ad) SStocktom..- a cose eee aera Mar. 27, 1878
74283 | 9
BOA ot nee 0). 2i. 05 elses kee eee eee Apr. 9, 1878
*125. Melanerpes formicivorus, (Swains.).—Californian Woodpecker.
This is an abundant constant resident of the valleys and foot-hills.
I shot one at Big Trees in August, but considered it a straggler.
T3825 J ch id,.||.* Marvevillocsse A eee eee ee *Feb. —, 1875
7A826 | oS. | cee. SAO les Sa eee eee Feb. —, 1878
73827 | 9 ad.j....-- OOrs PreFL 2 Fee eee eae Feb. —, 1878
73828 | Q ad.|- {10) cleanses knoe tate ee Feb. —, 1878
73865 | Q ad. *Murphy’ Svante Paueet eornence Spring, 1877
T6103 | ot "ad. f Maryeyilie, tvs. 2 sues oe oe ‘Winter, 1878
*126. Colaptes auratus, 3. mexicanus, Swains.—Ied-shafted Flicker.
This is a common constant resident at Stockton, Murphy’s, and Marys-
ville, and is a common summer resident of the pine forests.
ad.)| *Marvyevilles: .2.25ee Does nee Dec. 29, 1877
73601 | ¢
Tesla Gs Bann cos The pf fod 2 SRS hie eat Dec. 29, 1877
73810 | — ad.|....-- Or sie nee eek eed Bd ‘W inter, ’77-78
73820 | of ad.|...... GO .2-46 cae ahd eie aka aren Feb. —, 1878
TOOL Lai! Ol. s\n a ee GO 2a5 ¢.scae > ieee cet Feb. —, 1878
73822 | df ad|.-.... Os! View wlktw bee 3 ore Toten Feb. —, 1878
76609 | 2 vad.) Stockton... 2222 cabs awe de ube Oct., 3, 1878
76610. |. 2 juv. | Marysville. ...f0/. occckebar ses June —, 1878
*126 a. Colaptes auratus, y. hybridus, Baird.—‘‘Hyhrid” licker. ,
The plumage of probably half the numerous Flickers which I shot in
January and February, 1878, at Marysville was variously intermediate
between that typical of the supposed species C. mexicanus and C. au-
ratus. Those with uniformly golden shafts were unquestionably the
rarest of all. Quite a large number of those I had the good fortune to
shoot in January had well-developed red nuchal crescents, and the iris
was usually dark blood-red.t No traee of black in the cheek-patches
was observed in any of them, At Stockton, in March, 1878, I found it
somewhat difficult to find a specimen in which the shafts were sit yellow,
or in which this color even predominated, though the number of speci-
mens taken here at different times satisfied me that “hybrids ” were not
*UTyis milky white, ting ged with pale pink or carmine ; feet pale pea-green. »_Note
to one of the above specimens.—R. R.
tThis is frequently the color of the iris in very adult specimens of both mexicanus —
and auratus, and is, perhaps, a mark of high maturity, possibly a mere individual
peculiarity.—R. R.
‘PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 431
e
uncommon residents. It occurred to me while in Marysville, in June,
that by shooting more young from a family, some light might be thrown
on the subject,* but in no case did I succeed in getting more than one.
[This series is one of great interest, as showing that the so-called
‘Hybrid Flicker” is by no means confined to the region where the
ranges of the true auratus and mexicanus join or blend. Dr. Cooper re-
cords (Orn. Cal. i, p. 412, note) “two or more specimens” from near
Oakland, Cal.; and the writer observed, on several occasions, in the
extreme western portion of Nevada, Flickers having pure yellow shafts,
and so much resembling, at the distance from which they were observed,
the C. auratus or C. chrysoides, that they were doubtfully referred to one
or the other of these species (see Orn. 40th Parallel, p. 557). This proba-
ble error was based upon geographical considerations, the chances dgainst
their being the C. hybridus being the assumed scarcity of this species
_ west of the Missouri region, taken together with the known tendency of
strictly Eastern species to straggle westward. even to the very frontiers
of California (e. g., Tyrannus carolinensis aud Ectopistes migratoria in
western Nevada), and the possible northward extension of. the range of
C. chrysoides to the district indicated.
None of the specimens collected by Mr. Belding have black moustaches,
and he says that he has seen none thus marked. He considers the occur-
rence of the scarlet occipital crescent quite frequent, however, as is also
the admixture of yellow feathers in the wings and tail, or the entire
replacement of the red of the one species and the pure yellow of the
other by a tint more or less intermediate between the two. One speci-
men corresponds very nearly to C. “ayresi” of Audubon, having red
moustaches, gray throat, and yellow shafts; the latter have a decided
orange cast, however, while there is merely a trace of the occipital
crescent. The most interesting specimen of all is one of which, unfor-
tunately, only the wings and tail were sent. In this, the remiges and
rectrices are deep red as in typical mexicanus, with the exception of the
middle pair of the latter and one secondary (the corresponding one) of
each wing, which are pure gamboge-yellow, without a trace of orange,
the contrast being thus very striking. Another specimen, of which only
the tail was sent, is similar, except that the middle tail-feathers are pale
pinkish instead of yellow.
It may be remarked, as a noteworthy fact, that in all the specimens
sent by Mr. Belding, the pattern of coloration is perfectly symmetrical,
so far as opposite sides of the bird are concerned; that is, when there
are one or more feathers of “abnormal” color in one wing or in one-half
of the tail, these are represented by corresponding ones on the opposite
side. How far this rule will hold good when other specimens are ex-_
amined I do not know, but my opinion, based upon my recollection of
* The securing g of the entire family—that i is, both the p: wrents and their young—w vhen-
ever the occasion offers, is a much needed aid to the determination of the real charac-
ter of these so-called ‘“‘hybrid” Flickers.—R. R.
er at Pees Pees :
ra beled eae Tr
: e f —
= ee
432 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSE
.
many other specimens, is that it will be found of nearly universal a
tion.*—R. R.|
73602 | o ad.) Marysville... .2.. 2.2 ecesass ee Dec. 29, —
73603 | — ad.|...-.- i eee reas) SARS oh Dec. 29, —— | Tail only.
73604 | — ad.|....-- 06)... sc SS Eee Dec. 29, —— |. O
73811 | — ad.|...-... i re eee eee A
73819 | ¢ ad AUD 2 doe bcos Sea ee awe ae eae Feb. —, 1878
Taeeen 9 adi... dO, 2. -< 52 te cepa pane Mar. 1, 1877
73864 | 9 ad.|...... do PLE Set eee Mar. 1, 1877 |.
74458 | 9 ad. sensi a suettuae rs va a2 es June 8, 1878
76611 | ¢ ad.
bode eat en dos tent ae ae May 18, 1878 | Wings and tail.
Family ALCEDINID: The KINGFISHERS.
*127. Ceryle alcyon, (Linn.).—Belted Kingfisher.
The Kingfisher is a common resident at Stockton. It is also occasion-
ally seen at Murphy’s, at all seasons. Itis rarely found in the mountains
of this region. . |
igi ok ee ee Apr. 15, 1878
74284 | 9 ad.
Family CUCULIDA: The Cuckoos.
*128. Geococcy=x californianus, (Less. ).—Ioad Runner; Chaparral Cock.
The Road Runner is a rare resident of the chaparral only. Many
years ago I saw one between Vallecita and Angel’s (altitude about 2,000
feet), and I have seen a few others in Calaveras County, below this ele-
vation, three in Marysville buttes, one in the hills east of Marysville—
in all about a dozen—in twenty or more years, though I have hunted a
ereat deal in the foot-hills—lived at Murphy’s and San Andreas from the
spring of 1857 to October 1862.
*129. Coccyzus americanus, (Linn.).— Yellow-billed Cuckoo, -
The Yellow-billed Cuckoo was common in the willow and poplar
thickets at Marysville in June, 1878, but whether generally distributed
in the extensive thickets of like character so abundant along the rivers
of Northern California, I am unable to say. I heard one at Murphy’s
about September 1, 1878. |
74457 | | 9 ray *Marvyeville -.5-. 4242342ba serie June 22, 1878
76604 | ¢ ad.|...... OD -.-kinaisnene is cen June 13, 1878
*Mr. Henshaw informs me that he examined a specimen nen taken at San Francisco, es
which had all the rectrices of one side of the tail red, those of the other half bee 5
yellow !—R. R.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 433
Family STRIGID A: The Owxs.*
*130. Strix flammea, (. pratincola, Bonap.—American Barn Owl.
The Barn Owl is a common resident of the valleys, especially in the
willow thickets near Stockton. I have not seen it in the mountains.
}
— ad.
— ad.
76612
76613 | — ad.|...... sls SR BS ig oe aa Do.
131. Asio accipitrinus, (Pall.).—Short-eared Owl.
This Owl is common at Stockton and Marysvillein winter. It left the
former place about the first of April of the present year, and reappeared.
on or before September 30 following. |
74298 | — ad.| Summit Meadow.......-.---.--- | Sept. 16, 1877
T4209 ae Bla) (HOOK oc . 22.2. oe ee eee ed Mar. 30, 1878
|
132. Asio wilsonianus, (Less.).—Long-eared Owl.
I have seen this Owl at Marysville in former years, but do not think I.
have seen it anywhere within the last two years. t
*133. Bubo virginianus, 3. subarcticus, Hoy.— Western Great Horned Owl.
This Owl is very common at Big Trees in summer and is occasionally
seen in the valleys in winter. Ido not remember seeing it in the val-.
ley during summer, nor did I see or hear it at Soda Springs or Summit
Meadows in the fall of 1877, though I was informed that it is sometimes.
found there. There is one mounted at the Big Trees, which I shot there-
several years ago. It is often seen at Marysville, especially in winter.
*134. Scops asio, (L.).—Little Mottled Owl; Screech Owl.
This Owl is quite abundant at Stockton. I have seen it among the:
foot-hills, but not in the pine forests. [These specimens, like all others.
from California and the Western Province in general, so far as known,,
are in the gray ees R.]
Ce ee Boo ee a | Nov. 12, 1878
76615 | ad ee Meee 2, Lets | Nov. 13, 1878
76616 | — ad. |... ae ae PN et Oct. —, 1878
i
*T have never shot a bird of the genus Syrnium in California, though on October
- 26, 1878, I saw in an oak grove two large ash-colored Owls, which may have belonged
to a species of this genus. They were nearly as large as the Great Horned Owl, and
appeared to see wellin the brightsunlight. No ear-tufts were noticed. At Big Trees
I tried several nights to shoot a large Owl, which may have been a Syrnium, but did not
succeed. One evening it flew, at a sharp angle, to the top of a dead pine-tree, out of
the reach of shot, where it sat silently for about half an hour. [NotTr.—In the ab-
sence of any other known species to which the above description will apply, and
allowing for the circumstances under which the birds were seen, it is quite possible
that they were the grayish variety of Bubo virginianus.—R. R.]
t While attached to the U. S. Geological Exploration of the 40th Parallel, I found
this Owl very abundant in the willow thickets at Sacramento City, in June, 1867.—
R. R.
{Found dead.
Proc. Nat. Mus. 73-28 March 22, E878.
a a ee ey wee ME ae Vey oe) ee
- - . oe
*135. Speotytocunicularia, y. hypogea, (Bonap.).—North Aneree 1 Burro Owl ry
This is an abundant resident species of the valleys, out of which Ihave _
never seen it.
76617 | — ad.
Stack btovs «1 speece panes Nov. —, 1878
136. Glaucidium gnoma, (Wagl.).—Californian Pigmy Owl.
This Owl was oftener seen at Murphy’s in winter than any other.
There it was sometimes found during the day, on or near the ground, in
low chaparral, but quite as often in lone leafless trees; once, at least, in
bright sunshine. The specimen in the collection was seen to catch and
eat a Parus montanus.
* _—:
eee
73845 | — ad. Soda Springs.ifseice epee eee Sept. 13, 1877
Family FALCONIDA): Hawks, EAGLES, KITES, ETC.
137. Falco communis, (. nevius, Gmel.— American Peregrine Falcon.
The Duck Hawk is a somewhat rare winter sojourner in the valleys
of Central California. I have not seen it in the mountains. :
[The two specimens sent are in very dark plumage, being quite uni-
formly black above and very heavily marked beneath. 'They are quite
identical, however, with Eastern specimens which I have seen, and are
fully as large.—fh. R.| ;
| |
76618 | 9 juv.| Stockton......--------eet--see-- *Oct. 27, 1878
76619 | 9 juv.!...... Rs . joka eae Sete Oct. 29, 1878
|
138. Falco mexicanus, 3. polyagrus, Cass.—Prairie Falcon.
I saw a few specimens of this Faleon at Marysville in the winter of
1877-78. I think that I saw one at Stockton, November 19,1878. The
one in the collection is the only specimen seen at the Summit Meadows 4
in the fall of 1877.
(The single specimen in the collection is in the very rare perfect adult
plumage. This is transversely barred above with pale reddish umber
and bluish gray, quite unlike any other American Falcon.—R. R.|
70620 | | | o ad.| Summit Meadows..-.-.- --.----- | Sept. 16, 1877
| -
139. Aisalon columbarius, (Linn.).—American Merlin; Pigeon Hawk.
The Pigeon Hawk is occasionally seen in the valleys and foot-hills in
winter. I have never seen it in any part of this country in summer.
eee es,
Sigakton.. .- 22) -21..-.e eee Nov. 2, 1878
ae GO o.oo eon Sie» Oaeae Um ee
76621
76622
Jo juv.
| Jo juv.
*Wei ght 2 252 pounds; feet pale greenish yellow.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 435
*140. Tinnunculus sparverius, (Linn.).—American Kesiril.
This is a very common constant resident of the valleys and foot-hills
as high as Murphy’s, and is a common summer resident of the pine
ie EP OF agro
_ forests.
q 74290 | S juv. | SPN SIEINOS... 5. 6 5.279he do Fall, 1877
gy 74291 | - lcs lie gi onreee ames sae’ Spring, 1877
74292
#
| esa BOQ 22 ont wg Se op ae ee DE LON
! oe
141. Pandion haliaétus, £. carolinensis, (Gm.).—American Osprey; Fish Hawk.
I do not remember seeing this bird in California. This may be owing
| to the fact that so many of the streams are muddied by the extensive
‘mining operations in the mountains. I have known it well since a boy,
consequently it could not have escaped my observation. I am told.
: however, that it inhabits the Upper San Joaquin Valley, and it is quite
| likely that it does the Upper Sacramento also.
_-—«*142. Blanus leucurus, (Vieill.).— White-tailed Kite.
This is a common constant resident of Stockton, where I have seen
_ as many as twenty at the same moment within a circle of half a mile.
I have seen it at Marysville in winter. It is rarely out of the tule
‘ marshes.
The specimens I sent were stained by falling in muddy water or from
catching mice in a large alfalfa field in the “reclaimed” tule ground.
Some of them I tried to wash, but with indifferent success.
oo em,
ae L
*73841 |
<a RS | PO ONCORIES oS och woe htcc kets 4 Mar. —, 1878
73842 | — ad.|-....- aE aes eee poe ER Nov. —, 1877
74293 | 9 ad.|.----- ee Seay ee ee Apr. 17, 1877
74294 | Q ad.|..--... so gee Se eee ea ee Re Apr. 20, 1877
74295 | 2 ad }....-- BD ie IPOs es oe hee oe Apr. 14, 1877
143. Circus hudsonius, (Linn.).—WVarsh Hawk.
The Marsh Hawk is a very common resident of the valleys, but is
most numerous in winter. The adult plumage of the male is quite
common.
70800 | iP a ee Oe ek
144. Accipiter cooperi, (Bonap.).—Cooper’s Hawk.
This Hawk seems to be rare in the interior of California, since I have
seldom recognized it within the last two years. I was well acquainted
with it in Pennsylvania nine or ten years ago. In the fall of 1877 I
winged, at Soda Springs, what I think was a specimen of this bird, and
in December, 1878, I shot one at Copperopolis. 3
145. Accipiter fuscus, (Gmel.).—<Sharp-shinned Havek.
This Hawk is common during summer in the upper Sierras, and is
occasionally seen in the foot-hills and valleys in winter. I did not see
_ it at Big Trees in July and August, nor do I remember having seen it
at Marysville last winter.
436 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL M
The one in the contribution of December, 1878, is all I have see ie t
Stockton since September 6. It was often seen at Soda Springs and
Summit Meadows in fall. ee
73843 | g fur. Soda spree Jeswedivcnons nas simnt leeeee eee
73844 | Q eo waciew AO 2 siccais 6 uals 6 ote pein eee ene
76623 | ¢ juv: | Stockton bce Feit whys dee Eee Sept. 24, 1878
76624 | | 2 jay. |. Murphy's: ff23282. i asbeeeeeees Spring, 1877
|
*146. Buteo borealis, 3. calurus, (Cass.).— Western Red-tailed Hawk.
This Hawk was oftener seen at Soda Springs in the fall of 1877 than
any other species of the genus. Two of the four which were shot there
were young birds, nearly grown. I have seen one specimen, which was
shot at Marysville about November 1.
Red-tailed Hawks are very common constant residents of the valleys,
and in summer are quite as common in the mountains.
74206 | —juv.| Soda Spemos..i-..0 3, feu ee Sept. 15, 1877
76625 — juv. | | Big reese (paid a eae July —, 1878
76626 | ff juv. | Siagekien. "fs Sg oor. Oct. 29, 1878
76627 | 2 ad.) SLAG 3 SSS ee ee eee *Oct. 25, 1878
*147. Buteo lineatus, 7. elegans, (Cass. ).—Red-bellied Hawk.
Buteo elegans is very common at Stockton in summer. It was quite
abundant as late as October 1, 1878, but was rarely seen after the 15th,
olpbeeys: individuals were observed November 10 and 16.¢ A nest seen
June 8, in nearly horizontal limbs of an oak, was forty or fifty feet from
the ae irregular in shape, about eighteen inches thick, and, judging
by the leaves attached to some of the twigs, was built of dead and living
twigs and sticks. The cavity of the nest must have been shallow, as its
occupant could be seen at a short distance from the base of the tree.
74297 | g* ad.| *Stockton...........-.+- Seeds May 1, 1878
148. Archibuteo lagopus, 3. sanctijohannis, (Gmel.).—American Rough-legged Hawk.
The Rough-legged Hawk is the only Archibuteo I have been able to
shoot at Stockton this season, and I think this is the first I have seen
since September 6. It had a larger companion. I saw two of these
Hawks in a cage at Marysville last winter; both had been slightly
winged. They were very tame. I have seen only three or four black-
plumaged specimens in the past three years. One of these was at Big
Trees.last August, and one at Stockton April 1, 1878.
76628 | — juv. | Stockton . - css Ssinbeab dea ae lavov. 23, 1878
.
Pane anmemecnsernse eee eee aed
* Weight 3 pounds 5 ounces. Iris brownish-orange. ate na
+ In a letter dated December 28, Mr. Belding observes that it had been rare up t [Oo
that date at Stockton.—R. R. a LA ey. ay
t Iris pale brownish yellow; web of mouth rich lemon-yellow. . i
. a
he ae he ;
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 437
149. Archibuteo ferrugineus, (Licht.).—California Squirrel Hawk.
I saw a splendid specimen of this fine Hawk at Marysville last winter.
It was shot about January 1.
*150. Aquila chrysaétus, 6. canadensis, (Linn.).—American Golden Eagle.
This Eagle is rarely seen in Central California. Isawone near Stock-
ton May 14, 1878, and two young ones that were caught in the mountains
of Tuolumne County in 1877 by Indians; also one at Soda Springs in
1876. These are probably al! I have seen in three years. Formerly it
was more numerous in the valleys.
151. Haliaétus leucocephalus, (Linn.).— White-headed Eagle; Bald Eagle.
The Bald Eagle was formerly common in the valleys, particularly in
winter. It now rarely visits Stockton or Marysville, but is said to be
common in the southern part of the San Joaquin Valley. |
Family CATHARTIDAi: The AMERICAN VULTURES.
*152. Rhinogryphus aura, (Linn.).—Turkey Buzzard.
The Turkey Buzzard is a common resident of Central California,
being found as high up in the mountains as Murphy’s. It was seen
nearly every day at the Big Trees in July and Angust.
1
|
76629 | — ad.| Murphy’s...-.....---..--:.----- | Spring, 1877
153. Pseudogryphus californianus, (Shaw).—California Condor.
The California Condor appears to be very rare in this region. I have
seen it on no more than two or three occasions in Yuba County in
winter, and do not think I have seen it at any other place. They prob-
ably visit the vicinity of Marysville only in winter, and are never
common.
Family COLUMBIDA: The PIGEONS or DOVES.
*154. Columba fasciata, Say.—Band-tailed Pigeon.
I have seen but few of these birds in the Sierras in summer, though
it probably breeds there, as I have occasionally shot young birds at Big
Trees, apparently about a month old. They were at that age excellent
food, which cannot be said of it at any other time, its flesh being very
bitter from eating acorns in winter and oak-buds in spring.
It is sometimes common in the foot-hills in winter, but never abundant
as compared with the abundance of the Passenger Pigeon of the Atlantic
States.
roost | ¢ ad.
Pr Die fe te nds - 2 weno Dec. —, 1877
438 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,
*155. Zeneedura carolinensis, (Linn.).—Mourning Dove. ie
The Mourning Dove is abundant in all parts of the valleys and foot-—
hills in summer, at which time it is rather common between Murphy’s —
aud Big Trees, though found principally in the open places of the forest. —
It is rare at Stockton in winter, though quite common at Marysville
during the same time. [locks of fifty or a hundred may be found every
winter at the latter place, although not nearly so abundant at that time
as in summer.
At Murphy’s, August 29, 1878, I found two nests, both of which con-
tained eggs. ‘Two days later I found young birds in one of them.
J
Family TETRAONIDA: The Grouse.
*156. Canace obscura, (Say).—Dusky Greuse.
This fine game bird is quite abundant near the summit of the Sierra
Nevada, latitude 39°, and a few breed at Big Trees, where I once found
a nest containing seven eggs, which is about as many as they ever lay,
judging by the many flocks of young birds of less number which I
have seen. They utter, from a tree, when alarmed, the same “ kuk, kuk,”
as nearly as I remember, a Prairie Chicken (Cupidonia cupido) does
under similar circumstances. In August and September the males keep
by themselves, and are generally found singly. Toward the last of Sep-
tember I have had inuch difficulty in finding this bird at places where it
had previously been common. The explanation may be that they are
then in the tall, dense evergreens, or have, as they are said to do, gone
well up the adjacent peaks, or, possibly, lower down; but this last is not
likely, as they do not appear to be more numerous at Big Trees or the
lower portion of their range in winter than in summer. I have not seen
it at or several hundred feet above Murphy’s.
It is said to remain in particular trees much of the time in winter, and
to be found by hunters by its droppings on the snow.
Family PERDICID4: The PARTRIDGES and QUAILS.
“157. Oreortyx picta, (Douglas).—Californian Mountain Quail.
This Quail is a common summer resident of the Sierra from an ele-
vation of about 4,000 feet to 8,500 feet, and is generally distributed
through the forest except where there is unusual scarcity of water or
where the herbage is closely grazed by sheep. A few breed near Mur-
phy’s and between that place and Big Trees. Every winter it is common
in the upper edge of the chaparral belt in Calaveras County, and it is
usually common in November in Yuba County at an altitude of six
hundred feet or less; while near Oroville and on the Honeut Creek, ft
have seen it nearly on a level with the Sacramento Valley. :
When scattered, their call is much like that of young turkeys. hit
breeding season, the male has a loud, modulated, very agreeable note. —
They hatched at Big Trees about July 8, 1878. Their eggs are cream- —
‘Sites
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. A439
colored, unspotted, and the usual number is about fifteen. This bird is
easily shot when not quite grown, and appears to become confused when
migrating, especially in fall, when they are imexperienced; but when
grown, and have learned to fear the hunter, they are bagged with diffi-
culty. Whenmaking their vertical migrations, the Indians catch many of
them in compact brush fences about two feet high, running obliquely from
a creek or cation over a hill. Occasional holes are left in the ience in which
snares of hair or twine are placed. Some of these fences are more than
a fourth of a mile long. Many of the birds are taken alive trom the
snares and sold to the “ whites.” They soon become tame in cages, and
could probably be domesticated with little trouble. The Indians claim
to distinguish sex by the length of the plume, but I have reasons for
doubting their ability to do so.
A nest found at Big Trees in July, 1878, contained 13 eggs, was built
on the ground in a thick growth of “ Rock Rose,” an evergreen shrub
about two feet high, without branches until near the top; leaf very
minutely divided. I did not see the nest until the eggs were nearly
hatched.
[Mr. Belding observes in one of his communications that these birds
are very fond of the service-berry (fruit of the Amelanchier canadensis),
and adds: “ Mountain Quail are very plentiful, and easily shot, at Soda
Springs, in September and October, and when travelling from one
locality to another.”—R. R.|
73979 | a ae *Maurprys 32.2. .--* Se pesos Dec. —, 1877
73980 | et a eee We Sec Goueas to con eet Mar. —, 1877
*158. Lophortyx californica, (Shaw).—Californian Valley Quail.
This is an abundant constant resident of the valleys and foot-hills.
It is also common in summer in the pine forests as high as Big Trees,
where, however, it is found only in and around the fields and meadows
near human habitations, returning, at the approach of winter, to the
chaparral belt.
In the mating season I have seen the males fight fiercely, much as
turkeys do, the others of the flock appearing to take a great interest in
the combat, in the mean time making a great outcry. In the first of the
hunting season they are not very wild, and run a great deal, but when
they have been shot at, scattered, persistently followed, and thoroughly
frightened, they lie very close, especially if driven from their thickets
to stubble-fields and ploughed ground. They do not increase much in
the foot-hills after a dry winter. This Quail is attached to certain locali-
ties,—drinks, feeds, and hides in its own favorite places. The latest
broods are hatched in the early part of September.
73981 | ¢ ad.
eo a eee Spring, 1877
“ri had SG) el a A Mal em ie OT ER, St eee ne
w = Ly
BY) 7 1 eS ;
Family CHARADRIIDA: The PLovers. nas
159. Agialitis montana, (Towns. ).—Mountain Plover.
This species, known here as the “ Bull-head Snipe,” usually arrives at —
Stockton and Marysville in November, and I have seen a few in Octo- —
ber. It frequents the dry plains, but is oftener found in fields that have
been prepared for or sown with wheat than any other localities. It
sometimes visits the low, rolling, gravelly hills to the east of the valley,
and is often abundant, especially previous to the severe rains of winter.
Some winters, however, I have not seen it at all in California. It was
unusually abundant at Stockton in December, 1878
76637 | —~ ju. Stochktom-2s.22 55526) 0h beets ae Nov. 3, 1878
76622 | —juv.|.----- 0 n2dads SoS tease Nov. 3, 1878
*160. Aigialitis vocifera, (Linn.).—Aill-deer Plover.
The Kill-deer is a common resident of the valleys and foot-hills. I
have not seen it higher up than Murphy’s.
Family RECURVIROSTRIDA: The AvocETs and STILTS.
161. Recurvirostra americana, Gm.—American Avocet.
The Avocet is very rare in the interior valleys. It is occasionally
seen at Marysville in spring. I have not yet observed it at Stockton.
*162. Himantopus mexicanus, (Miiiler).—black-necked Stilt.
The Stilt is a common summer resident at Stockton. It was first seen
here April 13, 1878, and had left by September 7. It breeds both here
and in Sutter County.
700 Q ad.
|
Family SCOLOPACIDZ: The SNIPES, SANDPIPERS, ete.
163. Gallinago wilsoni, (Temm.).—/Wilson’s Snipe.
This bird is a common winter resident of Central California, being
found in suitable localities in the foot-hills as high up as Murphy’s. It
sometimes remains as late as May 15, and was seen at Stockton as early
this year as September 7.
A few are said to breed here, but this is very doubtful.
*Stock ton ok... eee emt ae Apr. 13, 1878
74287
76638
— ad:
Stockton.':...-. sss sa >aneeeenee Spring, 1878
— ad.
deen MLO. cee Strip MORE ea eee Oct. —, 1878
164, Macrorhamphus griseus, (Gmel.).—Jted-breasted Snipe.
This bird was first seen at Stockton April 20, 1878. The first seen in
the following fall was on November 5. It is sometimes, though rarely, oc
quite common, but it appears to be ‘pled irregular in its movements.
|
74285 | 9 ad.
Stoclebon <2 x... <ic/oaimwiee teeeeenes Apr. 25, 1878 }
74286 | O adil -.te AO .. sai. tbh idbneb meee Apr. 25, 1878 i
76689 | 9 ad.|...... GO. nen «tidal er: Nov. 5, 1878 ae
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAI MUSEUM. 441
165. Tringa minutilla, (Vieill.).—Least Sandpiper.
An abundant winter resident of the valleys. Is found at Stockton
from about September 18 till the first of April.
Stockten. <5 -ttscume ataes ids ay Fall, 1877
76640 | — juv.
166. Gambetta melanoleuca, (Gm.).—Tell-iale.
The Tell-tale is rather common in spring and fall. I shot one May
23. It was first seen at Stockton April15. Ihave not observed it since
the first of November.
76635
76636
— ad.
SOCKDON 5205 ussite soco~s Head only.
— ad. o Do.
167. Gambetta flavipes, (Gm.).— Yellow-legs.
Of this bird I can only say that I shot one September 13, and a few
days afterward saw what I thought was another.
76634 | — ad.
RLOCIEUOI: 25 oS Si oUt one sterye coe | Sept. 13, 1878
|
168. Tringoides macularius, (Linn. ).—Spotted Sandpiper.
This seems to be a rare bird in Central California. I saw three at
Stockton in the spring of 1878, and the same number the following fall.
It was first noticed at Stockton May 1. None were seen after Octo-
ber 3. It appears to stay with us about a month in spring and the same
time in fall.
A bird of this species nightly visited a pond in the rear of the hotel
at Murphy’s in September, 1878. It came about dusk, after the Swallows
and Flycatchers had retired and Bats had taken their places, and circled
over the water as if catching flies, although it never made an abrupt
curve or checked its rapid flight. It kept usually about three feet from
the water, but went as high as six or eight feet occasionally.
75327 | bas FURY. ie ONS S 3 Ao COS Lie | oe | Aug. 3, 1878
169. Numenius longirostris, Wils.—JLong-billed Curlew.
I shot one of these birds at Stockton May 23. It is seen at rare inter-
vals in winter, fall, and spring, but I do not know that it remains here all
summer. I do not think I have seen it in this State later than May 23.
170. Numenius hudsonicus, Lath.?—Hudsonian Curlew ?
In the spring of 1871, I shot at Marysville a small grayish Curlew,
which was not N. longirostris, and may have been N. borealis.* It must
be rare in this part of California. It was in a flock composed of others
like it.
species was probably N. hudsonicus,—R. R.
é
¢ —»
- 8
442 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. —
Family ARDEID: The HERONS. “A
*171. Ardea herodias, Linn.—Great Blue Heron.
An abundant constant resident.
*172. Herodias alba, 8. egretta, (Gm.).—American Egret.
This species was first noticed at Stockton, in the spring of 1878, on
the 1st day of April. It is common in summer, and my impression is
that it is a constant resident, as it remained here this year up to the 5th
of December.* On the 7th of December, 1878, I saw a flock of forty
or fifty at Stockton.
76641 | — “ag | Stocktem. . -. 2.50.3 s ee ces Sept. 24, 1878
*173. Garzetta candidissima, (Gm.).—Lesser Hgret.
The first of this species observed after March 6, 1878, was a flock of
seven or eight on May 21. It was rarely seen after October 4, and I sup-
posed it had gone, but on the 20th of November I saw a flock of nearly
a hundred. I have not noticed it since that time, though it may have
gone to the centre of the tule swamps. It is an abundant summer resi-
dent at Stockton.
76642 | — ad.
*SbOCKbOU in. |. xaaca ea Tasmmme eek July —, 1877
*174. Butorides virescens, (Linn.).—Green Heron.
The Green Heron is an abundant summer resident of the valleys. It
was first seen at Stockton April 15, 1878, and disappeared in the first
week of October.
Many built their nests in the willows by the San Joaquin River. I
examined three nests. In one of them were six eggs; in the other two,
four eggs each.
Apr. 15, 1878
ay —, 1877
“EO toi: sew is Ue ca cine eee
Marpbhy's son cwsssnans erenes «eee
74300 | do ad.
74301 | — ad.
*175. Nyctiardea grisea, 6. nevia, (Bodd.).—Black-crowned Night Heron.
This Heron is a common resident of the valleys. I noticed it at
Marysville in the winter of 1877-78. |
*“Rtockton.. ..0vs0ss0sebre bs odawaly | May 1, 1878
74302 | fg ad.
*176. Botaurus lentiginosus, (Montag.).—American Bittern.
The Bittern is a very abundant resident in the vicinity of Stockton.
I also saw it at Marysville last winter. P
76643 | J a.) *Stockton. ....-2.s.sn0seeo Ree | Apr. 18, 1878
*The date of writing.—R. R.
PROCEEDINGS OF UslTED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 443
177. Ardetta exilis, (Gm.) —Least Bittern.
The Least Bittern is very rare,—certainly not often seen. I saw a
straggler or migrant at Murphy’s in the spring of 1877, and one at
Stockton during the fa of 1878. These are all I have met with in two
years.
Stockton..| Sept. 14, 1878 / Taken from a Buteo
‘
76644 | Q juv.
elegans.
Family IBIDIDAi: The IBISEs.
178. Plegadis guarauna, (Linn.).—White-faced Glossy Ibis; Bronzed Ibis.
The Glossy Ibis was first seen at Stockton in the spring of 1878, on
June 9, when three were noticed. A small flock was observed here on
September 18.
I have shot it here, some years ago, as early as July or the first of
August, and have seen several flocks July 25, 1870, in Sutter County.
It is at times quite common in Sutter County in spring.
Family GRUIDZ: The CRANES.
179. Grus canadensis, (Linn.).—Sand-hill Crane. .
A common winter resident of the valleys, arriving the last of Septem-
ber and leaving about the fir st of May. I shot one at the Summit
Meadows in August.
Family RALLIDAS: Rams, GALLINULES, and Coots.
180. Rallus virginianus, Linn.—Virginian Rail.
This Rail appears to be a rare bird in California, though occasionally
seen in winter.
es, Si Sp alee 8 lee ai Apr. 9,1878
76645 | 2 ad.*
181. Porzana carolina, (Linn.).—Sora Rail.
I have seen but five or six of this species in California. One of them
was shot in winter at Marysville.
182. Porzana jamaicensis, (Gm.)?—Little Black Rail.
I remember shooting a very small dark Rail at Stockton more than
twenty years ago, and suppose it was this bird. It must be very rare.
*183. Gallinula galeata, (Licht.).—Florida Gallinule.
A rare constant resident in the vicinity of Stockton. I have seen on
an average about three annually.
76646 | —juv.| *Stockton...................--.- Sept. 16, 1878
I
* Web of mouth, eyelids, or iris (or both) vermilion.
Soe TE ay
‘ Ps
eee 3
a on J
Baten
444. PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUS
*184. Fulica americana, Gm.—American Coot. ca ae
The Coot is an abundant constant resident of the valleys. The only —
place where I have seen it in the foot-hills is Salt Spring Valley reser-
voir, between Milton, Calaveras County, and Murphy’s, alticude about
1 200 feet, and there only in winter and spring.
76647 | of ad. ‘Stockton. calli 00. ee Apr. 24, 1878
a > +o
Family ANATIDAi: The SWANS, GEESE, and DUCKS.
185. Cygnus americanus, Sharpless.— Whistling Swan.
I saw C. americanus in market November 6, 1878, and a few Swans
flying in November, 1878.
The American Swan is the only Swan I have shot in California. I
may add, however, that I have not shot many. Ter years ago I hunted
all winter in Mason County, Illinois, and saw and heard Swans there
which impressed me as being different from Swans I had shot here.*
186. Chen hyperboreus, (Pallas).—Snow Goose.
The Snow Goose is abundant in California in winter. It arrives in
the valleys in October. Was first seen this year (1878) on the 12th of
that month. It usually remains until about May 1
187. Chen albatus, Cass.—Lesser Snow Goose.
Regarding this obscurely known species, which appears to bear to 0.
Lyperboreus about the same relation that Branta hutchinsi does to B.
canadensis, Mr. Belding’s notes give the following valuable information:
‘Shot at Stockton, Oct. 18, 1878. Weight, 3 lbs., 1 oz. Flesh light
colored ; iris bluish brown; bill deep black. No companion of its kind
with it, but accompanied by a small flock of Mallard Ducks. I pre-
served the wings of one of this species at Marysville in the winter of
1874. It was killed during unusually cold weather, and the person
who shot it said that it wasalone. I left the wings with a shooting club,
and last winter was told they had not been able to duplicate them! I
was attracted by the dark centres of the tertials, their silky texture and
their length. The color of the tarsi, their slenderness, and the color of
the flesh—to say nothing of the plumaget—makes me think it a very
different bird from A. hyperboreus (perhaps A. albatus). The tarsi were
pale dirty blue, or bluish clay-color.”
<= | a | |
76654 | —juv. | Stockton.....---.-+eeeeerreeee0+ | Oct. 18, 1878
188. Chen rossi, (Baird).—Ross’s Snow Goose. i.
[Mr. Belding says that according to the information of a friend, a —
sportsman residing in Stockton, this Goose is “quite common” on the San |
REEL SSSI SSS SSIS
* The latter were probably C. buccinator.—R. R. . Tat a. mes
tThe last character, however, is of no importance, the young of C. hyperboreus hav- 4
ing exactly the same colors.—R. R. ae
2
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 445
Joaquin River, coming south with other Geese in the fall. It is said to
_ become very tame when winged, following its captor after being kept
a little while.—R. R.|
77163 | — ad.| Stockton market....-..---...- Dec. —, 1878
189. Anser gambeli (Hartlaub).—American White-fronted Goose.
The White-fronted Goose was first seen at Stockton September 7,
1878, though rare until October. It is more abundant than any other
of the Geese which visit California, usually coming first and leaving last.
Geese, in the aggregate, are very abundant in the valleys, and are in
some localities so destructive to young wheat that farmers resort to
various expedients to protect their grain from their ravages; among
others, that of hiring hunters to ride over their fields and drive them
away.
7 Tia i 5a i aa cee ae
76651 | — ad. | | ee Pee ene shee Pee Head only.
190. Branta canadensis, (Linn.).—Canada Goose.
This species usually arrives and departs at about the same time as the
Anser gambeli. Toward the middle of March, when hunting in the foot-
hills, sometimes not far below the snow-line, on pleasant sunny morn-
ings, flocks of ‘*Honkers” have often been seen, high above the hills,
going toward the summit of the mountains, probably on their way to
the valleys and lakes east of the Sierra Nevada.
eit." ack | Shanks Sos. = hs es be
I i
. 191. Branta hutchinsi, 6. leucoparia, (Brandt).— White-cheeked Goose.
{In ‘regard to this species, Mr. Belding writes:—“I send head and
wing of a ‘brant,’ which I cannot match with any of the descriptions in
vol. ix, Pacific R. R. Reports. You must be well acquainted with it, as
it is abundant in California in winter. It is by some called the
‘Squawking Goose.’ Tail-feathers 16.”—R. R.]
76650 | —ad.| SE fener hee LS SN Pee "Head only.
76649 | —ad.|...... ipl et eet Se ee ee / Dec. —, 1878 | Head, wing, and tail.*
192. Dendrocygna fulva, (Gm.).—Fulvous Tree Duck.
This Duck is rarely seen in the interior at or north of Stockton. I
have seen one in market here; also a fine specimen shot at Marysville
last winter. It is said to be more common in the southern part of the
San Joaquin Valley.
*193. Anas boschas, (Linn.).—Mallard ; Green-head.
The Mallard is a common constant resident of the valleys, and a few
breed in the lakes of the Upper Sierras. It is sometimes abundant in
*“Squawking Goose. Rarely grows any larger.”
446 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL US
the valleys in winter, and is at that time an occasional visitant to th e ie ,
ereeks and ponds in the foot-hills. A brood of young was noticed at —
Stockton May 9, 1878. ay,
*194. Chaulelasmus streperus, (Linn. ).—Gadwall. ;
The Gadwall is a common constant resident of the valleys. Its favor-
ite haunts are the tule swamps, both in summer and winter.
195. Nettion carolinensis, (Gm.).—Green-winged Teal.
The Green-winged Teal is a common, sometimes abundant, winter
sojourner of the valleys, where it remains from about September 15 to —
April 15. It is an occasional winter visitant to the foot-hills, as high as
Murphy’s. .
*196. Querquedula cyanoptera, (Vieill.).—Cinnamon Teal.
This Duck begins to arrive about March 1, and from about April 1 to
October is quite common in the tule marshes. A few remain as late as
October 15.
H {
74204 | fi ad.| *Stockton......- .-s-tre-eeeeere- Apr. 13, 1878
74205 | o ad. eee a 4.2 ceo. aebaa fence Apr. 8, 1878
74206. | 9 ad.|...... dg agen. eS ee ee | Apr. 8, 1878
|
197. Mareca americana, (Gm.).—Bald-pate; American Widgeon.
The Widgeon is an abundant winter sojourner of the valleys, at which
time it occasionally visits the foot-hills. A pair were seen at Stockton
as late as May 28, 1878.
198. Dafila acuta, (Linn.).—Sprig-tail; Pin-tail.
The Sprig-tail is a common winter sojourner of the valleys. A pair
was observed on May 28, 1878, at Stockton. There was at that time a
slight rise in the river. Few, if any, breed here.
199. Spatula clypeata, (Linn.).—Shoveller; Spoon-bill Duck. RM: ‘4
The Spoon-bill Duck is a common, though never abundant, sojourner
of the valleys in winter. It was not seen at Stockton after May 9 in the
spring of 1878, though it generally remains as long as any of the winter
ducks—in fact, is usually the last of them to leave.
*200. Aix sponsa, (Linn.).—Summer Duck; Wood Duck.
The Wood Duck is a common resident of Central California. I have —
shot it in winter as high up as Murphy’s.
201. Pulix marila, (Linn.).—Scaup Duck; Greater Black-head. h
The Scaup Duck is a rather rare winter sojourner in the valleys.
|
76652 | of aa. | Stockton .........s.0v+oeehe eee Apr. 1, 1878
|
. |
/ An
— : " C2)
;
202. Fulix affinis, (Eyton)?—Lesser Black-head. if
I am not certain in regard to this species, but think I have seen many
of them on the sloughs near Marysville in winter only.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 447
I can say nothing of F. collaris. Have shot it, I believe, at Stockton
and Marysville.
203. Aythya vallisneria, (Wils.).—Canvas-back Duck.
The Canvas-back is quite common at Stockton and Marysville in win-
ter, especially when the streams are high and gales prevail on the coast.
204. Aythya americana, (Eyton).—Led-head.
The Red-head is rather a rare winter visitant to the interior valleys
of California.
205. Bucephala clangula, 3. americana, (Bp.).—American Golden-eye.
Two of these Ducks were found in the Stockton market, February 5,
1879. It is a rare winter visitant here.
77165 | 9 ad.
Stockton market .-......-..-.-- Feb. 5, 1879
206. Bucephala albeola, (Linn.).—Bufle-head; Butter-ball. .
The Butter-ball is a somewhat rare winter sojourner at Marysville and
Stockton.
207. Erismatura rubida, (Wils.).—Ruddy Duck.
The Ruddy Duck is usually common at Stockton in winter.
76653 | EO RS US eo ee Oct. 11, 1878 | Head, wing, tail, and foot.
|
208. Mergus castor, 3. americanus, (Cass.).—American Sheldrake.
209. Mergus serrator, (Linn. ).—Red-breasted Sheldrake.
{[Mr. Belding does not mention these species separately, or either of
them, by name, but a note headed “ Mergus ————” is to the effect that
he “has shot tewo species of Fish Ducks” in California. They were most
probably these species.—R. R. |
210. Lophodytes cucullatus, (Linn.).—Hooded Sheldrake.
The Hooded Merganser was quite often seen at Marysville last winter,
but it was not numerous, nor have I ever seen it so. It is a winter
sojourner of the valleys.
Family PELECANID: The PELICANS.
211. Pelecanus erythrorhynchus, Gm.—dAmerican White Pelican.
Pelicans are irregular winter visitors to Stockton and Marysville. I
shot one at the former place, March 15, nearly three years ago, which
was probably an adult male.
Family GRACULIDZ: The CorMORANTSs.
212. Graculus dilophus, 7. floridanus, Aud.—Double-crested Cormorant.
Four Cormorants shot at this place in the spring of 1878 appeared to
_ belong to the same species, and to resemble the Cormorant so common
_ here (Stockton) in spring.
448 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUS
They have probably sought more suitable ground. No Comnae 4
have been seen from September 6 to the present date (December 3), but
formerly they were abundant at all seasons, particularly where sloughs ~
penetrated the oaks of the uplands.
[Nore. —I cannot distinguish these specimens, nor, indeed, other Ca-
lifornian ones, from Eastern examples referable to the so- called *¢ flort-
danus.”—h. R.|
|
16656")'.9 ail.) Stockton}... 25 6% Aeneas ee
Ken 6, 1878
sig! A + “gig | eyo do 2 nee eee
Head only.
Mar. 22, 1878
213. Graculus violaceus, (Gm.).—Violet-green Cormorant.
I have seen G. violaceus at Marysville in the spring.
Family LARIDAi: The GULLS and TERNS.
214. Larus californicus, Lawr.—California Gull.
Gulls rarely visit the vicinity of Stockton, and then only when there
is a gale from the coast. The specimen sent is different from the Gulls
which usually visit us. It was alone.
T6057 | —. ad | Swektonet 3 sc 5-. soe es ae eee tOct. 15, 1878
*215. Sterna forsteri, Nutt.—Vorster’s Tern.
Forster’s Tern was first seen at Stockton April 17, 1878, two days
after which it became common. It left Stockton previous to Septem-
ber 7
asa dh 0” ay | *SGOCKEO 52.2 ow NSS Oe ais ike Apr. 17, 1878
*216. Hydrochelidon nigra, (Linn.).—The Black Tern.
The Black Tern was first seen at Stockton April 24, 1878. It was
abundant from that date until June 8, and probably later. It left
Stockton before September 7.
74288 3/9 Q ad.
}
*BtOCREOD. opi putrecedatesven deen Apr. 25, 1878 ‘
: ¢
Family PODICIPID A’: The GREBEs,
217. Aichmophorus occidentalis, (Lawr.).— Western Grebe.
I have seen four of these Grebes at Stockton during the present sea-
son (1878). I have shot four of them, two in spring, two in fall. Those
* “Tris green; eyelids bordered with rounded spots of bluish white.”
t ‘Eyes sea-green; eyelids bordered with rounded spots of pale blue; interior of |
mouth metallic cal eaae extending far down the throat, where it assumes a black-
ish hue.” = te a
t “Iris blue, or brown-blue; web of mouth and eyelids orange-red, like spot on
mandible ; es and feet pale bthy Mealy: ‘
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 449
found in fall were shot with much less difficulty than the spring birds,
perhaps because they were young. Ido not know whether they breed
here. ;
| z
74460 | dS ad.| <TR Sie en ee June 3, 1878
|
- 218. Aichmophorus clarki, (Lawr.).—Clark’s Grebe.
[There are no notes concerning this species.—R. R.]
OSS
74203 | — na | PeGRR DMB =. 2 Ee cee S coe) oe ee Apr.26, ?1878
76659 | — ad. | eee ia le ae ee Ah AES gee Oct. 3, 1878
76658 | — zy ots SOR a ON *Sept. 24, 1878
219. Dytes auritus, 3. californicus, (Lawr.).—American Eared Grebe.
The bird shot at Murphy’s and the one shot at Stockton are all I have
seen of this species in two years.
oe as Sac Bee eee | Apr. 16, 1877
Stockton 2 A ee ee ae May 9, 1878
‘Tris and eyelids red.”
Do.
ad.
ad.
220. Podilymbus podiceps, (Linn.).—Thick-billed Grebe.
The specimen sent was the only one seen at Murphy’s in the spring of
1877. Itwas apparently only avisitant. I have seen them in the small
lakes near the summit in fall, and they are not rare in the sloughs in
the valleys in winter.
| |
73817 | — ad Mipaiieeds.*. 05-2, 4a as | Spring, 1877
|
CATALOGUE OF A COLLECTION OF BIRDS OBTAINED IN GUADE-
LOUPE FOR THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, BY MR. FRED. A.
OBER.
By GEORGE N. LAWRENCE.
Mr. Ober collected in Guadeloupe during August and September,
1878, and sent to the Smithsonian 132 specimens of birds; in his notes
he enumerates 45 species.
Early in October he engaged his passage to New York, and went on
board the vessel, but she was detained in port for over two weeks by
adverse winds, and did not arrive here until November 13. Mr. Ober
left the United States in December, 1877, making an absence of nearly
two years. The result of his Sralodetieris has oP to be quite as
satisfactory as was expected.
While in Guadeloupe, Mr. Belanger gave him acopy of Dr. Piforminicns
catalogue of the birds observed in Guadeloupe; it enumerates 135 spe-
* “ Bill bright yellow, except ridge; space before eye white; ridge of bill brown;
_ iris orange. Length, 24.00.”
Proe. Nat. Mus. 7
April 22, 1879.
450 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
cies.
subjoin a copy of it.
As will be noticed, a large number of the species named in it, and not
procured by Mr. Ober, are migrants, but yet of the others, there are
many that might be supposed to exist there still.
of Mr. Vitrac it is to be hoped the number of species given by Mr. Ober
will be greatly increased, and some of those named by Dr. L’Herminier
be rediscovered.
I think it is of much interest, and the number of species being so
greatly in excess of those reported by Mr. Ober, I have thought best to
Through the exertions
Catalogue des oiseaux observes a la Guadeloupe par le Docteur F. L’ Herminier, de 1827 41844.
Nota!—Les especes marquées d’une croix ont également été observées & la Mar-
_ tinique. ‘
x Falco peregrinus Gmel.
xX 4, sparverius Gmel.
xX ,, columbarius Gmel.
x ,, cyaneus Lesson.
haliaetus Gmel.
x Strix nudipes Daudin.
Psittacus purpureus Gmel.
Picus L’herminieri Lesson.
x Picus varius Wilson.
Cuculus minor Gmel.
x Crotophaga ani Lath.
x Alcedo torquata Lath.
x ,, aleyon Lath.
x Ornismya cristata Lesson.
x Trochilus granatina Lath.
~ a holosericeus Lesson.
Cypselus (Acanthylis oxyura) Bonap.
* collaris Wilson. (Hirundo
pelagica. )
Caprimulgus virginianus Gmel.
Sciurus guadeloupensis.
< Nectarina antillensis Lesson.
x Sylvia varia Lath.
x Thriothorus littoralis Vieill.
Ramphocinclus tremulus Lafres.
<x Turdus densirostris Vieillot.
x Turdus L’herminieri Lafres.
x Turdus montanus Lafres.
ee aurocapillus Lath.
Turdus superciliaris L’herm.
Ficedula canadensis Brisson.
< Muscicapa ruticilla Lath.
x 99 cinerea L’herm.
Muscicapa sp.
< Hirundo rufa Lin. Lath.
x » ‘albiventris Vieillot.
x 4 riparia Linn.
< Pipra musica Gmel.
x Bombycilla cedrorum Vieill.
xxxxXxX
x Tyrannus matutinus Vieill.
” sp.
Plathyrinchus L’herminieri Less.
xX Muscicapa olivacea Wilson.
X Quiscalus versicolor Vieillot.
x Fringilla noctis Gmel.
x Emberiza olivacea Gmel.
x - oryzivora Gmel.
x Loxia portoricensis Daud.
x Columba aurita Temm.
* 4 leucoptera.
x i; leucocephala Lath.
x a martinica Gmel.
* + mystica Tem.
x a portoricensis Tem.
x bie passerina Tem.
x Ortyx virginianus.
< Fulica atra Wilson.
xX Gallinula galeata Bonap, }
x Fulica martinicensis Gmel. .
X Rallus crepitans Gmel.
x , carolinus Bonap.
x Charadrius pluvialis Lesson.
< iy vociferus Wilson.
x de wilsonius,
x es semipalmatus Bonap.
x Sf helveticus Bonap.
x Vanellus cayennensis Bonap.
x Calidris arenaria.
x Himantopus higricollis Vieill.
x Totanus flavipes Vieillot.
», Mmelanoleucus Vieillot.
», semipalmatus Tem.
campestris Vieillot.
» macularius Tem. 4
», hypoleucus Tem.
», melanopterus L’herm.
97 ‘Sp.
x Limosa hudsonica Swain.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
X Limosa Isabellina L’herm.
xX Scolopax gallinago Wilson.
>» Macrorhamphus griseus Bonap
x Tringa canutus Lin.
xX .,, maculata Vieillot.
», rufescens Vieillot.
» schinzii Bonap.
» pusilla Wilson.
pugnax Gmel.
», semipalmata Wilson.
», himantopus Bon.
interpres Gmel.
3 Pialaropis Wilsoni Bon.
x. Numenius hudsonicus Lath.
x », ~° borealis Lath.
x ”
xX Ibis falcinellus Vieillot.
x Ardea cayennensis Gmel.
xX ,, herodias Wilson.
X 5 ceewrulea, Wilson.
X 5 £4xgarzetta Gmel.
x +; Vireseens Lath.
xX 5, egretta Gmel.
X Ciconia alba Tem.
x Platalea ajaja.
Podiceps carolinensis Lath.
4 ¥ Dominicanus Gmel.
- X Sula fulica Vieillot.
xX Tachypetes aquila Vieillot. :
xX Phaeton ethereus Lesson.
x xX XK XK XK XK
longirostris Wilson.
| < Lepturus candidus.
< Lestris caribzeus L’herm.
Larus atricilla Lesson.
x Sterna stolida Gmel.
» galericulata.
», irundo Lin. Lath.
X 5 minuta Gmel.
» bicolorata L’herm.
», deplorans L’herm.
», fuliginosa Gmel.
xX 5, cantiaca Tem.
xX ,, anglica Montague.
x argentea.
Rhy nchops nigra Tem.
x Procellaria diabolica L’herm.
x = mauping L’herm.
xX Thalassidroma leachii Bonap.
x Puffinus major.
x ,, d&herminieri Less.
Ds an atterrimus L’herm.
x Anas boschas Lin.
x ,, arborea Lin.
: », eyanoptera Vieill.
A51L
», Dominica Bonap. (Erismatura
3 dominica. )
| Xx Anas marila Lin.
|X americana Gmel,
{ xX ,, acuta Lath.
| xX ,, clypeata Lath.
GUADELOUPE.
“This island is situated on the 16th parallel of latitude, and compre-
hends, under its general name of Guadeloupe, two islands, separated.
only by a narrow creek, called Riviere Salée. The larger, known as
Guadeloupe, proper, is very mountainous, a ridge running its entire
length, north and south. There are several extinct craters in this ridge
of mountains (as many as fourteen, it is said), and in the southern ter-
mination is a volcano yet somewhat active. Smoke and steam and sul-
phur fumes are emitted, though there has been no eruption during the
present century. Guadeloupe is well watered. More than fifty rivers
descend from the mountains to the sea on either side. The forests are
Jarge and dense, but contain in them less animal life than one would ex-
pect. |
“The adjacent island, called Grande Terre, is not quite so large as the
other, being about 20 aie: in length and 10 to 15 in breadth. It is low
and flat, no elevation oceurring of any height. This portion is well cul-
tivated, and there are no forests or even tracts of wood.
‘The formation of Guadeloupe, proper, is volcanic, while that of Grande
Terve is of coral, though probably built upon volcanic tufa. The prin-
452 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
cipal port, Point 4 Pitre, is situated near the Riviére Salée and in Grande
Terre. It contains a small muscum, the Musée de Lherminier, which,
under the energetic superintendence of its directeur, Monsieur L. Vitrac,
promises to become of importance.
‘‘Tt was founded by the late Dr. L’Herminier, who was an ardent natu-
ralist, and discovered many new birds in this island and Martinique,
some 40 years ago. His collections, containing type-specimens, and
all his manuscript notes (I cannot ascertain that he ever published the
results of his observations), perished in a disastrous fire that swept over
Point a Pitre a few years since. Few birds are, as yet, in the museum;
but there are very excellent and complete collections of crustacea, ete.,
and many fine specimens of aboriginal implements. It owes much of
its progressiveness to its present directeur, and to Messieurs L. Guesde
and St. Félix Colardeau, both of whom, one in archeology and the other
in ornithology, take active part in promoting its advancement.
‘There are a few birds here I did not find in any other island. The
most prominent one is the Woodpecker, locally known as the ‘ Tappeur’, —
and named by Lesson Picus Lherminiert. I made a special excursion to
obtain this bird, which is not abundant anywhere, and only found in
eertain localities.
‘Another bird, the ‘Perdix croissant, I found in this island, not hay-
ing seen it, or even heard of it, in any other. Of this species I brought -
three alive to New York, of wiih two survived the passage.
‘‘My collections here were made during the months of August and
September; in obtaining them I visited the volcano and all adjacent
forests on the west side, a valley half way down the west coast, the
north side of the island, and places contiguous to Point a pie: and
about the southern end of Grande Terre.
‘To the gentlemen named above and to Monsieur G. Hurd, the Dir ec-
teur W Intérieur, and the U.S. consul, Capt. Chas. Bartlett, I am indebted
for assistance in various matters.
“FREDERICK A. OBER.
‘‘ BEVERLY, MAss., Jan. 1, 1878.”
Fam. TURDIDZ4.
1. Margarops herminieri (Lafr.).
“<¢ Pied jaune,’
‘“‘ Length, d, 103 in.; alar extent, 17; wing, 54.
“Length, 2,10in.; alar extent, 17; wing, 53.
‘‘ A resident of the wooded hills and mountains; found in Dominica —
in the same localities as the Perdix, woods sufficiently free from under- —
brush to afford places for scratching. The places where they have dis- ©
turbed the earth by scratching are frequently seen in the paths, where —
the woods are thick, and in the open forest. They will come quickly at
~
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 453
the call if within hearing, but are shy, flying cautiously from tree to
tree, never long at rest.”
2. Margarops densirostris (Vieill.).
“¢Gros grive” Very shy.
“Length, ¢, 114; alar extent, 174; wing, 54.
“Length, 2, 114; alar extent, 174; wing, 54.
3. Margarops montanus (Viceill.).
¢¢ Grivette’.
“Length, ,10in.; alar extent, 15; wing, 5.
“Length, 2, 95 in.; alar extent, 15; wing, 5
‘¢ More numerous.than the large ‘Gros grive’.”
4. Cinclocerthia ruficauda, Gould.
“¢Trembleur.” Not so abundant as in Dominica.
‘Length, ¢, 10 in.; alar extent, 13; wing, 4.
“Length, 2,10 in.; alar extent, 13; wing, 4.”
Fam. TROGLODY TID.
5. Thryothorus rufescens, Lawr.
‘¢ Wren.”
“Length, ¢, 42 in.; alar extent, 63; wing, 2.
“Length, ?, 43 in.; alar extent, 62; wing, 2.
‘1 found Pais bird Sal in the picsta growth of the me and in @
wood in the flat por tipo. of the island.”
Fam. SYLVICOLID.
6. Siurus nevius ( Bodd. ).
_ “Water Wagtail. Rare and shy.
“Length, 2, 6in.; alar extent, 93; wing, 3.
‘In the mangroves bordering the Riviere Salée, near Point a Pitre.”
7. Dendrceca petechia var. melanoptera, Lawr.
6¢ Jaune.’ ee
“Leneth, ¢, 5 in.; alar extent, 7; wing, 2 a ; tail, 12.
‘Length, 2, 44 in.; alar extent, 1; wing, 24; tail, 17.
‘¢ More aa RAE Ae than in Beets with the ins sparrows the bird
most commonly met with in the soles and coffee plantations. In the
latter, I find it chiefly in the pois douce trees, which, originally planted
as wind-breaks for the coffee plants’ protection, seam the hills all around
in long rows. These trees were the haunt of the sparrows in Dominica,
and of the warbler that I found there. They bear a pea-like pod, con-
taining seeds surrounded with a sweet pulp, hence their name: pois
douce, or sweet bean.”
Male: The crown as far as the occiput is of a brownish-rufous; the
454 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
upper plumage is greenish-yellow; the middle tail-feathers, the outer
webs and ends of inner webs of the others are dark olive, blackish along
the shafts; the margins are pale yellow; the inner webs are clear light
yellow, except at their ends; wing-coverts black, all margined with pale
yellow; tertials and outer webs of the other quills black, inner webs of
a lighter shade of black, having a grayish tinge; all the quills are edged
with yellow, extending around the tips; under wing-coverts clear light
yellow; sides of the head and of the throat light yellowish-rufous; all
the under parts clear gamboge-yellow, marked with narrow stripes of
dark rufous, except on the lower part of the abdomen and the under
tail-coverts; upper mandible dark brown, the under plumbeous; tarsi
and toes light hazel.
The female is rather darker above, and is without the rufous crown
and longitudinal stripes below; it has the under mandible whitish.
This species most resembles var. ruficapilla, Gm., from St. Thomas,
St. Croix, &c. Besides the striking feature of its black wings, it differs
in being smaller, the wing measuring but two and a quarter inches,
which in the other are two and a half; the tarsi and toes are more deli-
cately formed; the tarsus measures ++ in. against +4 in. in rujicapilla ;
the rufous streaks below are narrower and darker; the color of the
crown is darker than in specimens from St. Thomas and Porto Rico,
and the yellow margins of the wing-coverts are not so wide.
In my investigation of this species I find D. petechia of my Dominica
catalogue to be the same; that island is the nearest south of Guade-
loupe, and not very distant. But at a further distance to the north
in Antigua and Barbuda, the species of Golden Warbler proves to be
var. ruficapilla, Gm., as might be expected; agreeing with specimens
from St. Thomas and Porto Rico, considered to be the form entitled to
that appellation.
In Martinique is found a very different form, viz., D. rufigula, Baird;
in Barbadoes still another, D. capitalis, Lawr.
From St. Vincent and Grenada Mr. Ober sent no Golden Warblers.
8. Dendrceca plumbea, Lawr.
“Length, ¢, 54in.; alar extent, 743; wing, 23.
“Length, °, 54 in.; alar extent, 7; wing, 24.”
9. Setophaga ruticilla (Linn.).
“ Length, ¢, 5 in.; alar extent, 74; wing, 24.
“Length, 2, 54 in.; alar extent, 74; wing, 23.”
Fam. VIREONIDZE. | ;
10. Vireosylvia calidris var. dominicana, Lawr.
‘6 ¢ Peow-peow,’
“Length, ¢, 65 in.; alar extent, 93; wing, 34.
“Length, 2, 64 in.; alar extent, 93; wing, 34. — ;
“ Known everywhere by its ery; frequenting chiefly trees bee
small seeds.”
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 455
Fam. HIRUNDINIDZE.
11. Hirundo horreorum, Barton. 7 .
Fam. CGAREBID A.
12. Certhiola dominicana, Taylor.
¢¢¢ Sucrier,’
“Length, ¢,5in.; alar extent, 8; wing, 24.
*¢ Not so abundant as in Dominica, where indeed it is more numerous
than in any other island. It seems to me that the adult males here are
brighter than any I have found elsewhere.”
When I examined the collections from Antigua and Barbuda, and de-
termined the species of Certhiola from these islands to be C. dominicana,
I quite forgot Prof. Baird’s species C. frontalis (N. A. Birds, vol. i, p.
428) from Antigua. Upon a comparison of it now with a large series
of C. dominicana from Dominica, I find some females precisely like the
type of C. frontalis. There are specimens of both sexes having their
fronts more or less white: it is probably a mark of immaturity. Prof.
Baird’s name of frontalis must therefore become a synonym of domini-
cand.
Fam. TANAGRIDAE.
13. Euphonia flavifrons (Sparm.).
“¢Ta petite Perrouche verte.’”
The subjoined description of the male was given to Mr. Ober when in
Guadeloupe by Monsieur Colardeau.
‘“‘ Length, 5 inches; extent, 8 inches.
“Bill. Short, thick, strong; black above, whitish-blue below; broad,
alinost triangular, slightly hooked at the end of upper mandible.
‘“‘ Nostrils. Large, deep seated.
“Head. A beautiful bright yellow spot in front over the nostrils;
from this yellow spot, which extends no higher than the eyes, the whole
head is of a pretty shade of blue; this coloring extends to the back of
the neck, where it curves somewhat towards the throat but not around
the neck; the cheeks are bluish olive-green, more yellowish under the
throat.
‘Back. A uniform bright olive-green, becoming more yellow on the
rump.
“Wings. Dusky black, tinged with olive along the outer vanes of
quills; wing-coverts olive, streaked with black.
“Belly. Bright yellowish-olive; lighter near vent.
“Tail. Twelve feathers; dusky black tinged with dark olive; short,
having two-thirds concealed above and below by feathers of rump and
vent.
“Hyes. Black.
“Legs. Short, strong, dirty bluish color.
“Claws. Same color; back claw the strongest.
456 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
“Tongue. Short, broad, and thick; split at the end.
“This bird feeds on small, soft, seedy berries; never eats grain or
seeds like sparrows or Canary birds. Has no song, except a low chatter-
ing when feeding, and a plaintive cry when flying or alighting.”
The female has the front of a lighter yellow than the male, and the
black border narrower; the blue color on the head is not much different ;
sides of the head dull light green; upper plumage yellowish-green,
gradually becoming more yellow on the rump and upper tail-coverts ;
throat pale dull yellow; under plumage greenish-yellow.
In pattern of coloration the sexes are alike, but the male can be dis-
tinguished from the female by the front being of an orange-yellow,
and the black border which entirely surrounds this color being wider ;
the lores are black; the cheek-patch is deep blackish-green; the back
is dark bronze-green; the rump is of a decided yellow, the throat of a
clearer yellow, and the under plumage of a much brighter yellow.
This species was found in all the islands visited by Mr. Ober, except
Antigua and Barbuda; it would seem not to be abundant in any of
them, as in no instance were more than two examples obtained. Though
in certain localities it is not uncommon, as Mr. Ober wrote from Guade-
loupe that Dr. Colardeau informed him that sometimes it was quite
abundant on his estate.
In Mr. Sclater’s “Synopsis Avium Tanagrinum” (P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 271),
the male is described as having black upper plumage. I fully expected —
to receive some from Mr. Ober that were black above, and supposed
those marked male to be immature, though in fine condition. I wrote
to Mr. Ober, stating that the adult male was said to be black above,
and to try and obtain it in that plumage; he replied that he had met
with none so marked, and was informed by persons very familiar with
the bird—notably Dr. Colardeau—that they had never seen any having
black upper plumage.
Mr. Sclater (1. ¢.) is the only one I know of who has described the
male; but at that time he considered Desmarest’s types (¢ and 2) in
the Paris Museum (named by Bonaparte JL. sclatert) to be the same as
flavifrons. EH. sclateri is now known to be a distinct species, and I be-
lieve is found only in Porto Rico; the male of this is black above. The
male of HL. musica, from St. Domingo, also has the upper plumage black;
both of these have been somewhat mixed up with ZH. flavifrons, which
no doubt led to the supposition that the male of that species had the
upper plumage black.
An examination of the specimens sent by Mr. Ober from the different
islands, together with the assertions of residents, I think, show con-
clusively that the adults of the two sexes are correctly described above.
Latham’s description is supposed to be that of the female; but it is
not so stated. |
It may have been ascertained that the male of 2. flavifrons had its
upper plumage green; if so, I have never seen it so described.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 457
14. Saltator guadeloupensis, Lafr.
‘¢< Grosbec.’
‘Length, 2, 9in.; alar extent, 13; wing, 44.
“ Not abundant; same habits and frequents same places as that of
Martinique and Dominica.”
Fam. FRINGILLUID A.
15. Loxigilla noctis (Linn.).
“¢ Pere noir’, ¢. ‘Moisson’, °.
“Length, ¢, 54in.; alar extent, 9; wing, 3.
“Length, ?, 54 in.; alar extent, 83; wing, 23.
‘‘ Rather numerous. The female of this species is here called the
‘eros bec’; in the other French speaking islands the ‘moisson’. In all,
_ however, the ‘pére noir’ is applied to the male. It was a long while
before I found out that these two were the same species, they are so
dissimilar. The young of the first year resembles the female, as I first
surmised in St. Vincent and proved in Dominica.”
16. Phonipara bicolor (Linn.).
‘«¢ Mangeur d’Herbes.’
“Length, ¢, 44 in.; alar extent, 6; wing, 2.
“Length, 2, 41 in.; alar extent, 64; wing, 2.”
Fam. ICTERIDZE.
17. Quiscalus guadeloupensis, Lawr.
“6 Moric,’
‘For a long time, says my friend Monsieur St. Félix Colardeau, these
birds might be found on the east bank of the Riviere des Bananiers, and
never north of it. This remained a boundary line for many years, but
at present the bird is spread over all the lowlands of the island. Very
common in the island of Grande Terre, which is flat and low.”
Male: The general plumage is of a deep purplish-violet; the wing-
coverts have a decided green lustre; tail black, glossed with green;
quills black, with a greenish tinge; bill and feet black.
Length (fresh), 10} inches; wing, 5; tail, 4; tarsus, 1,4.
Female: The crown is ashy-brown; hind neck and upper part of back
olivaceous-brown; lower part of back and upper tail-coverts blackish-
brown; wings and tail black, the latter slightly glossed with green;
throat ashy-white, a narrow dusky line extends down on each side of it
from the under mandible; lower part of neck and breast dark ash tinged
with fulvous; lower part of abdomen, sides, and under tail-coverts
smoky-brown; bill and feet black.
Length (fresh), 95 inches; wing, 43; tail, 33.
At first sight, this species appears much like Q. inflexirostris from
Martinique, but it is ‘a little larger and the bill is~straighter. The
458 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
plumage is more violaceous, and the tarsi and toes appear to be stronger
than those of that species.
The females differ much in appearance, the female of Q. inflexirostris
being above of a more decided brown, and having the under plumage _
grayer; the wings and tail are brown, but the single adult specimen of .
that species sent has the plumage much worn, which may account for
its brown appearance.
From Dominica, intermediate between the habitats of the two forms,
no species of Quiscalus is recorded.
Fam. TYRANNIDA.
1& Elainea martinica (Linn.).
“ Length, 3, 64in.; alar extent, 10; wing, 34.
“Length, 2, 6in.; alar extent, 9; wing, 3.
‘In the oleander and ponne rose hedges near Riviere Ronge, not
abundant near Matouba.”
Fam. TROCHILIDZ.
19. Hulampis jugularis (Linn.).
‘¢ Garnet-throat Hummer.
‘‘ With the Violet-breast about equally distributed, almost solely in
the mountains. The numerous flowers that are now in bloom attract it,
with the other, but it is nowhere so abundant as in Dominica.”
20. Eulampis holosericeus (Linn. ).
‘¢ Violet-breast Hummer.
“Length, ¢, 44 in.; alar extent, 64; wing, 2}.
‘Length, 2, 32 in.; alar extent, 6; wing, 2.
‘“‘T saw in the Musée at Martinique a humming-bird much resembling
this species, with the breast and throat the same, but having the chin
for a half inch or so beneath the bill of the same garnet coloring as in
the Garnet-throat, just as if a fragment of the gorget of the Garnet-
throat had been removed from that bird and attached to this. I really
thought it was a manufactured specimen, but a close examination failed
to detect any defect. Mr. Belanger said there were others in the garden
like it, but I never saw them, though I often hunted there. Mr. Belanger
is a good botanist, but nothing of an ornithologist. Since Dr. L’hermi-
nier left nothing has been done respecting the birds of the islands.
This specimen was a mounted one in a private case in the side building
of the garden.
“ Dr. Colardeau held that this is none other than the young of 17. jugu- —
laris. He says he has had the young in a nest, and that they were all ;
like this, and that the old female (which came to feed them) was exactly _
like the highest colored of this species.” j
21. Orthorhynchus exilis (Gm.).
“Length, ¢, 3} in.; alar extent, 5; wing, 2.
“Length, 2, 3} in.; alar extent, 44; wing, 2.
:
|
’
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 459
“ As in Dominica, this species is the most abundant and most gener-
ally distributed, though, as there, I find it more numerous in the higher
hills. It seems to me that both species are here, the exilis and ornatus,
as I have seen several with the darker throat.”
Fam. CYPSELIDZ:.
22 Cypseloides niger (Gm.).
‘¢ Swallow.
“Length, $, 62 in.; alar extent, 154; wing, 6.”
Fam. ALCEDINID.
23. Ceryle alcyon (Linn. ).
* Ceryle.”
24. Ceryle torquata (Linn.).
‘‘This bird appeared in the list given me by Mr. Belanger, of the Jardin
des Plantes, Martinique, but I doubted if it was obtained in Guadeloupe.
I was assured, however, by Monsieur L. Vitrac, the conservateur of the
Musée de L’Herminier, that he had shot that same species here. There
are two, a male and a female, in the Musée.”
Fam. PICID.
25. Melanerpes l’herminieri (Less.).
‘“ Picus I’herminieri. ‘Tappeur.’
“Length, ¢, 11 in.; alar extent, 18; wing, 54.
‘Length, 9, 103 in.; alar extent, 17; wing, 54.
‘¢ The only island in which I have seen a Woodpecker of any species.”
‘This species frequents the hills and mountains; it is not common;
in its habits reminding me of the Hairy Woodpecker of the North. Iris
reddish-chocolate.”
Fam. CUCULID i.
26. Coccyzus minor (Gm.).
‘“¢Cuckoo manioc’ in all islands.
“The second growth on the hills, where once flourished the coffee-trees,
affords a good feeding ground for this species, but it is not abundant in
these higher hills. I saw one to-day (Aug. 30) in some high trees, in the
mountains, feeding, and occasionally crying out. It is little attracted by
my bird call, fhonen manifestly disturbed by it, as I drew it from one
tree-top to aaistaties though too high to shoot.”
Fam. FALCONID 2E.
28, Tinnunculus sparverius var. antillarum (Gm.).
“'T. sparverius. ‘Gli gli.’
“Length, ¢,10in.; alar extent, 18; wing, 63.
“Length, 2, 11 in.; alar extent, 21; wing, 74.
460 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
‘In Dr. L’Herminier’s catalogue as furnished me by M. Belanger of
the Jardin des Plantes, Martinique, there are six species of hawks, viz,
Faleo peregrinus (Ff. sparverius, F. tinnunculus), F. columbarius, F.
cyaneus, F. haliaétus. The 2nd and 3rd are undoubtedly the same. I
have seen the Duck Hawk in the Museum of the Jardin des Plantes,
Martinique, and the Pigeon Hawk, but whether they were from that
island or not, I cannot tell, neither could M. Belanger, the Directeur, as
there were birds from Cayenne as well, and from France. Doubtless, in
the 35 years since the collection of Dr. L’Herminier was finished, many
changes have taken place in the fauna of the island ; that I do not find
all found by him is not strange either, as he had the advantage of 30
years’ residence in the island. Ido not know if any printed list of the
birds colleeted by him isin existence ; M. Belanger said not, that this list
was from a manuscript list in the Musée.”
ee Nie ad cate |
Fam. PHAXTHONTID.
28. Phethon ethereus (Linn.).
Fam. ARDEID 2.
29. Butorides virescens (Linn.).
“Green Heron. ‘Chaugh.’
‘‘ Abundant in the mangrove swamps.”
30. Nyctiardea violacea (Linn.).
‘““N. violaceus.”
Fam. COLUMBID i.
31. Columba corensis, Gm.
‘“¢Ramier.
‘Length, ¢, 15 in.; alar extent, 24; wing, 8.
‘“‘Not so abundant as in Dominica and Grenada.”
32. Zenaida martinicana, Bp.
“Tourterelle.
‘“‘Tound mostly on the Grande Terre, the lowland among the canes and
in the mangroves along the rivers where they breed.”
33. Chamepelia passerina (Linn.).
‘‘Ortolan. :
‘Abundant, especially in the mangrove swamps bordering sugar
plantations, where it breeds and seeks refuge when disturbed.”
34. Geotrygon mystacea (Temm. ).
‘¢< Perdix croissant.’
‘Length, g, 113 in.; alar extent, 20; wing, 7.
“This is a Perdix ibaa pittiantly colina than the ‘ Perdix ws and
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 461
a trifle larger. It derives its name from a white crescent-shaped stripe
under the eye. The feathers of the breast have metallic reflections much
different from the P.rouge. Theiris, too, is blood-red, and there are many
material differences which stamp it as a different species altogether. The
‘Perdix noir’ is the female of the P. rouge, and has peculiarities in com-
mon. Whether the males and females of this species differ I cannot tell,
having as yet (Sept. 27) no specimens to dissect. I have two Perdix on
board in a cage in mutilated plumage, which I shall try to carry home
alive. At the ‘Hotel des Bains’ are eight in beautiful plumage; they
take kindly to captivity and thrive. I do not know whether they mate
and breed in confinement. They live in the mountains, habits same as
the Perdix rouge; caught in springes.”
Mr.-Ober brought three living examples of this species to New York,
which he kindly presented tome. One died soon after its arrival, and on
examination proved to be a female; there is no noteworthy difference of
plumage between this and the male sent in Mr. Ober’s collection.
The other two specimens, which from their actions I judge to be male
and female, are alike in plumage; for the past three months they have
_ been in the Central Park Menagerie, where they appear to be contented
and in good health.
Fam. RALLIDA.
35. Rallus crepitans, Gm.
** Rallus.”
36. Gallinula galeata (Licht.).
“*Poule Weau.’”
Fam. CHARADRIID/,
37. Charadrius virginicus, Borkh.
‘*Golden Plover.”
38. Aigialitis semipalmata (Bp.).
‘*Ring-neck Plover.
“Length, 2, 7 in.; alar extent, 15; wing, 5.
*¢ All the Plovers and Sandpipers that visit the Antilles are found here.”
Fam. SCOLOPACIDZ,
39. Tringa maculata (Vieill.).
40. Ereunetes petrificatus (II1.).
“Peep.”
. 41. Rhyacophilus solitarius (Wils.).
‘¢ Sandpiper.”
462 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Fam. LARIDZE.
42. Larus atricilla, Linn.
“ Larus.”
43. Sterna maxima, Bodd.,
‘Sterna elegans?”
44, Sterna dougalli, Mont.
‘¢¢ Mauve a bee noir.’” |
45. Sterna fuliginosa (Gm.).
‘‘ Sooty Tern.”
In the collection is a full-grown specimen of the young of this species,
in dark plumage; it is entirely of a smoky black, with the exception of
the inside of the wings and a space on the lower part of the abdomen;
the feathers of the back and wings are conspicuously margined with
white.
This completes the series of catalogues of the birds ascertained by
Mr. Ober to inhabit the islands of the Lesser Antilles visited by him.*
The result has been of very great value, and has contributed much to
the knowledge of the ornithology of the islands explored. There was
no perfect knowledge of the avifauna of any, and of some we knew abso-
lutely nothing.
Yet the work is incomplete; there are several islands that were not
visited, and in some of those explored there are species known to inhabit
them that have not been identified.
As so much has been accomplished, it is to be hoped that ere long an
investigation of the islands not examined by Mr. Ober will be under-
taken.
New York, December 31, 1878.
ON TWO FISHES FROM THE BERMUDAS MISTAKENLY DESCRIBED
AS NEW BY DR. GUNTHER.
By G. BROWN GOODE.
In the February number of the Annals and Magazine of Natural His-
tory is published a paper by Dr. Giinther, describing two ‘‘ new” species
of fishes from the Bermudas,t collected by Mr. J. Matthew Jones, and
which, as a well-merited compliment to the naturalist who has so thor-
oughly and enthusiastically explored those islands, he has christened
Gerres Jonesii and Belone Jonesii. Strangely enough, both species had
* Those preceding it are as follows: Dominica, p. 48; St. Vincent, 185; Antigua
and Barbuda, 232; Grenada, 265; and Martinique, 351. |
+On two new Species of Fishes from the Bermudas. <Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.
(5th series), iii, 1879, [Feb.], pp. 150-151.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 463
previously been described by tle writer; the latter under the very same
name which is now proposed by Dr. Giinther. A detailed description
of Belone Jonesti was published in October, 1877, in the American Jour-
nal of Science and Arts.* Dr. Giinther’s description of Belone Jonesii
and my own coincide in all essential details, and, furthermore, I had the
opportunity of seeing Mr. Jones’s specimens on the day they were col-
lected and before they were put in spirits. My specimens were collected
within. a few days of the same time, and from the same locality.
Gerres Jonesii, Gthr., is apparently identical with the species de-
scribed by me in 1874 under the name Diapterus Lefroyi,t and subse-
quently referred to in the Catalogue of the Fishes of the Bermudasi as
Eucinostomus Lefroy.
This species was discovered in Cuban waters at nearly the same time
by Prof. Felipe Poey, and was by him named Lucinostomus productus.§
— ees
oH
/ DESCRIPTION OF A SPECIES OF LYCODES (L. TURNERE) FROM
ALASKA, BELIEVED TO BE UNDESCRIBED.
By TARLETON H. BEAN.
The first species of the genus Lycodes known from the North Pacific
is in the United States National Museum, where it was sent by Mr.
Lucien M. Turner, who took it at St. Michael’s, Alaska, March 28, 1876.
There is no record of the depth at which it was taken. The single speci-
men secured is 330 millimetres (13 English inches) in length, and is
well preserved. This is one of six species described as scaleless—polaris
(Sabine), 1820, length of type 7 English inches; mucosus, Rich., 1855,
types 7 and 11 inches; Rossi, Malmgren, 1864, type 32 millimetres ;
gracilis, M. Sars, 1866, type 43 millimetres; Sarsii, Collett, 1871, type
44 millimetres, being the other five. I have brought together polaris,
mucosus, Verrillii, and Turneri in a table of comparative measurements,
so that the relations of the North American species may be seen:at a
glance. Itis difficult to, determine the exact relations of all the species
of Lycodes of the Arctic and Subarctic regions, since nearly half of them
were described from small individuals; but, so far as the original descrip-
tions and measurements furnish a guide, L. Turneri is quite different
from all the rest.
The species is dedicated to Mr. Lucien M. Turner, to whose diligence
the Museum is indebted for large and valuable additions to its collections
from Alaska.
*A Preliminary Catalogue of the Reptiles, Fishes and Leptocardians of the Ber-
mudas, with Descriptions of four Species of Fishes believed to be new. <Amer. Journ.
Sci. and Arts, xiv, 1877, (Oct.), pp. 289-298, (p. 295).
tAmer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, vii, 1874, (Aug.), p. 123.
¢{Cataiogue of the Fishes of the Bermudas, p. &2.
§ Enumerat*o Piscium Cubensium,... Madrid, 1875-76. pp. 55.
464 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
DESCRIPTION.—The greatest height of the body is contained 8} times,
and its width just behind the pectorals 9 times, in totallength. The great-
est circumference equals 5 times the height. The height at the ventrals
equals the width immediately behind the pectorals. The height at the
vent is contained 104 times in total length, and the width at the same
place is contained 4% times in the length of the head.
The head is depressed; its greatest width equals ? of its length, which
is contained 44 times in total length. The distance from the tip-of the
snout to the nape is nearly equal to the greatest width of the head, or
+ of total length. The distance between the eyes equals 4 of the dis-
tance from the snout to the nape. The nostrils are tubular, nearly as
far apart as the eyes, and slightly farther from the eyes than from each
other. The length of the upper jaw equals half the length of the head,
the maxilla extending to the vertical through the hind margin of the
orbit. The mandible is twice as long as the snout, and extends beyond
the vertical through the hind margin of the orbit. On the intermaxil-
laries there is one full series of teeth, and in front of these a few smaller
teeth form an outer imperfect series. There is a naked space at the
symphysis, and the first tooth on each side of this is larger than all the
rest. There is one complete series on the mandible, and in front of it,
about the symphysis, are two irregular short series. A few teeth are in
a cluster on the head of the vomer. The palatines have a short single
series. All of the teeth are slender, slightly recurved, and a little worn
at the points. The distance from the snout to the orbit is twice the
length of the ventral, equals the length of the longest dorsal ray, and 4
of the distance of the ventral from the snout. The long diameter of the
eye is contained 9 times in the length of the head.
The distance from the tip of the snout to the beginning of the dorsal
is 4 of the total length. The length of the first dorsal ray is contained
5 times, and of the longest 32 times in the length of the head.
The distance from the tip of the snout to the beginning of the anal is
slightly more than $ of the total length; the vent is in the middle of the
total length, immediately behind the third cross-band and under the 2ist
ray of the dorsal; the distance from the origin of the ventrals to the vent
equals twice the length of the pectoral. ‘The first anal ray is contained
53 times in the length of the head, and the longest, 4 times.
The extended pectoral reaches the 10th ray of the dorsal; the dis-
tance of its base from the snout is contained 4§ times, and its length 63
times in the total length. ;
The distance of the ventral from the tip of the snout is 3 times the
distance from the snout to the orbit, and is contained 44 times in the
total length. The length of the ventrals is contained 64 times in the
length of the head, and twice in the distance from the tip of the snout —
to the orbit; they extend to a vertical through the anterior a of
the base of the pectoral.
Radial formula: B. VI; D. (including half of es 85; A. (inelud- fe
ing half of caudal) 67; P. 18; V. 3.
«
Aa
fab
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 465
Color: The ground-color is light umber; abdomen grayish brown;
lower parts of head cream. A band of cream on the anal extends from
the origin of the rays to about their middle. A crescentic band of the
same color, mottled with umber, crosses the nape, and continues behind
the pectorals, blending there with the first lateral band. A streak of
cream, more or less interrupted by umber, extends backwards from the
eye across the cheek, almost to the end of the operculum. Ten bands
of cream-color, bordered with dark umber, start from the tips of the
dorsal rays and extend into the lower half of the body, becoming wider
and somewhat broken below the middle of the body. These cross-bands
are located at the second, ninth, seventeenth, twenty-fifth, thirty-fourth,
forty-third, fifty-second, sixtieth, sixty-eighth, and seventy-seventh dorsal
rays. There is, besides, a very indistinct caudal tip of cream-color.
In the table of proportions appended, a statement appears as to how
many times the length of different parts of the body is contained in the
total length, or in the length of the head, when that seems more con-
venient. |
Table of Measurements.
Lycodes mucosus.| L. Verrillii. L. Turneri.
!
za !
Current number of specimen.--......---------- | 16,930. 21,018. : 21,529.
- Cumberland Off Nova ; St. Michael’s,
Locality .:-..--------------+----+-+--+-+---- ; . Gulf. Scotia. Alaska.
| Millim. | 100ths.| Millim. | 100ths.| Millim. | 100ths.
! . 1
eee to end of middle caudal rays ...------- | Ce } a ee ae 725
ody : | :
eemsnah MiGING- faa =< op) wh - oe nent Leeper TAPE tO se. es 3 i, eee Wie ois
Memes Wie nah ae S255 PES olde Soke. eo hi Lee SREP ie. 8 < ae 2. BoPl. 20 es: in
DEON Soochow kc ons ooo S fae ot wate Sats oe Caen ne} gang ete « dated « 54
Pt ay Vedorada: 3-22) Ls. ees Lee ae Li el | ne Se | DR gE eoee ut 11
ranean na See aa ee aie ss Ses pe SERRE Ce ore andar & 93
ead: |
oO LES ae ee eae» oP mae 2 et eee em St a 23
Distance from snout to nape ...--.------.--- |----2---5- Bir aoe See 16
Tt een peeeraae ee ee Se it eee ; a nee 17
Width. of interorbital’area.... =... .. --2.2.<- [iad An P20 GS ae ee. Spl Be ae 4
EN Se St eo ee Re Sy Bee 3g eee ! 63
Distance of nostrils from eye.......-.---2--.|.-.---...- c,d Se eed DE gt sake eae 2 See
“Wa et woner jaw, 2}. - 55-2. sc as Sree Pt ee. Lp ey Sei o. Bee Pte 114
‘ beengelia Qh minmible 2.2302... nc edke ) eo edhe Rie Nhs ey Diy ary oe 13°
Distance from snout:to orbit .-.........-.-.-|.-...-..-- . | ras |-------- ie. te 7
caer dtameher ei Gye o.. 0°. 2. e252 ne 82s ie ae, v2 Se OT eee 3 : Fo, Fans | a 2a
orsal : |
Distance from: sveut .~..-...22 2-02. ..-4.5- 26. phen Bist ee ee Seow as 2 26 fo 25
ea OF diraG Pane tee Say» BP So os ee A ee ote Diy eee eee ee eee ee 44
Length of longest ray... 25. -...:-.-....22-. | Pat ee a: ee a Pes Peer Ee 7
nal:
PRES TPO? BROW 2c oes ean on rene esa apie nhe no ak oc ae, ete inl pd ae 51
Seno Br GNgs TAY 5. 308 ene alkene YO be ceive Sol Se (ep ee, oo Ne | 4
pee MOTeRt TAY... s 5b Ga e—b oss ses ce fees ose ee haa el en aeictgn » +1 5}
Pectoral : 7 | : | 5
rane | oO TS ol a SD ae Ril Ric alee | a is | 24
eS OS ee eae ee Sel As eee be Ae Be TSS) eee Co a eee 15
Ventral: " |
IE SEE IE, REET ON Ce 5 a St CS gt 21
he re Lire 5 Gig. oH ae Uae gic ~ TR Sdinin os “> Be eee ie 34
OO eS OR Se Ae ee ek eee a A caer... 2. Seta guic ams Sets BEL lap shane
cole, URE i Gee, | - Eis Aliee a / Lat Seale BS. Lie tiga 2 85. ss sane
as et eet el gos car ce Mee. eas $7 |). ceee
2 ER RE rae i a Ts ie ae 18} wine
Ventral ........ “2 A” Se aes . ee ee Teggy ie 3 | Since
- | | ee
* At pectorals. t Near middle of body. t Behind pectorals.
Proc. Nat. Mus. 73——30 April 25, 1879.
\
A466 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
\
Table of Proportions of North American Species.
ieronehesnetink L. mucosus. L. Verrillii. L. Turneri.
Carrent number of specimen... 2.- (}o05 535-6 e eects 16,930. 21,013. 21,529. f
|
as Cumberland | Off Nova Sco- | St. Michael’s
TAOCALLEY » 2m ww oe nin apt ngs Wein a Gig = hemenne oe ae ; Gulf. tia. ‘Alaska. :
q |
Times in total | Times in total | Times in total | Times in total
length. length. length. length.
|
Length to end of middle caudal rays... ‘*7 inches” 430™™ BD Lo 330™™ |
Body: :
Greatest. heigit,.. ..22<<4-..6bee Jeet eee ek ee 8 1235 82
Greatest width... -. PE Mie ES ihe | agli ay te oF Sh os 9 1235 9° |
Wadthrat. vent) 025 22%. cbs oe Se eee (in head) 8 (in head) 3 (in head) 4% :
Height at ventrals 22.0 022. 4. o5- oe eer eee ee 8 3h 9 :
Height at vent-uc2 5.2.1. 4 oe eee 11} ist 103 |
H ead:
Greatest length 2.2 - snus. Secaerids Je ei eee bea 3F 53 44
Distance from snout to nape ..-..-..|..-.-.------..-- 5 8} 6 .
Greatest width: *..%~ 40 eetee) Sc Tee eee as 53 9 6 .
Width of interorbital area... -... 25-1. -2- 2. .t een cene (in head) 6 (in head) 42 | (in head) 53
Length of. anomi 2522.2 5654.2 Joa sae ae (in head) 3 (in head) 23 | (in head) 33
Distance of nostrils from eye ...-.-|.--------.------ (in head) 44 | (in head) 5 (in head) 5
Length of upper jaw 2/44.. 45 3 Oe ee (in head) 1 (in head) 2 (in head) 2
Length of mlandsmbese. oct. wood. waulo eae ae 12 72
Distance from‘snont to orbit .....-: | 25-9. 2. Saeco 104 21 142
Long diameter Giveye <. . <- hae eral meee ame aos (in head) 102 | (in head) 53 | (in head) 9
Dorsal: |
Distanse from smoibies .0cinhs. 49-2 2) eae 34 4 4
Lente of lites Yay 2>.- o~ 20.0 ont iGeben eeeueneees (in head) 52 | (inhead) 5 (in head) . 5
ree Of lenges BAY 42. vea2-'0s AE Soe Vea eee (in head) 4 (in head) 33 | (inhead) 3?
nal:
Distance from: anOus '.503 <8 - <5 65425 bhseeah ade roene 1x 2% 2
Leneth of first miy 253-50 ee ee N «an see eee (in head) 9 (in head) 6% | (in head) 52
é Leng ath of longest ray... as inne Shs emer cabeene (in head) 43 | (inhead) 4 (in head) 44
-ectora
Distance from amen ..%-2.i.V. os. sal ~ soe ae bakin ae 34 54 4
Deng thy”. ws haa ale oe are 2 (*) 62 114 65
Ventral:
Distance from snout ............... | spivnlchaoks Uhh Soe 34 6 4%
Length ... it. < Gavi hanes ae tn Oa lie cnet dee take OS (in head) 11 (in head) 11 (in head) 64
Bealog ... £xc» - jiu eszig teat teheec ae None None. (t) None.
Dorsal -5.\.45.0e tS aces SR Seen wey eee eee 90 92 85
ARAL. ..0.-:3 - inte aaib'e ¢ ote alae Bante lemgly he af ie ae 71 88 67
Pectoral .. sis ccbaks es Oe 15 18 15 18
WVontial......2.)cotiebiee taeer kab ene 2 spines (?) 3 5 3
:
* Exceeds twice its breadth.
t Upper part of dorsal and all of anal naked; the rest scaly.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES AND RACES OF AMERICAN BIRDS,
INCLUDING A SYNOPSIS OF THE GENUS TYRANNUS, CUVIER,
By ROBERT RIDGWAY.
1.—Synopsis of the Genus Tyrannus, Cuvier.
Genus TYRAN
NUS, Cuvier.
Tyrannus, ““Cuv., Legons Anat. Comp. 1799, 1800” (Agassiz). Type, Lanius tyrannus,
Linn. ?—VIEILL., Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 73.—Swains., Classif. B. II, 1837,
225.—(=) Barrp, B. N. Am. 1858, 170.—(>) CaBan. & HEINE, Mus. Hein. II,
1859, 79 (restricted to 7. carolinensis ; includes also Pitangus caudifasciatus!),.—_
(=) Gray, Hand-list, I, 1869, 364.—(—=) B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B. II, 1874,
314, .
*“ Drymonax, GLOGER, 1827” (Cabanis § Heine).
** Myiarchus,” BURM. 1850” (nec Caban. 1844).
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 467
Dioctes, REICHENB., Av. Syst. Nat. 1850, pl. 66, fig. (type, D. pyrrholema, Reichenb.,
= Tyrannus carolinensis ?; no description !).
Satellus, REICHENB., l. c. (type, Tyrannus vociferans, Swains. ?; no description).
> Laphyctes, REICHENB., 1. c.—CABAN. & HEINE, Mus. Hein. II, 1859, 76 (includes 7.
melancholicus, T. ‘‘ satrapa”, T. apolites, T. vociferans, and T. verticalis).
> Melittarchus, CABAN., J. f. O., Nov. 1855, 477 (type, Tyrannus magnirostris, D’Orb. ; in-
eludes also T. crassirostris and T. dominicensis).—CABAN. & HEINE, Mus. Hein.
II, 1859, 80. .
GEN. Cu.—Tyrant-birds of large, medium, or rather small size, with
strong, conical bills, strongly bristled rictus, even, emarginated, or
slightly rounded tail, and the ends of the outer primaries abruptly nar-
rowed (except in 7. luggeri). Crown with aconcealed colored crest (red,
orange, or yellow); plumage without streaks or bars.
The above brief diagnosis, although imperfect, will suffice to distin-
-guish the members of Tyrannus from those of allied genera. Milvulus
agrees in the attenuation of the outer primaries, the colored crest, and
many other features, but the tail is excessively forked, the lateral
feathers twice or more as long asthe middle pair. Pitangus is also quite
similar in many respects, but has the bill more elongated, less depressed,
the outlines straighter, while there are various other differences. Upon
the whole, the genus may be considered quite a natural group.
The species vary among themselves not only in colors, but in other
respects also, each one (with a single exception so far as I know*) hav-
ing its own peculiarities of external form, so that were all identical in
coloration they could even then be readily distinguished. Attempts
have been made to subdivide the genus, but all have proved unsatisfac-
tory. There is, truly, a vast difference in size and form between the ro-
bust, almost gigantic, T. magnirostris, and the little 7. auwrantio-atrocris-
tatus ; but other species are variously intermediate, so that it seems best
to consider the variations of form and size in this genus as of mere spe-
cific importance.
Conspectus Tyrannorum.
A. White beneath, the chest shaded with pale grayish (very faint in T. magnirostris).
a. Tail distinctly emarginate at end. Bill very large, much longer than tarsus (measur-
ing from nostril to tip). © Tail not sharply tipped with white (= Melitlarchis,
Cabanis, part). —
1. Wing, 5.20-5.30; tail, 4. 00- 4.25; bill, from nostril, 1.00-1.05, its depth at
base .42-.46, width ‘60-.64; tarsus, .88; middle toe, .72. Grayish brown
above, the head blackish aebvawa. Hab.—Cuba; Bahamas.
a T. MAGNIROSTRIS.
2. Wing, 4.70-4.75; tail, 3.85-4.20; bilk from nostril, .92-.95, its depth
.34-.40, width .58-.60; tarsus, .70; middle toe, .58-.62. Plumbeous-gray
above, the head similar. Hab.—Guiana, Trinidad, Isth. Panama (?), and
Oe IES ESN a a ee a ee T. ROSTRATUS.
3. Wing, 4.45-4.80; tail, 3.50-4.05; bill, from nostril, .75-.82, depth .30-.56,
‘ width .47-.55; tarsus, .70-.75; middle toc, .52-.60. Colors of rostratus,
but somewhat lighter plumbeous above. Hab.—West Indies and adja-
PE IME Ja ais doe om pe a ead caceed uate s cccces cocsveress T. DOMINICENSIS.
*T. rostratus and JT. dominicensis are alike in the details of str deture.
468 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
b. Tail slightly rounded. Bill small, much shorter than tarsus (measuring from nostril
totip). Tail sharply tipped with white (=Tyrannus, as sometimes restricted).
4. Wing, 4.45-4.75; tail, 3.40-3.75; bill, from nostril, .50-.57, depth .24-.27,
width .37-.40; tarsus, .70-.78; middle toe, .55-.60. Dark plumbeous
above, the head and tail black. Hab.—Eastern North America; south to
Panama dss oe. Se2 eos Ie le ee T. CAROLINENSIS.
B. Yellow beneath, grayish or whitish anteriorly.
a. End of outer primaries more or less attenuated (= Laphyctes and Satellus, Reich-
3.
enbach, and Melittarchus, Cabanis, part).
Bill excessively stout, all its outlines convex. Tail.even or faintly emar-
ginate. Wing, 5.00-5.50; tail, 4.00-4.50; bill, from nostril, .75-.81,
breadth .53-.60, depth .38-,43; tarsus, .72-.78; middle toe, .63-.68.
Above olivaceous-gray, the wings and tail browner, the head darker;
crown-patch lemon-yellow; malar region, chin, and throat white, the
jugulum faintly ashy ; rest of lower parts sulphur-yellow. Hab.—Mexico.
T. CRASSIROSTRIS.
Tail decidedly emarginate. Wing, 4.25-4.85; tail, 3.70-4.50; bill, from
nostril, .60-.77, breadth .40-.52, depth .24-.35; tarsus, .60-.20; middle
toe, .56-.60. Head light ash-gray, lighter beneath, the throat sometimes
quite white; back, ete., greenish gray; wings and tail dusky, with
lighter edgings; lower parts, including breast, rich lemon- or gamboge-
yellow, the breast tinged with olive. Hab.—The whole of Tropical
America, except West Indies........-........5..---.1+ MELANCMOBICUS.
7. Tail decidedly emarginate. Wing, 4.00; tail, 3.42; culmen, .60; middle
co
10.
11.
Tail
toe, .50. Similar to melancholicus, but checks and throat pure white, the
wing-edgings whitish green, instead of light cinereous. Hab.—Northern
forest-region:df Brazil. .2>\. csieauds eacees saan T. ALBIGULARIS.
. Tail decidedly emarginate; wing, 4.00; tail, 3.65; culmen, .65; tarsus,
.60; middie toe, .60. Above brown, washed with olive-gray, the back
indistinctly spotted with darker. Head cinereous, the feathers of the
bright yellow crown-patch tipped with black. Wings and tail brown,
the remiges edged with whitish, the outer tail-feathers with rusty.
Throat cinereous ; breast and belly sulphur-yellow. Hab. ee
T. APOLITES.
? Wing, 4.10; tail, 3.10. Above cinereous, the back suftused
with olive; crown-patch yellow; wings and tail black, edged with whit-
ish; upper tail-coverts black, edged with olive. Beneath pale yellow, the
throat and fore-neck pure white, the breast washed with gray. Hab.—
Ecuddor 24s. 2s2cs re. oS ee ee T. NIVEIGULARIS.
Tail even. Wing, 4.75-5.25; tail, 3.65-4.00; bill, from nostril, .50-.55,
width .35-.38, depth .25-.28; tarsus, .68-.77; middle toe, .55-.58. Head,
breast, and back cinereous, paler beneath, the chin nearly white, the back
washed with light olive-green. Wings brownish dusky, indistinctly
edged with paler; upper tail-coverts and tail black, the outer pair of rec-
trices with their outer webs white, in marked contrast. Abdomen, anal
region, and crissum sulphur-yellow ; lining of wing light grayish yellow.
Crown-patch deep orange-red. Hab.—Western United States and Western
Mexiso .24L0y4 eT ee ee ---- I. VERTICALIS.
Tail even. Wing, 5.00-5.40; tail, 3.70-4.20; bill, from nostril, .55-.60,
width .35-.45, depth .27; tarsus, .72-.78; middle toe, .55-.60. Head and
jugulum deep cinereous, the chin whitish; back and breast olivaceous-gray, —
lighter beneath. Wings light brownish-gray, with paleredgings. Upper —
tail-coverts and tail black, the tip of the latter and the outer webs of the —
lateral rectrices pale grayish, sometimes nearly white. Abdomen, anal —
region, and crissum sulphur-yellow; lining of the wing sulphur-yellow. —
> fet
le a
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 469
Crown-patch deep orange-red. Hab.—Central America, Mexico, and South-
western United States; northward along eastern base of Rocky Mount-
ains as far as the 40th parallel; south to Costa Rica.....T. VOCIFERAXS.
b. End of outer primaries not at all attenuated.
12. Tail even, or very faintly emarginated. Wing, 4.15-4.25; tail, 3.25-3.20 ;
bill, from nostril, .52, width .40, depth .28-.32; tarsus, .75-.80;-middle
toe, 65. Head dull cinereous, with an indistinct grayish-white streak
above the auriculars. Crown-patch pure gamboge-yellow. Throat pure
white centrally, streaked with ash-gray laterally and across the juguium ;
sides of breast deep olivaceous; rest of lower parts deep gamboge-yellow.
Back, scapulars, and rump dull brownish olive-green; wings and tail
dull brownish, scarcely edged with paler, except in young. Hab.—Guiana
(Cayenne and Demerara) ...........-- Reptbee ath wn Ria te aoe T. LUGGERI.
C. Mouse-gray beneath.
13. Tail very slightly emarginated. Extreme end of outer primaries ab-
ruptly attenuated. Wing, 3.50-4.00; tail, 3.10-3.30; bill, from nostril, .40,
breadth .30, depth .20; tarsus, .60; middle toe, .42. Pileum black, with
a concealed central patch of gamboge-yellow. Above, dull smoky slate-
color, the secondaries narrowly edged with whitish. Lower surface uni-
form mouse-gray. Hab.—Bolivia and Eastern Peru.
T. AURANTIO-ATROCRISTATUS.
1.—TYRANNUS MAGNIROSTRIS.
Tyrannus mnagnirestris, D’ORB., in La Sagra’s Cuba, Ois., 1839, pl. 13 (Cuba).—BRYANT,
Pr. Boston Soc. IX, 1865, 66 (Inagua, Bahamas).—ScL. & SALV., Nom. Neotr.
1873, 53 (Cuba).
Melittarchus magnirostris, CABAN., J. f. O. 1855, 477; Mus. Hein. II, 1859, 80.—
GUNDL., Report, 1865, 232.
- Tyrannus matutinus (part), VIEILL., Ene. Méth. 1823, 850.
“ Muscicapa dictator, LICHT., in Mus. Berol.” (Caban. & Heine).
Sp. Co.—Wings, 5.25-5.30; tail, 4.00-4.25; bill, from nostril, 1.00-1.05,
its depth .42-.46, width .60-.64; tarsus, .88; middle toe, .72. Tail
slightly emarginated. Five outer primaries attenuated at the end by
the abrupt emargination of the inner webs.
Above brownish-slate, becoming much darker (blackish sepia-brown
or blackish slate) on the head, the wing-coverts and secondaries broadly |
bordered with grayish white, the rectrices and wing-coverts tipped with
the same; primaries and rectrices brownish dusky, narrowly and indis-
tinetly edged with grayish; concealed crown-patch bright orange-red
(the feathers tipped with blackish), surrounded by white, the latter en-
tirely concealed. Lower surface entirely white, the sides and breast
washed with a faint (scarcely perceptible) ash-gray shade, the lining of
the wings tinged with sulphur-yellow.
The following specimens, in the collection of the National Museum,
have been examined :—
34237 | i ad. | Remedios, Cuba..| Dec., 1873 | N. H. Bishop.
Stabe p= ad. PANGS nies ode). Ges'e'----+| Dr. H, Bryant.
554473) J ad. | Cuba .......-....|.....---.--- | Dr. J. Gundlach.
)
470 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
2.—TYRANNUS ROSTRATUS.
Tyrannus rostratus, SCu., Ibis, Jan., 1864, 87 (Trinidad; Guiana).—TAYLOR, Ibis, 1864,
87 (Trinidad),—Scu. & SALv., P. Z. 8. 1864, 361 (Isth. Panama ?); Nom. Neotr.
1873, 53.—SEMPER, P. Z. 8. 1871, 272 (Sta. Lucia, W. I.); 1872, 651 (do. — “ Pip-
perie”).—Lawr., Proc. U.&. Nat. Mus. I, 1878, 60 (Dominica), 191 (St. Vin-
cent, common), 234 (Antigua, extremely abundant), ~40 (Barbuda, common).
“¢ Tyrannus magnirostris,” ScL., Catal. 1861, 263, No. 1449 (nec DODO
Sp. Co.—Wi ings, 4.70-4.75; tail, 3.85-4.20; bill, from nostril, .92—.95
depth at base .34-.40, wen 58-60 ; farses: 70; middle toe, .58-.62
Adult: Above uniform clear plumbeous, the savicnBee darker (nearly
black); feathers of the pileum with blackish shaft-streaks, and pure
white at the base; a concealed patch of bright orange-red. Wings and
tail blackish slate, the larger wing-coverts and secondaries edged with
whitish gray; rectrices faintly paler along edges and at extreme tips.
Lower parts white, shaded across the breast with pale ash-gray, the
sides of the breast strongly of this color; lining of the wing white, the
axillars (in some specimens) tinged with sulphur-yellow.
Hazs.—Northern coast of South America and the Lesser Antilles.
REMARKS.—This bird so closely resembles 7. dominicensis in color and
form as to suggest the probability of its being a local race of that spe-
cies. It is proper to state, however, that I have never seen an interme-
diate specimen, though many of both species have been examined, and
the slight difference in coloration (noted under the head of 7. domini-
censis and in the synoptical table), as well as the quite marked difference
in size, may be found entirely constant.
3.—TYRANNUS DOMINICENSIS.
Tyrannus dominicensis, Briss., Orn. II, 1760, 394, pl. 38, fig. 2.—Ricn., List, 1837,—.—
GossE, Birds Jam. 1847, 169.—Bairp, B. N. Am, 1858, 172 (coast 8. Carolina;
Florida Keys; West Indies); Cat. N. Am. B. 1859, No. 125.—NEwrTon, Ibis,
1859, 146 (St. Croix, W. I.; biogr.).—Cass., Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1860, 143
(Cartagena, New Granada).—BRYANT, Pr. Boston Soc. 1866, 248 (Porto Rico),
—-B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B. II, 1874, 315, 319, pl. 43, fig. 8 (Cuba, Jamaica,
St. Thomas, Santa Cruz, Sombrero, and St. Batholomew, W. I.; Cartagena,
New Granada; Greytown, Nicaragua; Florida Keys; coast of 8. Carolina;
accidental in Massachusetts).—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. II, No. 3, 1871,
300 (St. Augustine, Florida; May, sev orate
Lanius tyrannus, var. 8. dominicensis, GMEL., 8S. N. I, 1788, 203 (ex Buff. Pl. Enl.
537).
Me littarch us dominicensis, CABAN., J. f. O. 1855, 475 (Cuba); Mus. Hein. II, 18.2,
80, footnote (Hayti and Cuba).
Sadan dominicensis, AUD., Orn. Biog. IT, 1834, 392, pl. 46; Birds Am. I, 1840, 201,
pl. 55.
Tyrannulus dominicensis, JARD., Contr. Orn. 1850, 67 (Bermudas).
Tyran titiri, Bury., Pl. Enl. 537.
Tyrannus griseus, VIEIL4i, Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 76, pl. 46.—SwaIns., Quart. Jour.
Sci. XX, 1826, 276.—Gray, Gen. I, 1844, 247.—Bonap., Consp. I, 1850, 192.—
Scu., Catal. 1861, 236, No. 1450 (Jamaica).—Mancn, P. A. N.S. 1863, 287 (do.)—
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 471
TaYLor, Ibis, 1864, 169 (Porto Rico).—Lawr., Ann. Lyc. N. Y. VIII, 1854,
99 (Sombrero); 1865, 183 (Greytown, Nicaragua). —BRYANT, Pr. Boston Soc.
1866, 90 (St. Domingo). *
Tyrannus matutinus (part), VreEILL., Ene. Méth. 1823, 850.—D’Ors, in La Sagra’s Cuba,
Ois. 1859, pl. 14.— Gray, Gen. I, 1844, 247.
Tyrannus tiriri, TEMM., Tabl. Méth. 1836, 24.
Gray Kingbird, Bairp, 1. c., et Auct.
Sp. Cu.—Wing, 4.45-4.80; tail, 3.50-4.05; bill, from nostril, .75-.82,
depth at base .30-.36, width .47-.55; tarsus, .70-.75; middle toe, .62-.60.
Adult: Similar to 7. rostratus, but lighter plumbeous above, and the
lining of the wing decidedly yellow. Young: No colored patch on the
crown; smaller wing-coverts, upper tail-coverts, and rectrices distinctly
bordered with pale rusty; lining of wing deep sulphur-yellow, and
crissum strongly tinged with the same.
HaB.—West Indies and adjacent coasts of the continent from Florida
to New Granada. Accidental as far north along the Atlantic coast of
the United States as Massachusetts.
REMARKS.—The specimens in the National Museum Collection rep-
resent very nearly the known distribution of the species. Specimens
from Greytown, Nicaragua (40438, H. E. Holland), and from Cartagena,
New Grenada (17885, A. Schott), are quite indistinguishable from Antil-
lean examples.
‘
4.—TYRANNUS CAROLINENSIS.
Muscicapa corona rubra, CATESB., Carol. I, 1731-48, 55, pl. 55.
Tyrannus, Briss., Orn. II, 1760, 391.
Lanius tyrannus. AN. , S. N. I, 1758, No. 4; ed. 12, I, 1766, 136 (ex Catesby, 1. c.).—
Latu., Ind. Or. I, 1790, 81.
Muscicapa ahitnisies WILs., ‘ie Orn. I, 1808, 66, pl. 13, fig. 1.—Bonap., Synop.
1828, 66.—NutTrT., Man. I, 1832, 265.—Aupb., Orn. Biog. I, 1840, 453; V, 1842,
420, pl. 79; Synop. 1839, 40; B. Am. I, 1827-’30, 204, pl. 56.—Giraup, B. Long I.
I, 1844, 39.
Gobe-mouche de la Caroline, BuFY., Pl. Enl. 676.
Lanius tyrannus, var. y. carolinensis, GMEL., S. N. I, 1788, 302 (ex Pl. Enl. 676).
Tyrannus carolinensis, TEMM., Tabl. Méth. 1836, 24.—BarrD, B. N. Am. 1858, 171;
Cat. N. Am. B. 1859, No. “124, —CABAN. & HEINE, Mus. Hein. II, 1859, 79.—
Coop & SUCKL., Pacific R. R. Rep. XII, ii, 1860, 167 (Washington Terr. ).—
HAYDEN, Rep. 1862, 157.—Brakist., Ibis, 1862, 3 (Forks Saskatchewan and
Saskatchewan Plains; breeds).—Lorp, Pr. Roy. Art. Inst. 1864, 113 (Brit.
Columbia).—Lawn., Ann. Lye. N. Y. VIII, 1865, 183 (Greytown, Nicaragua) ;
Ball. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 4, 1876, 28 (Japana, Isth. Tehuantepec; May).—
CooPER, Orn. Cal. I, 1870, 311 (Western records; not in Calif. !).—STrEPHENsoN,
Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr. 1870, 463 | EN —MERRIAM, ib. 1872, 639,—
HOLDEN & AIKEN, Pr. Boston Soc. 1872, 205 (Colorado ‘od a —
ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. III, 1872, 179 (Utah and Wyoming).—CovrEs,
Key, 1872, 169; Check List, 1873, No. 242; Birds N. W. 1874, 235.—Rinew..
Pr. Essex Inst. Nov. 1873, 184 (Colorado) ; ib. Jan. 1875, 17 (Truckee R., W. Ne-
vada), 30 (Salt Lake City, Utah), 33 (Parley’s Park, Utah); Field and Forest,
June, 1877, 208 (Colorado).—GENTRY, Pr. Phila. Ac. 1874, 103 (habits).—B. B.
& R., Hist. N. Am. B. II, 1874, 316, pl. 43, fig. 4. ;
Muscicapa rex, BARTRAM, Fragments N. H. Penn. 1799, 18.
472 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Tyrannus pipiri, VIEILL., Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 73, pl. 44.—Capan., J. f. O. 1855,
478 (Cuba).—ScL., Catal. 1862, 236, No. 1451.—GUNDL., Repert. 1855, 239
(Cuba).—Scit. & SaALv., P. Z. 8. 1856, 189 (Nauta, R. Ucayali, E. Peru!*);
1870, 837 (coast Honduras); Nom. Neotr. 1873, 53 (‘‘Am. centr. et merid. ad
Boliviam”).—CovuEs, Proc. Phila. Acad. 1871, 26. :
Tyrannus intrepidus, VYEILL., Enc. Méth. III, 1823, 849; Gal. Ois. I, 1824, 214, pl. 133.—
SwAINS., Philos. Mag. I, 1827, 368; Quart. Jour. XX, 1826, 274.—Sw. & RIcu.,
F. B. A. II, 1831, 137.—Bonap., Comp. List, 1838, 24.—Woopu., Sitgr. Rep.
1853, 73.—ScL., P. Z. S. 1857, 232; 1858, 302 (Oaxaca); 1859, 383 (Oaxaca;
March, February), 439 (‘‘whole of Mexico”).—Scu. & SALV., Ibis, 1859, 120
(Guatemala).—Moore, ib. 55 (Honduras).—SuMIcHR., Mem. Bost. Soe. I,
1869, 557 (Vera Cruz).
Myiarchus intrepidus, BURM., Verz. Mus. Hal. p. 46.
Muscicapa animosa, Licut., Verz. Doubl. 1823, 54.
Tyrannus leucogaster, STEPHENS, Gen. Zool. XIII, ii, 1826, 132.
Tyrannus vieillotii, Swarns., F. B. A. II, 1831, 188 (based on Vieill., Gal. Ois. pl. 153).
King Bird; Bee Bird; Bee Martin, VULG.
Sp. Cu.—Wing, 4.40-4.75; tail, 3.40-3.75; bill, from nostril, .50-.57,
depth at base .24-.27, width .37-.40; tarsus, .70-.78; middle toe, .55-
.60. Adult: Above black, becoming plumbeous on the back, scapu-
lars, and rump; large wing-coverts and remiges edged with whitish;
upper tail-coverts bordered with white, and tail broadly tipped with the
same. Below pure white, strongly shaded with ash-gray across the jugu-
lum. Middle of the crown with a concealed patch of bright orange-red.
Young: Above dusky brownish slate, the wing-coverts bordered with
pale fulvous, the remiges with dull whitish; upper tail-coverts bordered
with pale rusty; tail tipped with pale fulvous, or brownish white. Be-
neath as in the adult, but jugulum tinged with palefulvous. No colored
patch on vertex.
HAabs.—Temperate North America, except parts of the Pacific and Mid-
dle Provinces; Middle America, and Western South America to Bolivia;
Cuba and Bahamas.
LEMARKS.—No difference is perceptible, either in color or proportions,
between specimens from Tropical America and those from the United
States, although the former may, perhaps, average a trifle smaller.
Western examples are likewise identical with Eastern. The species
breeds at least as far south as the Isthmus of Panama, as is evident
from young specimens, in first plumage, in the National Collection, from
the line of the Panama Railroad.
5.—TYRANNUS CRASSIROSTRIS.
Tyrannus crassirostris, SWAINS., Quart. Journ. Sci. XX, 1825, 278; Philos. Mag. 1827,
368.—SCL., Ibis, 1859, 439 (Mazatlan); Catal. 1861, 236, No. 1448 (Mazatlan, W.
Mexico).—Scui. & SALy., Ibis, 1860, 399 (Escuintla).—Lawr., Bull. U. 8. Nat.
Mus. No. 4, 1876, 28 (Chihuitan, Tehuantepec, and Los Cues, Oaxaca).
*“Indistinguishable from North American specimens.” Said to have been seen by
D’Orbigny as far South as Sta. Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia!
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 473
Melittarchus crassirostris, CABAN., J. f. O. 1855, 478.—-CABAN. & HEINE, Mus. Hein.
II, 1859, 80, footnote (Mexico).
Megarhynchus crassirostris, FInscu, Abh. Nat. Brem. 1870, 329 (Mazatlan).
*Vuscicapa gnatho, Licut., in Mus. Berol.” (Caban. and Heine).
Sp. Cu.—Length, about 9.50; extent, 15.50; wing, 5.00-5.50; tail, 4.00-
4.50; bill, from nostril, .75-.81, depth at base .38-—.43, width .53-.60.
Tail even, or very slightly emarginated; two to three outer primaries
slightly narrowed at ends, and the edge of the inner web faintly sinuated
near the middle. Adult: Above, olivaceous-gray, the head darker,
approaching sepia-brown, especially on the auriculars; wings and tail
darker and more brownish than the back, all the feathers faintly edged
with pale brownish. Malar region, chin, and throat pure white; jugu-
lum pale ash-gray, tinged with light yellowish olive laterally and pos-
teriorly; rest of lower parts, including lining of wing, clear, rather
pale sulphur-yellow. Crown with a concealed patch of clear lemon-
yellow. Bill brownish black; feet deep black; iris brown. Young:
Head pale ash-gray, tinged with light brown, the lores and auriculars
darker; no colored patch on crown; back similar to the head, but tinged
with olive-green; wing-feathers distinctly bordered with yellowish white
(tinged with pale rusty on the coverts); tail-feathers edged with pale
yellowish fulvous, becoming more rusty around the terminal border of
the feathers. Lower parts as in the adult, but the abdomen, etc., mixed
with patches (new feathers) of bright lemon- or gamboge-yellow.
Hazs.—Mexico, including both coasts ; north to Orizaba and Mazatlan.
REMARKS.—This very strongly marked species is decidedly the most
robust member of the genus, although considerably inferior to T. mag-
mirostris in general bulk. The biil is peculiarly stout, being almost as
deep as it is wide through the base, all its outlines being more decidedly
convex than in any other species.
Following is a list of specimens examined, with measurements :
/ }
29401 | United States.| ¢ ad. | Colima .-........- | Jan. —, 1863 | 5.50 / 4.50 | .78 | .60| .38
.78 | .68
Ue pe PS ee | a ae ee 5.25 | 4.00 | .78 | .54 | .40 | .72 | .65
Spay 250002. S: ad. Tehuantepec -. | Dee. 1,1868 | 5.00 | 4.20 | .75 | .57 |..40| .72 |....
yy an) ee a= al ty 0 28 _.| Nov. 24,1868] 5.00 | 4.10 | .81 }.60 | .43|.78 | .65
Geen 7 ane ft. 2 Se Ee oS tee Ae ns, = ee 5.20 | 4.10 |.-...) .58 |.....! .75 | .63
SPB0G f2 2008 sane =.) gd ads | Mazatioe 03260. 2). 523825. 5... -- 5.45 | 4.35 | .80 | .53 | .43 | .75 | .65
uesae ee wane te Pt ¢o juv.| Orizaba .......-. | July 413, 1866 |......|.---.- ea cot |ns--- eae [a atm a
6.—TYRANNUS MELANCHOLICUS.
a. melancholicus.
Suiriri guazu, AZARA, Apunt. IT, 1805, 152, No, 198.
Tyrannus melancholicus, VIeILu., Nouy. Dict. XXxv, 1819, 48 (ex Azara, 1. ¢.); Ene. Méth.
II, 1823, 851.—D’OrsB. & Larr., Mag. de Zool. 1837, 44.—D’Ors., Voy. Ois.
1839, 311.—Burm., Th. Bras. II, 1856, 464; Reis. La Plata, II, 1861, 452.—
Bairp, B. N. Am. 1858, 176 (part—not descr.).—Sci., Catal. 1862, 235, No.
1443 (Brazil).—-Sci. & Satv., P. Z. 8. 1868, 142 (Buenos Ayres); Nom. Neotr.
1873, 53 (part).— EULER, J. f. O. 1867, 227 (Brazil; descr. nesting, etc.).—PELZ.,
Orn. Bras. 1871, 117 (S. Brazil; numerous localities).
474 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Laphyctes melancholicus, CABAN. & HEINE, Mus. Heine. II, 1859, 76 (Brazil; excl.
syn. albogularis, Burm. ).
Muscicapa despotes, LicHT., Verz. Doubl. 1823, 55
Muscicapa furcata, Sprx, Av. Bras. II, 1825, 15, pl. 19.
Tyrannus furcatus, Max., Beitr. III, 1831, 884.
Tyrannus crudelis, SWAINS., Quart. Jour. XX, 1826, 275 (Brazil).
B. couchi.
Tyrannus couchi, BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 175 (“‘ Northeastern Mexico to Rio Grande”) ;
ed. 1860, pl. 49, fig. 1; Cat. N. Am. B. 1859, No. 128.—Sct., Ibis, 1859, 439
(Orizaba) ; Catal. 1862, 235, No. 1445 (Mexico).—DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 472 (com-
mon near Matamoras and Brownsville).
Tyrannus melancholicus var. couchi, B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B. II, 1874, 329, pl. 43,
fig. 7
Tyrannus melancholicus couchi, Cours & SENNETT, Bull. U. S. Geol. & Geog. Sury. —
Terr. IV, No. 1, 1878, 31 (Hidalgo, Texas ; common).
* Tyrannus melancholicus,” SCL. & SALV., Lbis, 1859, 121 (Duetias, Guatemala; descr. eggs);
(2?) P. Z.S. 1870, 837 (coast Honduras); Nom. Neotr. 1873, 53 (part).—TAYLOR,
Ibis, 1860, 113 (Honduras).—OWEN, Ibis, 1861, 63 (San Geronimo, Guat.; descr.
nest).—Lawr., Ann. Lye. N. Y. IX, 1869, 204 (Yucatan).—Scu., P. Z. S. 1870,
439 (Cordova, Jalapa, and Ceneus, Mexico; Guatemala),
“¢ Tyrannus satrapa”’ (part), SCL., Catal. 1862, 235, No. 1444 (specs. ex Vera Paz and Ori-
zaba).
Couch’s I’lycaicher, BARD, l. ¢.
y. satrapa.
“ Tyrannus melancholicus,’ TscHupt, Wiegm. Archiv, 1844, 12 (?); Faun. Per. Aves,
1844-46, 131 (?).—CaBAN., in Schomb, Guiana, III, 1848, 700.—ScL., P. Z. 8. 1855,
50 (Bogota); 1856, 141 (Dav id, Chiriqui); 1858, 70, 457; 1859, 55; 1860, 92
(E. Ecuador); 281 (Babahoyo, Ecuador); 1867, "349 (Lima, Pern),—Barrb,
B.N. Am. 1858, 176 (part; specs. described from ‘ Vera Cruz” and Panama).—
Sci. & SALV., P. Z. 8. 1864, 360 (Isth. Panama); 1867, 279 (Mosquito coast), 57
(Para), 751 (Huallaga R., E. Peru); 1869, 189 (Nauta, Peru), 598, (Conispata,
Peru); Nom. Neotr. 1873, 53 (part).—Cass., Pr. Philad. Ac. 1860, 143, (New
Granada).—Lawr., Ann. Lye. N. Y. VII, 1861, 295 (Panama); IX, 1869, 237
(Puna I., W. Ecuador).—Tay1or, Ibis, 1864, 87 (Trinidad; Venezuela).—Sa-
vin, P. Z. S. 1870, 199 (Veragua).—Finscu, ib. 572 (Trinidad),—W ya1T, Ibis,
1871, 334 (New Granada, up to 7,000 feet ;*iris brown).
Laphyctes satrapa, CABAN. & Hernn, Mus. Hein. II, Oct. 15, 1859, 77 (Guiana; Caracas;
ex “ Muscicapa satrapa, Licht. in Mus. Berol.”).—CaBan., J. f. O. 1861, 251,
Tyrannus satrapa, Scu., Catal. 1862, 255, No. 1444 (part; specs. ex Tobago anal Sta.
Marta and Bogota, New Granada).—ScL. & SALY., P. Z. 8. 1854, 360 (Isth. Pa-
nama).
“ Tyrannus verticalis,” L&oT., Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 213 (nec Say).
Sp. Ci.—Tail more or less decidedly emarginate (depth of the fork
.20-.85 of an inch); five outer primaries more or less narrowed at the
ends by the emargination of the inner web (nearly obsolete in some
females and in the young). Wing, 4.25-4.85; tail, 3.70-4.50; bill, from ~
nostril, .60-.77, width .40-.52, depth .24-.35; tarsus, .60-.80; middle
toe, .50-.60.* Head cinereous, the auriculars perceptibly darker, the
malar region, chin, and throat paler (whitish in more northern specimens).
Back, Seapnlars, and sides of the breast greenish cinereous, the green
4 Forty -eight adults ts measured
———_ eee Oe ae).
\
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 475
tinge more decided on the breast from the invasion of the yellow of the
abdomen. Wings and tail dusky, with lighter edgings. Lower parts
(posterior to the breast) richlemon-yellow. Billand feet black. Adult:
Crown with a central concealed patch of bright orange-red; wing-edg-
ings light cinereous, sometimes (more especially in northern examples)
tinged with pale yellow. Female smaller than the male, the colored
patch on the crown more restricted, the tail less deeply emarginate, the
primaries less conspicuously narrowed atends. Young: Crown without
colored central patch; wing-edgings pale rusty on all the coverts; upper
tail-coverts and rectrices likewise bordered with rusty.
HAzB.—The entire Neotropical Region, excepting the West Indian
islands; north to Texas (Lower Rio Grande Valley) and Mazatlan; south
to Buenos Ayres and Peru.
REMARKS.—In all examples of this species from the South Brazilian
Region (embracing, besides Southern Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, and
Buenos Ayres), the colors are considerably darker than in any from
more northern localities, the throat being decidedly cinereous, and the
back a quite dark olivaceous gray. ‘This series also averages consider-
ably larger in size, and has the tail more deeply forked. Specimens
from northern South America (Amazonian and Columbian districts)
show decidedly lighter throats, but are otherwise scarcely different, ex-
cept in their usually smaller size. To the northward, the tendency to
gradually lighter colors increases in direct ratio with the latitude, cul-
minating with the northern limit to the range of the species, in Northern
Mexico and the Rio Grande Valley of Texas. Taking examples from
the latter region, and comparing them with those from the extreme
southern range of the species (Buenos Ayres and contiguous provinces),
the difference is quite obvious, although still not conspicuous, even on
comparison; but the points given by Professor Baird, in ‘‘ Birds of North
America,” for distinguishing his 7. cowcht (the northern form) from true
melancholicus, are found to hold good. The ample series at hand, how-
ever, embracing more than fifty specimens, from every part of the known
range of the species, proves beyond question the gradual transition
between the extremes, in intermediate localities. A
The specimens from northern South America having been named
satrapa by Cabanis and Heine (Mus. Hein. II, p. 77), this name may be
used to characterize an intermediate form showing a tendency in a
nearly equal degree toward the distinctive character of both melan-
cholicus and couchi. It may ‘be observed that while examples of sa-
trapa agree best with the northern form in the whiteness of the throat,
and with the southern one in the dark shade of the wings and tail, they
are, as a rule, much brighter yellow beneath than either. Costa Rican
specimens agree more nearly with true satrapa than with Mexican exam-
ples (couchi). ,
A rather more than ordinary amount of individual variation in this
species is shown by the very careful measurements of a large series.
476 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
This variation extends to all parts of the external anatomy, and is by
no means equally correlated, as specimens having the wing or tail of
average length, or even unusually lengthened, may have the bill or the
tarsus unusually small, and vice versa. The tarsus, in forty-eight speci-
mens, varies from .60 to .80 of an inch,—a variation amounting to nearly
one-third of the mean length. The bifurcation of the end of the tail varies
even more remarkably, the depth of the fork ranging from .20 to .85 of
an inch in specimens having the feathers of this member fully developed
and otherwise normal !
In the series under examination there are a few specimens more or
less noticeable on account of deviations from the usual coloration in one
respect or another. No. 16710, from the Amazon (Lieut. Herndon), has
the crown-patch clear yellow instead of orange-red, while the wings are
almost devoid of the usual light edgings. 'The plumage, however, of this
specimen is much abraded. Specimen No. 39900, from the headwaters
of the Huallaga River, Eastern Peru (W. 8S. Church), is one of the
darkest in the entire series. It agrees almost exactly in colors with
No. 55701 from Conchitas, Buenos Ayres; but the sides of the breast are
dark greenish slate, quite as dark as the color of the back, in very
marked contrast to the much paler yellowish olive of the central portion
of the breast. No. 37956, from Merida, Yucatan, an adult male, has the
orange-red crown-patch surrounded by a strong suffusion of olive green,
like the color of the back. A very highly colored specimen from Costa
Rica (No. 53392, J. Carmiol) has the two longer lower tail-coverts chiefly
dusky, with wide borders of pale yellow.
Autumnal specimens of couchi have the conspicuous paler edgings to
the wing-feathers strongly suffused with sulphur-yellow, and the back
more decidedly green than in summer examples. The single young
example of this Northern race (No. 58849, ¢, Tehuantepec, June, 1869;
Prot. Sumichrast) differs conspicuously from four individuals of the
same age from Bahia, and one from Costa Rica (the latter being exactly
like the former), in the borders of the wing-coverts being pale sulphur-
yellowish instead of light cinnamon-rusty, and in the more creamy yellow
of the lower parts. It is perhaps doubtful, however, whether other
examples from Mexico would not agree more closely with Southern
ones. .
The dimensions vary in this species not only with the individual, but
also to a very considerable extent with the locality. Thus, dividing the
large series before me into groups representing the several z00-geograph-
ical provinces into which Tropical America is divisible, and taking the
average of the several measurements of each, the following is found to
be the result:
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 477
| ‘ a ia | /
3 | Ak. So Oe a ee
? f Td = ta = 2 | Se 2 | / 3 8
Zoo-geographical province. ane } See | as Sah ion iS
cE cL 5 Se tee} Se | a | og
s |&ldadig |S#/83| 2/13/14
4 | F | a |e SCR Cae
Ke pad oue4 La Tas as tt ee
TIN ae ab vigaia 2 as Fees «3 | %| 461) 4.09) .71| .47| .30|) .72| .55 69
Amazonian (including Guiana) ....-...------ | .5| 4.48 | 3.97 67 45°) .a1 | .65 | .53 61
Columbian (including Western Ecuador) ..-.; 14 4.47 | 4.03 68 46 28) ..69.1> 058 61
Geen atpOTICONN =... 2... fee ae | 66 | 4.67 | 4.08) .65] .45| .29| .72] .54] .56
Mexican (including Guatemalaand Honduras).| 15 | 4.60 | 4.04 | .68 43: .31| .73 57 42
| {
The result would of course be somewhat changed with a different
proportion of specimens representing the several regions; but in any
case it would probably be shown, that the general dimensions increase
in proportion to the distance of the locality from the equator, and that
the tail.is most deeply emarginated in the most southern examples,
becoming gradually less forked toward the northward.
7.—TYRANNUS ALBIGULARIS.
Tyrannus albogularis, BuRM., Th. Bras. IT, 1856, 465 (northern forest-district of Brazil).—
Pr1z., Orn. Bras. 1871, 117 (Goiaz, Cuyaba, Matogrosso, and S. Vicente).
Tyrannus albigularis, Frinscu, P. Z. S. 1870, 572, in text sub ZY. melancholicus
(critical).—Scui. & SaLv., Nom. Neotr. 1873, 53.
* Muscicapa albigula, NATTERER, Catal. Msc.” (Pelzeln).
Sp. Cu.—‘ Head gray; middle of the crown fire-red; back green;
throat white; breast and belly yellow; wings and tail more brownish,
the feathers with lighter edges.
‘A little smaller than the preceding species [7. melancholicus], more
slender and of more graceful form, the beak especially. Crown, as far
as the eye, and nape light whitish gray, rictal region (‘Ziigelgegend ”)
and upper half of the ear-coverts blackish, the cheeks and the lower half
of the ear-coverts as well as the throat, pure white. Back and lesser
wing-coverts (“Achselfedern”) olive-green, the upper tail-coverts brown-
ish. Wings and tail-feathers grayish brown, the first narrowly edged
with whitish green, the latter with rust-yellow, particularly towards the
base; the inner edge of the wing of the same color, but broader, wanting
on the tail-feathers. Only the three first primaries attenuated and emar-
ginated, but the tip (““Absatz”) much shorter and blunter [than in 7. me-
lancholicus]. Breast, belly, thighs and anal region lemon-yellow; there
is no gray shade on the breast, but the yellow color with greenish tint
extends here as far as the neck. Beak and legs blackish brown, iris
brown; the beak on the whole sinaller, considerably shorter, with a dis-
tinct though blunt ridge and moderately convex; .... the toes longer.
“Total length 8’, culmen 7’, wings 4’, tail in the middle 3”, along -
the outer feather 3” 4’, commissure 8’, middle toe without claw 6’.
“The species inhabits the northern forest-region of Brazil, near Bahia,
and Pernambucco; it entirely resembles the preceding in its habits and
478 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
also much in its appearance, so much that it certainly has been con-
founded with it by most authors.”
REMARKS.—Never having seen a specimen referable to this species,
I follow Messrs. Sclater and Salvin in recognizing it as distinct from
—T. melancholicus, without knowing, however, their grounds for doing so.
In his remarks upon 7. melancholicus, in the “ Proceedings” of the Zo-
ological Society of London for 1870, p. 572, Dr. Finsch alludes to T.
albigularis, as follows:
‘‘ In contradiction to the views of Dr. Cabanis, I agree with von Pelzeln
in considering T. albigularis, Burm. (Bras. ii, p. 465), to be specifically
distinet from 7. melancholicus. A specimen from Brazil in the Bremen
Museum shows the chin and throat decidedly. white; whereas these parts
in T. melancholicus are whitish gray. Four specimens from Northern
Brazil (Ceara) all show this latter character.”
Unfortunately, the other distinctive characters of Burmeister’s species
are not alluded to. That mentioned by Dr. Finsch, 7. ¢., the whiteness
of the throat, seems of little account, since, according to the specimens
which I have seen from that region, it is customary for 7. melancholicus
from northern South America to have the throat nearly, if not quite,
white. The only characters given in Burmeister’s description which
appear really distinctive are the smaller size and the whitish green
instead of pale grayish edgings to the wing-feathers. It is, therefore,
solely upon the presumption that Messrs. Sclater and Salvin and Dr.
Finsch have good reason for considering the species distinct from me-
lancholicus that I so here consider it.
“
8.—TYRANNUS APOLITES.
Laphyctes apolites, CABAN. & HEINE, Mus. Hein. II, Oct. 15, 1859, 77 (hab. incog.).
Sp. Cu.—“‘ Supra plumis dorsalibus fuscis, late olivascente-griseo-
limbatis, itaqgue dorso quasi obsolete maculato; capite cinereo, pilei
plumis basi splendide luteis, apice nigris, loris striaque postoculari
nigrescentibus; alis caudaque fuscis, remigibus primariis minime,
secundariis tectricibusque alaribus alboscente-, rectricibus extus an-
euste rufescente-marginatis, tectricibus caude superioribus fuscis latius
rufescente-limbatis; subtus gula cinerascente, pectore abdomineque sul-
phurescentibus, illo densissime cinerascente adsperso; rostro nigro;
pedibus fuscis.—Long. tot. 7” 6’, al. 4”, caud. 3” 8’, rostr. culm. 8/”,
tars. 7’, dig. med. exc. ung. 6/.”
REMARKS.—Although this supposed species is not recognized by
Messrs. Sclater and Salvin in their Nomenclator Avium Neotropicalium,
it would seem from the description above quoted, and the remarks which
follow (of which a literal translation is given), to be very distinct from
any other species of the genus. The black encirclement of the yolk-
yellow crown, the spotted back, and several other characters mentioned,
certainly cannot be reconciled in any other known species.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. A79
“A quite typical Laphyctes, with strongly forked tail and the character-
istic tapering to the points of the five outer primaries; smaller than L.
melancholicus and L. satrapa, hence the smallest known species of the
genus. Distinguished by the weaker and shorter beak, the dark encir-
clement of the vivid yolk-yellow crown, the darker back, appearing pe-
culiarly spotted, and the lighter sulphur-yellow. color of the under parts.
Unfortunately, the only specimen which has reached us is without any
indication of its habitat.”
9.—TYRANNUS NIVEIGULARIS.
Tyrannus niveigularis, Scu., P. Z. S. May 22, 1860, 281 (Babahoyo, Ecuador; Mus. P.
L. 8.—‘‘Inrides hazel; bill, legs, and feet black”); Catal. 1861, 237, No. 1452
(Bakahoyo).
Sp. Cu.—‘ Supra cinereus, dorso olivaceo perfuso, capitis crista interne
flava ; loris et regione auriculari nigricante-cinereis : alis nigris, primariis
stricte, secundariis et tectricibus late albido limbatis: cauda nigra unicolore,
_ rectricum apicibus et parum externarum marginibus externis vie albicanti-
bus: caude tectricibus superioribus nigris, olivaceo terminatis : subtus pal-
lide flavus, guttiure et collo antico pure albis, hujus lateribus et pectore
summo cinereo vir lavatis : rostro et pedibus nigris.
‘¢ Long. tota 7.0, alz 4.1, caude 3.1.
“* Hab. In rep. Equator.
“Mus. P. L.S.
‘*¢ One ex. “ Irides hazel: bill and legs black.”
‘A species of true Tyrannus, looking to its general structure and acu-
minated primaries, distinguishable by its small size, pure white throat
and neck, and black tail. The primaries of the single specimen are not
fully developed; but the three first are somewhat obtusely acuminated,
quite as much as in 7. melancholicus.”
REMARKS.—From the description above quoted, this species would
appear to resemble somewhat the 7. verticalis of North America; but
whether such are its real affinities, its describer does not explain.
The description does not state whether the tail is even, emarginated, or
rounded,—quite an important question in this connection.
10.—TYRANNUS VERTICALIS.
Tyrannus verticalis, Say, Long’s Exp. II, 1823, 60.—Nvtr., Man. II, 1840, 360.—Bonar.,
Comp. List, 1838, 35; Consp. I, 1850, 192.—Bairp, B. N. Am. 1858, 173;
Cat. N. Am. B. 1859, No. 126.—HEERM., Pacific R. R. Rep. X, 1859, vi, 37.—
Coop. & SUCKL., ib. XII, ii, 1860, 168.—Scxi., Catal. 1862, 235, No. 1447.—
HAYDEN, Rep. 1862, 157.—Lorp, Pr. Roy. Art. Inst. IV, 1864, 113 (Brit.
Columbia).—BRYANT, Pr. Boston Soc. X, 1865, 96 (Plympton, Maine).—
CovuEs, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1866, 59 (Arizona); Key, 1872, 170; Check List,
1873, No. 244; B. N. W. 1874, 235.—Coorer, Orn. Cal. I, 1870, 312.—STEVEN-
SON, Rep. U. S. Geol. Sury. Terr. 1370, 463 (Colorado).—MERRIAM, ib. 1872,
480 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
690.—ALLEN, Bull. M. C. Z, 1872, 179 (Kansas, ete.).—AIKEN, Pr. Boston Soe.
1872, 205.—ScL. & Saty., Nom. Neotr. 1873, 53.—Snow, B. Kans. 1873, 3
(abundant in E. Kansas!).—B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B. II, 1874, 324, pl. 43,
fig. 2.—Jouy, Field and Forest, April, 1877, 178 (District Columbia ; 1 spee.).—
Ripew., ib. June, 1877, 208 (Colorado).
Muscicapa verticalis, Bonap., Am. Orn. I, 1825, 18, pl. 2, fig. 2; Synop. 1828, 67.—
NuttT., Man. ‘I, 1832, 97 3.—AUD., Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, 422, pl. 359; Synop.
1839, 39 ; B. Am. I, 1840, 199, pl. 54,
Laphyctes ver ‘ae: CABAN. & HEINE, Mus. Hein. Ir, 1859, 77, footnote.
Sp. Cu.—Wing, 4.75-5.25 ; tail, 3.65-4.00; bill, from nostril, .50-.55,
depth at base .25-.28, width .35-. 38; tarsus, “68-7 (7; middle toe .55-.58.
Adult: Head, neck, sail back bluish Bye -eray, paler beneath, the chin and
upper part of the throat being nearly white; lores and auriculars darker;
back and breast tinged with olive-green, lighter beneath. Wings dusky,
the feathers edged with slate-gray, these edgings broader and lighter on
the secondaries. Upper tail-coverts and tail deep black, the outer webs
of the lateral pair of rectrices yellowish white, in sharp contrast. Lower
parts, posterior to the breast, deep sulphur-yellow, paler on the crissum;
the lining of the wing strongly tinged with olive-gray. Crown with a
concealed patch of bright orange-red or vermilion. Young: Head above
and back light brownish-gray, the latter strongly tinged with olive-green;
superciliary region paler than the crown, in quite marked contrast with
the dusky-gray auriculars and lores. Chin, throat, and malar region
white, gradually passing into pale brownish gray on the jugulum, the
breast similar, but tinged with pale olivaceous ; remaining lower parts
pale creamy cuig hie yellow. Tail as in the adult; wings dusky, as in
the fie but the feathers widely edged with pale yellowish gray. No
colored patch on the crown.
HAB.—The Western Province of North America, straggling occa-
sionally entirely across the Eastern Province; Western Mexico, south to
Isthmus of Teluantepec* and Colima.t
11.—TYRANNUS VOCIFERANS.
Tyrannus vociferans, SWAINS., Quart. Jour. XX, 1826, 273 (Mexico); Philos. Mag. I, 1827,
368.—BairD, B, N. Am. 1°58, 174; Mex. Bound. Surv. II, 1859, pt. ii, 8, pl.
10; Cat. N. Am. B. 1859, No. 127.—ci., P. Z. S. 1859, 383 (Oaxaca; Feb.); Ebis,
1859, 439 (Oaxaca ; Guatemala); Catal. 1862, 235, No. 1446 (Los Nogales, Sono-
ra); P. Z. S. 1864, 176 (City of Mexico).—ScL. & SALY., Ibis, 1859, 120 (Vera Paz,
Guatemala); Nom. Neotr. 1873, 53 (Mexico and Guatemala).—-CouEs, Pr. Philad.
Ac. 1866, 59 (Arizona); Key, 1872, 170; Check List, 1873, No. 245; B. N. W.
1874, 23e.—Coorrr, Orn. Cal. I, 1870, 314 (Southern Cal.; breeding north to
Sta. Cruz; wintering north to Los Angeles).—A1UkmnN, Pr. Boston Soc. 1872, 205
(S. E. Wyoming).—MERRIAM, Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr, 1872, 690.—SuMmicur.,
Mem. Boston Soc. I, 1869, 557 (Vera Cruz).—B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am, B. I,
1874, 327, Pe 43, fig. 5.—Ripew., Bull. Essex Inst. Nov. 1873, 184 (Colorado);
*58,850, 2 a: , Japana, Tehuantepec, April 29, 1869; F. Sumichrast.
+35,054, g ad., Plains of Colima, October, 1853; J. Lanteio:
‘
4
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 481
Field and Forest, June, 1877, 208 (do.).—STREETs, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 7,
1877, 12 (St. Tomas Bay, Pacific side, Lower California).
Laphyctes vociferans, CABAN. & HEINE, Mus. Hein. II, 1859, 77 (Mexico),
Tyrannus cassini, LAWR., Ann. Lyc. N. Y. June 3, 1850, 39, pl. 3, fig. 2 (Texas).
“ Muscicapa satelles, LicuT., in Mus. Berol.” (Caban. § Heine).
Sp. Co.—Wing, 5.00-5.40; tail, 3.70-4.20; bill, from nostril, .55-.60,
depth at base .27, width .35-.45; tarsus, .72-.78; middle toe, .55-.60.
Taileven. Adult: Head and neck deep plumbeous, somewhat lighter
beneath, where passing somewhat abruptly into white on the chin; back,
scapulars, and breast grayish olive-green, lighter beneath; remaining
lower parts sulphur-yellow, the crissum and lining of the wings paler.
Wings light brownish gray, the feathers quite distinctly bordered with
grayish white. Upper tail-coverts and tail black, the latter faintly tipped
with light brownish gray, the outer web of the lateral pair of rectrices
more or less widely edged with the same. Crown with a concealed patch
of bright orange-red. Bill and feet black; iris brown. Young: Head,
neck, back, and breast dull grayish slate, paler on the jugulum, the
chin and upper part of the throat whitish, the back tinged with brown;
lores and auriculars darker. Wing-coverts bordered with light fulvous
or rusty buff. Abdomen, ete., pale creamy sulphur-yeilow. No colored
pateh on the-crown.
_ Has.—Mexico and Guatemala, extending into the southern part of
the Western Province of the United States; along the eastern base of
the Rocky Mountains, north to about 41°; along the coast of California,
to about 37°; south to Costa Rica.
REMARKS.—Many localities in Mexico (both coasts and interior),
Guatemala, and Costa Rica, are represented by specimens in the collec-
tion of the National Museum.
12.—TYRANNUS LUGGERI.
Tyrannus luggeri, Ripaw. MS.
Sp. Cu.— Wing, 4.15-4.25; tail, 2.25-2.30; bill, from nostril, .52, width
at base .40, depth, .28-.32; tarsus, .75-.80; middle toe, .65. Tail very
slightly emarginate. Ends of primaries not at all attenuated! Above,
greenish olive, the wings and tail dusky brownish, the head dark cine-
reous, with an indistinct grayish streak above the auriculars. Throat
pure white, streaked with ash-gray laterally and across the jugulum.
Sides of breast deep olivaceous; remaining lower parts, including lining
of the wing, bright gamboge-yellow. Bill and feet blackish. Adult:
Crown with a large concealed patch of bright gamboge-yellow. Wings
and tail very faintly edged with lighter brown. Young: Crown-patch
much restricted (nearly obsolete). All the wing-feathers (coverts and
remiges) and rectrices distinetly bordered with light rusty.
HaB.—Guiana (Cayenne, Demerara. Mus. G. N. L. & R. R.).
REMARKS.—With a closer resemblance to 7. melancholicus than to
Proc. Nat. Mus. 73 ——31 May 22, 1879.
482 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
any other of the species of this genus with which I have been able
to compare it, Tyrannus luggert is, nevertheless, so very distinct as not
to need any special comparison. In size and general form it corresponds
almost exactly with T. carolinensis, while the bill is much more like
that of the latter species in size and shape than that of any of the
yellow-bellied group. The totally different coloration, however, allies it
more closely to the group represented by TZ. melancholicus, while the
broad-tipped primaries constitute a feature entirely unique in this genus.
Although it seems rather strange that a new species of this genus
should be found in a district so well explored ornithologically as the
habitat of the present bird, I have ait ag eas been unable to find a
description at all aU WRUADIS to it.
13.—TYRANNUS AURANTIO-ATROCRISTATUS.
Tyrannus aurantio-atrocristatus, LAFR. & D’ORB., Mag. de Zool. 1887, 45 (Bolivia).—
D’ORB., Voy. Ois. 1839, 312 (Corrientes, Paraguay; Valle Grande, Bolivia).—
Buro., Reise La Plata, II, 1861, 453.—Sc.i. & Satv., P. Z. S. 1866, 190 (Ucay-
ali, E. Peru); Nom. Neotr., 1873, 53.—Hupson, P. Z. 8. 1870, 113 (Buenos
Ayres, rare; Entre Rios).
Tyrannus ynea, Licut., Nomenel. 1854, 16 (Brazil; Guiana).
Tyrannus inca, Scu., P. Z. 8. Nov. 26, 1861, 383 (Bolivia; Mus. P. L. S. et Berol. ;
ex ‘Licht. in Mus. Berol.”); Catal. 1861, 237, No. 1453 (Bolivia).—PELZ., Orn.
Bras. 1871, 118 (Goiaz, Rio Vermelho, Serrado, and Cuyaba).
? Tyrannus auriflamma, BurM., J. f. O. July, 1860, 246 (Mendoza),
Sp. Cu.—Wing, 3.50-4.00; tail, 3.10-3.30; Dill, from nostril, .40,
width at base .30, depth .20; texte .60 ; middle £08, 42, Tail even, or
(apparently) very slightly emarginated. Extreme end of outer primary
attenuated.* Above dull smoky slate, the wings and tail with narrow
paler edgings. Below mouse-gray, becoming paler and (in young at
least) somewhat tinged with pale sulphur-yellow posteriorly. Bill and
feet blackish. Adult: Entire pileum black, with a central concealed
patch of clear lemon-yellow. Young: Pileum smoky brownish slate,
like the back. |
HaxB.—Bolivia (Lafr. & D’Orb.); Paraguay (D’Orb.); Buenos Ayres
({fudson); Brazil (Pelzeln); Pebas, Peru (Mus. Vassar College).
REMARKS.—This very strongly marked species is so very different
from the other Tyranni in both coloration and the details of external
form as to suggest strong doubts of its being properly referable to
this genus at all. It surely presents a very great contrast to 7. mag-
nirostris. Ther are, however, such variations of form among the spe-
— a a ee
*Dr. Sclater, in his description of Tyrannus inca (1. ¢.), says that ‘the external pri-
maries are acuninated towards the points, the first three being also deeply emarginated
04 inch from their, extremities.” This is very different from the shape of the quills in
the single specimen I have been able to examine (an immature female, belonging tothe
Museum of Vassar College), in which all the quills except the first are very broad at
the ends, the first only being emarginated and attenuated at the tip. This diserepancy
may, however, be owing to difference of sex or age. .
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 483
cies usually assigned to this genus, as here restricted, that a further
subdivision would necessitate a considerable number of generic groups—
almost one for every species—so that, upon the whole, it may be better
to leave this species in the genus Tyrannus, and consider it as repre-
senting the opposite extreme of size and form from 7’. magnirostris.
The above diagnosis is drawn up partly from Dr. Sclater’s description
of the adult as cited, and in part from an immature female in the
Museum of Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, N. Y., collected at Pebas,
I. Peru, by the late Professor Orton.
Il.— Descriptions of New Races.
1.—LICHENOPS PERSPICILLATUS, 8. ANDINUS.
Lichenops perspicillatus, B. andinus, Ripaw. MS.
Cu.—Simnilar to L. perspicillatus (2. perspicillatus), but having the white
on the primaries restricted to that portion of the quills beyond the sinua-
tion of the outer webs.—Hab. Western South America, from Chili to
New Granada.
An examination of the series of Lichenops in the collection of the
National Museum reveals a very marked and constant difference between
specimens from Buenos Ayres, Brazil, and Paraguay on the one hand,
and those from western South America on the other. In the former,
of which there are nine adult males before me, representing the above-
named localities, the white patch on the primaries extends anteriorly to
the end of the primary-coverts, almost the whole extent of the outer
webs of the seven exterior quills being of this color, while the shafts
are in some specimens pure white throughout; the latter, however, is by
no means usually the case, but, on the contrary, decidedly exceptional.
In the Chilian examples, of hick there are three adult males, the black
at the base of the primaries, which in the Eastern form is wholly con-
cealed by the overlying primary-coverts, extends as far as the sinuation
of the edge of the quills, the white being thus restricted to only a little
more than half the length of the quills from the ends of the coverts.
Only six, instead of seven, of the quills have white on the outer webs;
the shafts are black throughout, while the black on the inner web is
increased in proportion with that on the outer.
A careful measurement of the whole series gives the following result:
/
Eastern specimens.
Wing, 3.45-3.65 ; tail, 2.45-2.70; tarsus, 1.05-1.12,
Western specimens.
Wing, 3.60-3.80; tail, 2.55-2.70; tarsus, 1.05-1.15.
T am not able to discover any tangible differences between the females
of the two races beyond the larger | size of the Chilian examples, the
*y The mimimum is represented by the specimen from Bogota, except in re gard to the
tarsus, which is shortest in a Chilian example.
484 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. —
measurements of the two series comparing as follows, there being three
specimens of each in the collection:
Eastern specimens
Wing, 3.10-3.35; tail, 2.55; tarsus, 1.05-1.10.
Chilian examples
Wing, 3.20-3.25; tail, 2.50-2.70; tarsus, 1.08-1.12.
Following is the principal synonymy of the species:
LICHENOPS PERSPICILLATUS.
a. perspicillatus.
Le Clignot, ou Traquet a& lunette, BuF¥Y., Hist. Nat. Ois. V, 1806, 234.
Spectacle Warbler, LATH., Synop. II, 2, 1784, 452, No. 50.
Motacilla perspicillata, GMEL., S. N. I, 1788, 959 (quotes Buff. & Lath., 11. ec.).
Sylvia perspicillata, LatTu., Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 524.
(nanthe perspicillata, VIEILL., Nouv. Dict. XXI, 1818, 433 (Paraguay).
Ada perspicillata, D’ORB., Voy. Ois. 1839, 339 (Bolivia).
Lichenops perspicillata, DARWIN, Zool. Beag. III, 1841, 51, 52, pl. 9 (La Plata).—
BonaP., Consp. I, 1850, 194 (part; La Plata).—CaBan. & Hrtne, Mus. Hein.
II, 1859, 47 (Brazil).—Scu., Catal. 1862, 203, No. 1239 (S. Brazil; Bolivia).—
Sci. & Satv., P. Z. S. 1858, 141 (Buneos Ayres).—Hupson, P. Z. S. 1869, 432
(do.).—STERNBERG, J. f. O. 1869, 262 (do.).—DuRNF., Ibis, 1878, 60 (do. ; deser.
nest and eggs).
Fluvicola perspicillata, D’ORB. & LAFR., Mag. de Zool. 1837, 58.—HARTL., Ind.
Azara, 1847, 12, 15.
Suiriri chorreado, AZARA, Apunt. IIT, 1805, 453, No. 182.
Muscicapa nigricans, VIEILL., Nouv. Dict. XXI, 1818, 454 (Paraguay; ex Vieill., 1. ¢.);
Enc. Méth. 1823, 828.
Elainea nigricans, GRAY, Gen. I, 1849, 251.
Perspicilla leucoptera, SWAINSON, Jardine’s Nat. Libr. X, Flycatchers, 1838, 106, pl. 9
(quotes ‘‘Azara, III, 453”).
Lichenops erythroptera, GOULD, Zool. Beag. III, 1841, 51, 52, pl. 9 (banks of the Plata;
quotes ‘‘ Swainson’s Nat. Libr. X, p. 106”).
Ada commersoni, Lxess., Traité, I, 1831, 388 (=f ad.; Paraguay).
B. andinus.
“‘Tichenops perspicillatus,’”’ AucT. (ex Chili).
2.—DACNIS PULCHERRIMA, #. AUREINUCHA.
Dacnis pulcherrima, 3. aureinucha, RipGw. MS.
Cu.— Wing, 2.55; tail, 1.60; bill, from nostril, .43; tarsus, .60; mid-
dle toe, .50. Similar to D. pulcherrima, but bill much longer and less
conical; the nuchal crescent deep golden orange, instead of straw-yellow;
the chin and throat dull gray, instead of deep black.
Head (except underneath), anterior portion and sides of back, scapu-
lars, and upper tail-coverts deep velvety black; wing-coverts dark
ultramarine blue; remiges and rectrices black, edged with dark blue ;
inner webs of two outer rectrices with a large terminal patch of white.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 485
Middle of the back (longitudinally), whole rump, and entire lower parts
pale grayish buff, the abdomen and crissum whitish, the jugulum clearer
buff, and the rump decidedly “ opalescent.” Chin and throat dull gray.
Nape crossed by a large crescentic patch of deep golden orange, alto-
gether different in color from the jugulum.
The bill of this race is so very different in form from that of typical
D. pulcherrima, and more especially ‘from that of the other Dacni, as to
almost refer it to another genus.
_ The type-specimen is from Ecuador, and was received from Mr. Ber-
nardo Thiel, through my friend Mr. José C. Zeledon, of Costa Rica.
The differences between this species and its nearest relative, D. pul-
cherrima, may be more precisely expressed as follows:
“@. PULCHERRIMA.—Nape bright straw-yellow, not conspicuously different from the
color of the jugulum; throat deep black, abruptly contrasted with the buff of the
jugulum. Bill moderately clongated, measuring, from the nostril, .30-.37, along the
culmen, .45-50. Wing, 2.60-2.75; tail, 1.65-1.80.—Hab., New Granada to Eastern
Peru.*
8. AUREINUCHA.—Nape deep golden orange, totally different in color from the jugu-
lum; throat dull grayish, not abruptly contrasted with the color of the jugulum.
Bill much elongated, measuring, from the nostril, .43, along the culmen, .70. Wing,
2.55; tail, 1.60.—Hab., Ecuador.
3.—PARUS RUFESCENS, 8. NEGLECTUS.
Parus rufescens, 3. neglectus, Ripacw. MS.
Ch.—Similar to typical rufescens, but sides grayish, only slightly
tinged with rusty, instead of wholly bright chestnut-rufous, or rust-red.
Has.—Coast of California.
All of the many Californian specimens of this species which have
come under my notice agree in the above characters, by which they
may be readily distinguished from more northern examples.. The
typical race extends at least as far south as the Columbia River,
Mr. Henshaw having the past summer obtained it along that stream in
Northern Oregon. The specimens which he secured show no approach
to the Californian form, being quite indistinguishable from Sitkan ex-
amples. So far as I have been able to discover, the difference, so far as
coloration is concerned, consists solely in that indicated above—the
entire sides in true rufescens being bright rust-red, or chestnut-rufous,
quite as uniform and continuous as that of the back, but lighter. The
bill is also decidedly more slender.
a SSSeSeesSsSSsSsSeeeseseeeeeee/? ee
* Five specimens measured. The principal synonymy of the typical race is as follows:
DACNIS PULCHERRIMA, a. PULCHERRIMA.
Dacnis pulcherrima, Scu., Rev. et Mag. Zool. Oct. 1853, 479 (New Granada); P. Z. 8.
1854, 252 (do.); 1855, 84, 1387; Catal. 1861, 51, No. 315, pl. 8 (New Granada);
Ibis, 1863, 316 (Bogota; monographic).—Cass., Pr. Philad. Acad. 1864, 270.—
Sci. & Satv., Nom. Neotr., 1873, 16, No. 9 (Columbia).—Bouc., Cat. Av. 1876,
239, No. 7430.
Nemosia torquata, Du Bus, Bull. Ac. Brux, XXII, 1855, 155,
486 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
The principal synonymy. of each of the two forms of this species is
as follows:
PARUS RUFESCENS.
' a. rufescens,
Parus rufescens, TOWNS., Jour. Philad. Acad. 1837, 190 (Columbia River).—Avup., Orn.
Biog. IV, 1838, 371, pl. 353; Synop. 1839, 80; B. Am. II, 1841, 158, pl. 129.—
BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 394 (part); .Cat. N. Am. B. 1859, No. 295; Review, 1864,
83 (part).—Coor. & SuCKL., Pacific R. R. Rep. XII, ii, 1860, 194-(Washington
Terr. ).—Scu., Catal. 1861, 14, No. 86 (Ft. Steilacoom).—DaLi & BANNIST.,
Tr. Chicago Acad. I, 1859, 280 (Sitka).—CooprerR, Am. Nat. 1869, 75 (Mon-
tana); Orn. Cal. I, 1870, 47 (part).—CouEs, Key, 1872, 81 (part); Check List,
1873, No. 34; B. N. W. 1874, 22 (part). .
Pecile rufescens, BONAP., Consp. I, 1850, 230.
Parus ‘‘sitchensis, Kitru.” (Gray, Hand-l. I, p. 232).
B. neglectus.
‘Parus rufescens,”’ GAMB., Pr. Philad. Acad. 1847, 155 (Monterey, Cal.; abundant),—
HEERM., Jour. Philad. Acad. II, 1852, 364 (near San Francisco, June); Pacific
R. R. Rep. X, 1859, pt. vi, 42 (California).—Cass., Illustr. B. Cal. Tex. ete.
1853, 18 (part).—Barrp, B. N. Am. 1858, 394 (part; specs. from California);
Review, 1864, 83 (part).—Cooprrr, Orn. Cal. I, 1870, 47 (part).—BREWST.,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Jan. 1878, 20 (descr. young).
A GENERAL CATALOGUE OF THE BIRDS NOTED FROM THE IS-
LANDS OF THIE LESSER ANTILLES VISITED BY MR. FRED. A.
OBER; WITH A TABLE SHOWING THEIR DISTRIBUTION, AND
THOSE FOUND IN THE UNITED STATES.
By GEORGE N. LAWRENCE.
g
) s | ai
lee) 84 ees
@/d/sio] 4] 96 n
Birds of the Lesser Antilles. = = |e | co be
SEIZE lEIS lela
oa .
Ald |olAlalalsis
1} Turdus nigrirostris, LAW? ..- oive>-cscaguscepetccds cence sess sdb) ebdleeedluars|ceanee
2 | Turdus caribbeous, Lawr s+: sp28- $45.3 shhl--cepeceph J abee ale) s «silt eho manne se ee Ree
3} Turdus ? ....-- + ospannp ob endow Camby a © Sacnpcibuce smtavaben te sas s| ale beteMia alse fs) | 0 sina] Sure |e ep rel enee
4 | Margarops herminieri (Laff.) -.......-22-ce-ceccecceccnnsadece|oncclecss +i +/+
5 | Margarops denstrostrig ( Vielll.) isige-- .c0ieeenncoce peasensensh ofnqee +i{+i]+{t+
6 | Margarops montanus (VieilL.)ss1. i. nnn. ns ons ts onde nedst avledeaen er +)/4+/]+
7 | Ramphocinclus brachyurus (Vieilll.) ........condencescnssunese|acns|ecatisemsiauan +
8 | Cinclocerthia raficnnde, Gould Efi. .ii.i2...b-aadascie sien + |.--:} + | + ].---
9 | Cinclocerthia gutturalis, Ladi... vision «- +000 cas eoceasue ss nandar|o aul sine eee +
«10 | Mimus gilvus, Vieill ... 2... Socios ctw) cteee es dco clennne vueu eu pubes| «en pte anne
~11'| Myiadestes genibarbis, SW... «600s iiscss= aw ovdet tne gees edebenlabpaleeee + i+
12 | Myiadestes sibilans, Lawr .......ccccecccececsnadescesceudasualscestensslee enn enna
~ 18,1. Thryothorugrafeacens, Law? . . s1=sids= donde dn nenddnwnnaeeneeeeleaee + | + |.---
14 } Thryothorus musicus, Lawr. ......cccesesseccansckbocesdssoperlsepilaueeleus ten
15 | Thryothorus grenadensis, Lawr . 2.2555 50. 22. sanscdetssinccsh ae|o sus] semals ap ene Jeb) Fa
16 | Thryothorus martinicensis, Scl.. 025.5... -- 20+ sesseeee ons> «|r on nine balsa +
17.| Siurus nevius (BOdd,) . 2. ..-.2e cece ee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee e |e wee Cn a ee ee eee ee
13. | Baures motacilla (Viel). -. on. ckewpas Veneer «vamenneuareeeee see 4, scaale Dk wi othe eee
19.|. Depdrieca virens (Gm.) 2.12 Lone ewdis ddecdec no nsteces cep eeyeahs glee staan ES Cees AP
20 | Dendreca plumbea, Lawr , .. ..<55 «+ dss celcn ds + ouwuclep oe Sanne skate eee +] + |.--
21 | Dendreca petechia var. ruficapilla (Gm.)...-.....-..-esesesses -f- ‘| de slotinie! « ceals 2 vieLahnaieetn habe
22 | Dendreeca petechia var. melanoptera, Lawr ......:.-.--....-+- a nba Re SS ee Pe ee f
23°; Dendreecarntigula, Baird. . 0000 -«d sss 405m op -- 05 eeseaueelcies acetal inn aa + |.
24 | Letcopeza bishop!, Lawr :... 65. cb. sec owt cnn scp eaeeeen hap anne Pricer: OX DA ae pe ae
- 25 | Setopliaga ruticilla (Linm.) .. 20:5 .sdae tas. os see dasaeae een +1+/+/4/]-
26 | Vireosyivia calidris (Linn.) .... ..<se«i045-0s-00chsineb ane ee eenanneneae ae 1, delee + dike netted 2
27 | Vireosylvia calidris var. dominicana, Lawr ...........0.---0 hives! ae i a
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 487
A Catalogue of the Birds noted from the Islands of the Lesser Antilles, §c.—Continued.
| | | © | é | 43 | 3
| a 2 ! =) a | =, | 8 . =
Birds of the Lesser Antilles. : Sl § | 2\3 | a(S 3 wr
Sl\Pisleizleyasis
ale lslalslalsle
et ae
SS ESE a eee er eee nee le sn wage nae ee
~ 28 | Progne dominicensis (Gm.) -..-.-------------++++++--+--+-+--+-|-+2-|----|---- | er) ee =p fe bal
ae eeeeeTaRE) OPEC ESATA. <2. Aa. 8 5 om nin nw om we wn Seana O ems hs cee | ceeds! le cael cie'- a] Sou lea acloe ee
~ 30 | Certhiola dominicana, Taylor-....-..-.--5.--..-.--.--....2-...- “fe Pree) ev pte. ag ee Bet
ale BaberTIe AW - 5 u2-5— ~~~ 2. 2 Se enna oe oe esse 3 ble cs fens kak Re wL Ss
20 7 SP IECSLY PT SSS LT 0 ce ee a ee , (ee FETT. | SPs db ast ee eS, tie
33 | es WEAPRIN SCTE AUCION 2 fo oo os fos ob peo 5 das ee nn son df oan} a eelwesJolE 2 6 ee ee ee
34 | Huphonia flavifrons (Sparm.).......--.-..----.---.-e-.e+-+.----- | ae eee Ps | tat best. atee bh ef. odd
a Sa et aerial Sil LW Pes nc a er eee em ieee araeery [eee bees! | alee +} + |....
Se eee PUMMOIOONONEIS, GUAT: ..~ 250... .2 ds secwasecpnap son se-}.-dfenss Be A bee ote 2 1 Oss
eer er erepeterie (THM. ) 202.5... 6. ook. cn kc nnnen nedern shen +/+] +] +i+] 4+ ]4+]---
ge) Eee are DIGOON (TMM. ). own on 22 ob ie wane wo dae sean see ill Hatta tb be pee oS
2 ree TOMTOM, GANT. . 55 «= 2 onc esawin igh = =~ 3 ab demisin he aap shdasy|e 2 auhoa’s |e adobe oe + | + |..-
eg OREM IGE THM eSIPOSUTIS PI Wiac oss <0 5m - etndcesecnwewenuce cs aec|eret | een OY eee aT G) arog ks Poem ees
41 } Quiscalus guadeloupensis, Lawr ..-..-.......-..---..--------+-].<2.|..-< Se eee OP eel ae, SE ae eee
PS LG STR ST Te er i i eee ee aera (meeeey Somers (eerie | Saeed = He oe Bes
43 | Elaines martinica (Linn) ..........-......-......4 SEE er oe ets ey P +) titi +i t+ie--
44 | Myiarchus oberi, Lawr-. .-.......----.-.-- pacer ghee oily eee = | eee OO ee ae oo ee oe ee
45 Co a ES rr ener es oe es eee oeeey ae Leni gett Sok Jd
46 | Blacicus branneicapillus, Lawr......--.......-.---..---.------]..-. ee ee ee re es Pe ee
we OE ES ES + | ee es ee ee ee ee
48 | Tyrannus melancholicus, Vieill.................--.-----------|..--|---- | ol Meha OR = a + |---
ES) Ae at eee ae eee Se es vi Cy ae ae we ee
ee RSTRNT TS CLAN.) 2 5.5 <= 2 = = 3 ae cae dwn ones cee lowe sfx cee a3 | + | BEA hs tenaliigsg |e oe
St | nleeipis holosericeus (Linn.) .....-....-.-......-c0-0-0-----= Ss A EA By ee at ae ae
ni Waelerl (1/C8d.)...2-<..---~----0--0<<25-25--e-02--[$acafam> eee Sad] eee the eno
are eee ey OMS Gxilis) (U71.) i. - <n nn ooo oe ee ec e wee ceeces- +) +] 4+)+) t+ i----l----]----
ion eeeenchusormatus, Gould 22... -=--- 2. 5s 2-222. 22-2... 2]... ae -|- | aS a) A eee
a EE Se CO i ee ce ee oe ha a! oa ee ee
ee ae trs COMICON, AWE. J... .. 224 ~ onsendetna ts sbetnastseshkogdo dials. - + eee... »
EE 18 oe ee ne wees oo pence shee nel shee Rie: ee te ee Ga oe ee ee
SS OS = OE ee ee ee ee ee ee ee, Stee AC gieeatis.:. His. 229.) + |--
a ee ep an La Sam cn woke ast aendngl tsako slang dinkagheads =. = Pte an FE
Set en RALOMLOR RB OT AEM Docs od Ls 5 on bad > = See apd - Sd eee le - |e ae ah EE CS Fe
-— 61 | Melanerpes ’herminieri (Less.) ..-.-.....---.---------------0-]-.--|---- | SR SERN ae | tie boca
— eared Bers s 22s Pe. iat etalk 2 eS ei kh kt RIE A ere Ee [ep Lites
ee eee IN PEST - o ns wdoene Mecing ends eobehuaewess liens EE Se PR ee ae ee Oe
ee) PONG TRMIP (GY, 2. ic kdcck gs Sos an ew owb acs cheb we seieam 2 | + / +i+t+)+h}+
Ss a ER De whe Se ee fe es to ree winane a. ante weucfaes-|----|---- | - + deme
66 MIT ONCN CM it) oo. = 20 2 5 os le eee: ec ofshhch lL. 4. +. sp tee fcseee:
ie EMT TV 10) od 2 ate ea alow By cuicha as tee ssfvem-|----]---- |----|----| + |----]----
EE rach Sse og i es os eee atau stn don - fe teef =o f+ <. (io Ps SS et fas
=. 08 | btrix flammes var. nigrescens, Lawr 2.-..-.:-..-22-./2.-.-.-.-|....].~--}.--. jewel “he ome
nm nammmnurs Tawr:......22.. 2.40 -s20kS sn nck cde new e- Bias erg ae | 2 ale. cabs hese ee
— 71 | TIS NEMO FG Bia. ee ee a eR eee (Oa + j..--| + fe---f +] 4+] +
ee tees DENNY IVANIOUS CW IUS.) ~- =~ sa= 2-0 cnc anccee canedecunes-}oo<- = |. ipl eee Per +i +h t+
peers antriemen (IN itzsel::) t. 2. 2.0 <2 = 2. dese he kc defo. fees. a ee
— 74 | Falco communis var. anatum, Bp.?.....-.....---..--12--.-..-- 25d aA) Be ee AO Ra eee +
75 | Tinnunculus sparverius var. antillarum (Gm.) .-..-.--.------- ne | +{+i]+| t+ |----| + |----
ee eee IBM CITY. | awe fu. s 22 oss weeks ca be oe Jann cnceck +} + |----| + | +) +i +ict+
eet ere meerierrts (LANs)... oo ac os wc cee = nk ee ete cn -.. bd. oa] -... |... | + |----j----| bo + f----
~ae nme Savinostris, brandt......... 2... J2c.---.c6ssse--2---- a4 | Spel Ree | + | + |----]---- +
ee EA sal i ed od | ee ae
RIES do oS we oben ssteknsc----|---- Pais BE! Bees peek +/+
Lanny erreTnGaas “Citic = 2 Sb cb des cas cc ote due et o---e- aN aa oy Ned | +/+i4+/+
Se | on OMORILN (ym)? 5. 0. el. nc atae ew noes ee --- ON ree ae ee ee Pe ee +
= 23 | Garzetta candidissima (Gm). .......-.2--20.-.-.---2---2-+----|---- / + |.---] + [--- |} +/+] +
ee SS a en ae ee Be + |---|] + [----] #] +] +
o-oo | utorides Vireseens (Linm.) .-... 22.2025... -2.55-00 26.2 cee eee- le: ort ae a8 es +/+
+ 86 Direeinrtlem Wena, )o 5. oe sei ek chs nce ne nels nes|->-- he Biss Go cee te A She
Be OEE Se Se en aan beeen | ss saber atin Ema Tp = | +) +
ee Se OS a ey ee, i Ses | Be fet | wot CA
oo ES aT ig TS EN einer + Pel PRES se EA gee re Oe
aimee TARE MUIR ok lec cok cence nnncce-ccefene-|awes +i+ti + {+ {ct i--..
=. PC OlnIn bs Ichcocepnmia TAN... -....-022..--.--+.0------2----s +/+ : 2 | Peis simclal<'a.<5 bwin 5 +
Eo SUS Ee, ren Ree ae Se ae ae ee ee
~ 93 | Chamezpelia passerina (Limn.)..............-.2--.--.------00e- “se “ | SES eS oe Ol Oe ee
Se ee eee eens ners +)/+j)+ +/+
95 Gente gon ES ee eee eee Renee ae ae [<= snpaeas
SS ee + | yy Le ee as eee | eces|-ces
Wur iene wiretnisnns (Tin) ..:-...:-.-......2--.-cce-.-+--------[0<- Ey is ee | itt TES | nee]
pe ee Ee ee +{/+{+ | i a +
Neen ee cue eww awaweur se ncceccleantle sas oe ee tae eee + |----
~100 PSS OS SS ee ee nnn Been eee Jewee] Hb f----) HF fee] +
Fo RR ESS a ape Bn eee |b |----]----|---- | + : +
Se eck cc enc acc cnmcecenes t | A jeeee|eweeieee-|e es j+ t+
mee | Gauatarole Mervetiod (LAMN.) ... 2... ..22.. 2. cnecces caccececcelenes [eee cht mele wa Late
488 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
A Catalogue of the Birds noted from the Islands of the Lesser Antilles, §c.—Continued.
| Bs | 3
} ae 2
| he ee 3
| | gheizldizl8lala
Birds of the Lesser Antilles. 212 siaiala g be
SISIZiB/EIEL Ble
A/4 S18 la |d '8\6
By Kis Sa
|
104 | Charadrius virginicus, -Borkh. < -..-::22202.ee22. -ttc22 343 ieee +) 4+ + BS eee +i +
105 | Agialitis semipalmata (BD) - 2. -sc25 occSiet ecient 2. Seeeeeee + |.---| + RE ies + |..-.] +
106 | Strepsilas interpres (Linn.) ........:.+-.--0eeeee-eeeeteeee sees [e-eclewee|ecee | Td ae
107 | Himantopus nigricollis (Vile) <2 ssc s<2s2er 2 Sete ee ~ooEsl eo] eee = ---| 4 Heol te
108 | Gallinago wilsoni (Temm.).......-+=-2-22-222.-2-5----222220:- + )]+ has Bane ies 5 + J|-wee} +.
109 | Tyinga. minutilla, Vaelll. . 2. .- 2222.4 is2heecek a baz- 92222 ates a Pere pace ee oe een
110 | Tringa maculata (Viel) .5..cut cick’ ticeee tee ee eee eee + eo FE brs | A = +
111 || Calidris arenaria (Limm.) ....-92+5-51s1 tastes toceese eh. t40.s tee |: as | a aeae wm coats + |----1 +
112 || Ereunetes petrificatus (TIL) . ..--cec etc sicexe tape cabot beer ee 4 ae | - ~ J ahennalee es +
113 | Symphemia semipalmata (Gm.) --.-....---.2-...-25.----3----% ce ie as ein Papen (Fg rere) +
114 |) Gam betfadlavipes (Gand) 222: bicet ek ee et Coe ee ee ee = Ct pees (ee pares ate + |.---| +
115 | Gambetta melanoleuea.(Gm-) - 2.22.22 = ees keh See eee be tae + 5 eal ee ee i
-116 || -Rhyacophilus.solitarius.(W us.) ..<-+<t¢-eee etc tet cee Seca fee ee oe eal ere ee -+-
117 | Tringoides macujarins (Linna.) . 22-29-55 htt Veet ls peste eee, eeeet +7;4]}/4+}4+/+
118 | Numenius longirostris (Wils.) .........2..-..----.-n-seeeee ee fetes i <;, eeea e meee it
119 | Numeninus hudsonieus (Lath.)........-...- Me i => ie See cde + + | oat a2 oh ome lome +/+
120 | Anoug dtolidug. (Linn,) .-..52....-4.. 550: eed bende Spates oe eee at ad te ines el 44 ae
121 | Sterna maxima, Bodd, ... 2... ... ti sas Wess ee Pee chee hee eee eee + Be APES Pee +/+i)+
122 | Sterna dougalli, Wiens. 213 obo. 2. ge SR ae See Pees BS ---| + | + +/+
123 | Sterna antillarum (Tiesa:) . ca cc kc tee Sheesh ac bee eee a jo Ae -| a Pe ee ies +
124. | Sterns falizmosa (Gm.) ..< + 22.325. 2hcc5-tt eee eee te ae ee | 4+ | 4) S el cee +i) 4+
125 | Sterna anscstheta; Beep: 62205 50s wade cess Seo ae wh wh seal eee Aig eee + | .<ndeeeeeene Sa
126 || Lanas-atricitia) (Ginum.).o5- cae -se5t- beste ek cir iser 2 Skes22 +) 4+ | oe |. =e al = ed ee +! +
—127 | Atsbrelata’ - 0d. 20-22 Lote decckiveee cake btaseeceies is etete eesti |----| oe Beads ie |) Need
128 | Podilymbus podiceps (Linn.)?...........2..-----.....---.----- + |... af seater zs | ----| +] + | +
The separate catalogues comprised in the above general one are all
published in the “ Proceedings of the United States National Museum,”
Washington, Volume I, that of the Birds of Dominica occupying pp.
6) — 7-69 ; that of St. Aepeods, pp. 185-198 ; these of Antigua and Barbuda,
pp. 232-242; that of Gerad: pp. 265- 5-278 s that of Martinique, pp. 349-
360; that of Guadeloupe, pp. 449-462.
New York, March 20, 1879.
Page.
en oe ee eee 334
Aeanthochiton. ...../5224..4,-2+--5s2..-4- 288, 299
Acanthochiton avicula ....-.....-...-..-.- 299, 344
Acanthochiton fascicularis ..........-- 285, 287, 299
Acanthochiton spiculosus ..-...-......---- 299, 344
Acanthocybium peto...-....--.--..-.-.----- 5
EES ae aS ee 302, 333
a 298, 329, 333
Acanthopleura scabra_.......-.......--.--. 333
Acanthopleura spinigera ...-.-....-------- 298, 344
Acanthurus nigricans....-.................- 246
Accipiter cooperi........:.......... parsers es: 154, 435
CO EO ee 154, 391, 435
Pra a he sUl aves J Stk SD 368, 370
CS ee ere ae 368
pS 28
ES eee 386
Acipenseridz .........- ee eae eee 386
SY ae eree 7 285, 306, 336, 338, 342
MAME se ee vate eck ccacktestesss sects 47
Acmea (Collisella?) apicina ..........-..--- 341
Acmea (Collisella) pelta.............:.....- 338
Acmea (Collisella) peramabilis............. 341
Acmea (Collisella) persona...............-. 339
Acmea (Collisella) sybaritica .............. 341
Acmea (Collisella) testudinalis...........-.. 339
Acmeza (Collisella?) triangularis ........-. Read
APTOS INSCISD .. 2. os eee 12, 29, 337
Acnios ipiialbilis. ........5.- 2.25.24 -2280: 335, 337
Acmea mammillata ...:-..-----..... te hUbeeo Sae
Acmea mitra .........- +. ---12, 29, 336, 337, 341, 342
Acmea patina. ....2:..2.22-+...2: 12 S25 ee 340
Miawe Pele «5545252 e255 seo2 cots as ceed 338
Acmea pelta var. nacelloides.............-- 338
Acmea peramabilis -........-.......0.2...- 341
ACMA POPSORS -- 2-225 52555 csceeee scenes ee. 47, 339
Annies titiella>.. 622252 vic. ee ence ee. 337
Be ee ee 47
Acméea (scabra var.?) Moérchii............-.. 7
Aemme sy barition...2 00.00.22. isle... 341
po PM cts) ee see re aa 338, 341,
PO ee ee. ee ee ae 336
i” ne! Te ee oe 87
Aguemis sudiipes . 02.2550. -005.-.52-..--. 89
Aerochilus alataceu6. .2.......2........--.. 69, 83
Actiturus bartramius ...:-.2::............. 161
Ade Gemmorsoni 22.22% 25.25 72226-~.-- 2... 484
Ada perspicillata...:.2-2:...22...-..-...... 484
Adams, Mesers: Hi & A 2 .052222-......--- 299, 300
fEchmophorus clarki..................-.--- 449
&chmophorus occidentalis ...............-- 448
Zichmoptila albifrons ................---.-. 158
Aigeonichthyineg :...........-...:..-- 227, 228, 230
Page.
ZEgeonichthys ..............-...00000- 227, 228, 230
Mgzonichthys appellii-.........-.-.-.....- 228
AAMAS MOWMVANS =. 555i soca cecee wees see e ne 440
PETS MIVORA: 5255 7255052725522 e- = =e 395
AXgialitis semipalmata .......-. 197, 241, 395, 461, 488
fPeialitis vocifera:s 2/0500. 5 2 ee ee 160, 391, 440
Se WHOM 25S oe a aon ann 160
TEE Res MRO SoS ee Fie o ne eeee oe 395
Po gt se eS een eee ee ene 385
Atorichthys marinuS..---.. 222-522. 2 eee. 385
Jtsalon colambarins...-..--- 2... 2. .- ees 391, 434
PET OMNNE PY CS. ee SR gee cack ee ee oan 488
lon RS Si SE oo A aR aE 386
Astobatis narimari..-....--.2....-.---...2-. 386
Pena, TN a ee ee nd: 69, 81, 82, 83
Agelzus phoomiceus -.’...........--.... 130, 133, 420
A geleus pheeniceus, Bp. gubernator.......-.. 420
A geleus tricolor. ...--- ln 23 Se 421
ANi-ke-ah, alias Pah-o-ka..-.........-..-..--. 213
CRE Mie teat sa 45 a2 ee ae oun e Sapene os ax 205
Aix sponsa......-- SRO eae Se a te epag 446
Alaska, Limpets and Chitons from...---..... 281
eee, ATV OORS STOUT on ne SS oceans se ann ne 463
Alaces, mollusks front. 22 -- 22.2. =. ene -
PEM tcc tog hi an o> op nn on gat oa 423
OES RES S SARE ae ee rt
Aipula conoriyncnus: - - 2-2... 22.2.2. cee es 384
MEI STINTS gan ee sae oF ged snc an avenn ae 384
I Sct ct oon a einin'a 4 = Se an eel 384
SS eae ame 62, 193, 272, 357, 482, 457
PAICOO MIGV ON . 5025 o son sans ee can ene eee ees 450
Alcedo torquata ...... 2.22. -2--eeeeeeeee--s- 450
EET a eucss 2 ees ees an oda Sencsewnee 376
Alectris crinitus - 2. 5.0.2.2... eeceee eee c eens 376
Ajoatian Islands’... 262. a2 one e ewccsense 2
Alexander, A. Hw... 2.2002. 2 2+ enc nee ccence 58
Alguacil de Moscas ......-.-----+---------- 138
Allen, Joel Asaph .-...-..--.---------seees. 264, 265
Allovericore (Albicore?) 02... ee tee ec enn 376
NONE woe pein ccd e+ seas suche be cmeeas Seaview ns 385
Alosa pectinata .-.-.-..2....20----0---- eee 30
Alosa sapidissima .... 2... .-esecee enn ecs eee 5, 385
Alpheus, Clicking sounds of...........-.-.- 7
Po re, ee Pee ee eee ose. wee
Alntera aurantiAcs |... osieaes cee ee gee nee 367
Alutera cuspicauda ...........-...--------- 367
Atvordinus Crassus... i. - wcapecccanae cncces 368
Always Sitting Down in a Bad Place ....... 205
PTS DADUB «= os Sigs eke ke nwosenSpess one 147
Amazilia fuscicaudata.............-....---118, 147
Amazilia yucatanensis ............----.e0- 118, 148
Amazilins aglnive. 2.2.0 cess cee cece ee eee 147
Amazilius cerviniventris ............-----:+- 148
490 INDEX.
Page. Page.
AMS7ZNIGG GUDUSI 2.2000 vcemse sacses ops aie 147 | Anguilla .......2...00<00necpne sien aie 3885
AMMA sUS Tiekerl . ...l at. can seen wea ea hee 147 | Anguilla bostuniensis .....53..05s.05sseeee 385
Amelanchier canadensis.........-0..+------ 439 | Anguilla vulgaris «2... .esseceu2 assess sneeeee 385
American Avocet .... 22.255 perk epeeuee see 440 | Anguillide® «2... 2.000 sadusane seen 385
American Barn Owle:. (oc .cscuwesscen aoe 483. ATIKIOT. P22 600tcc- seas od sce lean e nae 204
American Birds, New Species and Races of. 449 | Anna Humming-bird ............-.......... 427
American Bitherm. 5.2252 keeduies box anes 442 | Anomia lampe. ......5...00.-s5enes ape 15
American Brown Creeper .......2....--s5: 401 | Anomia limatula.........°5 5-2 cesaneee 11, 15, 27, 28
American Coot 3.202 2iseciccaemine sachs oe ake 444 | Anomia macroschisma .........2...----.--- 15
American Eared Grebe .... 22 ieccctse-ecsuns 449'| Anomiasubcostata .. .. .. i. scneenoemeeeee 15
American Egret .....-..- fiat oda a2 eee 442 | Anous stolidus ......2.-2.c.scceqss-.ameneen 277, 488
American Golden Eagle ..- 2)... 0. sashoe 437 | Anser albifrons var. gambeli..........:.... 169
American Golden-67e 22. a0. 0 jn seewmma diese 447 |. Anser gambeli........<<+..-clsel si Gewese 169, 445
American GoldGneh ui 25. ncaa ces ayes cine oie 413 | Antelope<: .-.........--ci-eb eee 204
American Kegtnil . 2: :<. idanchatistvaen pens 435 | Antelope, warrior ..-:.-t¢... 02/98. Geeeue 207
American Merlin 2 ss0..22<85 004 o<5a\theue-eee 434 | Antennariid Pterophryne.........5..-.se000 223
American Osprey sinc wiotnh scp eet waes eekbig 435 | Antennariids, Note om............e0sesseee 221
American Quail. 2... .sd.0.'csus sa phaek tae 278 |. Antenmariing «..--.-5.2-- seem emn ee 215, 221, 222
American Red Crossbill ....--02., ...omceks 412 | Antennariids.. ..............J5= esas ce eee 225
American Rough-legged Hawk ........----- 436 | Antennarins .......5.c. 7. gasgeewene 221, 222, 224, 226
American Sheldrake 2.52.44. ssl accdaccas ace 447 | Antennarius chironectes .................-. 222
American Starlings i. i: ...2.-00 3c l09-> tema 420 | Antennarius Commersonii.................. 226
AMerican Swah 2 acs de eddawiiac os2 ween eae 444 | Antennarius histrio ...........-. 56.2.0. cns 226
American Litharic-: 22 2 dee. - 5 chases 403 | Antennarius marmoratus............-.-.... 223
American, V albares od. vias 5 wcens elegans 437 | Antennarius multiocellatus var. y. =leuco-
American Warblers ..-.....--...+- fa i rea i 404 BOWS 5 dae cece sub hewinn nee see See 226
American Water Ougel i..02) 322.0565 oehaaee 397 | Antennarius phymatodes...............- =a) 228
American White Pelican ..-.... -- i. secene 447 | Antennarius scaber ...-....-++<054-ss.Guene 226
American White-fronted Goose...........-- 445 | Anthus ludovicianus ...........,----.- 122, 391, 403
American Widgeon:.. <.. 5..<s2s-neuteeeeve ten 448:| Antiqua, i. .0%. ss «5 nt gdeecne eee 185, 233, 488
American Yellow Perch ....2...sc002-scccas 243 | Antigua, Catalogue of Birds of ............. 232
ATVICUID): 015,00 ares mately ee oe ete 1, 299, 307, 310 | Antilles, Lesser:
Aimicula, Emersonil:.:oos<ccananceekeuseY 299, 308 Birds of the, found in the United States. 486
Amicula Pallasit ..3,54 > ek heend 299, 309, 310, 344 Catalogue of Birds from the Islands of
Amicula Vestita: 2051s doatace coe 299, 307, 308, 344 the 255 on we wcia Seetdebonahce one eee 486
Amicula vestita var. Emersonii............. 308 Distribution of the Birds of the........ 486
AMpeClid®. sccceds iis as que ace Ahaas sn eee ee 411 | Antrostomus ; -.\. «iis esanente bode aeheaee 142, 143
Ampelis cedrormm’:. 2 :)spicass «su eiliauen 126,411 | Antrostomus carolinensis ..........--. 142, 1438, 145
Amphineura 152% < sizes Feet owae ape eeeiane 286 | Antrostomus nuttalli...-........2% 142, 143, 145, 4276
AmphioxiAD.. 5. 2200s ts VaVerervusséneaknen 388 | Antrostomus vociferus .........5.-.-s-s60b 143, 145
AMPDIOXES 204 522ueqnaviatnl smeee we Sk eeees 388 | Aphelocoma californica ......-.... 391, 392, 393, 422
Amphioxus Caribweus.....-.-00++--+0+---4-- 888 | Aphoristia ..- 0.050. <2 cecheinn a ys eee 368, 370
Amphispiza Belli... ...5.csnest Jiekas' sean bel 391,416 | Aphoristia plagiusa ........cscecencescneates 368
Amphispiza bilineata.......00.cccseasscuns 127,130: | Apogon «.-..-.2-<->> ech hal ete eee - 246
Amphissa versicolor. .as <» yeeunt svebostana 12, 27,30 | Aquila chrysaétus, B. canadensis..........-- 437.
AnAS ACTH... 222 cece ee coe ecconaee serene 250, 252 | Aquila coliblanca......--------.-----+-+-s05 154
ANAS ACUTE... 5.0 cedenvedeunstodsbneemieace tk 451 | Arapahoes ........-sces0-ssercenesinwiae 202, 203, 209
ADAMS AMETICANS «0. 255. 5u50s soe ee Rey eres « 451 | Arca grandis ..-..sesncesese-- sabe centenen 24
ANAS AYbOrea ....cccccaccescenccesssecevace 401 | Arca MICrOdONUA ....J2.4s.usaseee es ceue avin sat iae
Anga boschas ..55.c0+ceann 170, 251, 252, 392, 445, 451 | Archibuteo ferrugineus ........-....ssssee- 437
Anas clypeata...... icvcenndavessn pee aeamnie 451 | Archibuteo lagopus, g. sanctijohannis.....-.. 436
Aas cyanoptera. i <-<c1.s04csecren eee » 451 Archosargus ose onebe elon pods ueie eee 379
Anas dominica (Erismatura dominica).....- 451 | Archosargus probatocephalus .......... ease 8370
Amen folyigula. .... <«<s<snedu igenee ee tee 251, 252 | Arctic Region, Limpets and Chitonsfrom.. 281
Amae Freyeineti ...< i. +ssecnnmeueccn see 252 | Ardea candidissima :........ss.caeuemeee bins 66
Angas marila...........s«00cecessmevesssucass 451 | Ardea cayennensis .........-.ssteesacnees eee 451
AMSG ODSCUIA .......6:> rnb ens ¥aenee Fee 170, 251 | Ardea coorulea .........-sceescpepeeneuiasicd 66, 451 -
ANAS WYVilliang ... <2 000s -npdcunads nse aneh 251, 252 | Ardea egretta......--sce0se o evcecsmemnanes si 451
DETR Fs sain = 2 2 aw Sep awtlsan beeen 239, 241,444 | Ardea garzetta ......-.--+sencecssceneessnes 451.
Anatomical Preparations, Protecting, from Ardea herodias. . .164, 196, sai 240, 274, 359, 391, 442, _
RUGGGUS vise n=. 002000 - nnecigbie ARE 24 451, 487.
“Ance du Diamant” .........-.-ccseessenass 351 | Ardea virescens ....----0--++esseneceesenee= 451
ARGFIOPSOUAY 0/5 22 ocnonechannaptemheneeeed 369. | Ardeide ..s.....-ns 66, 196, 236, 240, 274, 359, 442, 460 _
Ancylus Guss0nl .........-s+censesmnshaneee 338 | Ardetta exilis........ R= 9c» ote -165, 392, 443
Aer i cantecakuweee sé POTTS a wed 365 | Argentina silus........+-------+ seccrccsceee 201
INDEX. A491
Page. | Page.
Argentina syrtensium..-.......--....--.. cies te | BE Se Oe a ee 377
Ae ok ete so nces 543 cama nga wae 70 | Bairdiella punctata...... eel ae ae 377
EE ME cee te = Sins ap nant anienee ies 376 | TE OS ae ee ak ee en, ae age ae 437
er PIOMM COMPIIS |... econ anes mnantae 376 | CE Se ee ee ae 446
SS ee ae ES a 376 | Balistes que Guaperua chinensis. .........- 224
ot Sa he tet ae ee MS ee ee eee ee: Ses 367
Lo” = etl ects Se lite ier Sd SS 6 ee ae ree aaa 437
ee eM hs Slt bon lm ae = am Sek | RUAN PUN cen ites ie aleve ods = 3 <92 ee 42
Ariopsis Milberti, Breeding Habits of...... WerrDU PnERION Seee See e eS er 4 a SS 58
Armed Enoplossus .............-...--.----- ween, Seta ee eg atl 185, 239, 488
SE oes Soest wile aa aide < ~~ nw mein ee oe 366 | Barbuda, Catalogue of Birds of .---...--..--- 232
Arsenic Acid for Protecting Anatomical ROMER a ee ee AS 408
Dealt Se i ae a 24 ) Barnstable Bay, Capture of Black-fish in... 18
on ee a re bine oa Se na an 381 | Barracks, Ringgold, Trogon killed near ..... 118
eo oe a tastes omen nine as 286 | Bartlett, Capi. Charles ; - .......-..../sa5- 452
_ |. vocals el 2 eS ee rier ae shee Serer 50, 56
Ash-throated Flycatcher -.-..-.---........- EN ys eee eet or Pepe aaa) ee Se 67
Asio atcipitrinas..--°-2_2.-..-........ Sel a as | eee SW es once SY ch in epee ee a
7 eae ni ate oi rr pe G SS - S ae Ti OAE ar ee 372
od ie ete ie. ae hy cS ee ie i: OR eg eee aS 372
JT) TS a 92 | Batrachus tan’. -.........-2-0---220<25->--<- 372
= | - hen eras aia pe a ey Se a BIG WELG "5 -'s 23> swamped ei tenth ke a 6
SI i i Se ee = Me 2 ee as so oS ig ea eae ab Seale 205
Asio scops carolinensis. ..............----- 106,107 | Beah-ko (Old Man) Bean eh eo ee 211
coe > lal fla lag li le a 114 | Bean, Tarleton H...19, 24, 42, 173, 176, 182, 198, 256,
LL te agli i ella eg aaa 95 | 261, 279, 345, 346, 348, 361, 362, 379, 463
oo... eae 433 | pO SENET te eee Seen 298
-. | Rie Sep Sisal aces ei een 22 | Bear in the Clongs:- <6. ssesss Gee ose Jens ae 204
Re Sh - iap alia cenaie age ai a. Aan Ie Ne a a wens Sinn avin ate 204
Astroscopus anoplus ---.-......-............ Sie | deat Momsiag <5. 8 iso dggatla wine ns nh 205
URES eo oe ns wn news. xd eee | borer yng 2 ee ee ee ae oe ee 5 ooh 204, 206
ea Ss agile RE SSE a ges ees 72.90) Bear's Heart «22, 2: adecne n=” eo 204, 207
+. |) a leet a ee 29 | Beaufort, N. 5 Re SS ae ee ee ~---198, 199
bE ES tells ain ete AR are ai lee eee 29 | Beaufort, Notes on Fishes of..-............. 365
Bec ee eee DES ETS Ve AE Oe ee eee 360
ee GT ales ae Cie or te teatag 2c Se SI PERS ERI oe oe oe wht ean hme leh aia ciel op 472
Atherina carolina .......................-.. SOD oS ee are 472
<1 sabe tt Seaiieh lee a Ny Ties RE DEES. - ake vd ne Se a ee ee 204
ss oat Sie ee ee aie OO Ee ee ee 449, 458, 459, 460
PRR CUNOEL Of ~ op cce se Sock Mir OAS rs 8,9;10 | Belanger, Monsieur Chs ........--------------- 351
CIT rn aoe ee EE Be ES | ee eae 431, 439, 444, 445
e500 S27 pf putt NS ee tee dele ply alae a aa 221, 264 | Belknap, Capt. George E -.-....-.----------- 1
Pees a WW Or ler... ...~.- 2s... RSS a See eae i cinat W ahs Sicbahl 383
ce SS Th py ity hale ea aa ete SPONGE fon 2 oan on ns en 383
Fy Mle a eg ahr Regie aaah btn eee 205,212 | Belone Jonesii-..........--.--+-+---------. 462, 463
Aulostoma coloratum ..................... 244,245 | Belone latimanus in Buzzard’s Bay, Mass -. 6
Auriparus flaviceps -............... ee 118,121 | Belone longirostris .--.-...-.--------------- 368, 383
Bs Ee 75,77 | Belone sp. (head) -..-.--.------------------- 245
Pa | apt Bele et Biel il a aie aD ee gE eee a Se 383
emmea Darparcnais ..)--.... Oe Si Sk eee 219
Yon ig, aon a ae lan a 11, 13,29 | Bell’s Sparrow .-...-----------+---++------+ 416
(orth fa ate mg! SA a a g5 | Belted Kingfisher -............-..--+-+-.--- 432
A SUNYR OMGFICONA, sooo. 171, 447 | Bequia Sweet ----..--.--.-----+-------+++: 191, 270
Po yy TSS ELS ss ne 447 | Bermuda Lobster. ...........2..-.-.---s--0 8
PRGEORTIGOS, «on 60 00 «ona ca ntansngbamde waliiasis 7, 462
Pa Bermudas, Serranoid Fish from the ......-.. 173
Bachelder, I. M..... ce Ce 17 | Bernicla canadensis ........ .cccce.---eecees 169
secigieiscoa let cneett Cee ok 264 | Bernicla hutchinsi...............--..------- 169
ate a ng ele ee es SET Ble Moccasin...-2.4- .occdu<agedticdunaslaess 206, 207
Bagas .-...--.-.-.....- Peper vs aa oe 67 | Big Nose, warrior .........---cesese----es- 204, 207
. matminitd eee eee OEE Pee eee 80 | Big trees, Calaveras County ...-.........-.-. 392
Baione fontinalis ....... SN Fi aie 82 | Bird Chief, alias Bird Medicine, alias Bad
Baird, Prof........... eeemrdn. 140800 O60 476" | dive... .....- 55, cccndgdacataepspacwns vaavac 210
Baird, Prof., Belone latimanus taken oe 6 | Birds, American, Descriptions of New Spe-
Baird, Prof., Craig Flounder taken by ....-- 19 | cles and Races Of .scses .ccese-n0ssicccees . 449
492 INDEX.
Page. Page.
Birds, Catalogue of Martinique ..........- - 349 | Bonnet-head.......... sawccscnns® aueet nen 387
Birds, Descriptions of New Species ......-- 247 | Boredchiton - 05.352 secede ee ++ == 320, 324
Birds obtained in Guadeloupe, Catalogue of. 449 | Boreochiton marmoreus ...--.... o> : aaa >» mo
Birds of Antigua and Barbuda,Catalogueof. 232 | Boreochiton ruber .............---.-------.- 321
Observations of F. A. Ober. ...........-. 232 | Boston Society of Natural History ........ 101, 285
Birds of Central California ................. 388 | Botaurus lentiginosus ................. 165, 392, 442
Birds of Dominica, Catalogue of..-.......-.- 48 | Boucdrd, Mee. ois 500 ccnwenis- ope eee 8
Birds of Dominica, Notes and Observations BOurcier. . 2.02.5 0:50:02 «= see sneer 9
ON 20220044 bat See Soe cee eee ee £8 | \BOy 22.2.5. sate doreen eee | ds <0 ¢tiae 205
Bini of Bt. Vineenbs:: 24. 256 ES 185 | Brachionichthyine ....... oa ate ates Ou 221, 222
Birds of the Islands of the Lesser Antilles. 486 | Brachionichthys..............--...-.----+- 221, 222
Catalogac efcarsac ici tea 486, 487,488 | Brachionichthys hirsutus ............... cms | NR
Distfibuion OF ©. ..2.. <sdcdee os eae ee 486 :| Brachiopods’. ... ..,.....2<+~.-misn «ince ee 285
Found also in United States .....-...--- 486 | Brachyotus'cassini |. 2... 2... -5. eae 151
Birds, -Gedpies 322058201 oo eae ee eee 50 | Brand@ occ: is 52..2 sche 285, 445
Birds, Two New Species of..... ard azine abrents 252 | Bransford, Dr., Shells collected by, in Costa
Bischok, Perdimaml: : : -. 3. snso2c.s sto 111 Rice... oe. Jou dss Wwe wenin'aie ne eee 23
Wishopy IN: Wb ssseierso scaly se see 469 | Branta canadensis ...........2.-..0-teeeaee 169, 445
iber. sicz sect etan® 542 7a es @ 204 | Branta hotchinsi -.- 2.2.21... eee 169
Bittium asperam -.. 250.3 2. Ans NET 12, 39, 30 | Brant&s hutchinsi, 0. leucoparia..........-.. 445
Bittium quadrifilatum.........-....--.cce25 12,80 | Brazos. .bss Joense cc cs tous esskeee geen 118
Blacicus brunneicapillus.........-.-.------- 50,487 | Breant cos. ofc... oe ie ee eee ee 198, 199
Wack Hawes 2225 se go8 580 ce ee 194,195 | Breeding habits of Ariopsis Milberti....... 278
Phack Horeo, chiek 2.32202 wensesbasasns sane 205,214 | Brevedrtia. .... 2... 65tis sone ot ee 384
lack Pewee 2.505. se 0-3 eee 424 | Brevoortia, description of new species..... . 30
Black Piilegeny 72.228 Wo s6 ot J. eevene owes 398 | Brevoortia menhaden....... ...- 00s seu whe 5
Sitick Dorn. aise. casey geen bee 448 | Brevoortia patronus ..............---01, 39, 181, 182
Black Trout of Lake Tahoe ................ 72 | Brevoortia pectinata .........-.....-.ccacee 31, 38
Black Valture.- vo. tive. Peake a eee 195 | Brevoortia, revision of American species.... 30
Black-backed Three-toed Woodpecker...... 429 | Brevoortia tyrannus............ 30, 31, 32, 33, 38, 884
Blnetepird +.kecs ASS ek tee 190, 191, 270, 278 | Brevoortia tyrannus var. aureus...----..--. 30
Black-breasted Woedpecker.........-...--- 429 | Brevoortia tyrannus var. brevicaudata..... P 34
Black-chinned Humming-bird ...........--- 426 | Brevoortia tyrannus var. menhaden . ....... 30
Black-crowned Night Heron.........-.-..-- 449 | Beewek, Dr. 'T. Woe 39, 119, 131, 230
Black-Beh. 222 sos neve cusesavesegue reeves’ 380 | Brewer's Blackbird..............-2.-+-----5 421
Black-fish, Capture of ...........2--2.2.0--- 18 Breeding of... $54. Sol bases cae ee 421
Black-fish “melon. .30s\.. po eaee etree 18 | Brewet's Sparrow ’.. 1.6..cewc as ccigne'ys Cae 417
Black-fish melon-oil ~...-.. esses sets esesce 17 | Broken Leg *. 2. oes. cose be 204
Black-fish, yield of oil. . 222. 5.3..-dc0ten eis 18 | Bronzed. This... 2c conde vc wes satel ene ee 443
Blackford, KE. G.. i224 s2ve'ie peewee s cwlees 26, 173,176 | Brook Trout, Pacific coast..............s06 sae 3
Black-headed Grosbeak ....-..-...-..-...+- 418 | Brosmius americanus .....5......023.0ebas 862
Black-neck Stilt. 2... 2222. dse0%8- 25000 238, 242,440 | Brosmius brosime.....-......-2- ee essetetes . 362
Black-throated Gray Warbler .......-..---- 406 | Brosmius flavescens ......----.02- 0. seca 368
Blainville:.....°:casiti ,dcnchbucoa ip Gee 301 | Brosmius ‘Vilgaris....2.0...400.e. » Saew aes - 3862
Blake, Mr. James H:.-..c2505-4--255.2.-0-- 24 | Brown, Fort, Texas, Birds observed near... | 118
Bleeker... oii: 5032c5 5 acbanwee hee tbae te nokta 226 | Brown Huamamie? oi... . is ot vitees seen eae 271
Blonntides ....2sex se rane tebe Melee eee one S871 | Brown Rolian: = 2.4 belcaiiceee ee wre 66, 236, 240
Bilennius: : 222 ssovedts catdeegeeiaerens ea eee roll. |: Brown Towle. 2. os..2 ce eae ane aekaeee 420
Blonnius fucoram . 5252020656 23dI0R oe es 372 Breeding Of.i 2... eden awil’y wc pia'ee tek a
Blennius geminatus ..-......c0e00+---00-0-6 371 | Brown-striped Olive Finch .........--.----- 249
Biepharichthyse ;. 035542624500.) doce teeseeees 376 | Bryant, Dr H 2.1.20 vane eae 68, 69, 469
Blepharichthys crinitus ............-scseee- 245 | Bitbo cs cie c2iieeee awe weg merge 87
Sp REIS... . 25. 1 0ce ate Baws ililedeeases 376 | Bitbo asio: -.5:.225 10.000 de lee pee 107
POOR 6s io sieccsssidsac dese benedeni 4,226 | Bubo nudipes'.....6 .. ss. dee ee eee 89
Witte Gealin 5. 2.25. 22 diese daderas eee 236 | Bubo striatus ...... «cdscesousepipeeneeerl 106, 108
ine Grosbeak .....<.isents'-. dees ee renelars 419 | Bubo subarcticus......-.--. ec ee Oe) owrah 393°
Pao TAnnet 5.02.0. 553.aseenveveas serene 419 | Bubo virginianus PTT ree sua UG
TRMCOWR 2 ss 5 2 0d ie SoA eee a 380 | Bubo virginianus, 5. subarcticus........-- -. 433
Blue-gray Gnatcatcher ............i.200---- 399 | Buccinidew: .:..s0usw2cespeeeen aide ditwiawedhbe - 282
Boat-tailed Grakle..2...2.....0022.se.seceee 270 | Bucephala albeola .....------sse«++e- socwacs Se
Boleosoma maculaticeps...........- oeuey tap 368 | Bucephala clangula, 8. americana.....-.... 447
Bombyeilia cedrotum. .........csccescesnee> 450 | Buck Antelope. ....s0.42-s0s----s2e0ee stone ORS
Bonaparte collection, Craig Flounder from. . 19 | Buffalo Calf ..... es blvd bows Vole bia wld ba
a EET CORPO pe Se hy PS, 375 | Buffalo Meat, warrior ........-.2.s000-.+s-204, 208
Bonito, Oceanic, on United States coast .... 24 | Buffalo Soot’, «ae enous ons iduasinv aaeNagee 205
. a0 x
— Pe ere
INDEX, 493
' Page. | Page.
Buffalo with Hole in its Ear.............-.. 205 . Californian Winter Wren .......-.....----- 403
Buff-breasted Sandpiper -.........--..-...-- 162 Californian Woodpecker-.-...-----.--------- 430
OL 2 wa ibe as 5 ancy 6 ss bv senda ae Ws 447 | Calliope Homming-bird -.-....-......-.-.--- 426
ee IR Rete. oe 5 on cence ee ee 6,384 | Calliostoma annulatum ...............------ 29
Bulimulus aliernatns............-.--<<----- 150 | Callipepla squamata. ......-....---=..------ 118, 160
IIS 5.2 555 4 Syn cw Sa cawees else 440.| Calliste versicolor ---.....----..--.---- 190, 269, 487
a ee ee ee ee ete tare: | Gineeriegs oo a 8 36. = ee wes -s 297
SO ee ee 421 | Callistochiton palmulatus ..............---2 7, 343
po eee ee ne ae 7
Meee miiicands 222 = <2 iene ¢-+-- sens 155 | Cae ie ln 295
Tie SIG eAES «ooo on n> > «news 5 5 a- 118, 154 | Callochiton interstinctus ..............-..... 331
Ce ae a a ee 154 | Caloosahatchee River overflowed..........- 364
Buteo borealis, 8. calurus ...........--..--- 436 | Calypte ann ..........-----.-.- 9, 391, 392, 393, 427
Buteo borealis var. krideri .....-..-...--.--. 134 Ov Whe CINE | 323 a - - 5ho eten e e 395
RL NMNEEIMR 32 os Sia estes > R= 391 Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus ----..---- 118
Buteo (Craxirex) albicaudatus.............- ft, | Gamaed ebnente. . 2.6. -~-bc 555 so. 0s gen on 393, 438
2S ee ee ne ee UE as re en ee as 445
Buteo ery thronotas: . -.-..-..------..=--.--- 155 Canada porcupine, Occurrence of, in West
Co US ee CY GS BR, Seer A een» Eel ee ee eee pe tee 264
TON 63 het os wane as 154 | Canadian Salmon-Trout ----.-.--------------- 82
Buteo lineatus, 4. elegans ---.-...-..--.------ Ste. | Gunpeliariagd ) 2 ocens2... ssa ek eee 12, 16, 29
Buteo pennsylvanicus - - 65, 154, 194, 236, 273, 278,487 Cantield, Dr........--...------------------- 47
a ie in ann oe - 45 -¥- 155 | Canon Bond of St. Andrews..---.......--..--. 267
ee ee ae | Cakendleen. ....-.-<- ----.-< 05-4 -----55- 402
NINE A aoe 5. scene) cx. 6 155 | Canthorinus occidentalis --..........-..-.--. 246
Bateo unieinetus harrisi......2...--.....--- 154 | Canvas-back Duck ..........-..------------ 7
Butorides virescens -.. 66, 165, 196, 236, 241, 274,275, | Cape Cod, Capture of Black-fish off. .......- is
278, 359, 392, 442, 460, 487 | Capes of Delaware -......-.......-.--------- 5
ee ee Pg ee a 145, 427
ee ree eee WR Peeters ss Eee Soe 142, 143
Butter Ball .......-...-.--.-----------.----- 447 | Caprimuleus grallarius.-......-....-...--- 143, 144
Buzzard, warrior ..........--.------------- 204,208 | Caprimulgus guinensis . --..-.-.------------ 143
| Caprimulgus laticaudatus ...........--.---- 144
Caprimulgus virginianus - - -.-.--.-.-------- 450
EE ee ae eee eae 478 | Caprimulgus vociferus..-...--.-.---------- 143, 144
Re II ion naan si Sayers | Garacara Eagle. ....--...-.. -2--«--<.----.-- 154
RE a Per oer ee eee 209 RRR a as pti hig aetna § tial Sa 154
OSE GE), a a ee 12 28 | SOS ee ee oe ee eae ey 154
ar es 8 ee eh 56, 190 | Carangide. ......--------------------------- 376
Calamospiza bicolor - -...--....--.---.---=-=- Me) Gianni. 85. .- 25 52 so ad 33 ce ee 376
Calidris arenaria --.......-.-~....-.- 161, 197, 450,488 | Carangus chrysus ...-..-..-----.------------ 376
California, Central, Partial Listof the Birds. 388 | Carangus hippus -.------------------------- 37
na Cam on. oink hn sinks tees 437 | Carangus pisquetos -.......-.--------------- 376
California, Descriptions of New Shellsfrom. 46 ) a ne cde cadgh ota See 387
California, Fossil Mollusk from Tertiaries of. 10 | Carcharias americanus -..-.-..--...---------- 387
| TS 2 ee ee eran or Miieieet vite 5 oo. ~~ 5-88 = <i ia ce ogee owe 387
California, Postpliocene Fossils in Coast Cardinalis virginianus var. coccineus. --.-.- 129
PINS 6 6a E08 swankn 5 Siento nntes hk 3 | Gardinal’s nest ..--<. ~~. -..244-+-----s:s00n0 1382
CEN ak yoann hee 69 | Cardium centifilosum --......-------------- 28
California Squirrel Hawk. -.-....-...-- ere 497 | Qardium consors ..«-......--<.=«+-<-s+<<--<+ 24
Californian Bewick’s Wren......-.--------- 402 | Cardium procerum -.-.-..---.---------- 11, 24, 27, 28
Californian Black-capped Green Warbler... 407 Carimaria. -..-------------------------+------ 285
Californian Bluebird .........-...-.-------- 398 | Carmiol, J...---..-------------++-+++++++--- 476
Californian House Finch ..............----- 418 | Carolina Dove......-...-----------+---+----- 197
Californian Mountain Jay ............-..--. 422 | Begs .. ann as ~~ 2s enw sns sawessn aes =5<- 157
Californian Mountain Quail .............-.. 438 | Carouge .--.---.----+---------+++-24---------- 3959
(| SEE See ee ee es 439 | Carpenter, Dr. --..--- 2, 282, 290, 292, 295, 300, 302, 305
Californian Orange-crowned Warbler. -.---- 404 | Carpodacus ‘‘californicus” .... meerst -391, 393
Californian Pigmy Ow] -....--..-.....------ 434 | Carpodacus cassini .......-....--.--.-+---- 393, 413
Californian Purple Finch.................-- 413 | Carpodacus frontalis, y. rhodecolpus. . -...-- 413
Californian Song Sparrow .-----..-..------- 417 | Carpodacus frontalis (var. rhodocolpus)..--- 390
if. 5 nd 9 417 | Carpodacus purpureus, £. californicus ------ 413
Californian Tertiary Fossils ...........----- 26 | Carpodacus *‘rhodocolpus ” ....--.-.-------- 391, 392
Californian Valley Jay .............-------- 422 | Carpodectes nitidus .........-.-.-.-+--+--- 252, 255
Californian Valley Quail..............--.--- 439 | Cassin, Mr..........+. ceeec sees teneeeeeenee 356
494 INDEX.
Page. Page. :
Cassin’s Purple Finch :.. 0.5.2. 20a w---. 418°) Cheetura pelagica ............ sous
Canam s Viteo. ol oo ccc Ae eeee ae eee 410 | Chetura poliura....:.....-ceeebeoseenenee ona
Gastso: Indiiw heads’ 22.2 ef... .esee enee see 201 | Chetura vauxi........... dials wate ane 895
COMCEDY ccc 0-5 oo caso oteecanee se eee e ene eee 264 | Challenger ............ ws'enemtle crea 228, 231, 258
Cathartés airatua 22.257 00g2.. ee ceee eo 157,195 | Chamea fasciata ......-..0...00.2c-008 390, 392, 402
Cathartide ? 7 25.. 222 ae ye aoe eee 437'| Chammide +... .s270<neoscen se aeeenene 197, 288, 402
Catherine Germain | 2c2s 23222 Si is Soereee 206 | Chamepelia passerina. . . .3, 60, 67, 158, 196, 237, 241,
Catherpes ‘‘conspersus” ...2.. Te saad 391 : 276, 277, 360, 460, 487
Catherpes mexicanus, @. conspersus......-.-. 402 INGBISS 3. Jesse seeee cane eneee , ee eee 158
Canlolttaiws 2 leit liaise i Se Se 45°| Champ Wore’, 2c 2tis45 dcop eee +. LURE 350
Caunlolatilus chrysopa®:..50.5.05-2 2s euweae 42,43 | Chaparral Cock..........-2.:..csee0naeenee 432
Caulolatilas cyanops - -..2.2.0..i2V ees 42 | Chapman ‘Bird. .....2: 2.5....:...0. oe 193
Caulolatilus mierops 2i.ceei-51 At pee eee 42,43 | Charadriide.:.:...-.... 2s. . .67, 241, 276, 440, 461
Cedar Wax-wWint’*-)(0 2:2 if Se Se eee 411 | Charadrius fulvus var. virginicus........... 162
Central Park Menagerie... . 2.2.2... aeen. 461 | Charadrius helveticus ..........-...22.2.5.5 450
? Centrophanes lapponicus.-.-..-.--..---.---- 395 | Charadrius pluvialis.:2:.tsscel Skee 450
Centroprighis 225. cco sas ican sca eee 380 | Charadrius semipalmatus .............---..- 450
Centropristis atrarius .......2.c:2.322..-65. 380 | Charadrius virginicus ..... 67, 165, 197, 241, 276, 395,
Centurus aurifrons . =<.) S0-- silane eee ece ae 151 461, 488
Centurus flaviventris.......2...2...---0.20- 151 | Charadrius vociferus ...........s..eebeeeun 450
Cephalopterids -.. 22. .i922.55.0.. S.aesaee 386 | Charadrius wilsonius .....00. asses. -eeeeeee 450
Cerastonia Natta .22..2.tki ti tree 12,28 | Charrs... 0. 0s. Ltt ees. Cee 80
Ceratacanthus aurantiacus .............--- 245,367 | Cha-se-yun-nuh....... 240s) .scseeaneae oy Wek (eee
Ceratias: 93... tC ecer eae 217, 297, 228 | Chnsmodes ..c0.cisnincanyunanneen saaaMeowl 1 SRB
Ceratiags Holboll : oo Sccnce uke vusedeees 217 | Chasmodes bosquianus ...........-.....2.0% 372
Ceratias uranoscopus: ...25.2 5: SA voeees 228, 231 | Chasmodes novemlineatus..............00. 372
Cératiides, Note on 2.4.00... Gens Gat eee 227 | Chasmodes quadrifasciatus ................ 372
Coratins? 2 >. 2S ra ee 915,216 er7-0a7 | Clint Avi Ges 26 ete i voske cde ae 55
Ceratophoras.... 2225.2 4-2825253 528 Cree 207 | Chatillo . cic cece sine ss ctvcionhonone eee 133
Cerataptera .~...1..2. 22.22 8.acd 250, eee 886 | Chaugh........0..00:005 supe bsras kate eee 460
Ceratoptera vampirus .........2.-...2-...-. 886 | Chaulelasmus streperus ...........-..es0 170, 446
Cerithidea satrata. i... 8 TR 8,172,238 | Cheunacine.. ..... 02.00 svecccanes bate 222
Cerithiopsis assimillata .................... 12,27 | Chaunax us... 42.<. si 2ccea ieee 222
Certhia “americana” io: piucseev RE eee 991,903 | Channax pictus -... . 20... ..cacsascecboneene 222
Certhia familiaris, 8. americana...... ....-. 401 | Chenialbatas.. .c8ckk OV. ee ee 444
Certhiidew .....- case eee dep acetates HEA. 401 | Chen buccinator. «20.6.6 .<iis «cn. tenn 444
Cetthiola 1: 22s. ..ackowelekeee masta eee 190, 269 | Chen hyperboreus.. «0.06. «..+dh.s cee eee 169, 444
Certhiola strate ).). 5.4) sisestose send: 190, 269, 487 | Chen rossi... 2.4... 0052s ned waelt eee eeeenne 444
Certhiola dominicana.......-... 56; 288; 289, 455, 487 | Clerolseesi ens cet) ond oe cinscem-wun'se eee 202
Certhiola frontalias (woe. ui ata ete 456 | Chesapeake. .ciisc casa sis cig See tu md eee 5
Certhiola martinicana’:<%.0.561.2 0 valein 354, 487 | Bie) ee eR 55
Certhiola saccharina. . 2...5.505...b.e cess 190,487 | Cheyenne: ...ic, Loose a ae dee eee 202, 2038, 206
Certhiola 6p . 2... ss. cab. teat ios heehee 278 | Chicksaaws. 2.0 <s0- ends scpweesew beck enn 202
Ceryle..... 2... ae ieee anal: bee 459 | Chicken Hawk ....6.2.50.0 (0.2000 sehen 194, 278
Ceryle alcyon -.... 62, 142, 193, 272, 359, 391, 393, 432, Chief Killer, warrior ...........-.000. +----204, 208
. 459,487 | Chilichthys ...... ..... PeanagvadiastiMenees - 3866
Ceryle americann 2.52. iui. ee cacao te esc caee 142 | Chilichthys spengleri-............- sodecemae a TROD
Ceryle americana var. cabanisi.............- 142 | Chilichthys testudineus ...........-..-.-e0 246
Ceryle torquata ...: 5250 veecumeneweeeners 487 | Chilomycterus ....+s«seevsrcwssewecieeene «- 866
Chathalac ,....-.5...2:essekeeeenn nee een 159 | Chilomycterus geometricus............-.... 366
Chienopsetta ... 22s .isab eel aeae amen anaes 869 | Chione. dionmea. ....1«.dteinkon ede etuen Sato Be
Chenopsetta oblonga ...... 5 0.ssecntesedens 871 | Chione simillima ....... svodhihdo gpeuee dswets 11, 28
Cheenopsetta ocellaris .....4..ceccccesecbecs 370 | Chione succincta..... ovenssuu tee Sled Ged SC RTE
Ciyetedernia. -.-.. 2: 5. velisus tases e eee 286 | Chironectes :.....ss06..sseee 2 ssw séeaves | (222 4
Chetopleura. ..... 0. .2 shes tieuesewen hee 296, 329 | Chironectes Bougainvillii.......2.-sesene-.. 222
Chetopleura gemma..........5..0eeseeees 296, 343 | Chironectes gibbus......... weWewedecncccaes | Mae
? Chetopleura Hartwegii.............. 296, 329, 343 | Chironectes levigatus...... Sdlabwie's oon seb we 2
Cheetopleura lignisa.........s50celesanccves 304 | Chironectes marmoratus .......----..- waste
Chastepleura mtiscosa. ........-.. icssseeeeae _ 804 | Chironectes nesogallicus ...-..- dean o's doe e
Sheetopleura nuttallii..............0.e2enee- 330 |. Chironectes pictus ........2...--+-- on dvane ty
Chztopléura Peruviana .........--esccsenes 296 | Chironectes tumidus ocaccovescccsscecdunens }
Chetopleura vespertina .....-........es0--- 804 | Chirostomsa. .s.s-006s sess. +cosceso0s psuunenneeen
CINE a taieid ts cme pe J sedck tak eee 359 | Chirostoma menidium.........+2+-secseeeee 883
Cheetura sp.?.....-..- rates «inl geen 192, 272, 457 | Chirostoma notatum..............s2e+se0e05 888
Chetura dominicana...........s.-cdeececeae 487
INDEX. 495
Page. Page.
Chiton abyssorum........-. Pe ey ae 319 Chiton (Phenochiton, Hamachiton, Stenose-
EL G 1S SO en ee ae Pe 300 CPs} a. Urs aT Tees a a ae Be
OG ee eee 314, 315, 322 | Chiton piceas. -.-.....-.-.-~..-+------------ 291, 325
Chiton alveolus........-.---..-..---....---- ais | Chiton punctatus. +. ..........<....--- 300, 324, 325
@inton- amrcmiabun®. - 2... 5222.52.22. os a 321
ee eee ee io | Guar eitee bso ee 315
Chiton articulatus: ..........------ 295, 297, 311, 343 | Chiton ruber .............-...-----.-.-.--- 320, 324
Chitom aselloides -.-----.------+-++-+---------- 322 | Chiton sagrinatus -.............--------.--- 322
Chiton asellus.-....... ee ee eee 315, 318 OS gO Ree Oe a ee ae 330
Chiton assimilis ......... Sadsacna case nece=s 297, 344 | Chiton scrobiculatus .................------ 323
Ghatem ausiralia -2......2....-:----<L-: ye SE | Cniteny hobinee i; 2.2 20s52. 2-20 aiken ---- 298
Chiton Brandtii -.-...--.--------++-- Mpsase= BRAS Cesc acti 22, 04 2aas--22 en ad 25 ses 303
Chiton. cajetanus........----.--.----.--.--- Me Oi ter ned oe. a a 311, 328
Chiton californicus.........-.---.---+.. ---304, 333 | Chiton Te ee eee ee ee ae 290, 300
Chiton cancellatus.......--..--------------- cell Be, ee 291, 311
Chiton chlamys .............-- es eeeeeee---- 311 | Chiton submarmorea .....-....-------.----- 327
Chiton ciliatus ..-...---.------------- s----- wO3-| (iittan Stekeam. -.<.<.-... 22-085. 22 297, 310, 344
Chiton cinereus -......--.- 290, 291, 318, 319, 320, 323 | Chiton (Symmetrogephyrus) Pallasii. ..-..-.. 289
Chiton.coelatus ...<- ~~... <...+-....2-..---- - S05 | Chiten tunicatus -2.-.....-...<..---..- 297, 300, 313
@hiten Colliet so... .. 42s 06ccd0....2e---.--. 303 | Chiton Vespertinus - ............-+-+...----- 304
Pe INTEMNINS occa od S355 cock 2.8... ..- 304 Giaton Veta et oe ois cae ee ee 307, 310
CREO 252556602 a5 52cnn ses. 297, 344 | Chiton Wossnessenskii..-..............-.-- 304, 305
CM OTERMIONINS <2 08 So ooo os 5-55 ah wane 323 | Chitonelloidea........... ee ence ee 303
Chiton dispar. ..............-...- ws encceee mgr Panes 1. CmMGNIIRONI fs a oan Sn canes 302
Chiton Emersonianus « .............-..-.--. eee | CONS Or eT toe eS aakk nce canes 299
Giigmtaersonit <- 2: -. 55.5... ..--.--- 308 | Chitonellus fasciatus .........--....... 299, 314, 344
Ghiton:Eschscholtzii - - - 2. ...:...:...02.-.- pe, coe | Cireunalias fpo.62--< Sf nse: 291
pe eS Se oe 290 | Chitones Irregulares ......................- 303
Ghiton Fiemingius............-.........-.- 325 | Chitenes Regulares.--.....-...-...--.--..-- 314
eS eee i see’ |. Cbonidaey: v.22. ook 1, 281, 285, 286, 289, 292, 301
i ar CT. b> CAME IOUIS. Ooo oo a Read ce was 0S 0 299
NNN SB ein a We Sab Me 300 | Chitons -. 281, 282, 283, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292,
Chiton (Hamachiton, Platysemus) Wossnes- 294, 295, 297, 299, 300, 304, 311, 318, 320, 321
aS eS EE 2p Be ain op ier ee 305 | @hlamydochiton. ..............-...--- 1, 299, 307, 310
Chiton (Hamachiton, Stenosemus) lineata... 326 | Chlamydochiton amiculata ..............--- 307
Po: ee eee eee 319 | Chlamydochiton amiculatus -.-..-.....----- 310
Chiton Hartwegii ...... iesctenwes esr t 329, 330 | Chlamydochiton vestitus -........-...--.--- 307
oS a a gen}. Clmorestes aelaim. <... --.5.i2-< 2. 55---2~ sa5 147
ce AA EEE eee ae 327 | Chlorostoma Pfeifferi................--.---- 12
ia ION eS cde ne snncc se oceans ST RR a. SS, atin got. oS wets Shae 204
ee Gee kee eee areas. ue.) ant | Choproyalis ...-........--.---..---.--2-.--- 374, 375
PE UIP ie, 5 Sock wt ales ng nein es wae ee rT 0 UGE od 2 be od i Wain eum cite ems we a 92, 133
Ag a Se 320, 325 | Chondestes grammica -..-..-.--- 26, 391, 392, 393, 415
Chiton (Leptochiton) interstinctus. ........ ee WN IMINIER SS cae 5 2155 Ata Laan de ahaha she 299
Chiton lignosus .....-.-...... Supice< esas BC AE ee a aaa © ae, 5 eh Ape 83
Chiton limaciformis ~-...................... 330 | Chordeiles acutipennis var. texensis ...-..... 146
emma soe 5 5.5 os ncn waeee | Ghordeiled hemryi . -.<<.... 005-20. 202 ance 146
Chiton longicymba ..... ee ae nee Ne Pay poner 331 | Chordeiles popetue -.............----------- 145
Chiton magdalensis................- he atta 330 | Chordeiles popetue (@. henryi) --.....--..-- 146, 427
Chiton marginatus. .....--...2....--...2... 320 | Chotdeiles texenais.. .. ~~ 2206s c5ce0a----- 145
Chiton marmoratus. ................-- henna 291 | Chorostoma Pfeifferi. .............-......--- 3
Chiton marmoreus..................2-..cee- Se Gilad... | 1.208. spdundee- ayaa atin coun ae 374
Chiton mendicarius ......... “eet ha 319 | Christmas-fish....----~-----+--+++-++++++-+- 348
Cee eR rew nee es kk. jc ene 304 | Chreecocephalus atricilla -.............-.... 172
ee el ee. 2 997 B88 | Chromiis...-- ~~ <0. -..s---cpsameesannspeerse 246
Clin aaltirmmtac. 25s edges oso. 58. 320, 322 | Chrysodomus Diegoensis . .........--...---- 29
Chiton Montereyensis .............2-..2--- 304 | Chrysomitris lawrencii-. ............... 390, 391, 414
SeenON SONINOOGUS <... su Suite aches cass... 303 | Chrysomitris pinus............-.-- 390, 391, 393, 414
Chiton Nuttallii-........ REET 330 | Chrysomitris psaltria.........- 391, 392, 393, 413, 414
ER Ae ee a - 264 | Chrysomitris tristis ..-.........s...... 126, 413, 414
po A ae 804° Chrynotis augusta ..:«. -......4......---.---- 62, 487
oS Rad ee 322 | Chrysotis guildingi...............-..-- 186, 193, 487
ee elie pt SR el Sets cee ee. OW SS c.datign eee eG akewenn «ceccnpy 476
Ciiten pectinatus 22s... Sooo... nese. eee ee ke SRR RSE ergs. 2a 62, G4
Chiton Peruvianus ........ = ee a er oy <a re 451
496 INDEX.
Page Page.
Cien-Sante Mejicano.............--..- oc atie, 133 | Collisella testudinalis var. testudimalis..... 339
TUM Bie can. oe ee ena os hs sib Aen we ee 306 | Collisella? triangularis................. 1a>
Cikataargentata ......-.ns0ens0ss tape tine 349 | Collurio ludovicianus...........-..--<s0eae -, 411
0 oi ia aed eR OT Delpy. 897 | Collurio ludovicianus, g. excubitorides..... 411
Cinclocerthia gutturalis ... 2... oasis 486 | Collurio ludovicianus var. excubitoroides... 126
Cinclocerthia ruficauda......... 52, 187, 239, 453, 486 | Colorado, Mountains of...........-sesesnse. 114
Cinclos mexicanus..... 2. .eeeiec-e2~ oe. 391, 393, 397. |: Comanches. <5. --. ..... ss.eceseeenien el 202, 208, 213
Cinnamon Teal -.... 0 s76osnh me bse geymebe pax 446 | Come-uh-see-vah (Wolf's Marrow )avewsidienas 207
Circus cyaneus hudsonius ...........---0..- 154 | Come-uh-su-rah ...... St 204
CINCUS bUdSOMINS ; . 5: oe ate oele eee ee ieee 154,435. | Common. Crow... << -0<<c00.<5 00055 see 422
GATISONIOS < .- 5... = aot wena ae aie ke ei ne 366 | Common Flying Toad ...... cant dqacecneene 373
Cirrisomus testudineus. -......02..-.s-4ce50 366 | Common Fool-fish :.......... <i<<5 ee aa, 20T
Cirrisomus trichocephalus........-.-...---- 366. | Common Frog-fish .....<.....-.0.seeeene ante RG
Cisrisomus targidua.\- .. 22 oo ecan ce ream - 366 | Common Garfish.......-.......2seus yee 246
Citharieutnys - 5.2 ne <amiecwas4pmn oF Segoe 309. | Conch. « ....5 4-20, 020555 5990 69a 245
Clackamas River, Notes on Fishes from .... 69 | Conspectus Tyrannorum ..........assaueeen 467
Clackamas River, Trout from......-..-...+. 72 | Contopus borealis ............- 137, 391, 392, 393, 424
Clan cals titneign on...) dao tacheam core 241,487 | Contopus richardsoni.......... 1387, 391, 392, 393, 425
ONIN oo eee curd on ee at be eee ae 290 | Contopus Virens ...:-.......-. 22... 0eeeenenenne “187
Clark Mills, casts of heads ....-.....-..--.- 201.) Conus californicus..)\... ...-..<4..--sqeeeeeeeee 12, 30
Chaplce ee og ons cm ies de oO Pe a 228 | Cook, Capt. Caleb .........-.-.-2. ape 16
Clark's Groene. 2 s2¢ 6 seca se aoe eee 449. | Cook,Solomon.. «2/0... 24s <0<=.055a/ eee 16
Clark's NOUCTACKER <;'- spot. sn aeaes 4c 422.| Ceeper, Dr... ... .. sci. «van eee scale ies
Clathurella Conradiana.:.............2..+-- 39 | Ceeper, Mr. Juam~.... + segs. acne 117
Clementia subdiaphana..-........-- ah erae 11,.28 | Cooper's Hawk... ..< =.=: <«~peseeienmee 435
CIogerina,. - a: . > bdr de bos cease BB) CORB. «2 ij.» 2005 anh omnrin de solka es Se . .237, 241, 443
CES Swallow s.ni=-- So0ge's oben Se ae 408.) Cope, Prot. .. 2.5.44. wa san 2-day ee 75
CHBOSTOMIUG. - s<comanene’ 2232 0e gen eee ees 83: | Copperopolis 5... ..005 . Ge au. «: <.ia <neeee 427, 435
Cibek-ol oo) 2. ae awa oe oo en oe ee 17 | Columba aurita.......\. «<.<'s45s-9-eeeshemeee 450
CASD WOOt nce ok» oie a Oe ee oC ee 205 | Columba corensis -.........- 66, 196, 275, 360, 460, 487
Ciupanodon -anféus.~ .- 2.255460 -aaewe degen a 30,33 | Columba flavirostris..........2. copesmmasiente 157
Clippea menage... 2. on, ais en's alsens deietn cose 5, 30 RCO 5 5. sadn ns Ue see ape ad ka weit), eee
CYapeés tyrastnns |....5<,-nb5vaak saeetee So's 30 WeStBiin nade'F -wr0:nipreminh 30th aaiae mie en 157
Clupea tyrannus of Latrobe .............-.- 5.| Columba fasciata. ......ccscen.- sina obese eee 391
Clapeniit. ...2.2.2-a; os tae reek a ee 384 | Columba leucocephala............-. 237, 241, 450, 487
Co-a-bote-ta : -... a> ane beavesen cone eeeleers 213 | Columba leucoptera........... 25. 6 deen eee 450
Coccyzus americanus .........-..- 150, 390, 392, 432 | Columba martinica .....:....25-.Ueew<uemaee 450
Coccyzus minor, 62, 193, 234, 240, 272, 278, 359, 459, 487 | Columba mystica. ........-....... =a age Nera 450
COCKTIO“ . .<. . -onetatwest Sd hag tale Cana 278 | Columba passerina ....-...55+.i00a +nkateeenine 450
Cod-fish ........ beovbratewarens eave cx ahaa 18 | Columba portoricensis............-..+--ees -. 450
Cortopid® 2. Stv a aae heed 233, 239, 269, 354, 455 | Columbia Salmon. ...-.....-..2--senenseess 69
Co-hne ca ee ee 204,206 | Columbide..... 66, 196, 237, 241, 275, 360, 435, 437, 460
Colaptes abratiie ....° Tunes: cums ten pupae 431 | Colus Dupctithouarsi? ....-.-.....5.-e0-tiae 29
Colaptes auratus, /. mexicanus........-.-.- 430 | Colymbus pacificns.....c0<«<-ss anebmennee eee 395
Colaptes auratus, y. hybridus ......-..-.---. 430 | Colymbus septentrionalis............------. 395
Colaptes “ ayvewt’”.. . calece-t sk ssn bene 431 | Colymbus torquatus. ....-.2....<scowadihnsinee 395
Colaptes chrysdides...\.\. 20s «5055» neegees oes 431 | Coming to the Grove.........sds00+s shane 213
Colaptes hy Dridiis |. 2ei:ts este fae eee 431.| Copal . ......0-.-<08<n00 0s aus s Siena 245
Colaptes ‘‘mexicanus” asecetmmnasOOl, B02, GUB—| AUORNCE ie 5.0 a0 Pee ee ee 268, 273
Cilatiiean, Dr .'). > opeeeka eee 456, 458 Nests. < in cncrdecacus aepheadaal yan
Colardesi, Monsieit’ss..4 + spine eee 455.| Corbula Inteola.....«2<* «>< aie ais apie 11, 27
Colardeau, Monsieur St. Félix 2 se ee Rien alae 457, | Corephinum . ... «50s «ap<= = «5505s ae eee 298, 324
CS Re ae TS ae Me ae 60,272 | Corephium echinatum.......-...-+.+.s-+0+ 298, 344
Corrpri orzo rouse... J. van<tpe<en on oh ee 358 | Cormorants .-vccanku.s eaeeaee =" 447, 448
SITET, AM oon aan» som, coe, e aie Pees ee 346, 348 | Corn-field Duck ..... ses suesece eeleeeenneis 169, 170
Ceiins, Capt. Joseph W ov. 20.0, cepecdaee 257, 201. | ‘Conv ides... - - in 22m x al meee eee eae 422
Collisella ......... -+>$* 25> aipaeneeg 7am 337, 338, 339 | Corvus amer ICANT. ...- «++ seeenpe ts 39, 393, 422
Cones patina .’. ....\. ne nscanas seen 339 | Corvus caurinng.. .. os »¢+c0dsei bab eanen 395, 422
Collisella patina var. normalis sive pinta- Corvus ossifragus .....---«-sss ves al threee site 422
WO co he a’ oie - - 0 wos a eae ee See 840 | Carynolophus ..:-+«..taunumwecsers 217, 218, 227, 230
Coliseha By bariticd ..... a5. . ae.ssguem ma eey 341 | Corynolophus Reinhardti......---.---.+..- 219, 228
Collisella testudinalis var. alveus.......---- 340 | Costa Rica, New Species of Birds from..... 252
Collisella testudinalis var. Cumingii.....-.. 340 | Costa Rica, Shells from Kitchenmidden.... 23
Collisella testudinalis Var. ochracea ........ 340 | Coturniculus passerinus ........+.-.-- ogee 426
Collisella testudinalis var. patina.........-. 340 | Coturniculus perpallidus .....--..+..+-.0.4. 895
Po ee Oe ee ee ee Oe we
+
3
3.
A
hl
=
-
ke
INDEX, 497
Page. | Page.
RS ot SRR eee a: ai ae 250
DRE San > ow =~ SU 26. | Oyanospiza arcana =... -..<--.<...s.4-- 390, 391, 419
Rete Rane ee es RR iG. | Cpcmospies: Giria - .- 2.0... isa esses 1.9
geen a eeeeeier: .-- 20 5_. lA 474) | Cyanospiza cyanea --...-=-.-<2-s-..5-.--.-- 28
a RR nee ES oe are 359 | Cyanospiza versicolor .-.--.......-..--.----- 118, 128
tn ee ae 2 140 Gs B78) 372 379, e5.| Ogio 22 375
RR, Sos A Sian date hn Sz eine Oe $65.) ‘(iG timm apervaMm... 3 2-~-0s432 220. <b ose 3,4
Wien 5 Se ae eee BS As2 ieee Param ica palin. oe cee ed oe ee 3
SS ieee 5 eh eee eee 364 | Cybium immaculatum............-.....-.-- 5
2 Lihat <8. otitis 66 | Cybium maculatum ...-.--..-.-.-----.------ 4,375
Crag Flounder of Europe. ----..--.--------- 19 Cybium, Notes on American Species of. --.- 3
(ents Dunia. 2520-8. 25 ee se eens. B pnintaetis reer 299 58 es 3, 4, 375
te ot Sebel oe 443 | Cygnus americanus .....--......-.------- 169, 444
SEINE 90> so es ee St CR TOREO IE ote hg So te de doa toh esiaah eae oe 318,
Craspedochilus marginatus.-........-.-.--- RR UR Re eS | ne ce 12, 28
a Sei Rae nee > ee gue | ‘Ogbehlws Gylindracee 542-2... <..52--.2524,-- 29
Booey NOT Ges | BES | CGMOCION sie tt n Pea a nae pe oa, wns 377
Ceeeeeees esaiictia =... 2-20.) ~- eke eee 154 | Cynoscion carolinensis ..........-.--..-.--- 377
EL a A yeas cdl ai iss ae wl, | Gymuecion Tera: 6. 23 (5 a cake ne 77
Crepand-volant ou Tette-Chevre roux, de la HEE SS 1 Age cs i alee ip a A rR s--- 384
vo UE SE ee ae ee eee 143 | Cyprinodon variegatus.....-.-.------------ 384
oy Se 22 20 | Geprineduntadys. .. 2/2 *. = Jao ca) <3. 02 de 384
Crepidula navicelloides. ......-.-....--...--- 29 | Cyprinus (Leuciscus) caurinus -...-...----- &4
OO 12,28 | Cyprinus oregonensis .-.....--..--.----.--- 82
Crested Hummer...........---------------- BAG)! Gepnelaee ost ko. 62, 192, 272, 359, 459
Crested Humming-bird..-....-.....-.-.-..-. 278\| Cypseloides niger ..-..:-------.---.-.---2 459, 487
Crimson-throat Humming-bird ......--...-.- 60 Cypselus (Acanthylis oxyura)../..........- 450
_ 0 REESE Sane eee 60 Cypselus collaris (Hirundo pelagica) -....-.. 450
MERON Iie ser fet, es be ok. 73, 80, 81 |
Cristivomer namaycush .-.............-..-- Rares tg i eee iP lad, 3 485
Cristivomer siscowet...-...-.+-+----------- 81 Daenis PHlCherrpa esos oS ee et SS 484, 485
Cradker. -. --- ee ee en ak eres ho 378 | Dacnis pulcherrima, a. pulcherrima ......-. 485
Crotophaga Amt Rigg es ort ei 193, 273, 450, 487 _ Daenis pulcherrima, f. aureinucha.-....-. 484, 585
Crow Blackbird ...-..---------------------: 191 Pe AVUSLOLOS 2558. 2 -anwe neers So eee Se 372
Crows (So 87a Se letgalmiane oes 5 apc as 422 | Dactylopterus volitans. -.......-...-.-5--: 245, 572
Crucibulum spinosum -..-..---...---..--- le = ae ees ae 170, 446
Cryptobranchia ..-..-.-.--.-++--+-+-+---- 281,336 | Dafila bahamensis..........---.-------2 39, 241, 487
_ Cryptobranchia alba........----.--.-+--++-- $35'| Dall, W. H..........------ 1, 3, 10, 23, 26, 46, 281, 369
Cryptobranchia concentrica ....-..-.-...-. eT ea eS ers eed 286
Cryptobranchia concentrica var. instabilis.. 335 | Tied bakin Er ee a. Bos ee 396
Cryptobranchia instabilis ttt ee eee eee eee 335 Banvlatis GAnbTEEe So. oe vor ae Se 386
oe 6 281, 299, 301, 311 | Davenport, ns ed a OS ee ae ee ee 412
Cryptochiton Sielleri...........--- RR NE ie ee ee 298
SrmpemANOMEBe rot 4 Sk ees Slee PS le eee SVs | ng ne * 364
Cryptoconchus monticularis ........... OS a ee eee oe 5, 45, 80, 264
Cryptodon flexuosus.....-.--........2.5.22. ES ST ae Sean So erirerl oe 363
Cryptoidea .-.-.-------.++------++- 295, 299, 302, 307 Demiesretta PROOVIGIORA Soy on oe ee = 164
Cryptomya californica.....-.-.........2.... 28 Dendrocygna autumnalis.......-.-...-..--- 169
MOIR 54 57 Soe. nes kn s eels ee 299 Dendrocygna PW ihe oie mes Se ERE Op. 170, 445
vi athe ee Ere beet een ee ea 4 | Dendreca wstiva ......... 123, 391, 392, 393, 394, 404
Cuckoo, four o'clock bird. ...-.-...-.. 2.2... 240 Dendreeca auduboni.........-. 390, 391, 393, 394, 405
« Smekoo manioc. -.---.........-+-3 193, 272, 278,459 Dendreeca blackburniw .... ....---.--.----- 123
Crackoos...--). nnn enna Jin 62,432 Dendreeca capitalis. .... ......---2--.---- 2. 454
Cuculidee .... ......62, 198, 234, 240, 272, 359, 432,459 | Dendreeca coronata ......-.--- 123, 124, 390, 391, 405
MPEPPS MINOT. - = 2 = ss Lee geese eee - 450 Dendreeca dominica albilora ............... 124
Culebra, Shell-mounds of... ......2..2...... 23 Dendreeca dominica var. albilora ........... 123
Cumingia Peltfornica ~. 2A Sh oh 11,29. Dendreca maculosa........-.+.-.se2..----- 123
Cupidonia GUBIRO «0 ssa kaw =a. --'- 160,438 | Dendreeca nigrescens.....-.-.---.-..-- 391, 394, 406
Cupidonia cupido var. pallidicineta ......... 159 | Dendreeca occidentalis .... 22.22. 2c. ee. 393, 394, 405
DON ahaa ox — an dn waht pe. 382 Dendrmca pennsylvanica...............---- 124
cg gegh oo Soe ee nen eS arbre 67, 238,242 | Dendreeca petechia.-........-.-- 54, 56, 223, 239, 454
Ly EE A 362, 363 | Dendrecca petechia var. melanoptera ...... 453, 486
ag bo Ae See 4, 300, 348 ) Dendreca petechia var. ruficapilla ......... 486
Cysnocitta frontalis ................... 391, 392,393 | Dendreca plumbea..................--. 55, 454, 486
Cyanocitta stelleri, 8. frontalis............. 422 Dendreca raficapilla ....-.... 2262.5 deds 353
May 23, 1879.
498 INDEX.
Page.
WSMATOsCaTUBLUIA .- . 2... 0.00.55. Demna sins 353, 454,486 | Echenecis jacobeea .
WWenaKsON BITIAts... ..... 52.20. -0ocnsennee 124 | Echeneis lineatus
Dendreeca superciliosa ...-..-..---.-------- 124 | Echeneis naucrates
Dendreca townsendi......--.--------++---+ 406 | Echeneis osteochir
Wendrtecs virens...-.. 520-20 3dess ate eee 486, Echeneis remora:.--: 17... 3.2 soe
AeSMtAliA . 2... ~ nc cress uhemuna eee deere 291 | Eck-e-mah-ats (Buck Antelope)-..--...-..... 3
Dentalium hexagonum .....2-.-.-0-bo see 13;:27;29 i) Hek-e-nab-ate..<. 5). 25 eee lt Sage
Dentalium semipolitum ...-.....--.-.--.-.- 29 | Hetopistes migratoria =. .-..... 5-2 o.esaene 431
Deshaysstells 502. sw d acta 295,814 | Edinburgh -..... 22-022 =. cos =e
TAS WIPMOR co. en owe ao doe 396'| Hdavards ...: 4.....-2 2a 263:
TWablotin =. 22/3205; ATV eee eee eee 50,68)| Hel-like fish........---.- J 23 7k oe ee 245-
Drapterus Letroyi 202. oe eee 463 | Elainea martinica .........- 59, 191, 270, 357, 458, 487 »
Thravehnus ......62Y. 2. eee 9319392 | ‘Hilainea nigricans. :...-t i222. fe eee 484.
Dibranchus atlanticus.........--..---se--+5 992 | Elainea pagana.:...........1-.2. ee 59
Wichaghiten).-..--2 5. A a 309-| HElainesa. riisii ....... ...-...L yee eee 59
Dichromanassa rufa... ...2..-.5220 -cesc-2t et 164 | Elainea subpagana .....-.---.--..-..:te. moe 59
Dimoplax..-..c.i. 0. - cates tL ri s eee eee 298 | Elanoides forficatus.....:...0. 2.02: -dsteeee 153
Thuetée 2 es eee 4¢7:| ElanusJencurus...---<_-\ 202. ieee 153, 435
Dioctes pyrrholama..........-.-+-----+--5+ 467 || TWlateridg:..2-2 =.:03>. 152 ens ee rf
Dindontidae.. nce te aeteue byt eee 366. | Eldridge, CG: M.,esqu.z. Pee 51”
Tipper 22.22.0224. Oe eee 397.| Elliot, Mis D. G: 22.0. civ oi cee eee 8
TRYST 2. ecu ach. ope EL eee ae eee ee 198°) ‘Hlopide....... 2.2.2 ange 284
Liver (Grebe?). ....2122 RAPS 949°| ODS . ss cc 0 0c es ive w= ww niece 384
Docoglossa +z. .-+--sst. ahin= Bee 281, 291, 292334-| Elops saurus ..-.--: ..2024.0) 2 ieee Sone 384
Dieter Bad 22 eee ce ee 192,358''| Emberiza olivacea...-...02-. 425202 7a vane 450—
Dogwood... :5<-22.:; 22 2 a eee 364 Emberiza oryzivora « .- 2.2 1.208. 5308 eee 450
Dominica......--- 2 bh DCE See 48, 50,185,488 | Embernagra rufivirgata........-.. 128, 130, 248, £49
Dominica, Catalogue of Birds of......-..... 48 | Embernagra rufivirgata, a. rufivirgata ....248, 249
Thaio-x californicne......o ck Gacew eee eee 3 | Embernagra rufivirgata, @. crassirostris...248, 249
Titenax Hekuosua.-... 2. o ee eee eee 11,28 | Embernagra rufivirgata, y. verticalis...... 248, 249
Dosinia ponderosa.......-------secene---- 11, 27, 28 | Emersonii, Amicula ......°.4.2¢s-esap eee 299
Double Vision, petty chief ..............-- 204,210 | Emertco:, Mr ....- 2-122... - 22125 ene eee tee 46
Double-crested Cormorant....-....--------- 447 | Empidonax.acadicus.......--.+--.--sse.ee- 137,
Dave, Grounds” 23) wesc ee eee 67 | Empidonax difficilis ..-..-..-....-+--.-..- 393, 425-
Wie 3. ly dawmndcnee dl eeeaee aheee nae 67 | Empidonax flaviventris ...2......- 0 .-220e) 137, 425
Wists RO eee 67 | Empidonax hammondi............: 391, 398, 394, 426.
Doves 2 we a ee ee ee 437 | Empidonax minimus ......°. 22... ge eee 137
Downy Woodpecker .....-----0------+-- 150, 428 | Empidonax obscurus....-.-...--.. 391, 393, 394, 426-
Rigas i.e Lave dae inat eee ee ee aes 150 | Empidonax pusillus. ....-.-..--.--..2, 391, 393, 425
Drillia Hemphillii ©. > cod: Sep ateaeee ae 12,27 | Empidonax pusillus var. trailli ............ BER (,/ fe
Drillia penicillata, 3... > anrncebaee aaa 12,28 | Enchelyopus cimbricus. .....-.-+....2--.20. 349
Drillia sp)... .-\sin ke adceaeennigee ean eee 99. | Englisl Snipe’... -.. 2.0.5... 2 eee eee 238
rom |. oe ee ee ee a78.| Bagranlidide:.:.........-. 2. Sleeves 385
Drurimond-Hay, Colonel H. M., C.M.Z.S.. 173 | Engraulis -.---.---------------+++-+-+--+-0+ 385
Dry Woo0d «. .,~- adeno.) teeeaet aL eee 205:| Engranlis brownl ...- .5.2)...252 eee eee 885
Drymiouas...-c, Us nnop ae pee Lee 4¢66:| Engraulis vittata..... 652. 022 ie weal e a nea
UTDMUGE: «.... -..\- ssic's. nein «map alia Ee 239,444 | Engraulis vittatus.-..----..------- ‘ee eee weee 885"
Dack Hawk... 2.220.) Saye cee 240,460 | Enoplochiton......--.-.2<.--sssb. seen cede oe aes
Daindag, G., esq., C.M. Gic2 ena nil 187, 193 | Enoplochiton niger...-..---..--.2-.+++ over ate eeS
Tiigky Grouse .... +. ch03 -.itsssae eee 438 | Hp hialites....c...+-hhosnnin onde epeet vee 87
Higga. |... io. sadase bet dee eee 438 | Ephialites argentina....-..--.++-++0-++++++- 90, 92
IN CREB cn. 2 ccd on vas OP aee ae eRe 438.| Ephialites asio ...-..--.-+.0c--0s055 dee see oe eT
Tiwarf Cowhird > 5.2. sasecbeseee aeeen 132, 133, 142 | Ephialites atricapilla .-...-..-.+-...- peneeee 95, 97
Tee T rash ..ccas. cup st caceeene anne 396 | Ephialites brasiliensis -.-.-...-.---.---. oonee en."
Dytes auritus, 8. californicus ........-...-- 449 | Ephialites choliba .......-.----- wereees yo OB; Hale 2
Dytes * californicus” (0.5.54 220s wage 392 | Ephialites flamincola ..-....--+---++-ss002-- 104
Ephialites nudipes..--.-------- me ta
MIE eee «2:2. non meinn,=2i-1= phd de cen 434 | ?Ephialites ocreata......------+------+-+-++ 106, 108
Hagle's Head ........... nanek> tn sae 204 | Ephialites portoricensis... ------------ vaidt
Eastport, Me., Glyptocephalus acadianus Ephialites trichopsis . .-..--------------. Ty
RSD Re a 19 | Ephialites watsoni ..-.-------+----+++-+--90,
OCHA ia Saks, 2256 6. oes. and ee .-. 201 | Ephippide......-----------.- we wens a9 eh ;
Echencidide ........... ee ke ..-- 880 | Epinephelus ...-- pe Bt Sag ney ape tol a
Tegeaeek conc... 5---- ed eee 380,381 | Epinephelus Drummond-Hayi....-- Teta
Reieneie Wise... 26s. . 2.0. occas segues eon 381 | Epinephelus De) See ey
INDEX. 499
Page. | Page
Epinephelus nigritus......... ae eS eR eae 77, 78
ane We EEMINGTIR 6 oi pee a Eh vine ns SAE) GT VO-CIAPEM. «ooo 5 in cena one Seen n eens 76
OSS eee eee aaa Det POI VOBIOES 5 xo 2nd ds he on ae en ge eh on 76
ES ey eee er eer og a an, eae a 76
SARE T Moe oie Sin oS gin Up be awe bn ade SA, | MPS IRENE 28 Oo tare a a oa Semen ao amin wade 77, 78
RI ac ha Soe tna igs Si om 147 | Fario tsuppitch..........- Sah ee 77
Eranna yacatanensis -......-..-.2..----edns 148 | Mapeicularis, GUO 2. oes <2 since ecncngs das 290
Eremopnia alpestris . .. 1006-2. .c0ces- scene 390, 423 | Fat Back ...-....--..-- (Se EME: or? » 384
Eremophila alpestris chrysolema........... Se, SON MAP ci ag aia ait wine's soo vencbwea re 104
Eremophila alpestris var. chrysolema...... 129. | Fieedula canadensis .......-........-. 06% 450
Eremophila alpestris, @. chrysolema........ Meth RMIT HE Fa aie on os Sale «pa eee 275
(OSES ol PRC MIGHOER oo Cae. he ae) eae tak ne doe e 412
Mereeron COTSAGUS...-- 25... -. sc ecec emote lan 264 | Kinley, Dr. S.-M., U.S. A..v...-.-- «n= 152, 169, 170
Ereunetes petrificatus......... TG, 236 BAe esl te Some SR so i 8 Soe ew tee 478
Ereunetes pusillus ............ Lm am guia clee Ce gn een eens 65, 236, 435
EEE tr. a Fo. kk 5 3% aus we 336 | Fish, Serranoid, from Bermudasand Florida. 173
JONNS Tees Gb ey ee rr ee 171, 447 | Fishes, Bermudan, mistakenly described as
RIAN Seite: eS 204 pew by. De. Gerther, .. sees panded ns 462
SS ee 381 | Fishes, Clackamas River, Notes on ......--- 69
Essequibo River ..... pik Sa ES eee en 58 | Fishes, Destruction of, near Tortugas ..-..-.- 244
Etat Wis oo. 3525-02-45. 5. $2 fee ucecd. nk 205,211 | Fishes, Mortality of, in Gulf of Mexico..... 363
Mave MPoe@aa. tic. teo.c2c- 52 5-bor ccd-.-.- 142 | Fishes, New, from Florida...........:...-2. 176
Mactnlerodas:.-.....1..-2..-...: 142, 345, 346,387 | Fishes of Beaufort, Notes on ....:-........- 365
Hachalarodus Putnami.....-.......... 345, 346, 347 | Fishes, Synopsis of Pediculate ..... ........ 215
25 27 US ETT Ae a a 378 | Fish-teeth from California Tertiaries -...... 12
Eucinostomus argenteus .............--..-- CG oS cL pe a ee See ee ae ee 342
Eucinostomus Lefroyi..-....-..........----. 4e5) Hissurena, Volcano:.2) =... 2576. S5- So ono ne 12, 29
Eucinostomus productus ...............---- 463, | Brasuretlide o.2.4 2 .2.-<-ta-ceen 25-5. 2-282; 286
OS a 297 | Fissurellidea callomarginata.-.............-. 12, 28
Eugomphodus littoralis ..............-..... RD et lars El ee Ae eee 368
Eulampis holosericeus ..... 60, 61, 192, 234, 240,272, | Fistularia tabaccaria .:...............---:.- 368
oe ae Ada” PH WeniMeTM ec fave tee ees - - ce eee gen> se 368
Eulampis jugularis. .... 60, 192, 266, 271, 358, 458, 487 | Flammulated Owl ....-...............-..... 104
PAB THICANG | on. ose orem we ene cnc Bay MaDe ser Seca ee ws oe 2s elas ew noes 205
MTINNN cs one laa i Cre OE Tg ee a Ls, a ne nan rea 431
Eupbonia flavifrons ....56, 190, 269, 354, 455, 456,487 | Flint, Dr., Shells collected by, in Costa Rica —.23
MapHOOIA AURICR. - {= 62-65 2.5. ena cee ei nel 456 | Florida cwrulea ........... 196, 236, 241, 274, 359, 487
Huphonia.sclateri ......-..---.s0nseceo. 2: 57,456 | Florida Gallinule.................-------..- 443
PERO rita dk oc ew tasne sin saee veces 298 | Florida, Two New Species of Fishes from.. 176
Euspiza americana ............-........---- FE TS SC aS ll ee 370
dewenmmorGrosbeak . 52 oo oie oe a Hse 412 | Fluvicola perspicillata...........-...-.----- 484
Sa SAIN Se ee eee ae 383 | Flycatcher .............-.-. 50, 191, 239, 270, 271, 357
Exocetus melanurus .........52.cscc-e-eeee 383 | ps Re eee eee whaig- 372, 383
Py ROOMS obs pt obec etude poy dt ents dat - <0. 347, 367
Ma PERRIER ERIE 8 oad os vad Sea Pe we «oo 448
NN Oe CRE ety Fe at eS oe ie eee tiie BOs eS edien wes 350
Falcinellus guarauna.....--...---..----.... 165° |’ Wort defferson ...---...-.-.-- 22 sse00-0 2244, 245
2h RAE Maat etal ae a i 73, 236 | Fossils, Californian Postpliocene..-....----- 3
| igi 2 dh io ce 152 | Fossils, Californian Tertiary ....-.- .----.--- 26
Falco columbarius. .....-.............- MarR aR ce OF ie a 61, 358
Falco comments var. anatum .............. WAULAGL We tien eiolooix Hird. ..< 2... 2.2. cdidoautese 234
Falco communis var. néevins................ 3) 4 1 SSO Rees eee oe re 298
Falco communis, B. nevius ................. 434 | Fregata aquila........-.---- 65, 195, 240, 274, 359, 487
Falco cyaneus .....-....-....2-22..2. 2.2.2. 450,460 | Wrecatida ............--.--. 65, 195, 236, 240, 274, 359
Falco fusco-cerulescens ..................-. Te MIA ia sik a Bech val tac tances s+ 298
Eggs and nest ........ teen ee ceeenenneee Sree ete FIT. . 5s... canedvsmestts ob2ans a0s> 00 240
EME >.< /5 rue aate. antes 450,460 | Frigate Pelican.......-.--.--+c-s--+-+e0e-++ 65
Falco peregrinus ..-..-........2.22.22..24. anu, 400. | Bringilla noctie:.<. 22. 1ds-: us /..-..---.206 450
Falco pterocles-...... ....... 002 2.....2-2-- 155 | Fringillide ......... 57, 191, 233, 239, 269, 355, 412, 457
Falco eparveris -.....-...22222..2.2..22.. ECMO eMialios. 4-. o2-<....-.-<0a0scneg.-0 47, 237, 241, 276, 487
Falco tinnunculus Be emi Saale wall I erates 2 Ae SEN CL TGa AIDELICANG :<scca0 ccceacetWessesusden 165, 444
Falconide .......... 65, 194, 236, 240, 273, 859, 434,459 | Fulica atra......---.--.e-ce---e--eeeeeees-> 450
wah ete Gee = oo Sao = 6 se «---- 207 | Fulica martinicensis................----.--- 450
hep pall rie C8) SE a ee 5 fe
Sa a ee al gil laa a eal MEMO COMATIG, vce wduens= daanseunaues iedsan 171, 447
500 INDEX.
’
4 Page
Mig TONED Stans van duce ea sceee te iia 171, 446 | Glyptocephalus ........... arene ae
Fulyous Tree Duck ........--00----s reeeeee 445 | Glytocephalus acadianus................-.
ANPING = nna us'sn apnea us senuvenaaneeeee 384 | Glyptocephalus cynoglossus.......--..-- eee
@undulus heteroclitus....s2 i466. 0-5eee-cen 384 | Glyptocephalus elongatus ................-.
Posdulus pisculentus....-2. .<sceeesee sees 384 | Glytocephalus saxicola........:..-.... ~- tee
Pass Martordi. 53; ..<.2.0asa0s bene Se eee 12,30 | Gno-yo-uh..... oi tite ehhh er Pe it
Goatsuckers: s+: .20..-22505ceceeeee svauen
. Gobe monches. - +. 5322 ifcess o.oo ee ee
Gobe mouche de la Caroline ....-.....-..-..
Gabby, Preticssitsccescasce~ean eee ek sd 356 | God-bird: 2622202222. a oe uk
Gadide. . cies -ctden ts tospepe eco ameeeeeene 371 |. Goddard, Mr. 222. 724i. 722 Aes ee
Gadoid Fishes, Descriptions of........------ 256 | Godman and ‘Salvim <...:-2sics.eeeee oes
Gadus cimbriug . =. 22 s+ cacccenwetetessous 349 | Godman, Mr!s 22225523743. .aeeee stank 99, 100, 101
Gaius lepuiion ...<=..5¢.22s5ce2 oboe sees 238 | God’s Horse =. 2... 2.1 c2.c45ss= eee 268
GadwWaile. = 24 .....-2.cdtseunsed ke agstateeee 170, 446 | Golden Plover..--- 20 a 67, 238, 241, 461
Gairdner’s Woodpecker -....-.-..+---.----- 428 | Golden-crowned Kinglet..........----.---.- 899
Galeorhintde .\. 223. 2222 iD.v ase ean eee 166, 388 | Golden-crowned Sparrow .-....----------.--- 416
Galeoscoptes carolinensis. .........5.0-s-4.5. 120) Goniaph@a so-2-25-65 o- =e ss seen eee 22: oe
Galerus filogns: 2. -27> -S2-245n-e-= coarser 29 | Gonodactylus chiragra .........2....20seeee a
Gallinago wilsoni ----.- 161, 197, 238, 242, 392,440; 488 | Good Talk 20 20220 es eee 205
Gallinnla: 22. 2. 222.5528: eae he ee Per 166 | Goode, G. Brown, 3, 5, 6, 7, 19, 24, 30, 42, 173, 176, 182,
Gallinula galeata........-.. 165, 276, 448, 450, 461, 487 198, 199, 243, 256, 261, 264, 318, 361, 362, 462
Gallinula martinica?. 4. ..05- -o24-2522---aece 197 | Gorbuscha ...2: ::.-..2..242ceoas: » see ee
Gallinules .. 2... -...0006sececes ogee denne ole, 440 | Gorge Blame 2:225-54,-)2os2 ee 352
Gambetta flavipes...--...-.--. 142, 162, 197, 441, 488. | Goubemouche';22. 2es52602 2 So cicde. ope 59
Gambetta melanoleuca ....-...-.------ 162, 441, 488 | Graculid@ 2:22242-2.44ide2o csepeb eeeee MME Lite
Garfield, Capt. W. A., United States consul. 351 | Graculus dilophus, f#. floridanus.....-....--. 447
Garnet-throat Hummer. 32-2 - -ses-<.-s--o%8 271,458 | Graculus mexicanus :...- 225.22 oso. 2s oe WL
Garzetta candidissima..... 164, 196, 236, 274, 442, 487 | Graculus violaceus .......--20.20----c---c005 | 448
Gasteropodous Mollusca........------------ Zea) Gragnpuas: 2..2ese ess carae ps 5 <ae Se nom ne ee 18
Ganlin blane 222065 2420.5. 5c0ds eee ee Bee 66,274 | Grand Savannah «2... ..)-<.secaesheus heen 67
Gaulin bleu ; <2: 5222. ccetv LA ces See eee 274: |: Grande!Terre.<. .: o.. =~ as ass cen eee 451, 452
Gailin noi’. ..265055 52 a2 . aa Sc dae t aero 24: |) G@raqs-bird). pon scene ie eee eee 58, 233, 239, 269
Gay, Mx: .-s02<i 22 tas eaut otek eee ce oo See eer Erne mR Fe 290, 292
GOGKO 222655225 <h spade acne tees eOERheS 160° | Gray, Dr jssd2sc ch ost 6 SOs aon a 300
Genus Cybium, Notes on American Species Gray Heron)... .i 30.5 n-3 +, nanan o cane sane
Of 55.0 5. 22 ede e- Uae eres 3 | Gray Kingbird 53.4221 5icwe 420 aan 471
Geococcyx californianus........-....-- 150, 390, 482 | Great Blue Heron -.......-.--.----+2:: 236, 240, ae
George’s Bank, Occurrence of Hippocampus Great Neck Weir, Belone latimanus taken ’
antiquoram GD) +2. esl Gee tisha pape een 45 ere ee rey 6
Geothlypis macgillivrayi ..-..-.----...-.-- 393, 407 | Great Northern Shrike .......-..-.-.---- ins
Geothlypis philadelphia ...........--s2.-ce0 124 | Great Pipe Fish .:..:. 3-3: desa0%= sepa 246
Geothlypis trichas.....-.-.-..sssssss2s0s22. 407 | Great White Egrets....--.- + tates eee
Geothlypis trichas var. melanops ........--- 124 | Greater Black-head 3... 52 o.-smteeenetee ae - 446 ne
Geotrygon costaricemsis .....+------+--.---- 252 | Great-tailed Grackle.........20+ 2-2-4 seenahe . 158 2 4)
Geotrygon montana ............ 67, 196, 276,.380, 487. | Grebor. fo. cee dc de de ane a eee 172, 448 — e
Geotrygon MySstacea «si csss cbs saciuneret 460,487 | Green. Winch ..2...ceslasedeeseeusee tees 249 fy
Germain, Catherine. 2.222 22davesdee acters 206 | Creén Elerom:....... ccs sneuhoume 66, 236, 241, Weer a
Germain, Julianne. ... 2.8. eee eee 206 | Green or Blue-throated Humming-bird..... 60 so!
Germain, Mary -.-..-.. Js 5c¢eorenvaeeeee 206 | Green-backed Goldfinch........---+--+----- 418
Germain, Sophia. .. . 1, sJsedasanes ae eaeeeee 206 | Green-head: 22. 0:itie cee eee a, ee 445
Gerrés Jdonesii....$.i si ives sacs Oe et eee 462,463 | Green-tailed Towhee .....-2-s++--------5 Ne 4 eo . ei
Gerdes ...5.- 2. 4 aade deans eee ees 378, 444 | Green-throat .......-.--.---- aes, veeeee ere
Ges ee on hws de on ee tages 83,85 | Green-winged Teal .....-.--.----sa0« we priors 446
Gila conocephala .....5.. usc ma teds uaeeeene LU 85 | Grenada. seeeccseseseensnenenenannpamansanee |
Gila oregonensis......-..----0ssceessoncee-- 69,82 | Grey Beard, chief...-.-..-.cssnsshanemene=s Gms
Githert, Charles H..5..:. 24: 102 See ee 865 | Grive.s at. Dokschasdneeee at woreen Bl, 239, 268,
Gill Prof ::... 5, 19, 21, 31, 70, 73, 80, 215, 221,223, 227, | Grive & pieds jaunes..... seteete tees eere eee
228, 231, 345, 348, 361, 363, 369, 380 | Grive trembleuse...... cones seeeeeee seen
IRR ewinis oid - eva so aw ona oe 69, 78, 82,85 | Grivette.......--s.s- seeee + teense seers
Glaucidium gnoma ............st0see: 391, 393, 424 | Gros Grive ....... cone aioe “oe weer pide «se
Giencis Girenuis.....- 2.2/0 csckede eae 266, 271, 487 | Grosbec .......... BEE SA pew aes seeneenes
Glee gleC ann 2 ----0n0ne--- eee sssssenesewee 65 Tans. SORE eae
Ghigo os ate 'aiain = «'n'dte tue cnt CE 459 Nests. . “ade RsSchinn
Glottidia albida ...... Patmaeiats a Ss mae atsutmag 28 Ground Dove -* o- if ad ar
es
,
COTE 5 oa ww wins es urenlne Rained wea ott a 295, 314
Hanleyia(?) abyssorum ..........0-2.-.----. 319
Hiemieyia debilis........- sescwecwoes-. 295, 314, 319
Hanleyia mendicaria ........ estes: .Y 295, 319, 343
Hanleyia tropicalis...........0..co.secsscae 319
on ll, a RR a eae ae 83
Harporhynchus,curvirostris..........-. --. 119
_ Harporhyncbus redivivus......-.. 390, 391, 392, 397
Harporhynchus rufus var. longirostris ..... 119
Hippocampus antiquorum, occurrence on
INDEX. 501
Page Page
ee, een eae 191 | Hartmann, Monsieur Louis..........-.....- 351
OS SS BS i Sees See ee woe see 402 : og Se ees 5 ee nA ea RP Re oe a ee 236, 240, 434
oe jie amctod Mamie Sie Pee SOOGH Eo. 6 aian's Wanlea's seed sasiaite cae 67
Grouper, Black, Note on................-c0 a02 \loap of Birds; chief 2<. «622.5% 005655... 204, 206
a a eee eee 438 | Hedymeles melanocephalus ....... 391, 393, 394, 418
a ee a ee 443 TICHIR BBM OBER 2 oes cnn de ghee 419
a eS eS ene nee ae eee Sie Sea U9, 2 hen oe hick au sons pee eae 9
Se IONE 6 ore terse ea Sw soled Sig. aR ee ata roe ho aimns ad see eee 343
| Ss Oe ae S15: |Moeleien: pechinatises<< is < ods. cs vencec sohec 47
0 SEES aoe eee ee ee 450, 451,488 | Heliastes insolatus? .........-.....00.-+-00 246
EE ane Seen ee eee eae Me i eh i ne: esa, ee
Guatemala, New Humming-bird from ...... g | Helminthophaga celata.................... 123, 394
OE ee rr 452 | Helminthophaga celata, @. lutescens........ 404
Guiana Goatsucker.....-.........-------..- 143 | Helminthophaga chrysoptera..........-.... 123
Se 500 ats he Scans actied cance leet 300 | Helminthophaga ‘‘lutescens” ......... 391, 393, 394
ESS 5 et Soe ae 298 | Helminthophaga peregrina................- 123
OSES EES ee ee ee 234 | Helminthophaga pinus .-.............. Se i
2 a 241 | Helminthophaga ruficapilla ....-... 391, 393, 394, 404
eS SG Ss a ee oe a 128,419 | Helminthophaga ruficapilla var. ocularis... 123
a ne ee a $75 | arpiarGreties 3. occ. 225 2555 20 oe) ca: 295, 314
Gulf of Mexico, Caulolatilus micropsfrom.. 42 | Hemiarthrum setulosum ..............-.... 314
Gulf of Mexico, Mortality of Fishes in..... 36a, | emturisenphns 24.4. <5 122225 o22 s Fa5555528 383
ee et... .--2-.--.-239, 42 448 | Hemirhamphus unifasciatus...........02... 383
SSS (oo 57, 469 Hemithylaca aglaiaw ........2...sc.ce2---.- 147
Ginther, Dr- 20, 21, 26, 77, 79, 80, 82, 85, 226, 229, 361, | Hemphill, Mr. Henry ........ 10, 26, 28, 29, 30, 46, 47
382, 462,463 | Hemphill, Mr., Shells sent by............-.. 16
ae A Gee ee ee 72, 75, 485
I RS RS ee eee 476
ieeemiatopus palliatus. ..:.....-.-..---.a0<.- 160 | Herodias alba, f. egretta.................--- 442
eee ee oe eee 379 | Herodias egretta .................-. 164, 241, 391, 487
¢ Hemulum arcuatum................se.-e 379 Lt Se er ee ne 164
0 2 Se ee 377 0 PS a 164
Haliaétus leucocephalus...........--...--..- 437 eee 164
MENTO i Be oo ee Scien who Sd por) Oe (a Ce Be ed cache ng seme 442
ENN a od 5 232 | Hesperiphona vespertina .................. 392, 412
Heaeuues suellata. <.6h 2 o2<. 2... lect ease. ae eeeeroninepon 2.2022... --- 20. - ee wees 345
NIIP oO ens ao ke ase te eOMUNNMS eee a Soe oe ow ee can Sadun 296, 331
I eS ee ee 232 | Heterozona cariosa ......-......-.--.-- as 331
Halieutichthys reticulatus.-...............-. ce pe ee ee 118
Halifax, Craig Flounder taken at........... 19 | Hierofalco islandicus ...........--.---.----- 153
Se pe eres ee ee eee Pi TR OS | ee ee re 205
ES a ee ee ae 46 | Himantolophine .............-. 217, 218, 227, 228, 230
2 OP a a ee 47,| dhunantolophines....... -2-.-.--.-.:...+.-.- 230
CO a re 47 | Himantolophus..............-~.217, 218, 227, 228, 230
Halocypselus............ meek exbesdnalonee’ - 383 | Himantolophus Greenlandicus............- 218, 228
Haloeypselus evolans ................-...-- 383 | Himantolophus Reinhardtii .........--..... 228
ee ee ee 257, 258 | Himantopus mexicanus .............--..-. 161, 440
Haloporphyrus australis....... Bes Seid 258 NNER Seo. ak Le Gd cee airy cul 161
Haloporphyrus lepidion .................... 258 ER ye Te a ast eee caeni « 161
Haloporphyrus rostratus .................-. 258 es ce et RS ads one cis ove os 161
Haloporphyrus viola ..................2.-.257, 258 | Himantopus nigricollis - ...161, 197, 238, 242, 450, 488
Haloporphyrus viola, Description of..... pO OO ES SS te a a a 208
Bemaehiton .. .. saentiodewt> + Setkawedsosae Bie gee | Mrmmocampid® « .u: -. ... 2252-50 -- onsen ne 367
Hammond’s Flycatcher .... .....-.0.- secs MP PEI DOORAINOD o. los nar acsae nv otunwacss-.--- 45, 367
enley........ sin pele ais di oe aris ae. 300 | Hippocampus antiquorum...............-.. 367
Harris’s Woodpecker...........--ececeeeee. 428
er AG) a 45
Hippocampus guttulatus ........ .......--- 45
Hippocampus hudsonius .............------ 45
ORME LORSINIG 9 fawn dred a'pe'e pactste oe esc cwi 369
SEP DOPICSSOUUCG: =o de ones cup ewact +e. aepncd 369
Petapogloaans.... ca puscdsesdevans cesceuscsecse 369
BAISONG CHS 5.5 2 we iccew nas cucoccece. sencin ect 56
HMirondelle de Mer .ccdes sisi cence. es cccease 360
Hirundinid® ......ccccs.--- 56, 190, 269, 354, 408, 455
502 INDEX.
Page.
MMU S cys 5.202222 22. Se eee 125 | Icterus ..... eae acavedeccsate cseoesnn nn
Hirundo albiventris ..........-.------+scse« 450 | Icterus auduboni............ SN
Hirundo erythrogaster var. horreorum ..... 125 '| Icterus baltimore....-<_. 7 stces<-s eee eee
Hirundo erythrogastra, 8. horreorum ....... 408 | Icterasbonana ....-.-52.,.2 eases eee
Hirundo ‘‘ horreorum’”’....391, 392, 393, 394, 455, 487 | Icterus bullocki....-...... 135, 390, 391, 393, 304, 421
Hirundo horreoram ...6.. -<2-sessdacewns=ee 125 Nests and eggs... <2). ssceeeeenene A eae:
Hirundo pelagica.-:0..2: 302225. 2sccter ers 450 | Teterus eueullatus \.:..1:..Seaeeeeeeeeeee y
Hirunde Tipanian. 22253 cenceco- 8S5. oars 450 | Icterus cucullatus var. affinis .....-....... vo
Hirumélo rites: 2 a-odsced Sse eee eee 450 | Icterus spurius var. affinis ..............--. ;
Histiophryne: Sts! oc fs. jc oee cee eaeeenas 221,222 | Ieterus var. affinis: --2.:.s252255.ee nee 124
Histiophryne WougaMNviil vs. 525224. ee cen 222. | Icterus ‘var. spurids::.:2-. 225522) =e
MOORS S 2622 Fo ccnageess rete eee meee 377,379 | Thering, DreH. von . 3-022 es. - 2
#16-1-CONGN ono nt es sates a eee nee 204 |. Thering; Dr. ¥ 4-222. (222 -Se ee 288, 290
Holbrook, John Edwards, M.D ......------- 198 | Ih-pa-yah (Straightening an Arrow), warrior 213°
HHottand: "a. ks. 2. oo oee nap ene e teeta 471. | Imperial: Parrot; >. 2/2207 3202 Anceeeeeeeee 63
ao-ne-nish-te ic. =-. loss pr one es fe ae eae 204 | Imtay, Dr's). U-2si sl. Sse eee eee 51, 65
Honkets.: .. 2.42 2¥s22s3 2 Sie ee 6 ee eee 445 | Indian prisoners, casts of heads............ 201.
Hooded ‘Merganser... 22-25 .<: -ffucae a4 oe 447 | Insects, Protecting Anatomical Preparations
Frooded: Orioles FP So eee eee Toe, tap from .ce: 2iciss tects eee 24
Hooded ‘Shelfirakess57-5 7c oases 447 | Invisible bird! 2::-22 .222esec5-5 a 188
Hoplopterus :. Sc i256c 5.0 ep aeenn eee cn ae ere 166 | Toa vitvea. 5.2.) Sol. S524 eee 368
Horned: ‘Lapic (2. loo oon. he oa eee eee 423 | Tonornis martimied.... <-> ¢-...0-225 eee e eee 165
Horned Osteacion: /.0. 22.222. Jap..5-der tae 216 | Tothia’. 0... 222. be 245 <caoaneeasee ae - 3835
Horse’ Macterel' .... ova 9ee = sone ees 384 | Fron Lance ...- 2.22. . 205. cesea es eee 351
Bowling Woll. ./25- 2.342 te ee eee eee 204 | Irregular Chitons ....:........ 281, 285, 292, 298, 302 },
Howling Wolf (Minimié’s son), warrior. 2.2. 207 | Tea-tah 2... 2....2-.19lceene ul. eee 204 ¥
Wiuche'.. 2020 LS eae eee 80 | Ischnochiton .........--------- 296, 319, 320, 330, 331 4
Hucho germanorum ..........2220-.02-ceee+ 80 | Ischnochiton cooperi ..........--.--+-+---- 296, 343 i
Hudsonian Curlew? ........... ae Sao a Sete 441 | Ischnochiton interstinctus ....-.....-. 296, 331, 343 *
Huh-nah-nee Shop ovescccneee----204, 209 | Ischnochiton longicymba-..7.0.--2-cueaees 296, 330 &
Hab-nob-th-eo-ah 2... 2A eaeoe se eee 204 | Ischnochiton regularis ...°....5...0- 2 ies 296, 343
Hummer's nest... .. 2258s eG ae ane ees 150 | Ischnochiton (Trachydermon) pseudoden-
Humming-bird from Guatemala ..-.-..-.... 8 TIONS U2 is os ke ieee wk cr he 323
Famming birds, ) cose css cake sense 50, 240, 426 | Ischnochiton trifida .:-... 5.2.0.5... 0. ce 343
Hurd, Moheieur Go. 22.0 Ge. seaseek ss caer ee 452 | Ischnoid ‘group :...2..2: 5.0.00: Sie 283
Hutton’ s Vireo. .5 5. oer aiekal eats a oe eee 410 | Tschnoidea ).2. 223. See 295, 302, 319
Hybognathus nuehalis 22. 2220.5... 2222 2-82 368 | Ischnoplax ..:.7./.S. 2-0 296, 330
Hybrid. Michers. 2223 72cv Boag Se et 430,431 | Ischnoplax pectinatus.............---...-- 296, 343
Hydralector >. 2. 3c ctcds eat tere ene ae 166°167~ | Ischnoradsia.s. eee 297, 331
Hydralector chirurgus <<<. 5.22045 <oe> Wa se 166,167 | Ischnoradsia tris. -- :. cscs cet ol oeaeee 297, 331
Hydrargyra:. .)..2. 22g Fide seas ws Clea ee 384
Hydrargyra majalis .. wives t. sesame 880, 384 a
Hydrargyra swampina ..22.5..-..5 6055). 0.8% 884 | Jacama ......--. 2-6. s-sseneen ovedde oy apne a
Hydrochelidon nigra .......--...-----+---- 172,448 | Jacanas .......sccawvensas casei) eames 166
Hydrochelidon plumbea .......-....-------. 172 | Jack Spamiard ............2.2 22.52 bss sees 273
Hydrophasianus ..2, 2S. fee eee eee 166 | Jackson, J. B.S., M. D.....0. 222.022.2220 Tree |
Hylocharis fuscicaudatus......... pS aaeekieies 147 | Falapa...-.s.00-- seed evade avs senvanee een veer | 8,9
Hylotomus pileatus ...............---.151, 393, 429 | Jamaica Solitaire. .........-.-...-.-.... se 189
Hypleurochilus. 22.252 eee 872 | Janire dentate :....) vac ees ee 11,28
Hypleurochilus punctatus..............-.-- 372 |- Janivea florida. . ... 2420. seh eens bee eee ow See,
Mypeifario ........2. aes ee eee ee 70,91 | J@MNG.. 06.1. s00 ede ece des lene aeeee «Se eh
Hypsifario kennerlyi.J:+..-..cedesshhoweeee 72 | JBYS ..c0ccs. sll eeen es eee supn, | a2
Hy psopsebia.... scien deccdbacveeenaenene 345, 370 | Jefferson, Lieut. J. P., U. S. A ....244, 245, 363, 364 —
SOD YOO. si cc, dos Seeks ee SoS atti
Jewfish ..2........ dalek ae Tae oe Bee
PAIR bas = +0 o cnn - Sha eee ail eb een - 443 John Paw ....:.. 2asse ese Oe Xf
Ibis alba ...--..-..20.022---sees setseesatees 164 | Jones, Henry C ............ po A ae 2
ibis falcinellus .......s/..sesiee ween -- 451 | Jones, Mr. J. Matthew..... +B vhs ee ee Bet 4
Ibis Ordi..-.- 20+ sees se eeenee eee e eee eeeeeee 163 | Jordan, David §., M. Densnstnienne 69, 198, 199,
TDiseS 2... 002000. 2 e eee ee cee eee --++-- 163,443 | Jumbie Bird ...... vutg taerniwe- tts r
Tbiya...---.-.--- +0 2-222 e eee eedeeeeeceeees 144 | Junco...... ova nes ddepetionm ier <as «kee teaane
Icteria “longicauda”’.....-..--20-22.2.22++ 300, 391 | Junco alticola ...d:pccess teroqe- Moses +snhnm
Icteria virens. .......... ace veeteenseeenenes 124,130 | Junco CIMGLOUS ----+40e00+eeerernevecnses tid
Icteria virens, 3. longicauda......./........ 407 | Junco oregonus .......-.-.-.... “3n 9
Loteridess. J5:05 dae debt ones 191, 270, 355, 356, 420,457 | Junco vuleamt -.++.-++++eeeeeeee aes,
INDEX. 503
= Page. | Page.
Katherina...--------++++++----.-------- 299, 312, 333 | Larus atricilla ........ 172, 289, 242, 277, 451, 462, 488
Katherina Douglasie .-.-.-.--.---...-- ios 4 SCA: | Babes Gils Gare adv ssoced ae de our Les be 448
Katherina tunicata--.---.--...--.- 290, 312, 318, 344 | Larus delawarensis......-..+.e0eeeee------- 172
Kelley, Bzra..---.----------++--+++---------- 16 | Las Cuevas, Trogon killed near. -...- PAS ve 118
Kennerlyi, Salmo ......--------------+++: PUTOIGOR. eet cds tee eg ala 30, 31
Kennicott’s Owl.....--.--.--- -------++++--- 111 | Latrobe, Benjamin H ........0+.2--2:-e-s--- 5
Kent, J. Wood ......-..---.--+--- +220. -s00. 7 -| Sipsyinia alntacea cs. 255.508. . cA eos 83
a ig a a a a 71 | Lawrence, George N.,48,86, 185, 232, 265, 349, 449, 486
Keta vel kayko ---..---. +--+ s2--++--+---- 71° | “Lawrenve’s Goldfingh:.:cscsc.2h.2c.e0 cee 414
Teer esh, PE LOTIAG ire: S22 drstse scree eee 363 | sae GN, Pom cece ened on tirle Sale ae 419
Kill-deer Plover ....-+.--++++++--+-+-++++-++ 440 | Le Clignot, ou Traquet a lunette............ 484
Willee, Killee...--...+-++-+-++++-s0++ -seeeee 236 | Le Gobe-mouche aurore ..........-----see00 354
King Bird. ........---------+-+++---2+00+-+- 472 | Le Have Bank, Craig Flounder trawledon.. 19
Kingfishers ...... .----+---++--------+++---- 62,,432| Ee Hibon de. Brésil...<.. 2... -dwabenieecews 2
| SR a Sn ean eer NEMGBNY NCR CONT ere ioe se. poole eins etd 355
Kitchenmidden Shells from Costa Rica. .-.. 23 | Le Petit Duc de la Caroline........-.ceceeee 107
Senate eet ae eas ape tess AS4 | Eg Sneur-., eon mrunigectacveccibvews 363
Ko-ba (Wild Horse), warrior ....+.--...+-+- oe a” EAR Den el Oe MP eh meee 350
Ko-ho (Kicking), watrior.........-.......- OG, wbet,| Pernice Ai act edged arenie necten Baebes 208
Ko-we-0-narve ..--.-----5+--+-++++++--2++--- BOS: | Geast Bittorme 2: ti cw. ee wnat Listen da eases 443
KKrohn...----..--------+---+++- Peete ereeeeeee 290 | Teast Sandpiper cA... 27s ana. 249, 441
bo a ty | a ee ee ER 401
La petite Perrouche verte .......---.-----0+ 455 | Least Vireo ..........-2--- 222 .eee seen eens 410
Demeees werd => 2. - Jceccae ss --.-2--- 187 Hess-sasr prin MN Ahi: Peas 410
EI roe cre PS rat Ts, 374 Wes iA tte Syelbe 5 ene 410
wy SG a a oi a Rey) | Weds COMatdesree sts 9s 28 civ. viele lee 11, 28
Lactophrys quadricornis ...........--...--. 367 | Left Hand ee ee eae 204
Tastaphrys thigonus ...) 22-00... 66.20. . 9G7 | LSMpipIs- eee eee ow eo ewe eee ce 87
OS ee a 12 | Lepeta -.-..-..------seees---2-2---+-- 281, 334, 335
ESAS ope el AOE Se ee aan 12,30 | Lepeta czeca.-...--. +--+. +--+ +++ eee ee ee: 334, 335
MEHINGS REESE 2 TIO ee ce ek 394 | Lepeta ceecoides -....-...---------+--0----- 334
STIS Ea sR apie 2 leah Sar ps Se 365 | Lepeta (C.) concentrica........-.-.--.------ 334
Lagocephalus levigatus.......:-----.------ Heal auepeus rath 2 u2sccecas seston tet.) 334
MOA fe: Gace on ound etaeno ess aces 200, 377,378 | Lepetidee........---.---.------+------+---- 295, 334
Lagodon rhomboides .-:-.....-..-.0.+-0+s- 378, 379 || Lephyrussp ....--.--+++----------+-+ee+ ee 320
(ONE 1 pS I es So. Ci ape seen 991 | Lepidopleurus......-.-- se fess 297, 314, 319, 330, 331
tare IRBeBNGhees.2.0.-. = -225-2c8 Skeid. 364 | Lepidopleurus alveolus........-.-.--..+--- 316, 317
Lake Tahoe, lack Trout of .-.....--...cc-- 72 | Lepidopleurus arcticus. ....--.-.---++-+--- 315, 316
TTL ES See ee age ee SP Sele dae 300 | Lepidopleurus asellus .--...---...2..----+- 314, 316
Barner, mrs: Capt. ....0.cc20...2. stank. 47 | Lepidopleurus cancellatus..--.--.... fav iti 315; SLY
DUST TIO Ae i alk ae ee tae ae eee ea 49, 50,54 | Lepidopleurus Gimeretisvsss iss 24s e eae 318, 320
DSS) Se RS eae Tie oe ae BEG 411 | Lepidopleurus concinnus ....-.------------- 316
MAWMISMGTGRIIN... Oo ooet es ons os. oe cee 390, 411 : Lepidopleurus fuliginatus ....--.....+----++. 316
Lanius ‘‘excubitorides ”..........-..-. 391, 392, 393 | Lepidopleurus internexus ....-.------------ 316
WADING NUOGVICINDUS: .«..--m<iescss--teace-- 390, 397 | Lepidopleurus Mertensii .-----.------. 297, 332, 343
Lanius ludovicianus (var. excubitoroides) .. 390 | Lepidopleurus nexus ..-.-..----.---.--------- 316
RIG tir PANTS 8 oS Se a nee epee e. 466,471 | Lepidopleurus s. S.......---+-+-----++--++-- 332
Lanius tyrannus, var. 8. dominicensis .....-. 470 | Lepidopsetta ...-.. 2.222 sseseeeee sees eeeee 345, 370
Lanius tyrannus, var. y. carolinensis ......- 471 | Lepidoradsia .-..-..----.--+-+---------++--- 297, 331
OMAVIPGO CAGSL fo ig ae obo vue sa'ee ween 390, 393,410 | Lepidoradsia australis. .-.....-.------- 297, 333, 343
BaDivireo. Plunmbeus, scot es 6.52555. 5-55 ns 410 | Leptechencis.......----.----+-+-++----++-- 380, 381
hanivireo sgltarims ..2-..5.....----..55-. 125,410 | Leptochiton ......-.-------+++---++--eeeeeee 295
MMM VOUCR o> =~ 3 nope sae ems ed Poe wing ia 467, 468,479 | Leptochiton albus ....-.-+-+.+-+-+----+--+-5 $22
Laphyctes albogularis........-.....- so bpetes 474 | Leptochiton alveola .......--s0.------+---+- 1
Lapnyctes apolites.-...-2-2-.-25-.50.------ 478 | Leptochiton alveolus ........--------+----.317, 318
Laphyctes melancholicus..............---- 474,479 | Leptochiton asellus.....-...--.------- . 295, 318, 395:
Lapmpetes satrap... (222.20. scas-----s--:- 474,479 | Leptochiton Belknapi ..-.--.-+..+-2--2+++--: 1, 317
Dapnyetes-verticalis.....2éicaqenc------2---- 480 | Leptochiton cancellatus ......-.....- 295, 315, 348
Laphyetes vociferans..:-.-.i5..2.5..-...-.. 481 | Leptochiton Collici ......-.-.---.++--+--+-++ 303
AUPE COMLOTTIOUS 052. keane enncecss cess 11,29 | Leptochiton concinnus ....--.....-------+--+ 318
a Rie fa st de id dudWepe.---a0~--- 233 | Leptochiton curvatus ..-...22...-.-----+006 314
Eee ee Loe aa eae 68, 198, 239, 277, 360,448 | Leptochiton internexus and var. rugatus - .. 319
es SEE indeed Ge uve cen aes enone 415 | Leptochiton Mertensii........-..-.-.----+-- 332
es ee ee Pe ace cipmawnececs 462 | Leptochiton nexus...2.2.2....)...-ee0ee- ee: 319
BMP MPOOINNGUS.. 5-1 pace cas dea... 2 cess 171 | Leptochiton ruber. 2.22.22. 02 cee see ee eeee - 821
i ae
504. INDEX. ia
Page 4.
Leptochiton rugatus...... aoeereesasss vininses 295 | Lone Wolf, chief ........ ‘
Leptochiton sp .--...-.--------=- 1, 286, 294, 314, 320 | Long Back, subchief...... ~ieio u pies
RIRIOEAAESS «nn oe anyinarncaceoe Oe 302,314 | Long-billed Curlew. .........--.s----- sedan .
PEOONS 2 nn aceon tie qeecenk Pr empe 302 | Long-clawed Towhee. ......-........... eee
ep UOPIEX en ork ae 296 | Long-eared Owl........<.sccnes cee hee
Teptepiila albifrans .--2..--d) -a-caeenee ae 158 | Long-tailed Grackles.............. ck ok ioe
Lepturus candidus ......---- ------se--00e- 451. | -Lophiide. .-- ..... 0-6 ohne Aa 219,
Lés Chironectes, Cuvier ..-..--.....------ 222,.| Lophioides ..... ....02n0<=00nceeeeee eee \2
Lies Musitles 2... 2-Ln-a2+ - aint bade 248 | Lophius ..... 2.022.055. s-ss 219, 224, 365
NeSseE ANS oo se ee ee 487,488 | Lophius americanus .............. Ap te ae 219, 365 DF
Tiesner Bisel head. 3337 3) fees basknew dees 446 | Lophius compressus...........-...--- Seiisoese, Jee 2!
Besser Beret ono ncn A ee 442 | Lophius foliatus ......5.........-.seepeeeeee 219 Vt
Lessér Saadw Goose... ofl sit ww eek eae 444 | Lophius gibbus .... ..:...25..¢.4---. see 216
Kestrig caribeens....c.2.5 => cas uae ee nis 451 ; Lophius hirsutus-.... 2-2. aes eee Se ee q
TiPAPIBERS —- 22 awn 5-2 anneee 82 | Lophius histrio........-..-.......: 216, 222, 223, 225 :
Teaciscus caurinas. _ 20.2500 whic cen dosiess 84,85 | Lophius histrio, var. a, Striated ............ 925
Leuciscus oregonensis .....----------+---.-- 82 | Lophius histrio, var. b, pictus .......... «an hin ee
Lencopeza bishopi.:.-..5.---<.4)ssesdeume 189,486 | Lophius histrio, var. ¢, marmoratus ....... -,'.. 226
Deucophrys --.c0ce-np +> rhe aaekeeas eee 65 | Lophius histrio, var. d, ocellatus ........... 225
Leucosticte littoralis. >... dassotuda-weetbaee 395 | Lophins levis -...... -...-.pesueeaeeeneeee 2922
Lewis’s Woodpecker ....-....2. .0---++--e-- 430 | Lophius (Malthe) cubifrons ............... a)
Ei orpiniet Te) dncandkraronenben 449, 450, 458,460 | Lophius marmoratus .................--.. es
TSCHEDODS «soe ancnen ns caees ieehrenndeneee’ 463 | Lophius pictus... <u. a.5cccasas cee sen, ee
Lichenops erythroptera ....--.---------eeee 484 | Lophius piscator ... 0.2... .cen sens anaeeaeeeee
Lichenops perspicillatus.........-.--- s+ 484 | Lophius piscatorius ...........-..0005 +++ --219, 365
Lichenops perspicillatus, a. perspicillatus..483, 484 | Lophius striatus................-..... coccss ane
Lichenops perspicillatus, .. andinus....... 483, 484 | Lophius tumidas.-.......... sc.065-ssaesmne 224
RlenOGh ..- -nnccssooe sce eokihhhb amie meen 305 | Lophius vespertilio. ......2........0.ceses «ae
GOW... ccken ss secentoae eae 345, 361,370 | Lophodytes cuculatus .................- .-.171, 447
Limanda ferruginea .....---sceres sounsasess 362 | Lophophanes atricristatus.........-...es00. 120
Limanda rostrata. ..5.-.3-s¢h sseatewsaerbeas 362 | Lophophanes inornatus......-..... 390, 391, 392, 400
Limanda vulgaris 2.000 >s0a4seedcapeanesben - 362 | Lophopsetta............ eocmou Seba ne nee Pee yy !
Tém0nn Tedoe.. oc os004vcscdecateneeheneaneee 162 | Lophopsetta maculata..............0s0ese0 . 871
Limoen hudsonien » 0. ssevearqvesrchsdsseden 450 | Lophortyx californica ..........-.. 391, 392, 393, 439
Timose Taabeoliios... .) >< ce scons suki wine ble 451 Lophostrix .......5.Jes< sats tleteelae wihee 87
Limpets. ..281, 282, 283, 285, 286, 288, 291, 292, 298, 295 | Lophyroidea ...... ....-..-0---+2.0.5 soon. 207, 302
Limpete, Report on: ...-¢.6<s0040un<wabisre oa | Lophyrus ... 20.5. 2c.s. ce vaeaehe veo scene ratty CUO
Lincoln's Sparrow... os a2 J ecedncupep bth nes 418 | Lophyrus albus ............-----.-2+- La ceb ane
TARTS occ ncn conc cea anise ee ee 381 | Lophyrus exaratus ......c.cevancverns woes Baa, O28
Tita 2. oc ace dese hr ccccempand helo DOD.) LAURCE rae wie acts th hele Ae wee an ou Nah beeen 298
Liomenacanthus. ..< .ccsccdiesensabdaestn - 367 | Lois OOF... i. ccst ss annobatecesb es cane vcs, ee
Tsopectts. .. «. +0: saevuvedesbhes deena « p45 | Louisiana Heron. ...1....0% Sdseensd aceeee . -163, 164
Liopectte glabra... ccc sanepseeciure sthkatnne 347 MIE oo oc 8p on cameanas Taye tess awonee 164
Eiostoniun ..<<.<cdceges shan Seduce 377 BRON coun venacotseetanteeenten ey 164
Liostomus obliquus .....-------+0-+e-eeeeee S77 | LOVER sn asiensp tecntantys abe deseo «see 8, 200, 201
Liostomus xanthurus......- cecccscesncesens 37 EIU: weit a ok Pe a a ona enh opts nae 300
Liriola subspiralis ....ccacscesvoas: seseaewas 47 | Loxia curvirostra, #. americana ........---. 412
Litorina ecutalata ...<¢ss2cacesde ar aeurideah 12,27 | ?Loxia lencoptera ... oo sscacs senses cooecee 805.
Little Black Rail .......scccccecversccosese- 443 | Loxia portoricensis. ........c.ssuvesusarseue 450 bs
Little Chief, warrior... ...scaneckaahshainaa 204,207 | Loxigilla ......ce.cnerovcnssauveqaaubl rey late
Tétie Feather .....<<00s+=¢ehudecsbounaee 205 | Loxigillanoctis, 57,58,190,191 299, 239,269 1855,457/487 a
Little Fliycatcher....«ccccacveccscanane 425 | Loxigilla noctis var. propinqua....-... cocnep.” “
Esttie Medicine, chief ..cascccussdhanseuen 204,207 | Loxigilla violacea .....---...+. cond dsagp elena Sa
Little Mottled Owl........ ee ae 433 | Loxigilla violacea, B. babedansts seprececee 250
PERM OIIW .... .. <2¢000+4400> 40 ues 107 Lucapripodns eto o nite csncccesae FaURGEES 142
Little Prairio Hill .......ccecess stinkeennn’ 205 | Luce’s pound... .eeseeeseeeseeeepecnnrecenes 263
Little Screech Owl ......-.-cescocconcechuay,. ROS | AAG were neee senae steerer eeeeersanes senes 83, 29 au
Little White Egret ...... dnp patiniccansuahind 163,164 | Lucia confossa ....+2++eecseeeeeeeener ees -208, 44
Dai FARE os op «an cnx tods deh dae 166 | Lucina acutilineata....2..sleuaberseeeentedls J. ae
Lobinvanellus brissoni ..... yer ee 166 | Lucina Nuttallii......... eanecanese PP irs lhe , 2
Loggerhead ....... Ores ceresaeccens 60, 233, 234,240 | Lucina tenuisculpta ween ec ewewernereee «on Ame! a
Loggerhead Light...........--... Pree ew 246 | Lump Suckers....2-eecesececneceesees seen rr
Loggerhead Shrike ......-... oosecses oneeeed07, 411 | Lupton, Prof, N. . cacectesesnenseennge - 278, 2
TOs 06. Bt. Paerre «8. 20 ccccrveccder aces 56 Lutjanus aya tpn ares Sepeace cee oesenpe shed
Dinettes TORU Rion cnukanie 0 ondonishtdedanad 353 Lutjanus PTabin steal oom) ,
aa wrk out? f
INDEX. 505
Page. Page.
|. ee 176,179 | Martinique, Catalogue of Birds of ......... 0D
eer 177 | Maryland Yellow-throat..........0...c.2.2- 407
Preyer ease = 5-.55-- . 5.5. .-.215, 228, 220,230 | Marysville, Yuba County. ......-..::-:- bates 389
Lusilus chlorocephalus..................-.- 368 | Massachusetts Bay, Specimens of Craig
co ee ee 463 er RE 8 19
re eee ee eer 463°) Waiches, WEEE ss: 326 53 i sence Jeon 204, 208
Di yComeameecosus. .-.....4--..+.-....- AGS, 46a, See | Monperellarss 5a 45 se HSI EES 296
Pe ee ee 463,466 | Maugerella conspicua ......--.....---.--.. 296, 343
CS ee ee 463 | Mau-ko-peh (Flat Nose), warrior --.-.---.... 205, 212
ae 463 | Mauve 4 bec noir-.........-.. Tee SSSEs cede 462
0 gt a 4635465,466" |) MoscwelliMits) M.A’ 22... escent ces 88, 105
ee ee eee BeraeG >| Aveta Males oo ch ace epee SURE 134
; Medicine Water, warrior ...-...... 204, 206, 207, 208
So a a) Peer hashes 384
a ee 299 | Megalops thrissoides ......-.....------.2--- 384 -
Macandrellus costatus. ....., ...----.------ 299, 344 | Megarhynchus crassirostris ................ 473
Maccillivray’s Warbler. ....0.5.....-......- BOT | SA GASCODG Suse aa sis amines sd eat 87
EEO DSMBA). 02 - - Ssae wat cas elonesece 2D. 1 PMO CRROOPS ASIN 35 oan sis ees woe SoC SL St 107
MMacomm mdentata ...- 5. .se-dac2--05.5.----- 11,27 | Megascops atricapilla .........-.-.2<--2.-<. 95
Macoma (like) sabulosa.................-.-. 11 | Megascops brasiliensis ..............+..-.-. 92
AMMONIA ORES ost ness. ening bee ons. 11,27 | Megascops flammeola..-...-....... 2.00.0. 104
ye eee 28 | Megascops trichopsis.... ..225-5-....2.0.... 114
SS ESL oe ee ee, eee ee 11,27 | Melampus olivaceus.......-+--....-..---.-- 12, 27
Macrorhamphus griseus. .-.........-.. 161, 440,451 | Melancholicus...--..-----.-.--------------- 475
we Po One 11,27 | Melanerpes formicivorus -.-.-.--- 390, 391, 392, 393, 430
CN Ee ee a eee 11,28 | Melanerpes l’herminieri ..-..-...--..------ 459, 487
ee 2 wielt, Warrior ..........-..-.-.-0-.- 214 | Melanerpes torquatus ...-.-...........---- 391, 430
8 SUR SY OL, |, Wie RG oss St 2 =e 2 134
Mah-mante, alias Swan (Man who walks EE ee ee eee 227, 228
above the Ground), Chief......-.......... Digi.) IDEN 2 2 Se eS. scne ote 227, 228
Making Medicine, warrior. ................ 204,207 | Melanocetus Johnsonii -................--.- 228
ERS SS Sama fe in erer Soe ne 65 | Meleagris gallopavo ......-...-------+------ 159
Le St ene Ss 2S ee ae eet ere nae ee EET GUS SIS 2 Ss ae ae As 467, 468
egiihies WASHta-<.- 22225... - sea ese eek 220 | Melittarchus crassirostris ........-..-.-.--- 473
LO eS a ae 2 eee 220, 231, 232 | Melittarchus dominicensis-.-.-.....-.---.-.--- 470)
Seeltee Cubitrons |. 5 3. 5..-- 2s. 220 | Melittarchus magnirostris.-......-..-...---- 469
See Weaperiilio... 0 2505-05 eek eo) Malheurs heloise ......--.--.-.-.. 2.56.55 10
batt Meditate Neth 2 5 25 ek Soe 290 | Melopelia leucoptera .....-.---..-----+--- 157, 159
Mattaeids,) Nets. on... -.- =>... ---.. .-5--<-- 231 |S Ia TE OS Se 5 F 157
RnR ees ee a oe ete 1} Melaspiza ‘‘ fallax” . ......0. ...c-p-ss0---paa% 390
MONIES os Sea eid bode cee 215, 220, 231, 232 | Melospiza fasciata, y. gnttata ae eee se 417
ES aes ee re eee 12,16,28 | Melospiza fasciata, 5. fallax .......=-.-.--.- 417
Man who Walks above the Gronad ee ae 213 | Melospiza fasciata, ¢. heermanni ......-.-..- 417
NE Aen y ee casino ae aca sions 50 | Melospiza guttata .......---.--.2-<------2-- 391
Oe ree ee ee ere 227,228 | Melospiza lincolmi..-.--------.---- 127, 391, 393, 418
Mancalias uranoscopus .......-.------------ 228 |, Melospiza melodia... --....2+---<--2-2:s--s 127
Seeticeen d Herbes >... 25. 2 5-- 203-4, -.-- 355,457 | Memoirs of the Wernerian Society..-...-..-.- 19
Mangilia angulata’. ....... 2.2. ..-s.s0s0---- - 12,27 | Menemsha Bight ...... ..--...--..------<--- 263
Mangilia (four sp. undet.) ......-........-. = 29-|, Menhaden of the Gulf. .....02-.-----..-2-2% 181
pO ona 2 i 29 WMiatinirTrus <2 .200cc« oo areas a= eae 378
Mangrove Snapper of Pensacola...--.......-. 179 | Menticirrus alburnus....-...-...-..--.-.---- 378
RING Veo. Seek Pe ek He 62.) Meniieirrus Jittoraline s< os ee none oc 378
meen-0)-war Bird 2 22. oo eek on nee n ees 195, 236 | Menticirrus nebulosus..-..-.-.-.---.-------- 378
Bd) WAT ABW <2 oe sted se es an <5 oe «on ~~ 65 | Mergus castor, 3. americanus .......--..--. 447
Serene Laphias. <6 5 enti cet atte wane ie i” Wert SOLTRBORL.... nn nbpaine-ine apie Kb =< 447
Mareca americana..............-.- een Ae ANG, 1 Merle os a5 dain pen od eee Sane oe 457
Margarops densirostris. .... 52, 238, 266, 351, 453,486 | Merriam, G. F..-..-..---+----+.--------+--- 3
Margarops herminieri ....... -..52, 187, 351, 452,486 | Merrill, Dr-..-----.--.-..--------.--------- 152
Margarops montanus......- 52-187, 266, 351, 453, 486 | Metapodius ....-......2..s-<-+---+-------- 166, 167
RTE, ha adits nals ols Sai =o 257, 261 | Mexicanus, Colaptes ............--------00- 431
Marseniide ........ OP Se a 290 | Mexico, Eastern.......------------+----+-++ 9
oS SS Og 2 ee Se ee er ores ARG Mexico, Gulf of, new species of Brevoortia. 30
an Oe ee 62 | Micropalama himantopus. ....---------+---- 161
aeartha & Vineyard: .2-_.-....:-.2...--....- 263 | Miicroplax... onic tic nibiemedis = io od acwndsadevee 295, 315
Martiniquo.............. on eeo=-04, 349, 350, 352, 488 | Microplax Grayi .......-..0.-------eseeeee - 3815
Mopalia Wossnesscnskii .........- oo 00800208, 00
506 INDEX.
Page. |
Wikcrepaedn §... 2-2: is, . notlae ae 378 | Mopaloides...,.06=«<ccanceeeeee
Micropogon undulatus .....-....222-----+-+ ' 878 | Mopaloides........-.... mee wn
Miseropternus pallidus... ..cuins2smaesie. oe 868 | More? ic s.20.c. on denote papel peaeene
Migrostomns ..: ~ 2s 92-2ige- eek ee 345 | Morrie Balisier .......<+ 840 eer:
fidendort soba cee 289, 290, 291, 301,305 | Morne Calebasse .........- eae eee oe
Middendorfia. ......-.-.0----- tlc nee ‘307 | Morne Ronge.........2...--.00sd.0000s
Mi-huh-yen-i-mup..-- ~~ .<.sn<~~ uses Speen 204 Morone...-.. +a seed welesle Oo ae a.
Wile: ;Sames.2-.144 245 3.05 eee 187 | Mortality of Fishes in Gulf of Melekoot ore
MAL Wes) as cccrasen jhe 132, 467 | Motacilla perspicillata............. Seeecinds
Milvulus forficatus >.:---+-..4eoeeee 137 | Motacilla ruficapilla........-.-220_ Gee ee :
Minas /cuwas £5 .qnb ae ooenees 187, 268, 278, 486 | Motaeillidse..... 215. si. scceeudebe ere py ;
Migros Precis) nee na tse 183 | Motelle 2.2. 25300- 3csessie ee . - 848, 349
Mimus polyglottus ...---..--...<-- 119, 390, 393,396 | Motella caudacuta...722..-..-. 220.5 seeens 348, 349°
Minin |. W820 eee 204,206 | Motella cimbria ....<.<..c0e< sane ---- 048, 549°
. Miocene of Oregon. ...- ..~..eebechabeaeeeee 34 | Wivtiled Owly.25.. Sse ite eee 106, 108
Missouri River Trout oiecacmdaeetcavcensrs 79 | Mvunt David: .2 3.0 eee ene a ts | oS
Mitra mara: 2 ec ee ee ee 12,30 | Mountain Chickadee.........- calselwin Sette Saitae ee,
Moaiotilia Varia | 2225 -~ciniine denen eieeae 122 | Mouritain .Lake..-. 4.4 -+.--c6.css eee fds 56
Mniotilisds ......... .\...2.<pebiie se eeeee 404 | Mountain Pelée...2+...-3-a0+-: ics 3
Mobius; ‘Pr s2.353.c.,.c<00 ee ees 346 | Mountain Plover ......2..cec seseeeese Bote ae |)
Moccasin, warrior, -.-. 2c...) eee eesiin 208 | Mountain Quail... 2 sss. seen 439
Mé6chi, squaw .. «0334 .<-4.6.ovebe tales 204,208 | Mountain Thrush....u. -..<..s5 Seu 268
Mocking birds 3... .-1¢.sie06 187, 268, 278, 396, 397 | Mountain Whistler... 20 seceeeen soe 50, 53, 188
Moconista, Warrior _ i250 op nin apere= nese 208 | Mourning Dovoe........2.useesn a eee 438
Moediola recta «. .. ..--ss,-tame mshi keagees 28 PIG BS oss oc henn pannenee eee pee 438
Mo-e-yau-hoy-ist. .....tcnn5-tanhesedes S paeeee 204 ‘Nests -~.~....--issceskonn nab enpleee ee 438
Moh-he-wih-kio..... eT ee ee 204 | Afeuse-fish ...u......5 cc eee eee as 216
Di eiep08 6 - n onre anneegnen 57,856,457 |. Magil. 2 2.6.2 nen ee en oo 381
Molasses Dird nn 0: co egadeneeeen tae 190 | Mugil-albuala...s: 2.4.00, .0s5022 eee «- 9382
Moliusks, Fossil, from California Later Ter- Mugil berlandieri. .. ...). .us..Gaiso sa ae 382
WATIES ..2 2-2 A ion nd = So ee 10 | Mugil brasiliensis ........0.0u. ste toe 381
Mollusks from Alaska... ..-..2-s2ci<c0 e220 1 | Mougil cephalo:....-. ....c-.ncieeoe ee - 882
Molothrus eneus. .........-)-2-0sens0 118, 120, 132,183 | Mugil curema ......- 2.200.022 gece ne hese ee ee
Molothrus wneus, a. zneus --.....---..-.-+- 130 | ?Mugil incilis 2... 2 eens eee «. 382
Molothrus xneus, gp. armenti.........-....-- 130 | Magil'linedtus.....3...<<.-1i-dae nee «~ °382.
Molothrus armenti <..-sndaanap eh Ganon 130 | Mugil potrosus ~2 +... 2. -<scaghus sedteen tae - 882
Molothrus ater > .-.. ...0.++,\swenne Sele gue See 130,395 | Mugil plumieri . ........00. .o02es ce de OS poee
Molothrus ater var. obscurus.....-..--.--- 120,18%| Mitgitiden... ic osies cei eteeeeeeneael ot ORE
Mealothrus ,pecoris. ..05.. as. deena nen eee 130 | Miller cca swe cece ne see tok See eee . 800
Molothrus robustas s2t ond cand ieee eee 130 | Mureona. .. 20s eek cote cent vans tee ee
Monacanthus. : -. ... ssa je ds) eo ee 367 | Murphy’s, Calaveras County -.......+..++ -. 890
Monacanthus occidentalis ......2+-.2-..+-- 367 | Murray, M ...... ...0022- eeeen vowen Svaeaes 228, 231
Monacanthus setifer. ... sisc.ce woe cukindeet 367 | Muscicapa albigula..... <b te 477
Monzcanthus pardalis ... 0260+ sessteneccua 245 | Muscicapa animosa........-./scaeeeseee-sae) 47m
Monoceros cn gonatuin....sssveneesceseccses 12,30 | Muscicapa cineren.........--- ee otis ys, 450 ;
Monsieur L. Vitrac.. . 2... ss0s-seeel pats dig 452 | Muscicapa corona rubra....-..----+-+--+2 - 471 .
Montvoyan de la Guyane......-..2s00-.2--- 143 | Muscicapa despotes .....6.s2secssccesecevee 474 ;
Moon Wye .... 25.2. -2.4s0ecbaee eee 264 | Muscicapa dictator .....2......02....2s0cess 469
Moon-fish ........25--.cssecudocsubue sunuulsd)) 1570) |. Mispicand deminscenmis syeeen esses Perit mete Yk
Moor-hen. -.....-.+.-svsaresyhes shuns 237 | Muscicapa furcata....... kc sCateka tae eral oe 474 We
Meore; Thomas. .....-s...+s 00 244,246 | Muscicapa gnatho........ seccaueeinre see 473° ;
Mopalia ....-.......-+.22s.)ucanee ee eee 298, 303 | Muscicapa nigricans. ....-..-- ostabe sens: eae
Mepalia Blainvillei....cns+vedl ss seuaeee eee 303 | Muscicapa olivacea. .... ach peas Sa cpweshienae
Mopalia ciliata .....0.-2.082s05 ---- 298, 303, 304, 344 | Muscicapa rex ......--.-. Sine ie pein Bee
Mopalia Grayi........ «saxseseckee ase eaeeae 305 | Muscicapa ruticilla........--- eee eeewcee snes
Mepalia Hindsii. .... 24. .5.s¢20e8 -++---303, 304, 323 | Muscicapa satelles .......-..- eC eee
Mopalia imporcata ...... epeeweschesebes ---- 3806 | Muscicapa satrapa ........-.--.0++------+- a
Mopalia Kennerleyi ............ bona’ beeen 305 | Muscicapa sp ...-.- concen ncneasesssecs-ane
Mopalia Kennerleyi var. Swanii........---. 305 | Muscicapa tyrannus.......5..2-..----- cesee SIE
Mopalia lignosa . ....2...2.2. 5.0 0yldt ends 304 | Muscicapa verticalis De iid lana itch Ey 30
Mopalia muscosa......02.0.20.00.0/08 206, 904,305 | Mutton Fish «1: 2co2neeGbeseses<os-eos same
Mopalia Simpsoni .-......... sons Stee Ree 304, 805 | Myiadestes armillatus.....-....--.-.--
Mopalia sinuata ........ eso ivtset 506 | Myiadestes armillatus verus.. seeeeees
Mopalia vespertina.......... RTT EF 304 Myiadestes genibarbis........- 3, 188,
ssiadestn des oo .
INDEX. 507
Page. | Page.
Myiadestes sibilans . Pe ee Bie 8 ee il ek 188,486 | Neverita Recluziana var. alta ........-...-. 12
Myiadestes solitarius. .--..-:---------------. Saikos | Meverita var.alta ssg.scns0s KSC eee 27
Myiadestes 7) 0S SP Se ee ee eal | Wew*Womie sa. 25 3. ioe cee ee 2s 26
Myiarchus --....--..--------------------+-- SSb 406 | Neweon bb) Me. Bik, .c.ciecee segue grt a 261
Myiarchus cinerascens, 141, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 424 | Wtwriemaibbaeheete engi oliie gi ow tis 297
Myiarchus cooperi ..---------------------- 188,139 | ‘Nicholls, H.-A‘ Alford, M.D... -...2.4- 22: 51
Myiarchus crinitus......------------+----- 150,359 |) Nieuws coopert ¢20. 219 Wee i A 154
Myiarchus crinitus, ¢. var. cooperi-..---.---- 138 | Night Herons ........---.+--+-----+-+-+-02. 163
Myiarchus crinitus erythrocercus ..-..----- 138 | ty oe etek aoa eves ett Lae 163
Myiarcbus crinitus var. irritabilis. .-..----- idl | Wasi A ila wn 'es4 ieee eS 163
Myiarchus erythrocercus....---------- damASA SST | Wiohthawhke. cis. o.sceusseeeeecteneee sees 145, 427
Myiaichus erythrocercus var. cooperi. .118, 138, 140 | EaGogisie 2x) ite. SEE 145
Myiarchus erythrocercus,var. erythrocercus 140 1 eS Cee byl i Rebs ee Bp. ey 80
Myiarchus intrepidus -:.------------------- Be ee ates Ue. cee ed eet ee 154
Myiarchus lawrentcii ..----.---------------- 180 || Witsdella Gouldii <0... 2.52.02 5.2/00. 0.22052 12, 27
Myiarchus mexicanus....-.------------ Boe aney et Rock heist; . 222.5522... .2c- ee 204
Myiarchus oberi -.......4--+-<+ pep, 191, Bae, 214,487 | Wock-o-yo-uhw <. 2.2522. 4.22.00 cecces cote ke 204
Myiarchus sclateri ........-.---------++--- eigen | ties-Cn ai ts-tae eee ke ect 2 esl ae LIE RE 204
Myiarchus validus .....------.-+---------s+- 139 | Noctua aurita minor.............--.-----.- 106, 107
Myiarchus yucatanensis.....---.-.----+---- in| iidy. Dem «68 cs ed ees 05 Re RD. 277
Myiodioctes canadensis .......-.. ---------- ie) Mii Hetaali-weh © axe eae ee ee eT 204
Miviodinenes Miltratus: ~~ 5..=.2- 2.2 --2.4-4--) 42k | Woemencliater Avinm-s.........5.-2.,-+.2---- 48
Myiodioctes ‘‘pileolatus” ....--..--.-- 391, 393,394 | Nomenclator Avium Neotropicalium ....... 47
Myiodioctes pusillus .......-.-----n------+- Bs eres 255 oc cee She 2 SL ES 204
Myiodioctes pusillus, /’. pileolata......-.--- 407 | North American Burrowing Owl ...-..----. 434
Ee oh cies enon anesnen ee 76 | North American Pediculate Fishes ......--. 215
Myliobatide..- .-...--.-.-----.+--+-++------ 386 | Northern Kingfisher........-....--.----.--- 191
OE ee eee 386 | Notes on American Species of re pe i 3
Myliobatis fremenvillei .-....-.------------ 386 | Notes on Ornithology of Southern.Texas... 118
Mylocheilus caurinus. ..-...-----.- Abe bs* Sit) Sieeromid cee ocet eeu eee et 2! OS. 2 83, 299
Mylocheilus fraterculus ......-.------------ $5 | Noturus eleutherus. ......-.-.--..-..--.---- 368
Mrylocheilus lateralis .....--.-......-.------ 85 | muculajexisgara cron. Cees 20. 0L-.- 11, 27, 28
RII. Soe nin eg par maeaenke 85 | Numenius borealis .-........------.-- 162, 441,45
Mylochilus fraterculus .....-....---.------+ 85 | Numenius hudsonicus.... 238, 242, 277, 441, 451, 488
Se ON AIUOR oo mes oe oe ae 85 | Numenius longirostris..........--. 197, 441, 451, 488
MeirellwGun ple <-.o,-%r beer <= tA 12, 27,29 | “Numidia meléagris ......--...-....-.....-. 241, 487
tn nh oder ce eee | MBA <2 can. 2 ecb ss .22.---...---- 22-2. 941
Myzopsetta ferruginea .....-.------.------- Oe) iene dieyah 2. 2 2A eee ces ss eo. 8 204
Myzopsetta rostiata.........----------s---- PN ieee <8) eo) 2) go ee 401
Oa TURES Oot | ates 2 a 298, 312, 333
Nuttallina scabra..-.........-...-..--- 298, 333, 344
LOUD ts Sie es Ao ae ee 47, 342,343 | Nuttall’s Woodpecker.........-..-...-..--- 428
Mecca myttline. . .. 2 --.-sseresesess+-+sn- + 1882) )\ Biyctiardes gardeni...<....::--:.-.-...2--.: 165
Nacella (? paleacea var.) triangularis ......-. 341 | Nyctiardea grisea, 8. neevia .......... ------ 442
ee ee aes eee eee 342 | Nyctiardea grisea var. nevia ........------. 164
PORN) toes wk ae ws oo ee ea os 205 | ‘Nyctiardea “nevia” .......-...-.--------- 165, 392
Namaycush Salmon ...........---.-. af Seas 81 | Nyctiardea violacea .........--.- ----- 165, 275, 460
ee Viele W OP DIO? Da 2oc, Sonne seis Pees. 404 | Nyctiardea violaceus. -......4.-.+--.---.-.. 460
Nassa fossata var .....--.-+.s.-.0----- £2, 27,28, 20°) WT yibnOmius « .W). 62s enn cwense o-- 428 - skinned. 142, 143
ARGS IMMER LOS Se cy nes bnrs aa ou 12, 28 | Nyctidromus affinis - ......-..-..2---.------ 144
Wassa perpinguis.........062------en=s pae-sid2,07 | Nectidcomus albicollis ..-...-......-...... 118, 143
WNassa tegula ......-..026-.---,--2-2e-e---- 12,28 | Nyctidromus americanus ...-...-----.------ 144
TRORNOD <5 5 2 ~ vines indus etawas sos ansspen sy hs 318 | Nyctidromus derbyanus......-..--------.- 142, 144
WNauclerus furcatus......---.. satin Parsi ile 153 | Nyctidromus guianensis..........-.-.--... 143, 144
wepeoretes Gnctor 2... 52 os0- cecadace owas ao dn 377
Wectatina antillensis -..-.52.Jcc-scunpsern- 450
EG an, SS aga - 265 | Ober, Frederick A..48, 51, 52, 54, 59, 60, 236, 267, 450,
/Nemosia torquata ......sasesnsso-n- Sates aay 452, 455, 456, 461, 462
gE bear «---- 286 | Ober, Fred. A., Birds noted from Islands of
Weotropicalinm’.........-.- «=< Bn a the Lesser Antilles visited by ......-.---- 486
Wephcecetes borealis .....5....- cccccccccee - 895 | Ober, Fred. A., Collection made by. --...----- 185
A Fees PORE - | Ober, Fred. A., Guadeloupe Birds obtained
Nerka, Salmo........ Ceaerinneaceerees Saesine abl Ms csc eed snaig ua pad 2s ioe 449
Nettion carolinensis...............----.--- 170, 476 oa Fred. A., Martinique Birds collected
Neverita Recluzinns ...........,-, JS Se a RSA 349
y ty se
'
508 INDEX.
Page. a i‘
Ober, Fred. A., Observations on Birds of An- Oreodoya olivacea ....0¢.ccceseccceee
tigua and Barbuda .....-.-- 22202622 aos 232°) Oreortyx picta ...... was 72 39
Ober, F. A., Collection of Birds from Domi- Oreoscoptes montanus.......... ay “1
RIOD - ooo. no oe wow cane pos avn ence eee 48 | Orioles’ nests .. -.s...05 coe eoeaee gee
Ober, F. A., Collection of St. Vincent Ornismysa amazili.--...-J.208b ea eee ap
Birds ...-.--.----- 25-22 -2--nese-s—sseeene 185 | Ornismya cristata .......... 0-5. ae
Oceanic Bonito on United States coast...... 24 | Ornismya helois® .....2 ss. seaseee-o- +e eee )
Ocinebra lurida... ...;..--3:-->->-.-2eEeeeeee 29 | Ornithology. of Southern Texas, Notes ee
Odortaspis ... = 2-650 +h = peepeb eco reer eee 387 ON. 22252 2a See ee 8 5
Odostomia gravida...-.2--.--...--eec2e2¢ see 12, 27 | Ortalida maccalli ..2.02...022 2ias eee a 159 -
Odostemia ep 2 2<=- seee5eeeees<n es Meee 29 | Ortalida ruficauda........... atid Jae eee -- 218 oe
Odostomia straminea......--%-.245-seese=e0 29 | Ortalida vetula wt 2..252 55. Lifceoee wees ncas sop ea ae
(Enanthe perspicillata.......-2.------0---6- 484 | Ortalida vetula var. maccalli - 1.4.) 2
G-e-wo-Aoh . <2. 16 2-25 boat deer eae 204 | Orthopristis ....,2c2.0 0s .2b5bs tee ee ee 377, 379 ae
Ohet-toint (High Forehead), warrior. ...... 205, 211 | Orthopristis fulvomaculatus.......--....... 379
Oi) from Grampus:\..5. 32-65. tay cee 18 | Orthorhynchus.--.:. 222.222 0eeele eee 192
Oil, Manufacture of Porpoise......-...-.... 16 | Orthorhynehus cristatus /:--..22.5--2. 192, 272, 487
O-wh-ha-th 22. oo nena sen eee een 204 | Orthorhynchus exilis -...22-.-2)55 2 i22ae. 358
Old Matt 2 ne ncninc sods tindn seventeen ae eee 205 | Orthorhynchus exilis?...... 61, 192, 240, 272, 458, 487
Olivella biplicats .2 26-52 -b yore ee 3,12, 27 | Orthorbynchus ornatus--2!.-22 2. ae 192, 487 &
Olivella bocticea. 1.25. 258 os ose fee 12, 27,29 | Ortolam: .. 526 s2se2 24 ede teen eee 360, 460 et
Olive-sided Flycatcher -......+5s00- 00002 424 | Orton, Prof. .3.°.2.:5<552o5seseepe -- 483 }
Oncorhynehi. .3s.ateuhds vee ee ee 72 | Ortyx cubanensis 25... <2 25232 neeeeeee ote” eet — ae
Oncorhynvinds © 2. /-cdsngas ssn 70, 71,73 | Ortyx texanns:..... )--..22 222.00) eee 160,
Oncorhynchus argyreus .-....-.----------- 70 | Ortyx virginiana texana .....- 22222-22554 a | aD
Oncorhynchus confluentus.....--...2.+------ 70 | Ortyx virginiana var. texana ...-.-.......-- 160 “i
Oncorhynchus gorbuscha. ...s00.--22++-2-0+ 70,72 | Ortyx virginianus........-......-- 237, 278, 450,487 |
Oncorhynchus kennerlyi ..---. ....--------- 70,72 | Ortyx virginianus floridanus ..............- 109
Oncorhynchus keta. .. 42. 24-22enscseBees shee 70,72 | Osenoli ... 2502022256520 /seae ee Se ee ope
Oncorhynchus lycaodon ......-..-..+-00--2- 70,71 | Osmerus mordax ......5+-28eaoase ep eee - 262
Oncorhynchus nerka ..-....0-ss2sseseeses0- 70,72 | Ostraciidw.........-.+--+------+-+-------+- 367
Oncorhynchus paucidens ..........--------- 70 | Ostracium quadricorne ......--..-...---..- - 246
Oncorhynchus quinnat .........-..---.--. 69, 70,72 | Ostrea conchaphila ......... ge
Oncorhynchus richardi ........2----.-.----- 70 | Ostrea lnrida . ...:. 2.56.25) Oe os ae eee 11, 28
Oncorhynchus truncatus .......-2.-.-+----- 70 | Ostrea Veatchil «2.0. -so00 seit. deaetasee 11,29
Oueiredes | . 5... 205 Agiaey reece 217, 218, 227,228 | O-to-as-tuh-hos ..--..---.++++0+--------2--2- 204
Oneirodes Eschrichtii..........--...+----- 218, 228 | Otue asio ...:.. sheds 250 ses eee vo" rey
Oncirodin®, i... <i 7. oN een ba 217, 227,228 | ‘Otus brasiliensis. ... 2.0.7. 5.2.05 07.4 Avene -- 02 .
Oniscus pregustator .....6 -2--isescecwaeees 5 | Otus nevius......-2-- 2-220. 20s eb renege ees 108 :
Onithochiton. ,/2<.<: -2eevasmed pith ead e---- 298 | Otus semitorques........ ne vvaveeend te aaa 87, 113°
On-ko-cht (Ankle), warrior... 2252-2222. 204 912 } Oaglee i. 2555-2 5s bs leek wea obit ne eae 204
On08 .....--- --s20= sossbeentn eet beeeree epee MOAD 1] WO-nIMUGMER) ps cacben sa) seen ann <ite
Onos cimmbrius: ... ....cpisesseennhedah aie 349 | Owed, Bisness dscscsecesccesee unseen
-On08 ensis ..3--- «+ .saaaeaee Sindee =Paae wae he 849 | OW) sda oay eee 50, 51, 64, 194, me
Qnos maculatus. ...- «seidaelsew swede degen 349 | Ow-ue-sait.: 2. ssccsc tats soe aceweneeeeeee
Onos mustela ........-----eecseseecnes snene o | «BAD | Oyster: 2. eeses- ones bennad saoee o¥sneee
Onos (Rhinonemus) cimbrius............... 349 | Oyster-fish . .2.-. 22.2556 c26e05 emp n hwavel
Onos tricirratus «...-00c.4eahsreleee eee 349
Opalia anomala......... * hate as veuedieel Gs 12, 29
Opalia varicostaia .....<<psa0 eres leabsnes 12,29 | Pacific Coast Brook Tront:2.-- cs. o-'- ose
Ophidiida ...-....-..----eneeesecececonneces 371 | Pacific Red-spotted Trout vesabee rial
Ophidinm............-s0.caaanseeieeeeeeee 871 | Packer, warrior....-...cecs+eeeceseee ine
Ophidium marginatum .......- Jinciiabiigethe 371 | Padre Islands--..---------+ss Eppa nk 4
Opisthonema . ........ ssussnedsesssccucse SOO | Pipecyiny, seankse eran eeeneeee pe vue 2
Opisthonema thrissa ../... ....:2scececeeees 385 | Pab-o-ka <i.<2/idtats ube sees
Oquassa, Salvelinus. .......2.ssleensonnas soe 81 | Palamedeide .....-....... cteeee rene cteseee ;
Gxroterd Oriole .. ..2..52.68 bathe ee oe 132,135 | Palinurus americanus ose gheaienes a5 hips «2 a.
CRUMB Fae nas itn ns 2 05s pb doce eee 375 | Palinurus quadricornis. a thiathen tena eee on
Orcynus allitoratus .... 5.5025. ae sde-sbebes 24 | Pallochiton. ee eee eee e cece eee eseeaeeeeeeses ey
Orcynus pelamys ........00-+---- stone abil 24 | Pallochiton lanuginosus ..----------- 29%
Orcynus secundidorsalis............ er ee 4 375 | Palm....... sadam sebtabssenserenee anys:
Orcynus thynnus..........-.s20.sececcesee- 875 | Palmistes <seu sh epteagaas tragenthan
Oregon, Fishes from........2-<enseocasendpe 69 Pampatie =a Fiscres sees
Oregon Gray Jay .....---- sovccansedbcosste. 23 | Pageionoeee jis... semen
Oregon Snowbird.............- soncsdécevese: + O10 | ETaeeEn
INDEX, 509
Page. | Page
Pandion haliaétus, @. carolinensis. .......... ET | i es Aid ce ne Lie 169
Pantish?.....-.--------------------------+--- 200 | Paucidens, Salmo....................--.---. 70
Panterpe insignis ----.---------------------- 252 | Pa-voor-ite (Little Prairie Hill), warrier.... 214
Paralichthys -.-.--------------------------- 369 | Peabody Academy ......- Re. 5a noe ees 345, 347
Paratractus pisquetos --..---.-------------- 376 | Pecten equisuleatus var .................-- 11, 29
Parephippus ------------------------------- 389 | Pecten caurimus? ...... .....----.------.--- 14,15
Parephippus faber--....----.---------------- 380 | Pecten vr. EES ee eee ee oe 11, 14, 28, 29
Pareques acuminatus .--...----------------- 246 | Pecten hastatus -.....-..-.- +-.----+-----+- 28
Parid® -....-------------+-+++++++-+--++++---- 400 | Pecten Hemphillii.......................... 11,29
Parkmann’s Wren....-------+---------+---- MOG) Povten herkcons Si... <2 2-252 11, 29
Pa-roo-Tite. -----.----+-----------+--+-+--+--- 205 | Pecten islandicns -..... ........-----...---- 11, 29
Parophrys. .------------------------+--+--: 345, 370 | Pecten paucicostatus.-. =~ ~~ .<.:2.<2.,<2..- 11,27
Parra ..----.-----+----+--+++--------+- 166, 167, 246 | Pecten propatulus..........2.....--.---..-- 14
ES Oe ee eer 167 | Pecten Stearnsii ...-...............---11, 14,15, 29
Parra cristata .......----------------------- 167 | Petten ventrioosus:=......2.....<..26...<.- 11, 29
i aie oe oe kee Ge | Portinidien .. ._---..~ --. 22. cn =oacsancncake 15
Parra dominica - ........-------------------- 166 | Pediculate Fishes, Synopsis of ............. 215
Parra gymnostoma ......-.-.------ 118, 166, 167, 168 p ieetinieatt 200s tbe ii foe? 227
Parra jacana-.....-.----------------+-------- me) Pedro: swerrier. <2 i.<... 25... 2. 2S 205, 212
ea th kes x eae ew eke 5 Ss «= =< 166 | Pe-eh-chip (Tail Feathers), warrior -. .....205, 214
OS AS ee ee er ee PE OED ibe sc 5 Sad bt b oan wes Sn Gack Sotho ee 461
Parrot.-.....-------------+--- --- EE 50, 64,487 | Pelecanida.-......--..-... 66, 196, 236, 240, 274, 359, 447
Parrot, Imperial - -.-..-..------.------------- 49 | Pelecanus erythrorhynchus ..-..........-- 171, 447
‘Pacesan seems Vv ULOre. 2... < ¢<. 22. ..<.--..-- 118 | Pelecanus fuscus - ..66, 171, 196, 236, 240, 274, 359, 487
Partridge ...«-.-----------------+---------- 160,438 | Pelecanus trachyrhynebus ............-....- 171
Parala americana -..--.-.-.-....~-.--------- | MOEOR s SG oc Weak o 5 kadits ae CAgg ween ~ a Qnk 447
EO eae ene nse sabnaneescus 123 | Pennant’s Globe Fish ..........2..-:...--.. 246
Patna etricapillus .-.—-...-.-.--+.----+----- 120 . UM Nall ates iar as. 2 anche Sten aka as wk 178
Parus montanus.-..-....--. het 2 ae 393, 394, 400, 454 | Pensacola Ice Company ........-....-.-.--- 42
PEMMSUICOCMMOINGMES 8. 285. wens os Ss -% ee er ee ee ee 454
er ee 395, 486 | Perea flavescens, Note on............--...-- 243
Paras rufescens, a. rttffescens .........-----. ee Pree Muvintilis foc... ccc Gnnncsia cats .c05n0 243
Parus rufescens, 6. negicctus --........-.-.- EPCORPIS =. AL ee 2c CO aaa wate wera toe 377
Parus ‘“‘sitchensis” 8. neglectus..........- ED A RPGIONLINTS oy o64 5s cas. s- occneenes.<ss +05 243
PICT PAOD ot. oe ae ode Ss 5 os os ay ee eee a eee ee cee 243
Passereulus ‘“‘alandinus” ...........-.--..- SE DENEMIOROND +. Siw oo own ws caqecewenisae~'ss-s +5 380, 458
Pencsoneding anthious. 2 2... 5.02... ens eek > ee 50, 51, 67, 276, 360, 452
Passerculus rostratus -..--.....+..~-....-..- 395 |, ee eS ee eee eye eens 275
Passerculus sandvichensis, y. alaudinus..... 415 | Db Ais 6 kk <a Been son ae ee 276
Passereulus savanna var. alaudinus...-..... 226)| Perdix croissant. ...-~~<.....-.-. 2.0.00: 452, 460
Passerella iliaca, 8. townsendi -...-:..-...-. 418 : PPT ys WOE oie 5 oot taee cee cesaneeebes 67, 481
Passerella iliaca, y. schistacea.............-. 418 | Perdix rouge. ....--------++--2++---++++++- 67, 461
( Passerella iliaca, 5. megarhyncha .-........-- A SOS Se ae eee aera ns 50
Passerella megarhyncha. .............-. Settee! Pine nOin... <2. acnaebave sd0E<. 57, 352, 355, 457
Passerella ‘‘townsendi”..... Sr. ee Sen ae 391 | Periploma argentaria..........-.-~...-....--- 11,27
EER a ae 5 eRe ys oar! 342, 343 | Perisoreus canadensis (y. obscurus) .......- 423
RRM tn, 8 a ci ha xp hws 6% 3 Scie « 334 | Peristera albifrons .........0....-21s sees cces 158
Patella candida. .....-. So EE een 334 | Peristera brachyptera............-..---.--- 158
Ne en eee 334 OI. oan 3 wu sa weet viene wennenaUeenes 158
Patella (Cryptobranchia) ceca, var. 8. con- GE i Js win and’ secie coca enemas ewan 158
Oentrica ............ Nae, aS RE or 004+) Pusrouchs.-..dc...1 5~< scene Pn aE AT Me 35
Patella Cumingii--..............+....-.---- 340 | Perspicilla leucoptera ..........-..--------. 434
Patella forbesii-......... Ce ON ene en 5
Patella fulva..... Pees ie nee date c SI) CMAPG) © |. od dated va~conepanbinaseesyees-aee= 50
Patella insessa . ..-........,... pteems ules. Sort) etre, SomaAles oi c<n. <cege gh beeeiwdeusiene 68
Patella instabilis.-...... eS Po <a. 387 | Petricola pholadiformis? .......2s..2....... 11, 23
Patella pellucida ............. pote. vs. weeee 343 | Petrochelidon lunifrons ...125, 391, 392, 393, 394, 408
POMBE AOIN Gy, «5 5 «5 — <bean Saran Sess nos 240 | Petrochelidon Swainsoni ...............--.- 125
pe eee 0 ae 336, 337 | Peuoka westiValiga, << .'.occwas cseds watweiesee 127
Patella testudinalis .............. wv Oe 339 | Pewema arizonw® .-..++.++-++- se eeeeeee esses 27
Patella vulgata............. -<.285, 286, 288, 338, 343 | Pencaa carpalis............0.--e+.-+---- +2 127
Patellx longw Rondeletii................-.- Sibel Pdcsea cassini. wc. even wise av aatwe ce cess 127, 128
pe NE a ee Bagi F aaciwn rulloepe. . ..5.<sdipageteude<s- Joes. 391, 418
NES EE tt Se CEE a re $49). Phacellopleura . ... ..<cv.cn0nsees sees ceane 298, 312
ee $43 | Phacellopleura porphyritica. ............. 208, 344
: te : : at nh aia =~
510. INDEX. eee
\ 7 a
Page. :
TRRROSOD 3 = «onion ns ot no oe ou seme és e2-809, 313| Pipra musica.... sicweisstcs sos a eee '
Phenoptila melanoxantha...............-+. 252'| ?Pisorhina ...) ....-sc0sseasees eee ~<a
Phethon wthereus ....-...-.. 195, 274, 451, 460,487 | Pitangus dana
Phethon flavirostvis ... 5.2 5¢ «0-44. soak oe 65 | Pitangus caudifasciatus 46
Pheethonide ..........2+--. 65, 195, 240, 274, 359, 460 | Pitangus derbianus.......... eT)
Pheeton flavirostris..........-.-- see 240, 359, 487. | Placiphora. . ....02. >. -0-00sueeese eee
Phainopepla nitens..........-- 398, 390, 391, 392, 394 | Placiphora Carmichaelis.................. =O
Phalaropus falicarins .-..W.: ..sa,nemoabewd 395:;| Plaeiphorella...........20. sews id Sdatiad
Phalaropus Wilsoni.....-. ....+.-$acmbenentd 451 | Plaeiphorella imporeata ...; .<...seaemeeeeee pe
Phasmida, nest... ..-. .-. 1.5: -pesemewabwed 268 | Placiphorella sinuata..-............- -.....308, 306
Phillips, Barnet -...--... <2... -sanbeaaaee 26 | Placiphorella velata....... si Sepia 298, 303, 307, 344
Piesbe- bird) «2... jc ssoe ee .- 59-| Plaeiphoroides.. ...2....2.. 25,00 see
Pholadidea ovoidea......... 23. ---scieusonene 11,28 | Placunanomia macroschisma ..............
Phonipara bicolor. .58, 191, 233, 3, 239, 260, 270, 278,.355,.| Plagusiine J....<..6>.<csce vse) ss era
457,487) | Plage .2 2... <.. snus acpaieghas ae eee
PRO 62 Lge eke et te bat es Sees 256, 258; 371 ;| Plain Titmouse. .... / visle~~casewsckieeneeee
Phycis Chester, - 2 230) x2cp mews? -eaecd econ 256 | Platalea ajaja. ........0..cnseens ---164, 275, 451, 487
Phycis chuss.-....-... Rae: appa) roe ee 256 | Plataleids. 2.1.2... .cseccucde - sastied Ye owien thd
Phycie £0reatns -... 222206..)2c eset eent yas 256 | Platessa elongata... ..s.<nciwcmwnmecien\s ve eune
PRYCiIS TOLIUS - ine sin se eqeosi neg t= tne pdt 371 .| Platessa ferruginea..........-—s.<ssausoueun
Phycis tenuis... 2. .3's <o-Pe- Li ncanwe ees 261| Platessa glabra... .......<.'s svisemaiie eee
Phyllomanes flavoviridis ..........---+-.++- 125 | Platessa pola ..... Tans aoatee
Phyllonotus nigritus . 66.2.0 5s056seacee on 24:| Platessa rostrata. ......<is.weedss eke
Picicorvus columbianus .........-.-+---- -392, 422 |- Plathyrinchus L’herminieri ............
Picids .....-- + ccocesndusiesscwdcucneehedy 428) 460%) PIRERGHYS . 5.55050 sch ae lester e
Pleoides arctcens :.60545 23. aca ees 892, 429's|. Platy 2oDi0.. «cecswamiels dice tueun wea eee
Piens albolarvatie «2-2. >.++thape ahah 393, 429"| Platysemnus ...-.4.0csseasesceaveu se anes eee
Pices.‘* gairdnert "))., vicki napegeeee 390, 391, 393 | Platysomatichthys CE ee
Pheus “‘harrisi.” i... .o2. «sekhee-peee saree 391, 393 | Plegadis guarauna ........0..se-eeeeeenees
Picus L’Herminieri.......-..+2--++++-- 450, 452,459 | Pleuronectes ..........--cseceseessecnss
Paenus nuttalli...<...22.2506n 390, 391, 392, 422,428 | Pleuronectes cynoglossus...........:-----
Pieus pubescens. ., ---w.-<ueaeenavaenaenet 390,428 | Pleuronectes elongatus....... Sos oh ives vu» 19/20:
Picus pubescens, g. gairdneri .........-.--- 428 | Pleuronectes ferragineus..............5.-05 362
PHcus, SCAlATIG, .incisaveds sosapevenyereentes 150,151 | Pleuronectes glaber ..:......0...ssee8: 845, 346, 847
Were: vc caeb oe soudiendaaaks tae _ 150 | Pleuronectes limanda ........2..0.0..-- = ioe BOL!
PROS VOTING. oaécd cp nndescnupeessd sees 450 | Pleuronectes nigromanus...............+6-
Picus -villosus, ¢. harsisi. .....\++v0esccucwaves 428 | Pleuronectes oculis a dextris totus glaber ..
Phed FOUN’... » o-- cwdotds cavdridesateevcadunes 452 | Pleuronectes pinguis ......... Ade duave sotinie
Phaoon Hawk. ......cdancs teadeteunss Lane 434,460 | Pleuronectes platessa .....5.2......... 345, 346, 847
Pigeons .........22..c-esecancdecnesusensesu « $00) Planroncetes pola.svces ov dine cvedinn dla tees 21.
Pigmy Nuthatch .: ... vei. dekes te eee 401 | Pleuronectes saxicola: 2... c.sscees cece QT.
Pilee 7.251422 votccrcs ced babatemeceaeneee 384 | Pleuronectid@ .....ccewsssisscdvescr esas eu BOOP OURE
Pile of Rocks... ... «ice citdbnctelesteaaae 205 | Pleuronectinew.....-....... aati y hag a 369
Pileated Woodpecker.........--+--ee----0+8 429'| Pleuronichthys.<........swaevabeuden ciel . 845, 370" ;
PUM Gea so sede dere oe tadoondt assWee 335, 336, 337 | Pliocene Tertiary beds of California........
Pilidium fulvumn: . 000d eossc doew aie wens «+885, 387 | Plotus anhinga... ...001,sdusswestas Smee enna id
Pilidinm rubellum.. ...<ive vosie + n0,deire te eean ws 335 | Plover, Golden ....00+n0vsedeemes win deni 10
Pimelepterida. .......-es0satepawsabead yume S79%) PiaKers. .o0c5nccdeiseewere dine oa nia 67, 197, 440 —
Phineloptorns . 2.02 shsceabs Sebteeaeeeae $78 | Podiceps? ....../casivndaeakee ot bat «+++ +198, 277
Pimelepterus bosci.......-....-+- see. evees 878 | Podiceps carolinensis?..«.vevisccesebusaeehaeeen .
Pine Goldfinch .. ..... .cccesvsvterbansenasun 414 | Podiceps dominicus .,-........-+.++++-118, 172,
Breeding ...3.<++.0<2.deseneueeneeeyane 44 WORE, . ane nase vedo ive sebiem avavs coweueies eb
File Grosbeak . .4...4<ndwnsuw es ase ia 412%) Podiceps holbolli ....005.2s00000<en-aueiee ;
Si as ors «ens Hob <egn enn 200, 377, 378, 379 | Podicipitids ............s6 onowwigg “198, 242, 277, “3
Pinicola ‘‘ canadensis” «cceweecesseweses. 9392 | Podilymbus podiceps..... wea --173, 242, 202, 449, ye wi
Pinicola enucleator, B. canadensis .......-.. 412 | Peecile rufescens ......-..-+00s ey roe ae jn
PIBsR co, 25-5 2.20. ee ee eee 4 | Poey, Prof. Felipe ..-...:>..esssveeeauaniacdy ‘we
PIDAGil 22. cocece cones 0 cde didenawes adem ass 446 | Pogonias ...... oonges wesc eee eee sereenerees 4
PERRO pets c sin aes» batadiens spud 60, 191, 234,358 | Pogonias chromis ....+sseees--+ee+seensseee 877
Pipilo chlorurus.....--........ 390, 391, 393, 394,419 | PogonichthyS .....cccsseess cectsecsersccses | &
Py Ral | Te ee 390, 391, 392 POBY -++eeeereenereersennsesarrecenesrecente ar
Pipilo fascus, f. crissalis ..........ss«sumsies 420 het & Pitre «2... eeeceeceseswseracerseeene
Pipilo maculatus, 6. megalonyx......--..-.. 419 Po-ka-do-ah. .--rceeeeeeeerersesererne eee :
Pipilo ‘‘megalonyx”’ ........ panes 391, 392, 393 | Polaris, Ly code®@.c.+00+ 006 vs0s<smewnsuntee
Pipperie gran-bois «ecceue Ocenescvesasecossses 141 Poli + occwke <hShtei 27 PARy Str a
St
~;, &
ta Be rhe '
i Pers
»
511
INDEX,
Page. | Page.
Polioptila cerulea....-..-. 120, 390, 391, 392, 394,399 | Psittacide...........--...-2-----eveeeeee ee. 62, 193
Pehopsila melanure .......5.25- 2. ccc ccnene 395 | Pseudocolaptes boissoneauti ...-..---------- 254
Potioptila plumbea .--.....-..........-.--.- 395 | Pseudocolaptes lawrencii ......------------ 253, 254
ary borne Gheriway .......-cns0200.---2.2-- 153 | Pseudogryphus californianus.-........------ 437
(OL se er ee 153 | Pseudopleuronectes.. ..............---- 345, 368, 270
jo). | REA eee ee 153 | Pseudopleuronectes americanus ....-.. 347, 348, 368
PRU IH o> hoe alec c se toe. 153 | Pseudorhomus .....---------+--+++++++++++ 369
Polyborus tharus auduboni. ..............-- 153 | Pseudorhombus dentatus.......-.---.----.- 37
Bo ee 286, 301 | Pseudorhombus ocellaris ..-......--------- 370
pi oe Ee 147 | Pseudorhombus quadrocellatus..-......-.-.. 370
Polytmus cerviniventris..........-.:..-...- 149; |. Psiitacns*purpareus. << --.--<.<- 60.2. -s.n4= 450
ES he a 147.|) Pteresotas- festivus ...... .....2. -=...<..- 12, 27, 29
Pebnacentros leucostictus ......)-...._..... 246 | Pterophryne ..-..---.----- 216, 221, 292, 223, 224, 295
Ro a id 12S a S66. | Piergpliryhe hisirio...< 2..-.25..-..- ss... 216, 222
NE a ee es ese oS. sl 380 | Pterophryne levigata ............-.....-.- 216, 223
Pomatemus saltatrix ..........c.scssen.---- 380: | Pieropbhryne picta.- -...-.. 2.20.25 ccncasnese 223
UN nee 2 cepts 385 | Pterophryne, Specific name of .........----- 293
Pomolobus mediocris.......-..-.---.---.--- aaa) | Pterophrynormles..- <2 22204. < -o-cunigenennctae 216
Pomolobus pseudoharengus ..........------ 5,385 | Pteroplatea........----.---------.-+---+++--- 386
Poecetes gramineus, @. confinis...........- 415 Pteroplatea maclura.......-..---. ------+-+ 386
Pocecetes gramineus var. confinis........... 1236: |< Pi oseninbitea 25, ooein pitied scan donno tas 397
Ea nk ne oe 427 , Ptilogonies ......--.-..--------+-+-+-+-2++0- 397
Poospiza bilineata................. bo egies vx pape |, Bittle Lo n-heptane Soke 87
CS Sy ee 94g | Ptychocheilus gracilis .........00----..-s--0 3
(7 . .. See Ptychocheilus oregonensis..........------0+ 82
i= 7 0. DSS ee Pe RENT PE VCNOG WR 28 na acne ewecauascs-sanes 83
2, ER Se a sap) | Ee 252d -- ann ee 5 op dene aman +- anes 366
Pimonotus trincanthns ..-...\....-- occ eck 377 | Puffinus atterrimus. .............---.-0-.-+- 451
Porphyrio martinicus...... BREA a) ley 197,487 | Putiinus UTS ST cvs a ee sy Se ee 451
peiite-tw- thes. =. oe eel 3a ec. -ce- 17° | Padinus major. ..... 2+. ,--..------- ~-s-0005 451
Porpoise-oil, Manufacture of .............-- 16 | Puiiinus obsceurus -...-.-.......------------- 68, 69
Sempenits, Josep VY «.. io sve deci. s- ek 2 244, 245 0 Eee a OS a ee eee er ere 69
Porter & Co., Messrs. _D. K....<....-<.--.---: 1s7 | Purple-Martin.- ater eee cmeen sac eenerenencce 408
1 Oy. ee eet ae 296, 487 Purple-throat Hummer... .....-..-----:..- 61
‘Peareans Caroling. ooo 50.2 wes 165,443 | Purpura crispata.........------------++-++- 12, 30
Susans Ginereice pes. 55 58 ek ecole 252 | eee ce ete tree oT 374, 3875
Porzana jamaicensis .........-....-..------ 443 | ey STRRAINGTAMUS . ~~. 2-22-02 se5ns ose ase 374
Postpliocene Fossils in the Coast Range of | Patnam, C.F 2... 2... ~~. -- 0-22 see ee ee 34
ite ae Sea eee ar 3 | Petpet, Mr A>... ...2.-0--vsiedse+~ 2-5 347
nmr ntnrint Ty at ok eo tole Se seca 4g1 | Pyranga westiva........--------------+++---- 126
eMart te No oe 157,438 | Pyranga wstiva var. cooperi -.--.--..------- 140
TEE ap ete eee a mS 5 434 | Pyramga ludoviciana......----- 391, 392, 393, 394, 412
MP Ei ork a fos ode oA em pg es eh ee 156 | Pyrgisoma capitalis. ......-.--.-------++++-+- 252
pO a 2 201, 203, 205 | Pyrocephalus erythrocereus ..-..---+------- 141
tam Guristas). 62326. eed so 50, 68 | Perocephbalakt TupIiNeuS <..--00;- .sscimisdewces 142
jo) ee ee ee ete ae nd Seem 373 | Pyrocephalus rubineus var. mexicanus - - ..141, 142
Prionotus carolinus......................... 373 | Pyrocephalus var. MEXICANUS...+-+--+--+008 130
Prionotus evolans ........ ....---......... 373, 374 | Pyrrhophena cerviniventris...-..--.---.... 149
Bo TN Ee ae ea 273 Pyrrhophena dubusi sattensceccceenecesane 147
Wliitda piaatadser: , 55:52. oe ayy | PStrhophena ricieri ......--....-+0-+2+0- 147
Peenotus tritialus, ©2235 22350 3 a re. 378, 374 Pyrrhophena sauvis..-.. gaa ci Tart ames 147
Priscochiton.........2......... eee ig kt 315 Pyrrhophiena yucatanensis. .-..--...-++---» 148
Pristipomatide..:....-.-....-......-. 20... 379” Pyrrhuloxia sinuata ....-..-+-----+-+----22 129
Procellaria diabolica.-.-2:-.22....2..-21... MRUIIGINES 262 2~ 2c scacyead chase Smugescee's dane 203
Procellaria mauping --....-..-.-.-20+-.+-0.+ 0 SE alae Ae ee 937, 438
Procellaride........... ses seee eee eee cee-eee 65) ‘Quch-ke-i-mus « .- .. 2s 5.22 veces soso se scenes 204
Progne ........-.+--++- a Aa nap. =A RRS A OS Ean 354
Progne dominicensis .......... hee noe be Peeec ast 1 Onerquedula . <1 .2.... ssc ccceec seca. ceccece 951
Progne purpurea ...... we ne renee eeene Pee 125 | Querquedula cyanoptera........-..-...+-+-- 446
Progne SubiS .....2 22.2222. 220. --125, 391, 394,408 | Querquedula discors. ......-- op, oe Ee 170, 250
oy oe ag EES a aa ety aa at Ree atk -... 2... c02ecce Se: ee 59
Proteobranchiata tte e eee nee n eee ceeeee eee ee 336| Quinnat Salmon ........---..----- LE 69°
Psaltriparus minimus .........-... 391, 392, 393, 401 | Quiscalus? .......-.....- nS Oey pee ees 191, 357
Psarocolius ®MNCUS. «2 0.- 2-2-2 - eee ee eens ee Pe0n) (Crmipen lis NGOS << sc vlc ce csc ey eee s ce ecans 131
Psettichthys --.............2.seeecseseeeee- 369 | Quiscalus guadeloupensis ........--++« w2-. 457, 487
512 INDEX.
os
Page. R
Quiscalus inflexirostris....355, 356, 357, 457, 458, 487 | Rhinonemus........ ik eeuwen> as ene
Quiscalus lugubris ....-...-..<--sesseesenee 356 | Rhinonemus caudacuta.........-2..2..
Quiscalus luminosus...........--.. 270, 278, 357, 487 Identity with Gadus cimbrius.....
Gaiscalos macrurus, .dssseee tet sve sete aes 135 | Rhinonemus cimbrius ....-je<..ssseseea eee
@Qoiseatus niger. ...<.0.-4-.0 PakisSeaeeeeey 356 | Rhodinocichla rosea.....-....- ee No an
Quisealus versicolor: sc estes eaeudeneesy 356,450 | Rhodinocichla rosea schistacea............
Qaoi-y0-ubh; WAITIOL. «4.0. saaceeeeen sheets 214 | Rhodinocichla schistacea........ .....--.-
. Rhombin& ........0.=20hekenes eae
Phdsia ooo rh ieits. 2h. i cee eee 997 | Rhombochirus ............2.5..0saaeeeeeee
Rie 3 Sb A eae ae 387 | Rhyacophilus solitarius .......-..-....
Bars evis: -.5223 2c. 8 e eeeeeeee 9397 | Rhynchops nigra. ....2-.. 552023) aeeee 172 45
Rae se ac ee ee 937, 241, 443 | Ribbon Fish -....-..------+-.---ssseesees 245, 246
Bain Bad oO ea Bee ee . 493 | Richardson .... 3. ..claceccues eee 78, 80, 85
Rade. 2. 2s 166, 197, 237, 241, 276, 387, 443, 461 | Ridgway, Robert. 8, 55, 65, 85, 116, 119, 235, 247, 252,
Rallas?......22222220.ctsce2 Le ere 388, 439, 442, 444, 445, 466
Ballus cavolinns 3:2. tS eee 450 | Bing-néeck, Plover ....-....5.-c2Jeeeeeneeee .241, 461
Rallus crepitans:=:-2/. 122 450, 461,487 | Rising Bull, warrior........-......----.--. 204, 206
Batlus virgimianus. .2.26.3-472264 See 443 | Risso ...... .--------+----2222eeee esse eee eee 348
Paeniers <2 3220 icsstaes 50, 66, 193, 197, 275, 360,460 | Itissoina (like Woodwardi) ......-.-...-.-.. 12
Breeds. > occ c0edicté ose eee 193 | Rissoina Woodwardil’.c2..2. side. ceaneunee 27
Ramphocinclus brachyurus.-.....----..---. 352,486 | Riviére Salée ..--..---...-4--2-.-scseece ss 451, 452
Ramphocinclus tremulus ......-.....-.-.--- 450 | Rivoli collection. ......-....-----.+--0--2-- 97
Ranella:-Mathewsonii.:3< 52256-25525 St 29 | Road Ranner..-.....<.s20.<. Joa eee 150, 432
Ranella muriciformis. .....-.....e..-.--.--- 38: | Robin. .-....--veceseesyeany >= ee ee 377, 3878
Rapak 210 fescsek cha thee eee 83 | Reccns ..2.. 5.5005. sculls iw eae eee 389
Rapp.) 00.4 kee eee 80 | ‘Roccus lineatus:...2<. J45-b<seeee cme 3
Raven. 0 eek wee 973) 492 |) ROCK. ica 2s note ecole yee een 380
Recurvirostra americana ........-------..- 160, 440: | Rock Wish, . 22.20.0220 ccnnantadeus os aoe 384
Reearvirostrida@: <..: 2226s 5 Sy ee 440 | Rock Wren ...- ~ ><embed nes See see 402
Rel Antelope ..2.404i..55e ieee 995 | Rocky Mountain Bluebird.........-.....--. 398
Rad Owl. ....--2..s028 fee 108 | Rocky Mountain Song Sparrow .........-.- 417
Bet Snapper . 2. 5. /stds sc bhava: Bake eee 176 | Roman Nose, warrior |. ......... 9,55. eee 204, 207
Red-and-black-shouldered Blackbird........ 42) | Rosea.....----- 22-02-22 +e eee eee eee eee eee 50
Red-and-buff-shouldered Blackbird ......... 490 | Roseau Bay..-.---.-+--2+--02eee+-- 22+ eee 50
Red-and-white-shouldered Blackbird ....... 421 | Roseau Valley. .--- 2.2222 ssees 2 eee ees 49
Red-backed Sandpiper.........--...-c2ec-e- 161 | Rossignol ......----2e-eeeee ee ee eee e eee e eee 852
Red-bellied Hawk 215%. 2022482 NES 436 | Ross’s Snow Goose ...--.-.+- +--+ -eeeeeseene - 444
Nests ci cecheeksth eee eee 436 | Rough-winged Bank Swallow ......-.----.. 409
Red-bellied Nuthatch .....-....:.22.22.---- 401 | Royal Term .--.-.-----.+-+-ceceseees--eeeee 242
Red-breasted Sheldrake’..2- 20125 .02.7.2.05. 447 | Ruby-crowned Kinglet .--....--- s-2+--s00- 399
Red-breasted Snipe: !2. 201.0227 2s 440 | Ruddy Duck ...-..-..-.00..s2e0---2ee ee eeee 447
Red-breasted Woodpecker........-.-----+++ 429 | Rudista -....-.-- +--+ se0-2+sseeeereseeeees 30
Besd-head .2uc. us se Oe 447 | Rufous-backed Humming-bird........-..... 427"
Red-shafted Flicker .:.-.-:.c.ccccceceescec 430 | Rufous-headed Sparrow........-.-s-secees 2 418 ‘
Red-spotted Trout, Pacific .............--.. 79 | Romners ......-..----seecenccceccesecncen - 246 + 5
Redstart -.-.2-. 25--2.>saesednernveomeeass 55, 233 | Russet-backed Thrush ......--..---.-.---- . 3896
Red-winged Blackbirds........-....------- 131,132 | Rusty Song Spariow ....,.---.2-sssee-sess0 17
Reeve : «say. < See ee pee 305 pS.
Hegular Chitonus ss) sie ee at 281, 292, 295, 301
Regulus calendula ..s.iclgs suena saeee 120, 391, 399
Regulus satrapa.. -.. is vewecvecaawannouee 000) Pee
Hemhardt:.. 0... 52) eC ee Gee eee 228, 261
Reinhardtii, Himantolophus................ 230°
RaeiMhardtins . .-..:.. soos <sgndssientepesecege 369 | Salar brevicauda....02.cece-seecsenesernae
Weems... . 1. - 20s n= <n che See ee 881 | Salar clarkii.......c-sssceesss Sj Pawetedcens
SMIIORD <o03-..-«s0veceb eda as renee 380, 381 | Salar iridea. saccae seecheds saan Steps aE:
Remora jacobeea .....5¢ eens seb ds cheer 381 | Salar lewisi woo sccanneccgasaepuapiemmeag es ss 17, 79
Fyemoropals. ......-..+ esas a aes pee . 9880 | Salar stellatus. acccavareccesassdutueeeseense ©
Henchler J x1 .-...-...) ces iceha abana -. 206 | Salar virginalis. weet tereeegercrere tease eeees
Renella muriciformis, var ....-.....--0.-«- 12 | Salem, Craig Fico 4
Remi fos «is -=--- icvwns oe reer 387 | Salmo .
Reniceps tburo.: .....5.4-..-..)-/spgeeeee 387 | Salmo adarondacus.....--
Review of American Species of Scops ....-- 85
Rhectaxis punctocelata...- 2.200. secssesass 14, 27.)
Rhinogryphus aura ..... 2.2.00. 157, 391, 392, 437
- Proc. Nat. Mus. 78——-33
INDEX. 513
_ Page Page.
Salmo aurora. ....---- 220s ceeenececececen LSE || Geli Vine a Ss. Pas etctc b's Scie - see nas ens 78
Salmo bairdii..-....--------------------.--- : Se?) ee WE PRUE © el oo pind SE oo 2 Ge ee 70, 78
SEO ne EDLC 0 Ut ee tO Salmon, Land-lotkeds 2 22225 22,0528 Gas 75
ST S|) ee 79 | Salmon Trout of the Columbia ......-...... 77
SO a eee Sos eeensereles. Ste a0} 2 see eo a A 79
SOUT 0 a Se eee 71 | Salpinctes obsoletus. .............. 390, 391, 392, 402
SON bo a ere ae 78 | Saltator guadeloupensis .........--- 57, 354, 457, 487
PS NINGIS <= Soscy aks 5 ts 5 ot tyes < ie Toe conte bo) Sanya 6 tA eee. SO oon a bee 80
go Se 96) 31 | Salvyelimus -£ 5.20 ooce~ 2 [23 See dass Same ae 78
palmo clarkii var. aurora ......---.-------.- Mast) ALY CUMMS GUPOS. - v.22 s. 55 0 hod ue ae Gat 81
EEOGUMNINS <2c oo cae s.o0u-- 5-5 4-2 n) see - Al) Salveliaos arevurus.. anon des wwnnes atone de 81
SemO. GODMMOCINDUS oo a5 ewan sos wanes =o 7, te Sel G NWS DAMON. oe 2s x 6 <2 ies See aged Sane 81, 82
SE CGT Ea ee oe 71,79") Salvelinus campbelli...-... 2... <5. santana se 82
Se ee ee eee ee er ea PL S| “Sal yelnus: Lonbmalis. oe See = ee ee 81, 82
GET POLUIAUINUS 5 es 2 en ek eno sin ne bani ae 71 | Salvelinus hoodi...-.-.-- ial alt Co Sight ee 81
palmo- erythrogaster. ..... 2... ..22---ss.4.-- Hal MIN Chins IOPET. 2 as So Saee nee dureeean 81
SRE AO EAS EATRLIS oie wianm Sera ves oe 4s 2 me 8p;,32 | Salvelinus nifidus »..: 2... ..0 sani vere ance 81
SpE ANEUNCTD 6 a ooo teenie ano wom nian ags Vee | ee WONRNEIS TORRE wan 2 2 ooo. es So AV Pacis oan 81
Bena DUCE. ..~caceean sous dp ameasnsme 71,70, (0,19 | Salvelinus‘spectabilis ....-. 2... -.ccce ne. 69, 79, 82
Salmo gorbuscha....... ees heate <n ms elm nm q2 | Salvelinus stagnalis +. 5.2 -.<~--nanes ens 00 81
Reet MINMEMITUN 2 = oes cnn nauk oa cok vn eau ss ae Lea VOHBAS UME. osc ool ko ws Sock Sete Se al
SHINGO AW Lack ote namocc abis< Whe amie 72, 25, 40, 78). Salvin and Godman ...:.-..2..-.+i0..2 94, 101, 102
Salmo hucho ........--.-- Ago ye ee San saalvin; Mra e2s..23s560 245 = x 48, 53, 86, 90, 99, 100, 101
SAIS SG le a SRR UEY Dieta RICCO inca ok e sD aks oe dian Uma oats 27, 28
BA ee TIA ACOIADUS. . < ooo - a~ eae sane ea an Se fe OMTOMN Onis a5 8 as ~ aarti panwce quae 389
IN aos Swat cece cc ecaiteca te a= ee RSE OM ETB 9 IER a ee ae 3
Salmo iridea var. stellatus ..... ee et ae 7, | Game (esis 2c eek Ss. ets AA
co Tinh 73, 74,76, 78,749 |, Sandpiper. sx. --.---.-.- 50, 67, 238, 242, 276, 440, 461.
Salmo japonensis ........-.--...-.-- ho RE 71 | Santa Barbara, Fossil Shells from....-..-.... 10
Salmo keta vel Kayko- ........--.-.ssee=--.- CAT) EGR Rg crete Sam fer en's on 0 win oe nice ce 118
BRIO IAPOCEpPOAlGS: : ~~ ce ewes cen ewe en snens (SES Oe 2 a a a ee Ene 4
SE ep ear fo INTE OS pee ei RR ge an a 375
Salmo lycaodon.......2.-.--+ 00 miaenes Meee eS hg oa cnn enrees 375
BeROMMASODT ~~ Son nace cco coves che see- ms Ate OT CIBER ERI oy) maine. mks wee wltia Se cid S's Satan 383, 385
ReMMININMUUIA 2050255 2 nas eqocresacenmc nachna ee EC RSAT DEAS 2465 sean d= sep cm cacao saxon 216
RETR TOM Tes hacia ns tcic masse <= moo a aante me IPMN, SoG es 9224 - oc 22 4s -kSyeeon te Ken 200, 379
AUG HAMIVERSN. .-..- 242. 5- ewe yapeeee ss > 72,8) Sargus caudimacula ........--~..---+--.-3-- 198
Seem BO WNELPU: 25-5. neds won woos sone cme aon ees HOUDTOOK) S 2.2 -.- . 5.3 2226s en we nnnnee 379
BOMMOPMITTCHERUS: <2 Swe e nec ceweeccsecs Baie oars HOLMGOKIL as 5. oe de tn nme en= ans 198, 200
UE OATS as ers wp rama et oe oman nity OOPS Sarr as VAIGATIS 2.0 noc eens = ote ee tthaces 198
AON RUG no SG a a ae TORT PINT no Coo <= oman oc it~ ans rentanin Sie 291
EN EET COR Sn ot gch ah. = Ap a over eran ia wie STE OMBEOITES. Oo oso ve 'ci i 4-3-5 umdmasuiow J tees 467, 468
MeO ATICIG CNS. U7 ios Seen ed waren ae Smid n wen 6 OS ES ease ange An? ae 475
Salmo pleuriticus.......... SEN eae: Ene 74, Te. | eucerotiaa aelaim....--.5----.-2...enneens 147
Salmo proteus ..............-. bE ee 71 | Saucerottia fuscicauda....-..---------- igtonkcy 147
Salmo purpuratus ...-...-.-.......---- Tod 7 7, (a0) Pavanah: BOOK <. 1. 2-.-.2--- -<sp eee ~--~~: 176
RO UNISEEIIM Soars Soh hs 2 nbn = a pdninin 69,71 | Savannah Bank, New Fish from .....------- 198
EUR MMONREIO sf adn ie vin Swaine in na's-Daese se 70,71 | Savigny, Review of American Species of
CST GE eR ae a ee a 76 MPH OL. — Soc tapneteinitigeds Hyboras sre» 85
RIBLIO MRMAD ee tee oe ee ee Tel AS oe ae er BS shade erchaicteS 398
Salmo (Salar) lewisi ............... PALE RSS amt, < OS dak 5 CSc engte am appeetiok suerenats 398
Salmo (Salar) virginalis.............:.-.--.a- 78 | Saxidomus aratus (jun.) ...-.------+-------- 11, 28
BRIO SAL VGUINOR, 5 on nie oc ac adinn 2 bo wa ab «6 anwiale Ta,20-) Seyorniis fUscus. ..... 2+ an, <n dyn dee endows 136
REOCOUICT. 2a. satlawbcinnys tw dp oe 71 | Sayornis nigricans .......---.- 390, 391, 392, 393, 424
PIER DOR OL: 2-5 on eae ie ns See he an ties ae 75 | Savornis sayus .........00-.-+--+-- 136, 390, 391, 424
Salmo spectabilis @....-..-. 2) eet, Spee a 79,86. | Say’s Peweo.....------------+--eree-=- ince: Sam
DEES 2 on oo vc agls k he caw cewias dx =e (2 74 Snalaria bellastriata’. <n. ~s.-.2-<.secsenenee 16
GERD. = = So ui oc gt weotanweney «wee Te | penaria Hemphillii. ....00..seet vee cans ~-- 12,16, 29
GUNN fon os «nee = nn modicvn Ses mpi ne 74, 75,78 | Scalaria indianorum var........------- 12, 16, 27, 28
Salmo stomias var. pleuriticus............-- 74 | Sealaria subcoronata ......-.------+-------- 29
Salmo symmetrica..........-..-.-.- ~ ae Si | Scalaria tincta.........cac«seeens Ci pee nn aie 12, 29
PRED WOME Eytan a nilwinn ence ss 5) san vgenend 81 | Scaup Duck .......---.---seeeee-eeeene-e eee 446
Salmo truncatus. ...... Erg ee aes Cg OS rR LEP ee ES Ae TEP eee a 291
Salmo tsuppitch.......... Staal 5 TU a Oo, 72, 7 | Sobmeider .. Pe y...2 5. cia. . bens dene wsesnese 226
te ah ten > Sis ae Si 2) So hinGGniven: bos so dchesasdeessecqvensvasady 2
May 26, 1879.
514
Page.
PRUNE a po a 3 ie sue ot enc onsale wae eae 298, 302
Schizoplax
Schizoplax Brandtii .-....-.-,.---2.6- 296, 328, 343
eee Mir. 5.'-. ene ocke dee eee eee 110, 471
MpEENIGS fa os toes ae me ae ee ae ee ead
MelPUODE cnc ee eens ee a = ote areas 378
Scizenops ocellatus.-.---..--.--s0----- and. Fee 378
WCissOr- atlas. Se 2. enna ae eee eee 182
Sciurus guadeloupensis......--.-------.---+ 450
Sclater aid Salvitl .-2.. 4. oo0- 2e en eee 478
SSCAECIS Me ee eee 48, 53, 57, 59, 86, 94, 98, 456, 482
Mdlater, Mia PTs 00s eh eee ees 139, 358
SClCLOCHiiON 22 2 = Se 2 2 eee ee eee 298
Scolecophagus cyanocephalus.....135, 391, 392, 393
421
SCOHOGON. == -cel- pea ose aac eee Seer eae 388
Scoliodon terrze-0ve - -2..-5--2- 2. see 388
Scolopacide .......- 67, 197, 238, 242, 276, 360, 440, 461
sScolopax pallmago -_< 22. oo ine sede earn 451
Scomber mactlamis .-- 25. --3.-0-<--t-8 62s e 4
Scomber Pelamis:--- 22-2 -2.2-=5 Se nee 26
Seomber Tecate ~ 62.02 cn okt ne con nce seen 4
ScomberesOCids « ...- 52. Ns 2 yea a ewe a ae
SCOWMCLENOX . sees 6 Dace ban ee eRe 383
Scomberesox scutellatus .......------- ein 383
Scombrid2)...502 -2 2. -2 05, dens 5 ae 375
BOODAR = 5 > sp dae eke eerie fey eh ABS sy: 87
‘Scopes argentits . 2. 228 ae a Owe opens eee 92
Scops asio. - ..87, 94, 98, 101, 105, 106, 107, 109, 110, 111
112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 391, 433
SCOps Asie, 6c ABIO.~ ~ 2. </s.5) «Leen eee 106, 107
Scops asio, 6. maccalli’..- =. ss uv laces at 106, 109
Scops asio, & Horidants. 26-26. sas eias eee 106
Scops asio, y. kennicottii .....-.--.-.---.-- 106, 111
Scops asio, «. maxwelliz® - J. - 22s s-ecshese= 106
Scops asio, b. kennicottil.. 5.-.......sbs-<0- 111
Scops asio maxwelli@ ..-........-ccnesssoes 114
Scops asio: subsp .5.- 0) oobi Gal sue ow a te 113, 114, 115
Scops asio, subsp. a. Scops kennicotti......- 111
Scops asio, subsp. y. Scops enano......--..- 109
Scops asiO var. CNaNos . 2.55 aaa. ss Seow aerate 109
Scops asio var. floridanus..-.........------ 111, 113
Scops asio var. maccalli.......-.-...--- 108, 114, 151
Seops atricapilla . .. 24. Judas bee 2 Sek eet 98
Scops atricapillus ....2- coche ws ssstae f. -95, 102, 103
Scops barbarus......----- 87, 88, 91, 102, 103, 104, 110
Scops brasilinnus......:. 86, 87, 89, 92, 98, 99, 103, 116
Scops brasilianus, a. brasilianus.-.....-..---. 90, 92
Scops brasilianns, g. atricapillus?......-.-.- 95
Scops brasilianus, y. ustus .......-.-.-.----- 90, 98
Scops brasilianus, 6. guatemala. --.-..- 90, 94, 98, 99
Scops brasilianus, e. cassimi.........-..-.-.. 90, 102
Scops brasilianus, subsp. a. Scops ustus...-. 98
Scops brasilianus, subsp. B. Scops guate-
MSS: 2S. OU. os we otal ee ene S een 99, 100
Sédpe brasiliensis ...:.....-/-te.eiageaaee 88, 92
Scops cassini......... 88, 94, 96, 102, 103, 104, 110, 113
POGNY CREDA ....... ce ken us 'see tee 92, 98
SCOPS GOGPETI .. =: ..ccwss accord 87, 105, 110, 116, 117
Seove Ge ava. -:.-<...9035 = oetecs aes 92
Scops de Porto Rico ..-.......",..s.sae eee ee 92
Scops decusedia...:.. 20.25 ,0...,.csgbe eee ee 92
Scops enano....-.-..- a eye OX .-109, 111, 116
Scops flammeola......%..-.-...-... « --.---103, 104
Bcops Mawwheoas 2 2..> 2 os os on vse ve we 87, 88, 91, 104
INDEX. Sa
en ee eee
: > s xt “J
Scops floridanus.....- ee Saree | 23 See
Scops kennicotti .....-... -++++-98, 106, 111, 113,
Scops lophotes .......2s5:-.25-6- see
Scops maccalli \. -.. -._.t. 22-2 eee 103,113,151
seops MeCaliii -=----. 2.2L eee 106, 109, 110 we
Scops menadensis ....-. 2 22-2 eee :
Scops tievia._.-.. 25. =F. 2-30 ee eee
Scops nudipes
Scops penhatus...-..-.2.22. 54. eee
Scops portoricensis. —- ...=-.---s. eee eee
Scops, Review of American Species ......-.
Scops semitorques 112,113 ©
Scops trichopsis........... 105, 106, 109, 114, 115, 116
Scops ustug 222 6 <6. 56 bee 90, 94, 98
Scops, var. enano, y. kennicotti-.............
Scops watsonti..-0...<.ittssameet eed ogee
Scops-owls, American
Scott’s Head
Seregeh Owl 2. sscecsesesenced ata, clue Settee
Scutellina fulva
Sea Catfish, Breeding habits of......--.....
Sea Druin: 22 3.)- «5 sce ee eae eee eee
Sebago Salmon
Seed-cater . ...5.....- a8 c0egak te = ge menaee
Selasphorus alleni.......-..- ‘seine wit ema
Selasphorus' helois®: . .... 2.4.4. .+0se beens
Selasphorus rifns-. 5-25... enneas 391, 393, 426, 427
Selene. - 2. -. 6200. ses ssnk eee aw aeel ep epee
Selene argentea
Semper, Mr
Sennett, G. B., Birds obtained by him in
rs
Seriola
Seriola zonatave. -. tase on Sen ose eo eee
Serpula sp. indet
Serpulorbis squamigerus
Sarranide. . : 2s 2.i- 3... ae oo eaas os ee
Serranoid Fish from Bermudas and Florida. |
Serranus
Serranus Migritus: ....5.0> -sese stn dc08 teen
Setophaga ruticilla. ...55, 124, 189, 233, 268, 354,464,
486 —
Sharpe, Mr. R. B.....-- 85, 86, 90, 94, 99, 102, 105,106
Sharpe, Wi.., OH) «2=++0a5s004cenneenenee “267
Sharp-nosed Shark .o--0csic2 os wenec’ depp
Sharp-shinned Hawk.......- at ens en exe eeeen
Shave Head, warrior ......... pp ey
Shaving Wolf, warrior .....- sesessauanswars 209
SHG acswenes od ded eee os wnt ae eee tn 225,226
Shaw, Hon. Henry...--.---00«@ersessewe-s- 187
Shaw, J. Allen...... Pe ee
Shawah ........ onscreen davanendenina es reason dl 64
Sheep's Head.....%..-sdeitgratagees tes seaeel 884
Sheepshead parang skye ee 379°
Shells, Descriptions of New Species f. er
California RE PRR Ara
Shells from Costa Rica Kitchenmidden.....
Shindler, Mr sdtepeddinns secevqguneasent reee .
Short, F. D. ccccccaceccccconecssesae oe par
ee ee ee ee ee
173
7
wu
t
¥
a. 2 “sh
cre war |
avy .
ae” ,™
Sparoid Fish, Description of ......-...--...-
INDEX. 515
Page Page.
SESE CU ao oa ae 206 “)Ssparrew. -<ss0i.-<.5- fa 50, 57, 232, 239, 278, 352
US A oo a ae are 433 Wipers Sh a i 2 5 57, 57
Shovel-headed Shark .......-.---.----+--.- 387 | Sparrow Hawk...--------+------+----- 233, 236, 240
SOMONE een p= nao won oesnue ae nupen == 446 | Sparverius var. dominicensis........--.---- 65
Shrikes ..-... --.--- 02. oe eeeeee eee eee ee ee 411 | Spatula clypeata .-2. 0... .s.2s80-2-----55- 170, 446
Si eee eee 300 | Speckled Trout 25.2... 22.2 2.050 cc0essse-5 377
OL SU MMEDO. cis ~~ - oan ene see eee ono es ne 58,270 | Spectacle Warbler ..:....=:...-.2....+-.-+- 484
_ 0. Seah SRN So A are BS.) rermamietlege etna oo Fo 8s «cc aes 300
Wests and eggs ..:....--.... “ee ees Bd: |} Sponpyiipennhre 2052. Con ley seen pnw 234, 487
Sialia arctica........+.---.----+--- 391, 393, 398,399 | Speotyto cunicularia, y. hypogwa...-..---. 151, 484
Sa Mexicana. oa wdc aw see 391, 392, 393, 398, 399 | Speotyto guadeloupensis ..........--..----- 235
LOR UE eee ee ee ree 120: | Speotyto hypogza..........-.--.-.-s---+2-- 390
euckle-bill Thrasher -.....-.-..-2..5----2--- 397 | Spermophila albogularis.........---.-...--- 129
Ea ESR ER pee a ee ee eee 3 |, Spermophila moreleti. .....-.2....--+---se-. 129
sinenur Montagne ......-.....-.------.----- Joie Bg 0 SS ae eee eet AE Pe 381
PURE APES. ot ec own couse sere Uhr a eee 381
Rp eh es ech. oo es COS e a ierelai SO pe Ea | ee a ee (eae 381
PH MIRERGABNE onc ot on oe cae cn we ee ene 20. | Spboyrsena PICdGA.. sp aan ans -<-eban se oeckac 381
Silver Trout of Lake Tahoe. .......-.--..--- ¢2. | Splryreens Valearis << 22.25.2222 - ns. wean 381
so a ee cave |: Seaplane rarmelere = 2 22: 2. tate ope see <4 381
Seo, Fe rc eee on eke wie Oe tee Mien Seg om ee Se ae EE ye aa: oy
Siphonodentalium pusillum?.......----...--. 20 SpRVERS DY PTEE. ois. saw = ovo 5 om eiacings 387
lu a a SOA Sera ay 28 Ss. OF, fs 3s waa ds ne Setaminge 387
Siphonostoma fuscum ...-.--..--------------- 368 | Sphyropicus ruber .........---.------- 390, 391, 393
DREENISIOS OR | 2-0. o> ~-55 35--- 2-2 5~ 391, 392,393 | Sphyropicus thyroidens.-........-..-..---- 391, 429
0 ae 391,401 | Sphyropicus varius, @. ruber ............-.- 429
Sitta carolinensis, 7. aculeata..............-. 401 | Spigaétus leucurus. .-......<.-.+---.--<0-s- 154
te RESIN =~ 5-5 25 - wn ene 2-0 ody CORA Ravine a AR Cie, Douae a Sabin Matys oe ce ods 30, 33
PUMA © 8-2 ao ~~ -- 22-0 ene ne nee eee 401 | Spizella ‘‘arizonw” .............-4- 391, 892, 393, 394
Scare tine | a es 124, 233, 486 Spizella see Re Pee dee Se FBS ad 394, 417
RMP RE VIG ess... decom. Ss 54, 124, 233, 453, 486 | Spizella pallida. ..--.--..--..-------+---20-- 127
one Sac eR ees Se eee SU6 | Siielin MGI (cnn aS. toc kee ae nn 127, 394
DUE Sra See pac eee ann Gen ag <n 246 | Spizella socialis, 8 arizone.-..............-- 416
slate-colored Sparrow .----..-.-.-...-..-.+. BES | eat tana A Fo Soh asf’ wae -h ak wean 8
Slender-billed Nuthatch -...........--.--.-. MRS hE OSS CR, a Re Ae rey eae 245
oS COLL UT OG] A ee Bike| SOT OCNIMEE 5 Cod icen Swe = anor nen ~ sen aac 296
TIES SF A ee Pee BAI.) SQGGR-Bily. IOC a. pate whe wn oe SE Se 446
REE SP ates ge swore ete oo Ma RSENS. FS IS oo Ne pied oes rs WE cll oe 377
Small Crested Hummer..-.......---..-.---- BE | Sisnt- tailed Pantahy. 08 acs. sone Set 379
Smithsonian Institution, Birds from St. Vin- Spotied Blk, warrior. 5.5...5.24-0a.2007<< 209
cent collected for the. ---.--......-....--. 18S |, Spotted Sandpiper. co <.5c 6-2. 2 a cade - 2 441
Smooth plaice .....--- EE eee Rene Ut pes pee Ret di Sie ee ens Lae eer EN ieee = Ae 446
PP os Jee eos nen nt ass--2-s4- 240 | SQuatsrola helvetica. oe so. 2k... 197, 395, 487
RIE ean nt akon org socio aoss >: 242,440 | Squawking Goose .-....-....-.2...s..------ 445
REWER GOSO ie oe sss ei ale sale ie eye a cas ow ws 169, 444 | Squint. Eyes, warrior .............c...00.-- 204, 207
Soaring Eagle, warrior ..............-..-.. 204, 208 | St. Félix Colardeau, Monsieur.............- 452
IERIE ee en ns wie ors a aot: | Sk John's RIVE... «cadence, sens ae ae 34
Solecurtus californianus...............-.--- PT es ee eet see a ek 352
Sa Farts eden lalla a ee fie Se eT Careers Wr 2 Se ee Pe Con ek 52
pred CRE rato Sis a ae ne tee SO Sie Wishael b, Adee. 22 050,08 oc ideu cope. 279, 463
SEES SOT ot RD ee a eee DEG Pee. PIGEYG << he ales Boe cee us cee eas 350, 351, 352
BRIO IMIR tee Ns Ae pea suena oi Ae ON TS eee sel rata oes ia asa ss te +n Oboe
0 ET Ras. ah at a ea 204 | St. Vincent, Catalogue of Birds ............ 185
a de aa 44's i 5 (re el A ae ae ae A eistr. W WONT re 2s CA ins dp se ans = sis 204, 207
SE OES 2 geen ee Neen ta ns aero 4621 Stearns, MrySiles: .. 22-4. .---.--. 42,173, 179, 181
NN C5 ao on ind ee kaa Suber Bee a Grn Sm BOG St SRE, Steno oA eUN Sa eaite sans can nse 299
IN 300s oS Ss a ne Rie 2h eta ai 443 | Stedman, Hon. William ................-.... 51
EM IAD, 28 Sata de ae Soc als om me 188, 189 | Steindachner, Dr. Franz ...........-.---.--- 243
ET 55 Sano al Sean = bs <a Sen 2 = 269 | Stelgidopteryx serripennis .......----- 391, 394, 409
Southern Horned Lark .........-........... 423 | Stellula calliope ..................-.---391, 393, 426
aE oc ara Joe dal aden a<ca sp BOS UM benODIAX. ¢ 4-2 ave 75s OG LS RES 296, 330
PMs NN ONGLS. 02 0052) cokes ew ccecn nes 135 | Stenoplax limaciformis ...........-.------- 296, 343
a ae 9 a ee ONS Sus sat Wane ataence ss bes ue ce n= canes 142
CI ne ih es cde ce ene CG ST Ee Se A eee 296, 330
198 | Stenoradsia magdalenensis .........--..-.-296, 343
é 4 } ee ¥,!
Tie Tp
. ’ “a d ae
516 INDEX See
we
dt Page. he
Btenesemus ......2.......'. seXiodhe ead teees 328 | Strix nudipes: :...:22ccecceces .0e-eeeaeee
POS <5: de vapiw ceo cee eee ners coeee 379 | Strix pratincola ............ ER yen es
Stenotemus arryrops . <2. --2..cs060-4000 ne - 3879 | Strix psilopoda........ PN at Rae +o ae
Biepiianolepis -<--.-s Jess ade noe eee ee 367 | Strix ecops .-...... 5.205 san senses a eee
Stephanolepis setifer . .......-.------------» 367 | Strix undulata:..22. 2-272 eases <a
Stercochitom .-.¢ <2. 5. Saag oe 295 | Stromateidze:...-....5--.--c.leep5 saan
Sterna anwetheta. ..-.-.125..-L 2225-22-52 68,488 | Strombus gracilior .....2....17scgese suman .
Sterna -anglica. ....-5--.-222s-secensece-=-- 172,451. | Sturgeon ;.:..-.232. 4.22 .dcen eee aa a
Sterna antillaram ..:2..----2-/01 5.222. 68, 172,488 | Sturnella hippocrepis........--..--------ee. et
Sterna-aranea ..........- ie oe eee ee eee 172 |. Sturnella Indoviciana...-.-.... 3... .seeeeeee
Sterna arsentes -. 2. - 5 SESSLlo Ss ete 451 'Stumella Magma. ... 255,21 .seee eee 243
Sterna bicolorata .-. 2. - 22.024. -----seqenesee 451 |-Sturnella magna var. mexicana ............
Stier cantiaes. -.-. 1... 0's csnaeds oboe 172,451 | Sturnella mexicana. ..52.-5...- 2522500 :
Sterna cayenensis -......--.---- pe ee eo 277 | Sturnella neglecta......-.-...-...- 391, 392, 393,421
Sterns deplorans . . -.2-<2s0e2 = 32-5 = 24a 451 | Sucking Fish... ..-....- 3... see 246 )
Sterna dowgalli .. -. 2222.52.62 239, 277, 360, 462,488 | Suckley, Dr. George......-...-.------ 70, 16, 76:44 ye
Sterna elegans ? 22... 2 54 /So0 dense eee ees 462. | Suerior 3 t-cesckaes oe aeee en cae
Sierns fersterl. 222. 24252 22522 omnes een 172, 448 REGS «2 ooo - 3 oop cin cee eee id
Sterna frenata...: 225-0 32- Se eco 172 NestS.:<.-nsiecnaks eouaeeeee eee
Sterna fuliginosa .........-.-.-- 68, 277, 451, 462,488 | Suiriri chorreado ..:..2.5--.2eee eee eee
pterna galericulata .....<.----2:--------=36- 451 |. Suiriri cuazu...56 4 <1 25. 4s mae oo
Sterna hirando | 2.5: . 522-6 <5 ce a 451 | Sula ffber- : 2S l.2 eeu =o) ee
Sterna maxima. ... 5.0. sss: 172,242, 277,462,488. |. Sala faliea: oc 2.2.62. ecceec ee eee
Séerna wrmedte - ss. 5 325 Fp SE ee ee ee 451 | Sulcochiton --.. ...... J.c.-tavees Oe
Sterna pate Sunil Pee neoe Jt aoe ee 172,498 |. Suamichrast, Prof. 3.2... os c0s Soeeeeeee
Miterna eer) .25 22.22. eS ee eee 239 | Summer Duck:... os4s0kc:5-cnce eae
Sterna stolids. _ 65.3 ss 225. sd ie cae 6845): |. Sonfish:... 2 22.0 lc eee Sa eee H
Sterna superciliaris antillarum -.-......-.-- 172 | Surcula Carpenteriana ......-...-2-<cssp
Steward. eg: OP ol 10s ee ae ee 263° | Surmia DVR... > ./a5. 2. oc se eeee ee eee
Sticheus punctatus .....-..-..2--.--------- 279. | Swainson >. i.2..coa«.dc'abeee eee Eee
Oceurrence im Alaska - . 2... .2a25 .28 Ns 239 | SWallows..50c0.+ 5 us cases brea ae
BTS +2620 2, <2 '- ceeee oes a eee ee 440 | SWAB. 2s. .52c- 2c heen ceebaps coieeg eae
Stim peewiells’ - - - o. A gene aa gs hte kao 299, 307 | Swift. . 2.) -.-sls~-« -csc'e hs oem
Stimpsoniella Emersonii. .........------.-+: 308 | Sword-fish: .. +... 2.2.22. p<—s.shhel ene
Stimpsoniella Pallasii ..<.......2.0¢ sebse sacs 309 | Sylvia perspicillata..- 5... tne tense ee
Stockton - a ccaecpencesccssasesseus 089 | Sylvia ruficapilla ...,.-- 222. oce ae =
Stone, Mr. Livingston scecpecagale pamrece dss: OO, 88 | Sylvia VAI . ccs ee canna ene
Storer, Dr.....-. Ppa Hee TSN Pa Tah 5, 45, 348, 362, 363 | Sylvicolide...........-. 54, 189, 233, 239, 268, 353, 453
Storer, Mr H.R . 15- Rss eae eee 301, .|: Bylvtider vi... .2 2 5-3 See 53, 188, 352, 39
Strepsilas interpres........---..-..- 67, 160, 197,488 | Symmetrogephyrus ..... ips ploy Ci eee
Streptochitom 22.2) dc dds ness vei 298 . Symphemia semipalmata ..........--.-
Striated Lophius « 4.25.54. .35 eb lseccmee eens 226 Breeds o. scic ce p'c. uns and ska
IE. dn a de os 2 eh ee 64, 85, 194, 7a; 273, 433 FOB SG 2 a. 2. . en anie dainiin ce teneee taken 7m
Striped Flying Toad .......-.-sesasawe «sens 373 | Sympterichthys . .....20..0--e<seeesss seme
Striped Mullet... 20.2.0 is acsewnccsassae-aee 381,382 | Sympterichthys levis ...... Lo mS ie se hime mas .
Sihrixiapie:.-. $5222 ede aeee kee eae eee ee 106,107 | Syngnathidm .........2.2.d20220>enee pene
Strix assio, capite aurito, corpore ferrugineo. 108 | Syngnathus fuscus et peckianus.-.-.-..--.- nae
Strix atricapilla:. 22. 2 Li 0odsaes fanaa 90, 92,95 | Synodontide ..........2-.-seeense seas csues
Strix brasiliana 2.4... «. 33 Se - See 90,92 | Synodus.....7. scdines kbs teen pwnne eee a
Strix chioliba:....-. ...,essavndateuwe tee eee 90,92 | Synodus foetens ........--------<-+ Ciro
Strix crucigera ......----------------ceneees 90,92 | Synopsis Avium Tanagrinum ....-.---.---+—
Bivis decussata..... .. bu. soeekes Saeeeeee 90,92 | Syrninum....<. +05 sss see nee a edmel aeons
Sirix flammea . -.. ..- os. dno n conn y okey henna 64 | Sysladobsis Lake, Maine ..........-.- aes
Strix flammea americana -......-..-.-2.+--. 151
Strix flammea, B. pratincola ...........---- 433 ,
Strix flammea var. guatemale .......--...--. 64 | Ta-a-way-ite (Telling Something), warrior. 205, 2
Strix flammea var. nigrescens ........--.64, 273,487 | Tachycineta bicolor .......-. ate habit aan -125, 4
GD}. «~~ -caeapeaad acta’ ta Gio Tachycineta thalassina ..... eecnecsenroscees SOD
1 ere ee gon ties lag -- 64 | Tachypetes aquila....- n« -sasitinnanes Heaney 451
Strix flammea var. pratincola...........--.-. 151 | Tachytriorchis albicaudatus..-.....---- tenes
‘Strix flammeola ........9.........../2-ss--. 104 | Tachytriorchis pterocles .--...--------15-0.
Beeris DOM 6S. one oc on de ee eg 87 | Tanagers ....---cceecsesassecseacesecencnien
Strix leucotis............ no ble ple «oxen =>: |" Vanegriday yee sereeeree +56, 190, 269,
Dist e AREER. oo claro \ ~ <n ap. 20 42 ano chs Cee 108 | Ta-ma-ti ...---.seeeeeeseeeee ence ereenes :
Strix noctula..... ae Se eeepere, Fee 92
?
Tantalus loogieMencet Doar - re ba nf
fy
bd + vn
Ww F, ¢
, :
, ee
» ~2iaS
«oak
INDEX.
517
Page. | Page.
Maper Giamiiea = 45.----55.2-.-4...<.: dectee 29 | Tinnunculus sparverius var. antillarum. - . .65, 236,
eT te Mae a oe re 452, 459 240, 274, 359, 459, 487
Tautoga......-.-----------e0- 2-2-2 2-2 eee ee 374 | Tis-cha-kah-da .....-..22.20csceceerenen- 0 214
Tautoga omitis <-..------------------------- eres) Tieghs-kealeda 262s i eee oe keke cy nee ens 205
eo he vo | Pe wo, sdb, dot.| Tundale, .ees 2 geod pce oc. te ae 17
i ee Se Abe ees nh oe ctw oat): "Viapemi es ot eens seins sons a won = aoe 54
TiC Se «sot ees - Sac ees sess oss 5s 338 | Titlarks ....--.---..---------------++-+----- 403
"Wemimemmemtalis -.-.-2-22-00. -s-2---------- 1) Potertses 0h Powe heehee ee od ene 400
Tectura (Erginus) rubella .........-....-... BOs |< Deiat © Soe Jac chanactenanes seo 2 See pS eSe— 372
MGGimts TOLVS ... 250. -ta2- 4-22 w-2---5-- ss COP | VP ORALO™ pacda a ken ats oop ecee coe i stoke Sew ean ee 349
TeMeOrA PAGINA <2 oa enn ne see se eee ees 340 | To-na-ke-uh ...---.-------+s-----2e++----2-- 205
TOStUTA Persona... . 25-556. Sec c twee ee enene 33 Monioeiis 22h oc bee a dias oss baseloee 2, 296, 320, 324
La) obeke Tens Te el ee ee ef | Tonicella lineata .5..2..5.2-s<ssa-- 296, 326, 327, 343
MeMouravirpinied....2..../-s-----.s-- gocsese 338 | Tonicella marmorea..-..... 296, 321, 324, 325, 327, 343
MeerouGn LOVIlabUs . 456.256 senna wd acces 246 | Tonicella saccharina:......:...5- 222-2. 22ece8 2.327 -
0 LE ie eee es ee 205: |. ?'Ponicella Sitkensis «..=..--22...-0-0202552%. 328
Methlime DOOSPENSIS .....5%-.525-<--- cece cans 11,28 | Tonicella submarmorea........--.----- 296, 327, 343
-Tellina modesta ........- ae SE ee Re aot ay Wmrretbe 5 1a Fs ke caea eae 327
cn SS ag gt ee eat et 9°87 PaaS ee We UB ies ae h os ie ee eee, Spee ae 328
Telmatodytes palustris........-....... ages eee | Te nos ol nae > - va ase aga ees © 297, 344
Telmatodytes palustris, @. paludicola..-..-... Be. PCI COTM St 2ia spn e sown stn cess Sone ae 326
PRUNE NS oe ec oe a be loka ee ate |) Ponicin mae Meres:. = 32.62.2224 22-455 les nk 325
POS eeetewias nome trea see Dole wine GB, 172,198, 239,448 | Tonicia-Sitkensis...2..-........2---0c2...5: 328
Tertiary beds, Pliocene, of California. ...... tS: |, "Potions Wap: aebda te toes gée nod. ol 297, 324, 328
Tertiary Californian fossils...... es dita Se 26 | Tonicia submarmorcus ........--.--.------ 326, 328
Tertiary Fossil Mollusks from California. . - S| gains so eer ms Lae eae oR ne ert ~~ gs 295
(ey. 0 SS ane a se enn 237,438 | To-o-sape (Bull with Holes in his Ears). ...205, 212
Co. ities. s ee B06. | Woutislega s:2 Pavan te onted i kis vcs 205
Se 366 | ‘Tornatina cerealis......-.-.----.-+-------- 11, 27
nn IMERS ers. . san atc sc cece n neces 366. || "Tornatinareximia to 2528. che cent oe. 11, 27, 28
a 0 RIS CE pee saa ae 249 | “arpethidiies | cil sa. deen kas eels eee. 387
MUIR 9 Seas cos bk 1 SSL Cee Se nae iS ON SNEED ae eal 133, 387
, oe a gin Srnec wren we cen nee onc ece cee 172, | "Torpedo-occidentalis ...s.=---.21...50. 5258 387
a Fo RO ile Re a epee Heae ee pepe 172 | Tortugas, Destruction of Fish near. .....-.. 244
Texas, Southern, Notes on. Ornithology of.. 118 | 'Polangs WAM PeStEIs |. 3.5.5... <n se og -S Sed cae 450
Phalassidroma leachii -.....4.:..-...-0-...- - 451 | Totanus Siypapes) <2.) s-esesa eee 22s 450
SeaalnraTa | Watlert.. 2. 22 So 2. . enataine sce OL et 1 Totauns hypoleneiss...2022. 022.0225 450
MITRE POWMD Goh l'ent obs 2. 2). a siencan on Chane 20 | Totanus macularius ...-....-.------.------« 450
MRE DINed GLOGS 2.2.6... 22h oet eset eee ce 449 | Totanus-melanopterus.....-.---....-...--- 450
ACh Od MPATTOW -. =. - a <inke-2so00-- + BAR|, OR AAI he ow ae es ae Ose a se keen 450
een MES) DELIA. fetes seen east 485 | To-un-ke-up (Good Talk), warrior ......--.. 212
Siig Bhs Ge 0 Se Se ee Shae Pe ena 228.) ourterelies... i... iiccs<weceesces 50, 66, 275, 360, 460
Wrest led POMC. 2. oe. ees eae seco 266 | Townsend's Solitaire . 2. 2s... bose cee ees cs 397
Piriathorus Wittorahis._ 2.22 ..-..- 2.055... .-- 450 | Townsend's Sparrow . ........s-------...-2<. 418
vo LATS “is ee Slee ae eee 53, 187, 233, 239,267,395 | Townsend’s Warbler .....-.---.....------<. 406
Thryomanes bewicki, g. spilurus............ 402 | Trachydermon .......... 1, 288, 295, 314, 318, 319, 320
Thryomanes bewicki var. bewicki-..-.....-. 122 323
Thryomanes bewicki var. leucogaster ...... 121 | Trachydermon albus .....-. 295, 315, 316,317, 322, 343
Thryomanes bewicki (var. spilurus) .....-... 390 | Trachydermon cinereus ......- 286, 288, 295, 323, 344
Thryomanes lencogaster..........-...-.---. 122 | Lrachydermon dentiens .... 0... -cs.seeeees 823
Thryomanes “‘spilurus” ...............-.. 391, 393 | Trachydermon Hartwegii ...........--...-- 329
Thryophilus modestus..--...........--....% 253 | Trachydermon interstinctus......-......... 33
Seryophilus ‘zeledont---- 222. 55 2.0.2 ie: 252,258: | "Prachydermon latus........-cesecna----s0se 325
aeryothorus- bewield.-. 222.52. -.2--2-2---2 121 | Trachydermon lineata.............-+..----- 321
Thryothorus grenadensis............-..--- 268, 486 | Trachydermon lividus. ...............----.. 323
Thryothorus ludovicianus var. berlandi- Trachydermon marginatus ..... =P ee ee 323, 344
peer se. | ee ict eee, Oe 118,121 | Trachydermon Nuttallii.............---..2- 330
Thryothorus martinicens‘s ................ 352, 486 | Trachydermon ruber .....-..-- 295, 320, 321, 325, 343
Thryothorus musicus. ............--.----.- 189, 486 | Trachydermon trifidus ..............-....-. 331
Thryothorus rufescens .....-......---.- G4, 453, 486 | “Trachynotns 2... 000 ctebactcececesccccccecee 37
POS BeNOYE 2e >. 5.5 c scadedaece--.- 26 | Trachynotus Carolinus .........202.-s.---+: 37
ek Wir@ vanes Soe) 8 ste Sas 193, 273 | Trachynotus ovatus.....6.0.-.--.0- 20.000 376
Tinnunculus sparverius ....... 65, 153, 891, 398, 435, | Trachyradsia...... 12.222. .0+-cancee os 1, 295, 323
459 | Trachyradsia aleutica .................000-: 1
Tinnunculus sparverius isabellinus......... 109 Treat’s Island ......... Ee aes See mee P 19
Tsait-kope-ta (Bear Mountain), warrior. ...205, 212
fe) in a, Se mynd ce 8 74
Leappitel Caimon ... .. .csinns dons Shaheen 2
Lorbonitia chocolata.. .....-/-.svetacbetseeoes 12,27
Turbonilla stylina...... PT gepin, Lepae
Turbonilla torquata ......./....-.---es0-- 12, 27, 29
MME POMING VUEBO 5-2 < pads cocusctaockeaSanel 12, 27
Tyrannus rostratus. . . .60, 191, 234, 240, 271, 258, 4
470, 471,
Tyrannus satrapa.....-..-- rt eeeeeceeeeened
Tyrannus, Synenels of the Genus...-..++.
- : oT ee Bee
518 INDEX. =a
bY Page.
Trembleur ....... .ese0sseses022 52, 187, 351, 352,453 | Turdide ....... Ren) 187, 233, 239, 267, 51,2
Trenchard, Rear-Admiral ............ ecance ~~ 185 |. Durdusts. 0 c.. enone eee eee
MPCMMITOTION .. .. Sdadsccescos ee Fars - y . (375 | Durdis aurocapillis.. .2-c.0e eee acntoeanal
PMC EARTUS 3... gn cde toh snk Sea Used ae ee 375 | ‘Turdus caribbeous....-..-.scsss- 50 da ee
Smchiuras lopturus ts .si cde eceessaeeeeses 375 | Turdué densirostris:.<-. 2, 22use te eee in
rigia Carglna J... << jebeekaqstontes shee ee .. 873 | Turdus fuscestens:.. 22. .-2oseeenee eee | apie
Trigla, pv@laig: ct .).ssccasacudtvsn cesses 8738 °| Turdus:guttatus’.2.......-neeeeeeeen 390, 391, 296
PRN Soh encidawkn vas pet see aeeeee eee 372 | Turdus L’hemminieri ........ no Dace eae
Trigonocephalus lanceolatus .......---...-. 351 | Turdus migratorius ~..-..s22nsee meee ;
Tringa alpina var. americana ............... 161 | Turdus migratorius, 6. propinquus......... ;
eisai DETAR - Tn eg See Dnata Ae ee kw ee 161,395 | Turdus migratorius (var. propinquus), 390, 392, 393
Edt CAMEIGI 3c. nek ok wale yao ee ee sae ae 451 | Turdus montanns ........-.5..csegsee eee 450
DLringatusciceotlis. .22...605.'secaseeense act 161 |; Lurdus nevis 5.62 eee eee .--390, 391, 395
‘Vrtnex hivdantopus. 205-2 325-4. . eeey 451 | Turdus nigrivostris.....2 2. 1-2 oo eee 187, 267, 486
- Peinga iMier pres 152 2.0 <-n7 2 -eeeeclgros Lee 451.| Turdus superciliaris...2.:.....4 2220)
Tringa maculata ..........--.- 161, 395, 451, 461,488 | Turdus ustulatus.........--..--.--.--..ee.
‘Temiea wirautilla . o. 2 eta ees 161, 197,441, 488 | Turkey Buzzard. .-....2...2./..c2 penne
‘Pra prenax 2... 20232 as ate aoe Se 451.| Tarner, Mr. Lucien M -2.-. 2.2.2 e-e eee
PEIN Ga, PUSULA |u5 oa tesa 22k soe eben LER 451. | Turritella Cooperi-......<-2.5... so2e eee
Tringa rufes0ens - 22< Josh ven goede ee eee 451 |. Turritella Jewettii .-- = -... 0. cstec-p seen
‘Trings schiin#il; 2 3)i2..00+22o.-2-kenkeneeeees 451 |. Eurtle Dove 3... ceo eoieeneee 196, 237, 241, 277
Prinva semipsalmata ..-2-- ¢o ote an-cecigeaees 451, |: Dusearore 2-2. W 21.2. senna nnianseeee
Tringa Wilson. 2.22 <dose des cs Soe eae 161 -| Twa-00 2. -..004,. +: -52eemennitn nee
Tringoides macularius .. . ..67, 362, 197, 276, 360, 392, | Tyran: titiri -.-..-...0/20.235 -<naeeee eee
393, 441, 488 | Tyrannide......... 59, 191, 234, 239, 270, 357, 494, 458
Triopa later : -. .ns2> ote bine serge ee 202 |: LTyrannula cooperi::. ..icn..--- 1006 soot 139, 140
TrisiTepis o5.< 52 52 t.. dakey ar ee 174 |? Tyrannula irritabilis....... ..-...+-seesesms 141
Trochidee .7-" 2... ce cb heos ob Sets Oke Be eta 282,458 | Tyrannula mexicana......-.... ccs. teehe 139, 140
PRON UNIGES 9s ese nin mnie 60, 192, 234, 240, 271, 358, 426 ; Tyrannulus dominicensis................... 470.
Trochiinas aglaiz 00... esp re teaen acs hee $67-| Tyrannns s2o es. /snte <6 450, 466, 467, 468, 471, 479, 483
Trochilus alexandri -.........-. 390, 391, 393, 426,427 | Tyrannus albogularis .....-.......... 468; 477, 478
Trochilus arsinojdes.<.. s 5. «#4 -sduevenns ees 147 | Tyrannus apolites.........-. sceess-se- 467, 468, 478
Trochiins colobris, 2:23. °-44-.0b desea ee 145 | Tyrannus aurantio-atrocristatus....... 467, 469, 482
Trochitis Guu .scioisii eo ade en eee 147 | ? Tyrannus auriflamma .........-.. eee Ss Sir 482
Trochilus fuscicandatus . s..-5---.46---haess 147 | Tyrannus carolinensis, 137, 431, 466, 467, 468, 471, 482
Trochilus granatina . 3. Ashes 4 -=-n- anes ae 450 | Tyrannus cassini. .. 2... 5.2 < ass. 2 0s -eeee
Trochilus holosériceus .....-- 47h - <3 base das 450 | Tyrannus cooperi. .. 2 ides soos uc pee eee
Trochilns rieWar.. -.¢.. 2350s s Can See Oe 147 | Tyrannus couchi .... 6660. one +dnm =e a
Troglodytes A6don.. «2552. Menee eee sear 122 | Tyrannus crassirostris ....-.....+.--+: 467, 468, 472
Troglodytes aédon, @. parkmanni........... 403 | Tyrannus crudelis, 8. couchi.........-..... 474
Troglodytes aédon var. parkmanni.......... 122 | Tyrannus dominicensis - + ..00..---..-= «sehen 467, 470 ,
Troglodytes hyemalis, @. pacificus.......--- 403 | ‘Tyrannus fureatus ..-\.---scesi onan 5 dao ie 474
Troglodytes ‘‘parkmanni” ...............- 392, 393 | TyTARDUS griseus... ...0--h-/teskiped sae
Troglod ytid@, =~. aecaswonne 54, 189, 268, 352, 402,453 | Lyrannusinea.. ..: 232.52... «sienna eee
‘Trezon AmMbIZUNA , -s-<ceandekoaeeten<-tene 118 | Tyrannus intrepidus 4...052..-32.cebeae ones
Prois Talota 30 2) cates bk oe 350, 352 | Tyrannus leucogaster ...-...cce.cescsececes
Trophonorphens -. 4)022 teat Heea 12, 29,30 | Tyrannus luggeri..... nyo ead ew nantes 467, 469, 481,482
Propie: Bind 3s i~+censased4abhcak eee 50, 65,240 | Tyrannus magnirostris........ 467, 469, 470, 473, 483
Breede aise odicke Hhbnsse eee 65 | Tyrannus matutinis ...2.3.ci<cl-eenu 450, 469, 471
Trvechel 2)... ... Kinesh amen sdieeeeaeee 291 | Tyrannus melancholicus. .271, 467, 468, 473, 474, 477,
Pino Larkins. ~. isscanotyun eek ae 423 478, 479, 481, 482, 487
Bouse Warblers. .~. 5. «as ecknesweunn See 399 | Tyrannus melancholicus couchi ...:..-..--. 474
Zmumpeter Swad .;«<-.~s-eeuecbuvn-aeeeeye 169 | Tyrannus melancholicus, a. melancholicus-. 473
ROT 20: 2. + - dap Rates ee ee eee 386 | Tyrannus melancholicus, y. satrapa......-. 474 — x
Wir Comidss.. ... . Wasw po nibip Gunbons sa aeee 386 | Tyrannus melancholicus var. couchi......140, 474 ae
Tryngites rufescens ..ssnbs0s-ecverseedanses 162 | Tyrannus mexicanus............ OSE aa 148
rey pheena heloisa@ ..-.. -di-krendiecny Seer 10 | Tyrannus niveigularis...........-.---.+--.468, 479 “
Tsah-dle-tah (White Goose), warrior .....-. 205,211 | Tyrannus pipiri ...... ence Se es
a & , “fs ;
#3 e arat a
gi “4 * ; 4 : is a
Phases?
Page.
por yrarmnervion lOmin. ~... 26 .52---.+-..25.025- 472
‘T yranWus VOCHerANS ........02.2-cn0es 467, 469, 480
Tyrannas yRC8..-.......- ences ceecce------ 482
Tyrant Flycatchers ............ Sabwatoneen . 424
Pp SE ea 372
[Fa SS aes oe 372
RE a ee ere 80
ENO VOD. ein Sat peiee -.0 <b ecasseed= sss 162
1 ESET GR ae ee See 372
Sepitines anthracia?.:.....------....--s- 487
REP RRIWs TOMIUS: oJoce et occ wg <= 4a-- ant an 371
Se eee 369
DREMME chon scisein np mes sil ten de Sena woe 195
Urubitinga anthracina ..........-...-.---- 194, 195
Urubitinga gundlachi ......:.........-..-.- 195
MEMEICTITICN Nios 2. OG. .lclae acedeishssshaece 5
Vanderbilt. University...0. .2.--...2..2..00 278
Vanellus cayennensis...........-.....-- Sent 450
NO Le i ea 395
Wetenod- LOpHIUS <. 562 sen nas see nn nei 226
Venericardia monilicosta....-..--.---.--- 11, 28, 30
“Pils boo Ee ees SS a ene ee eee See 290
MMAR ALICHLY. 5 foo sa cacn x(t eee dcic\ons s 310
oS eS ea ae 53
MAGNO Ss Miytidestes...- isc ose d ec een oe 53
Violet-breast Hummer......--...-.-....---234, 4%
Wiolet-sreen ‘Cormorant .:....---.<-...s-.. 448
Wiglererrodh SWAlloWw:: cs. <<ssiscunes a ctcnesce 409
DRI SF one 2. os ae yee aan ame ks ees 125, 233
a a eran ee ee Set ash Dae
Er OO CARLIN? 2225 cece. aa k.5 See ee ee ade = = 189
WIERO DEV OVIRMUIR. 2 xen Soe een hes vse =e 125
WE TERM IWS 2% 2a on. oko pce Boas aa 125
Wire Ce, 2S. 5. 2. eames 5 ecitiecat oS - 410
Vireo HOVebOracensis. ....-2.. << 2..-5--<% 125, 13
nS eT ee See ae 390, 410
EE WECEREOP on Seika s See Anne pe ceed saan ca 395
yt tL ee: Sa 55, 189, 233, 268, 354, 454
ELA 20 Sere ic ante ce = ~ « 135
0 Eu eee a a ee eee 268
WAPEORVIVIG CHUGVIN foo opos = oll aciews o--. 55, 2338, 486
var. barbadense ....-.... 55
var. barbatula.......-.-. 55
var. dominicana. . .189, 268, 354,
454, 486
Le 55
2S ee eee 55
Vireosylvia flavoviridis .........:-.....-.. 118, 125
Bios glk, 125
Vireosylvia gilva, . swainsoni.......-..... 409
WaArGOsyl Via OHVBOBEQcdeice.- cen. cneace 125
Vireosylvia ‘‘swainsoni”.........-. 391, 392, 393, 394
Muaeginion Rail... .--eaasesse~n =) ee 443
ems. Monsionr Ti... suede evens crccas 450, 459
Vitrinella sp ......--.- J) te ee 12, 27
Voices of Crustaceans. .....2.....-.-..--.-. 7
iG CLO 5 5 0 sa ste wens osagesss.-5 on 8
Voetnterem(ep. undet.) ....<visereccs-...-22, 29
Volvula cylindrica ......... Sian oe Somes 12 R
PN ENG eR Sale cn cwa ne bus cctibiwetuedes 376
VANOT. GOWNS wcnn Se coe nn ccc esuenWet nen - 3876
eo Ee ae eee 478
INDEX.
SS ee EE SS eee ee
Page.
Be) Se ae Oe ae ee ee 54, 403
Waldheimia Kennedyi.-.........-......- ae 30
Wao Lr EU ihe wits ona wire op was tadt aman 268
hy ot ad io Se i en Oh SPOR ec SA 189
(Wiarblor, Wella: 2 sic ses in cattese as oe 54
GTO 5d sonata whores a sie a~ inna sich oe Ws
Winner Ougiels oon. foes ch os os [Oe obe ae 397
Poe a YC: ee a Se ae Bi 233
TAU WW GA oS fo mr loins a ol 453
Ty ea OS Sac gs ol nee Stctacis nase 411
WR ia ie ee fora = cap ao amyahohe Sex tecdeek We
Po PSN a AE eS ee Oe Men MET TE Tx poe" 267
Were, Jair Grant, esq: cn. dE cae Joe 267
West Virginia, Occurrence of Canada Por-
EO AEE i ans Soca soo 5 Rag ftinng de oe 264
‘Western Aleutians ...... 2-222... fe eee a 2
Western Chipping Sparrow ....-------.---. 416
Western Grass Bunting ......! _ s edaan ee 415
Western Great Horned Owl ......-.-----.--- 433
Diep Gree 22 cc). os Saw o e 448
Westen Kapsbind <<... <= ~:~ +5 ee ae 424
Western Long-billed Marsh Wren. ...--.--- 403
Wiestern Meadow: bark. 22 32<c- dacs Stee se 421
Western Red-tailed Hawk. -.-.......-........ 436
‘Weestenirte bins. > ssn 2- 25 2 eect Woh eee 395
Western Savannah Sparrow ....---.....-.., 415
Weyer Pamir ooo sees jn ome ans Nera ee 412
PE an Foe Sk ohn tien aio «Se wilen 412
Western Warbler Vireo..-...-....-..--..--- 409
Westen WioothPawees..2. 22 2.' 302-2 2- <2... 425
Western Yellow-bellied Flycatcher ........ 425
Western Yellow-breasted Chat............. 407
Wih eniws Pete ele ce ois eee one wee Sepia 265
Vy Hip UCP ls ond as ce ch kn wna ce 144, 145, 427
Wohistlor 5 2526 casSanGe suk ae ceee na. ~Gaee wae 241
Whistler Mioumesin’ -e ade 2 os os be en ee 50
PV ES ELI OWA teen ote aces saat ae memes 444
White Bear. warrior. -20-2—22-5.5.. Fee oie 204, 209
NVR CRAG a 06 ats sab cee mes Dnt new ogy Oe 165
OW Miia en os Ee So, 0 5B aon aeneee 236
NV ROr GOGHG S85 wee ur nas faa neee sees: ” SOR
Willits Heroic. 67° ele wea baicints aocem as 241
White: Hors, ehieh 02. ttc hes oss cka 204, 209
White; Man. wWartioives. - sltaaS esas se son at 204, 206
IW ite ae yea opera rere es dn cls 381, 382
We Die, PONG orc aoe ete Oe ae oe an cg 380
White-bellied Swallow ..........-......-.-. 408
White-cheeked Goose .....-.....--......... 445
White-crowned Sparrow .......-.--....---- 416
White-faced Glossy Ibis ................... 443
fWiitehesd- Dry cid. ok Wace own ae ae waite ain 112
WMite-hepe.2 1CeOR 6 oe a8 te eco sce on ne 237, 241
White-headed Eagle..............----.e000. 437
White-headed Woodpecker..........-...--. 428
White-lored White-crowned Sparrow ...... 415
White-rumped Shrike...... Sn ee 411
\WETEG-TOLLGM ICO See soem eCL eS te stees “ASD
Th DILC-COTOM MOE cen Vetebsgie esas ccncuce o ae
White-throat Hummer ...................-. 61
White-throated Goatsucker ................ 143
SUOTURCOMGO) s Sided tkes* Peadediuvsc«<ceouanes 412
Ti OPO ao pal eiats won SW, Sith neon cdma 205
WULEINOURH In on cow acasauweacaued nie 231
NV) AUD OL DAMON ya wou. oe owe eccceatcctect 263
IF A DEO Vek iuin Newadworeses cn cugued«éun 440
Yellowbreast - setae
Yellow-breasted Chats. ees aia
Wolf's Marrow ....-- 00. ecsesesenanstons 204,207 | Yellow-crowned Night Herons .. -
Woman's Heart, chief....-.----+++----+-- -- 209 | Yellow-headed Blackbird.............
Sl EATERS REESE PIED sey AE Ve 300 | Yellow-headed Gray Warbler -.........
SOL DOE oa rmain = Pime nes mph ee wose -446- | “Vellowdegs.:.:25.-t.20 2 eo ee wi kien
Raed Pewee oneincs. n-ne deco aes -- 141 | Yellow-romp Warbler ......... me a Saha
Woodpecker .-..... ees ella tier 428, 459. | Yellow-throat ...---...........-- re a:
Weoed’s Tull, Mass . 2... 22-0. eens © |. Vucea. Pate eee ee
AW eeuh- Wan wihh . 5.2. oa cae et 204 Po
2 | Ene ee ee a 50, 54, 189, 268, 352, 402, 453 | Zeledon, José C.................-.. 93, 116,
Waidhi'e Flyesteher «2 tet, news Se 426 | Zeledon, Mr.: Specimens collected in Cost
Wuh-ah.....- 1. 5 tania gga maa Be Shai "204| . Tical...2 50 cP.
Wy-a-ko (Dry Wood), warrior ...--.- ----. 205,213 | Zenzedura carolinensis ....-... 158, 391, 392, 393,
Wyville-Thomson ...: -.-.-.... ESS acide 228, 231 | Z[enaida] amabilis, McCall...........-.....
Zenaida martinicana. . .66, 196, 237, 241, 275, 277
Xanthocephalus icterocephalus as Sa 133, 393, 420 a = we
XKanthura luxuosa.©......2---2-22.-2seeceee 136 | ZOATCES .-..---+------s-e-e- ee recat senccoe . 871 ae. ¥
Santas, doha:. -..soe eee 101, 115,480 | Zoarces ee seceeeeeee BTL
Xiphias ...--- RES ee 5 Ea 875 | Zoarcide ..-------- +--+ 0+ ereee serene eens - eh to
Niphias gladiue=. 24.25 be 375 | Zone-ke-wh (Teeth), warrior.......-..--+--205, 11 a, us:
Siphiiides.- :_. sf ceaeeeaeeee sw. 375 | Zonichthys.....-... ape iene tt epee ca
Xylotrya sp. (tubes)-..-56.0--2+.2--2-2. cen 28 | Zonotrichia -....- eT reading Saat - 225°
Zonotrichia albicollis _.waw. ses+secsaseseeuer
Zonodtrichia coronata.... secceeestsenedomee
Yarrow, Dr- HG ose eee 365, 371, 372, 374,379 | Zonotrichia gambeli.....-.c02cs2s. cree ene . ;
YY 380, 385, 387 | Zonotrichia intermedia.-...... 126, 391, 392, 304, 415,
Wellow Bird jects eee eee 233, 353 | Zonotrichia leucophrys.-.-....-..-+.------1
Yellow Tails.......---+- Seay ee 246, 384 | Zonotrichia plebeja ...++.sseseeeesess eonees Mi
Yellow Warbler..........--.- DP oleae idee 239,404 | Zonotrichia vuleani .......... ducnnt hae eee 252 rs ‘
Yellow-billed Cuckoo ........-.-.--.-- 150, 272,432 | Zo-pe-he (Toothless), warrior.......... es ea
Nest and.cgge ins. cdbags 1i8es sees ae 150 | Zo-tom (Biter), warrior...... bs Fninnarsiahiag wwe 204,211. 8
Yellow-billed Magpie .....-.--....-.----00- | 422 | Zygonectes atrilatus..,......00.- oust + bees ene oe
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